Concepts of Stress and Strain: P Stress at A Point

Concepts of stress and strain
Stress at a point
FN F
positive side
area A
Plane Q
Fs
negative side
z
For the cube face in the y
–x direction, we have
stresses:
xz Stress tensor
-x-x xy
-x-y
-x-x
xx
x
In general, we can define the stress vector acting on an arbitrary plane with direction cosines l1, l2, l3 referred to
The x, y, z coordinate system. The arbitrary plane is defined in terms of its unit normal direction;
ˆ  l 1iˆ  l 2 ˆj  l 3kˆ
Stress vector on an arbitrary plane
  1   11l 1   21l 2   31l 3

  2   12l 1   22l 2   32l 3
  3   13l 1   23l 2   33l 3
Transformation of stress components: suppose we have the stress components in
one coordinate system (x, y, z) and we want to get the components in another (say rotated)
coordinate system (x’, y’, z’):
i=3 j=3
s i' j ' =å å s ij li'i l j ' j =s ij li'i l j ' j
i=1 j=1
s 1'1' =s 11l1'1l1'1 + s 21l1'2 l1'1 + s 31l1'3l1'1 : j =1
+s 12 l1'1l1'2 + s 22 l1'2 l1'2 + s 32 l1'3l1'2 : j =2
+s 13l1'1l1'3 + s 23l1'2 l1'3 + s 33l1'3l1'3 : j =3

Principal stresses and stress invariants
For any general state of stress at a point P, there exists 3 mutually perpendicular planes on which the shear stresses
Vanish. The resulting stresses on these planes are normal stresses and are called principal stresses (Eigen values) and
The normal directions defining these planes are called principal directions (Eigen vectors). These principal directions
can be referred to a coordinate system (x, y, z) in space.
The condition for a non trivial solution to exist is given by the so-called characteristic equation:
  11     12  13
 21   22     23 0
 31  32   33   
This results in a cubic equation that can be solved for the 3 roots (I, II, III) corresponding to the 3 principal
stresses. The principal directions can be solved by substituting separately each of the principal stresses into the
set of linear equations and solving for the direction cosines subject to the condition that;
l21  l2 2  l2 3  1

The cubic equation:
where the I’s are invariant to the coordinate system:

Mean stress and deviator stress
Invariants of the stress deviator tensor:
Maximum shear stress:
It can be shown using the method of Lagrange multipliers that the maximum shear
stress is equal to one half the difference of the principal stresses and occur at 45
degree angles wrt the principal stresses.
s 1 - s2 s1 - s 3 s2 - s3
t3 = t2 = t1 =
2 2 2
Principal stress and direction example
æ s s 12 ö æ
11 - 10 15 ö
ç ÷=ç ÷ MPa
ç
è s 12 s 22 ÷
ø è 15 30 ø
(s 11
- s) s 12 ( - 10 - s ) s 12
= =0
s 12 ( s 22 - s ) s 12 ( 10 - s )
s 2 - 20s - 525 =0
( s - 35) ( s +15) =0
ì35MPa =s I
s =í
î- 15MPa =s II
P D f o r 15 M P a
(s 11
- s ) la 1 + s 12la 2 = 5la 1 +15la 2 =0
s 12 la 1 + ( s 22 - s ) la 2 = 15la 1 + 45la 2 =0
la 1 =- 3la 2 ; la21 + la2 2 =1; 9la2 2 + la2 2 =1
la 2 =± 1/ 10; la 1 =∓ 9 / 10 ; aˆ =la 1iˆ + la 2 ĵ
â II =∓ 9 / 10 iˆ ± 1/ 10 ĵ
P D for 35 M P a
â I =± 1/ 10 iˆ ± 9 / 10 ĵ
Strain at a point (small displacements):
1-D strain
dx
D L A* B * - AB
A B ex = =
u ¶u
L dx
u+
¶x
dx - ( ¶u / ¶x ) dx ¶u
A* B* P exx = =
¶u
dx ¶x
dx + dx
¶x
More generally, the displacement, u, in the x-direction will also depend on the
y and z coordinates of a point under a more general deformation, i.e.,
¶u ¶u ¶u
u= x+ y + z =exx x + exy y + exz z
¶x ¶y ¶z
Similar expressions can be written for the displacement in the y-direction, v, and
z-direction w.
¶v ¶v ¶v
v= x+ y + z =eyx x + eyy y + eyz z
¶x ¶y ¶z
¶w ¶w ¶w
w= x+ y+ z =ezx x + ezy y + ezz z
¶x ¶y ¶z
¶ui
The terms that look like ; i ¹ j Can Involve not only a deformation strain
¶x j
but also a rigid-body rotation.
exy =eyx exy =- eyx exy ; yx

=0
Pure shear Pure rotation simple shear

with no shear
The 9 relative displacement components can be decomposed into a symmetric part
defining the strain tensor and a rotation tensor, i.e., eij =eij + w ij
1 æ ¶ui ¶u j ö 1 æ ¶ui ¶u j ö
eij = ç + w ij = ç -
2 è ¶x j ¶xi ÷
ø 2 è¶x j ¶xi ÷ø
The strain tensor transforms the same way as the stress tensor and all 2nd order
Symmetric tensors.
Very often, the shear strain is expressed as engineering shear strain, γ.
æ ¶u ¶u j ö
g ij =2eij =ç i + ÷;i ¹ j
è¶x j ¶xi ø
However, be careful. since this form of shear stain does not transform the
same way as a symmetric 2nd order tensor.
Concepts of Stress and Strain
F FN positive side of plane Q
plane Q Fs area A
negative side of plane Q

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Concepts of stress and strain

Stress vector on an arbitrary plane

  1   11l 1   21l 2   31l 3

s 1'1' =s 11l1'1l1'1 + s 21l1'2 l1'1 + s 31l1'3l1'1 : j =1

+s 12 l1'1l1'2 + s 22 l1'2 l1'2 + s 32 l1'3l1'2 : j =2

+s 13l1'1l1'3 + s 23l1'2 l1'3 + s 33l1'3l1'3 : j =3

l21  l2 2  l2 3  1

where the I’s are invariant to the coordinate system:

la 1 =- 3la 2 ; la21 + la2 2 =1; 9la2 2 + la2 2 =1

la 2 =± 1/ 10; la 1 =∓ 9 / 10 ; aˆ =la 1iˆ + la 2 ĵ

exy =eyx exy =- eyx exy ; yx

Pure shear Pure rotation simple shear

F FN positive side of plane Q

negative side of plane Q

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