2013-2018

Five Years of
Education Reforms

KHYBER

 
PAKHTUNKHWA

Wins, losses and

challenges for
2018-2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s education reforms story merits many mentions, and many deserving names will be
missed. It is imperative to note the contributions of Joudat Ayaz, Afzal Latif, Ali Raza Bhutta, Dr Shehzad Bangash,
Abid Majeed, Qaisar Alam, Muhammad Azam Khan, Rafiq Khattak, Samina Ghani, Dr. Shaukat Hayat and the
entire Khyber Pakhtunkhwa bureaucracy for their support and openness over the period beginning 2013 to 2018.
The campaign has also benefitted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from the support of Muhammad Anwar, Shandana Khan,
Khadim Hussain, Muhammad Saleem, Maryam Bibi, Hina Sabeen Khan, Taimoor Khan Jhagra, Saima Anwer,
Neelofer Javaid, Fahad Suleri and an array of civil society partners and leaders. We also thank Salar Islam Tariq, Islam
ud Din Khan, Malik Khalid Khan, Khairullah Hawari, Muhammad Tufail, Siraj u Din, Kaleem Ullah, Rafiullah Khalil,
Haji Abid, Sardar Aman ullah Khan, Abdul Manaf, Luke Rehmat, Jalal Shehzada, Zahid Kazmi, Qazi Zahid, Azizullah
Surani, Asif Ali Khan, Mohammad Laraib, Ifra Gul, Maqsood Jan, Asim Khurshid, Jawad Iqbal, Sajjad Ahmed, Hafeez
ur Rehman, Hamza Bilal and Lubna Nasir for their support to the campaign. Special thanks is due to Iftikhar Firdous,
Asad Zia, Muhammad Ashfaq, Fayyaz Ahmed, Manzoor Ali, and the entire community of reporters, editors, producers,
and other journalists that have enabled the national conversation to capture both the successes of education reform,
and the failures that make reform imperative and inescapable.
Zunaira Ali and Noreen Malik merit special mention for design support and members of the Alif Ailaan team including
Umer Orakzai, Zohair Zaidi, Zainab Iqbal and Mashal Mushtaq.

Citation

Alif Ailaan 2018. 2013-2018 Five Years of Education Reforms in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Wins, Losses and
challenges for 2018-2023. Islamabad: Alif Ailaan. i-38 pp.

ISBN: 978-969-7624-10-2
 2013-2018
Five years of
education reforms
KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA
Wins, losses and challenges
for the future

2018-2023
by
Fasi Zaka
Maheen
ii
Table of Contents
1.1 Framing the debate in 2018 6

1.

Why provincial profiles,
and what they entail
5 1.2 Policy complexity and simple metrics 6
1.3 Beyond competition between provinces 7
1.4 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s unique challenge 7

2.


Education reform in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
9 2.1 Education sector plan 2010-11 to 2015-16 10
2.2 Education sector plan 2015-16 to 2019-20 10
2.3 Summarising the ESP into four themes 11

3.
better in Khyber
13
What changed for the 3.1 Better government schools
3.1.1 Improved infrastructure & school facilities
14
14
Pakhtunkhwa 3.1.2 Area for play in schools & sports tournaments 14
3.1.3 Inclusion of technology and science initiative in
schools 15

3.2 Improved learning outcomes 15

3.2.1 Improved teaching 15
3.2.2 Boards of Intermediate and Secondary
Education 16
3.2.3 Assessments at primary and middle level 17

3.3 Education data and statistics 17

3.3.1 Independent Monitoring Unit (IMU) 17
3.3.2 School Quality Management Initiative (SQMI) 17
3.3.3 Student level data 17
3.3.4 District Performance Evaluation System (DPES) 18

3.4 Increased and improved funding 19

3.4.1 School specific budgets 20

iii
 4.1 The challenge of better spending 22
4. Key education 21

4.2 The challenge of better government schools 22
challenges for 4.2.1 Out of school children 22
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4.2.2 Primary versus beyond primary schools 24
in 2018
4.2.3 Crisis of retention 24

4.2.4 Crisis of girls’ education 25

4.3 The challenge of improved learning outcomes 26

4.3.1 Crisis of Seniority in Teaching 26

4.3.2 Challenge of Content 28

4.4 Wide intra-provincial disparities 28

4.4.1 Primary school infrastructure score 29

4.4.2 Middle school infrastructure score 30

4.4.3 Education score index 31

4.4.4 Beyond primary readiness score index 32

5. Conclusion:An 34 5.1 improved quantum, efficiency and governance of

education spending 
 34
agenda for
2018 – 2023 5.1.1 Bringing the out of school children to schools 34

5.1.2 Provision of middle and high schools 35

5.1.3 Expansion of school level budgeting 35

5.2 Learning outcomes in public and private schools 35

5.2.1 Primary assessment 35

5.2.2 Supporting maths and science learning

in schools 36

5.3 Developing a comprehensive and transparent

data regime 36
5.4 Improved human resource management 
 36
5.4.1 Effective means of teachers’ recruitment and
trainings 36

5.4.2 Accountability, career planning and

management for teachers 37

5.4.3 Aligning the management structures with the

current educational needs 37

5.5 Focus on children with special needs 37

iv
 1

WHY
PROVINCIAL
PROFILES,
AND WHAT
THEY
ENTAIL

5
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

1.1 Framing the the country and across both the private and the
public domain, very little learning takes place in
debate in 2018 Pakistani schools.

The proposition in the previously published

reports for Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab
Pakistanis are scheduled to elect a new
as well as for this document is simple. It is
government later this year. The intensity and
reasonable to expect universal enrolment. It is
frequency of political debate is going to lead
reasonable to expect high quality teaching in
to full throttle election campaigns by all major
government schools. It is reasonable to expect
political parties. An election presents a potent
that the products of the Pakistani education
opportunity for the country to establish its
system can be empowered to change their
priorities and create a framework to measure the
own lives, change the lives of their families and
performance of taxpayer-funded politicians and
communities, and change their country—all
bureaucrats.
for the better. Since education is principally a
Democracy is inextricably tied to the idea of service delivery area that is the domain of the
accountability. It empowers citizens, as clients provinces, these expectations must be framed
under the social contract to hold elected for each province. This document represents
leaders accountable against certain promises, such an effort for the province of Khyber
commitments, and demands. The coming Pakhtunkhwa.
election debates in Pakistan will establish the
parameters of expectations for governance
and service-delivery in the country from 2018
1.2 Policy complexity
to 2023. What should these expectations be in and simple metrics
particularly integral domains, such as school
education?
The provision of education is a political issue,
Despite significant strides in the right direction, as much as it is a technical one. But how does
the country’s education landscape entails very political contestation influence the quality of
little that Pakistanis can be proud of. According education that Pakistani children receive?
to the most recent official national statistics,
Politicians influence almost every aspect of
there are over 22 million children out of school,
education service delivery. They decide how
the majority of whom are girls. This estimate
much money is to be allocated to education,
is alarming on its own. However, what is even
they decide what processes are to be followed
more worrying is the quality of education that
in hiring teachers, they decide where schools
children who are enrolled in school receive.
are needed, of what level, and what kind. The
From the very limited data that government
decisions politicians take today are not binary:
produces in terms of learning outcomes, it
schools are being closed, and merged, new
is clear that Pakistani children are not being
schools are being opened. Some of these
equipped with the cognitive skills they need to
schools are ordinary government schools, some
succeed individually, for their families, for their
are “superschools” some are being opened
communities, for their neighbourhoods, cities
by non-government entities, some by religious
and villages, and for the country at large. Across

6
 Why provincial profiles, and what they entail

organisations, and some by profit-making of province specific successes, challenges

entities. Schools are being handed over to and opportunities in education, and prompt
non-profit organisations because governments a wider recognition of the disparities within
cannot seem to fix them, and schools are being rather than between provinces. This report
shut down where there are not enough students. seeks to identify reforms attempted during the
Yet government itself acknowledges millions of current government’s terms in office, take stock
out of school children, millions of dropouts and of the overall situation in the province, using
astoundingly poor learning outcomes. province-specific data, which in some cases
is not available nationally, but only for specific

1.3 Beyond competition

provinces, highlight the changes needed to take
advantage of opportunities created by reforms,

between provinces and frame an agenda for the future.

In this complex environment, simplicity is 1.4 Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa’s
important but difficult to find. Alif Ailaan’s most
recent District Education Rankings (DER) report
was published in December 2017. The report’s
primary purpose is to provoke debate about
unique challenge
the provision of education using widely agreed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s schools have suffered
metrics in infrastructure and education quality. both from neglect and from the concerted attacks
The rankings highlight some long-standing on schools across various parts of the province.
trends in education, including Education at large has been a domain for severe
¡¡ The disproportionate provision of primary political contestation between ordinary Pakistanis
schools, compared to middle and high and violent extremists—perhaps best symbolised
schools by the attempt to assassinate young education
activist Malala Yousafzai in 2012, and the savage
¡¡ The retention crisis, as manifest in high levels attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar
of dropouts between primary and middle in 2014. Yet the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
schools, informed by the relatively low supply have consistently sought schools that offer a
of middle and beyond middle schools quality education to their children.

¡¡ The imbalance in the supply of schools for This demand for education has constantly been
boys versus the number of schools for girls compromised by both historical neglect, and by
at the primary, middle and high school levels the very specific circumstances in the province.
No treatment of the context in which education is
The DER also generated significant debate offered to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s children can be
among political leaders, and provincial complete without taking into account the impact of
department representatives as they compare the migration. The province has been host to at least
performances of provinces relative to each other. three million displaced people from Afghanistan
since the 1980s, and has had to deal with the
Channelling the DER, the objective of this
internal displacement of millions in various waves
document is to provide a deeper understanding
since 2005, including substantial movement

7
within the province, from Swat, to Swabi, Mardan right direction. This report recognises this and
and the rest of the province in 2009, and from attempts to engage in a treatment of Khyber
the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Pakhtunkhwa given its unique context. This
at various occasions, perhaps most significantly context is marked with significant progress
from North Waziristan to Bannu, Dera Ismail towards improving education provision, as well
Khan, Hangu, Lakki Marwat, and Tank in 2014. as unique challenges that merit specifically
There has also been a substantial migration out tailored analysis taking stock of the gains, while
of Peshawar from among the elite and educated identifying what needs to be done to adequately
upper middle class, to other urban centres of the build on what has been achieved.
country, most notably Islamabad and Karachi—
We identify challenges and enduring gaps whilst
throughout the past decade and a half.
acknowledging meaningful progress that needs
The costs of this displacement have been two to quickly evolve and grow, in order to address
fold. The first is the pressure under which the the mammoth needs of the province.
government’s education resources have been.
Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017 has
This downward pressure has rarely, if ever,
shown that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has moved
been acknowledged in terms of province-
up the index and now leads the provision of
level policy instruments to deal with it. The
infrastructure at the primary level across all the
second is the depletion of the stock of high
provinces in Pakistan; however, at the middle
end human resources in the province, which
school level Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is at the second
has, anecdotally, had an impact on the quality
spot after the Punjab. Similarly, on the education
of teachers available to the province at large,
score and beyond primary readiness score index
and to elite private schools in particular. On the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa lags behind the Punjab,
whole, education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and in
Islamabad Capital Territory and Gilgit-Baltistan.
FATA has suffered like few other places across
The reforms introduced during the current tenure
Pakistan. Whilst this document does not cover
have had some success in identifying closed
FATA, there is virtual consensus that whatever
schools, in recruiting teachers on the basis of
crisis in education that exists across Pakistan, or
merit and reducing teacher absenteeism in
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is but a small sliver of the
government schools through accountability
crisis that FATA’s children have endured. Despite
mechanisms and in partially addressing the
all this, the people of both the province and FATA
issue of better spending by popularising the role
have consistently sought schools that offer a
of PTCs. Yet, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa continues to
quality education to their children.
suffer from an education system that is unable
Governments since 2008 have sought to address to produce high learning outcomes among its
the demand for education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa students; especially in that of maths and science.
through a series of reforms. The current
This document aims to contextualise the
government that took power in the province in
challenges faced in the provision of education
2013 has made substantial efforts to provide
across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and summarise
schools with key inputs, including improved
successes in education reform over the last
school facilities and infrastructure, increased
five years. In the coming five years, Khyber
budgetary allocations, and a new generation
Pakhtunkhwa may have a generational
of teachers recruited through a merit-based
opportunity to ensure that all children have
process.
access to high quality education. This document
An analysis of education sector indicators attempts to frame how this opportunity may be
demonstrates significant movement in the utilised.
 2

Education
reform in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

Periodically developed and published, the Khyber ¡¡ Improved governance

Pakhtunkhwa education sector plans are umbrella ¡¡ Private sector participation in education
documents designed to inform, steer and then ¡¡ Financing education
oversee the government’s priorities and approach
towards education sector reform in the province.

It is hence important to refer to the government’s

2.2 Education Sector
priority areas and approaches outlined in the Plan 2015-16 to
last two sector plans relevant to the last 5 years
(2013-2018) 2019-20
The Education Sector Plan 2015-16 to 2019-20

2.1 Education Sector builds on the experience of the previous plan

in two ways. First, it has adopted much of the
Plan 2010-11 to foundational work that has already been done.

2015-16
This includes an extensive situational analysis
of the education sector in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and working statistical model for inputs. Second,
The Education Sector Plan 2010-11 to 2015-16
it identifies key obstacles over the past few
was conceived to be a working document and
years in delivering high quality education
a guideline for the preparation of the Annual
and employs lessons learnt from previous
Development Programme as well as a monitoring
experiences to sharpen the focus of objectives.
and evaluation tool to measure progress in the
The government’s effort to transition from an
sector during the five year period. The targets
exclusive focus on inputs delivery to ensuring
set in this document were in accordance with
inclusive access to education and institutional
the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and
reform is very visible in how the document reads
Education for All (EFA) targets of 2015 as stated
and the objectives and priorities it identifies.
by the Elementary and Secondary Education
Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. However, The challenges identified in the education
looking at the progress on the achieved sector plan point to an approach aimed at
targets, it is apparent that the plan was more addressing the lingering structural deficiencies
ambitious and less practical given the scale of in the education delivery apparatus of the state.
the challenge faced by the province especially While addressing structural inadequacies of
right after the 18th constitutional amendment the system may not yield visible output level
(which devolved education to the provinces) was changes in the immediate term, they are
passed. fundamental in ensuring a sustained pace of
improvement in medium and long terms. The
The plan highlighted key strategic areas of focus
challenges outlined in the sector plan are listed
which included::
below:
¡¡ Increasing enrolment
¡¡ Weaknesses in data and information
¡¡ Improving quality management
¡¡ Improving infrastructure
¡¡ Weaknesses in budgeting and financial
¡¡ Non-formal education and community management
schools

10
 Education reform in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

¡¡ Limited capacity to deliver across the this report focuses on school education, we do
department not include an assessment of higher education
¡¡ Politicisation of employees or adult literacy programmes – though both
represent important areas of investment for
¡¡ The geography and social fabric of the
provincial governments.
province
1. Better government schools – According
Accounting for the aforementioned challenges,
to the NEMIS estimates, around 80% of all
the plan identifies the following priority areas of
the schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are
focus:
public schools. Similarly, around 75% of
¡¡ Redevelop approach to selecting and all the students enrolled at the primary to
training new teachers higher secondary levels in the province
¡¡ Redevelop teaching cadre employment rules attend government schools. Therefore,
the future of most of the children in the
¡¡ Establish a sustainable approach to the
province continues to be at the mercy of
provision of facilities
the government school that they are, or
¡¡ Launch new benefits aimed at children most could be attending. One of the major reform
at risk areas, possible in a short period of time,
¡¡ Scale up partnerships with the private sector and to scale is more accessible, better
quality government schools. Government
¡¡ Launch a draw down fund for use in
schools continue to offer the clearest path
emergency situations
for education reform which can change the
¡¡ Test and update population estimate for lives of the children from the least privileged
school age population and most vulnerable households in Khyber
¡¡ Develop district officials’ management skills Pakhtunkhwa.
¡¡ Account for inflation while setting education 2. Better quality of education – The education
budget challenge being faced by Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and the rest of Pakistan

2.3 Summarising the is not confined to the issue of access

alone but rather to the availability of high
Education Sector quality learning. The province is facing

Plan into four

a learning crisis as is demonstrated by
the National Achievement Test 2016
themes scores conducted by NEAS; the children
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa score below the
national mean. Making sure that children
For the purpose of this document, we have
receive the best possible education and
synthesised the main focus areas of the Khyber
are able to retain it in a way that benefits
Pakhtunkhwa education sector plan into four
them academically and also in terms of
key themes around education that ought to be
developing cognitive skills for mobility later
used as instruments to adequately capture the
in life is arguably a much more complicated
expanse of the education landscape. Since
task than providing access.

11
3. Improved data regimes – Accurate, robust 4. More budget spent more effectively –
and timely data is a critical component of Increases to the budget that do not translate
effective policymaking. Accurate and timely into improved utilisation are practically
data not only facilitates evidence based an ineffective value to the resource. The
policy interventions but also informs policy district component of the education budget
research that can steer policy making allocation since 2015 has been an important
apparatuses in the right direction. With the step in the direction of funds being available
formation of the Independent Monitoring closer to the schools for better utilisation.
Unit in the province, data driven monitoring However, the scale of the education
of schools has been made possible. The challenge in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa calls for
School Management Information System is more resources to be allocated to the sector
also being rolled out, phase-wise, for schools while ensuring that the money allocated is
across the province. These initiatives offer spent in the best manner possible.
unprecedented knowledge about the state
In the following sections of this document, we
of the education in the province tracking
attempt to highlight the positive steps taken
the schools, their infrastructure provisions,
to reform education provisions in Khyber
attendance rates and mobility of students
Pakhtunkhwa, and to frame the challenges that
across different schools.
remain broadly within these four overarching
thematic areas.
 Education reform in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

What
changed
for the
better in
Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa

13
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

Under conditional grant schemes, missing

3.1 Better government facilities were identified across all the schools in

schools the province. These facilities included additional

classrooms, boundary walls, group latrines,
water supplies, electrification and solar panels.
As a matter of priority, the focus of reform by the
During the past five years the government
government in the past five years has been to fix
claims to have provided 83,000 missing facilities
existing schools and their missing infrastructure
for around 24,000 schools. At their current
before a bigger commitment towards building
projections, with the exception of additional
new schools can be put in place. There have
classrooms, all missing facilities will be provided
been concerted efforts aimed at improving the
by the month of June of this year. The spending
state of schools in the province. During 2008-
cap for each school is 3 million rupees. A total
2013, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa saw damaging fall-
of 29.11 billion rupees have been spent so far
out from a dire security situation where schools
in these schemes. The government has also
were under attack. Despite these issues, radical
spent Rs. 7 billion for the provision of furniture in
improvements have been made in the coverage
schools since 2013.
of physical facilities across schools and progress
has been made in recruiting teachers, increasing In order to ensure that schools operate within
attendance and instituting new development sizable buildings, a policy decision has been
programs. taken where all new primary schools will have at
least six rooms. For the 410 primary schools in
3.1.1 Improved Infrastructure and
progress under the new policy, 115 schools have
School Facilities
been completed, potentially allowing for more
A substantial improvement in the provision of than 200,000 additional students. 1,585 schools
physical facilities in schools has taken place have been upgraded over the past five years
across the province over the last five years in (either have moved from being solely primary
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The improvement in the to middle or higher), with 843 new schools as
provision of basic facilities in primary schools well, and 480 nonfunctional schools were also
has been especially dramatic over the last year. revived in order to bettering the situation of the
government schools in the province. The repair
Overall, based on Alif Ailaan’s composite and reconstruction of militancy hit schools mainly
school infrastructure assessment in its District in and around Peshawar was also completed for
Education Rankings 2017 report, Khyber 700 out of 750 affected schools.
Pakhtunkhwa’s overall score registered an
increase from 66.18 to a remarkable 91.12 at the 3.1.2 Area for play in schools and
primary level between the years 2013 and 2016. sports tournaments
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is at the top of the primary
school infrastructure index across different Beyond filling missing facilities, the government
provinces and territories and at the second spot has also concentrated on equipping the schools
in the middle school infrastructure index after the with an area for play to encourage healthier
Punjab with a score of 89.25. and active lifestyles. More than 5,000 schools
(all High Secondary, High and Middle Schools)
. have been provided with sports kits since May

14
 What changed for the better in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Infrastructure Availability Primary Schools

in Government Schools Middle Schools

95.81
95.72
94.79

94.83
91.73
87.73

87.28

89.06
86.21
78.67

Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of

schools with schools with schools with schools with schools with
satisfactory electricity drinking water toilets boundary wall
building condition

2013 with allocation of Rs 500 million and 180 sports grounds were
developed.

In addition to this, this year the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa E&SE and

Peshawar Zalmi Foundation (PZF) will begin a trophy competition
league of eight regional teams of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In the first
phase, the regional level tournament will be held from December
26 till 31 in Haripur district. The second phase of the school league
will include all schools and districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa that will
participate and winners will be identified and trained by professional
coaches and trainers.

3.1.3 Inclusion of technology and science

initiative in schools
Before 2013, there were only 170 IT labs in high and higher schools
across the province. Now this number has been increased to more
than 1,340 IT labs. 100 interactive white boards have also been
installed in schools in 14 Districts with a backup of solar panels.

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ESED and Provincial IT Board are

launching an early age programming course in the IT labs of KP
government schools for class 7 to 9. The programme is in 60
government schools of 14 districts in the first phase. Under the
programme, children will be taught fundamentals of information
technology. The curriculum for this initiative is taken from early year
MIT courseware teaching app development and C++ programming
languages.

15
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

To improve teacher training that this

3.2 Improved change has introduced, teachers now

learning have to go through a mandatory six-

month induction programme through
outcomes a learning management system that
is delivered on android tablets. This
3.2.1 Improved Teaching induction programme has an equity
model in place that trains the teachers
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa education keeping in consideration the special
department has sustained and deepened needs of the students coming from
the concept of merit in the recruitment different backgrounds, the most
of teachers during the past few years important of them all being the students
by not just conducting the test through having dyslexia. These teacher trainings
a third party, National Testing Service are being regularised by the government
(NTS), but also school based recruitment using its own resources that presents
of teachers to ensure rationalised a welcome and staggered series of
deployment. Since 2013, around 40,000 trainings to teachers to improve their skill
teachers have been recruited through sets.
the NTS system and another 17,000 are
currently being recruited. More than 65,000 teachers have been
trained since 2013 with an allocation of
In addition to the NTS testing, for the Rs. 800 million for better student learning
current cycle of recruitment drive, the outcomes. Training sessions have been
requirement of teaching qualifications outsourced to multiple vendors and the
has been removed altogether. This has government has an agreement in place
allowed for a large number of candidates with the British Council to train nearly
to apply for the teaching positions 83,000 teachers of primary schools with
making the hiring more competitive. a special focus on four subjects; english,
Prior to this reform, recruitment prized mathematics, science and general
professional qualifications which the knowledge.
government felt, through experience, did
not actually add much value because 3.2.2 Boards of intermediate
of their spotty quality (such as the and secondary education
Primary Teacher Certificate, or Certified
There are eight matric and intermediate
Teachers). For 17,000 vacancies, under
boards in the province operated by the
the new system, it has attracted 700,000
government. Matric and intermediate
applicants – making it 41 applicants for
assessments represent two critical
every position – with some very highly
dimensions in students’ academic
qualified persons applying. Moreover,
journeys. Firstly, the assessment scores
a policy decision has also been made
represent the culmination of school
to recruit only female teachers for the
education – the output. At the same time,
vacant positions at the primary school
assessment scores indicate the input of
levels.
talent being fed into the higher education

16
 What changed for the better in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

system. Viewed from both angles, matric that are conducted within the schools,
and intermediate board assessments the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government
are a critical component of the system. has recently made efforts to popularise
the system of external assessments at
There has been a consensus that the
the primary and middle level as well.
quality of assessments needs to be
This is important for the education
improved dramatically to ensure robust
department to gauge the learning
tracking and management of talent. The
outcomes of the students and in order
boards of intermediate and secondary
to prepare policies accordingly. The
education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa this
department will conduct 5th & 8th
year have tried to move away from the
class assessments in March 2018 in all
decades-old pattern of the examination
government schools to assess learning
papers that put exclusive focus on
outcomes of students to provide data
rote memorisation as opposed to
points about the effectiveness of
gauging how well the students have
teaching. From next year onwards,
internalised concepts. From 2018
students from all the private schools
onwards, the exam papers for both
will also be participating in these
the matric as well as the intermediate
mandatory assessments based on a
classes will be set in order to assess
question bank related to the Student
the learning outcomes of the students in
Learning Outcomes (SLOs) instead of
accordance with the spirit of the latest
rote memorisation.
curriculum developed in 2006. Under

3.3 Education Data

the new paper setting, 50 percent will
be comprehension, while application
and knowledge would be 25 percent
each. Now the paper makers will have
and Statistics
to go through the content and develop
3.3.1 Independent
questions by themselves instead of
Monitoring Unit
picking the questions from a set of
selected questions given towards the In March 2013, the Independent
end of each chapter in the textbooks. Monitoring Unit was set up allowing
This will encourage both the students for data driven monitoring of schools.
and the teachers to have an interactive Previously, the data on monitoring visits
learning experience in the classroom conducted by the monitoring officers
that can enable the students to focus was collected on paper and passed
on conceptual learning instead of rote on to the department. This caused
learning. unnecessary delays and also increased
the susceptibility of the data to human
3.2.3 Assessments at error. Now data collection happening
primary and middle with the help of cellular-data enabled
level tablets remit field information to a
centralised repository within a matter of
In addition to the internal assessments
seconds.

17
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

The publically available online dashboard 3.3.3 Student level data

of IMU has limited yet important indicators
such as teacher and student attendance For all high/higher secondary schools
and availability of physical facilities at the an allocation of Rs. 55 million has been
school level. This mechanism has helped earmarked for the development and rollout
policymakers and department principals of a school level School Management
to track performance through a wide Information System that will eventually
range of indicators on a regular basis. be rolled out to all schools. Using this
system, each school will be able to log
With this system in place, accountability details of every student enrolled, attending
has increased at all levels. Absenteeism and dropped out, identified by a unique
decreased by 12-15% at the school level, tagging number. Through this data, the
and student attendance increased by education department will be in a position
24%. to track individual children, curb drop-outs
and in the future look towards gaining
Around 300 teachers have been
insights into their learning.
terminated due to absenteeism identified
by the system, and a recovery of Rs. 200
million was made through IMU & Online 3.3.4 District Performance
Action Management system (OAMS) on Evaluation System
account of the fines imposed on teachers. (DPES)
Up to 8,000 disciplinary action were taken
Starting this year, provincial district
against teachers through the OAMS has
rankings take place monthly on the basis
been implemented across the province
of all the government schools in each
for online actions against errant staff –
district across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It
the system automatically generates an
is based on various indicators including
action if inputs demonstrate actionable
progress on ADP construction work,
reprimands.
physical facilities, delivery of furniture,
percentage student enrolment,
3.3.2 School Quality
percentage of students provided with
Management Initiative
textbooks and stipends, teaching and
(SQMI)
non teaching staff attendance, functional
The education department has launched Parent Teacher Councils and learning
the School Quality Management Initiative outcomes at class 5 and class 10 level
in schools across the province. The SQMI etc. The District Performance Evaluation
allows the Education Directorate to inspect System is expected to help the Education
the quality of teaching and learning department keep track of the targets to
processes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa be met on a regular basis both within a
schools with the use of technology district as well as across the province;
that allows for scale. Based on a pilot, thereby timely highlighting the areas which
SQMI will be expanded all over Khyber are lagging behind and need special
Pakhtunkhwa. attention.

18
 What changed for the better in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

3.4 Increased and

improved
funding
According to the UNESCO Global
Monitoring Report, governments
should spend at least 20% of their
budgets for the betterment of the
education systems each year.
During the last five years, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa is the only province
in Pakistan that has consistently Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's Education budget
allocated budgets much higher than as a percentage of total provincial budget
this baseline by allocating amounts
30
between 24% and 28% of the budget 28.4
28 27.9
each year for the education sector. 27.5

From 2013-2014 till date the education

budget has increased from Rs. 84.629 24.5
25
billion to Rs. 168.085 billion – an
increase of about 61% - with 17%
coming in the current fiscal year over
the previous one. Budgetary allocation
to education have also increased 20
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
significantly over the past five years –
from 2014 to 2018 there has been an
increase in 43.08%. This is in line with
168.09

the trend across all four provinces as Education Budget

143.44

a whole, which has seen cumulative Allocation in PKR

countrywide spending on education billions
119.72
117.48

double since 2013. However, in the

overall picture of budgetary increases,
the development component of the
budget has shown a more mixed
picture where the development
component has both increased and 2014-15
decreased year on year. 2015-16
2016-17
Since 2015, more than half of the 2017-18

budget allocations for education are

19
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

done through the district

component. The increased
allocation to the districts is a
positive measure of increased
devolution and autonomy to
make the education system
more responsive. However,
the allocations under line
transfers to districts need to
be adequately reflected in the
annual budget documents
under specific budget heads Percentage yearly
20 increase in budget
to ensure robust tracking of
estimates
expenditure. 17

3.4.1 School Specific

Budgets
The education department
has introduced school based
from 2014-15 to 2015-16
budgeting to enable middle 2
from 2015-16 to 2016-17
and primary schools at local from 2016-17 to 2017-18
level to prepare budgets
and track expenditure
incurred with first piloted in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Education Budget
district Karak. The districts
where this initiative will be 168,085
operationalised during 2017- 143,436
18 are Abbottabad, Bannu, 117,479
117,479 119,720
Battagram, Charsadda, 111,389
99,857
Chitral, Dera Ismail Khan, 87,632
Nowshera and Swat. School 65,892
56,696
based budgeting is based on 53,828 43,579
29,847 28,550 27,555
education resource strategies 19,520
that promote better planning 25,278 24,059 29,141
and transparency at the 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
school level. As the budgets Provincial Component - Current Scale: PKR millions
are transferred directly to the Provincial Component - Development
school it helps aiming at a Provincial Component - Total
District Component
better utilisation of funds as
Total Education Budget for the Province
well.

20
 Key education challenges for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018

Key
education
challenges
for Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
in 2018

21
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

it decided to seize Rs. 6 billion assets from the

4.1 The challenge of textbook boards. These reallocations of funds

better spending are expected to cause delays in the printing

and provision of the textbooks to students
in the government schools. Moreover, it is
Since 2014, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s education also expected to cause difficulty in meeting
budget has increased from Rs.117.4 billion the regular operational and administrative
to Rs. 168 billion. While this increase has expenditures of the textbook boards.
led to incremental improvements in physical
infrastructure, teachers’ pay scales, and student
enrolment, it is still insufficient to fully address 4.2 The challenge of
better government
these problems confronting the sector.

schools
For example, the challenge of out of school
children in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa across all three
tiers of schooling, and the persistently high
levels of student attrition beyond primary school 4.2.1 Out of School Children
due to a lack of schools or facilities cannot be
met without adequate funding. Building more According to the Pakistan Education Statistics
middle and high schools and ensuring that 2015-2016, there are 2.5 million children out
they are of good quality requires sustained of school in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Out of
political commitment for raising expenditure these children, around 445,411 are those who
above its already high levels. More importantly, should be attending primary school, and more
the manner in which funds are allocated and than 2 million are those that are missing out
used, highlights the persistent public financial on a middle, high or higher secondary school
management challenge not only in the Khyber education.
Pakhtunkhwa, but across the country.
Whilst the challenge of providing access to
A dilapidated and dated regime of rules that all children of primary school going age is yet
are supposed to prevent abuse tend to often to be resolved, the most significant test of the
neither mitigate fiduciary risk, nor allow for quick government’s resolve is to provide access to
spending on key areas. The result is the kind of children between the ages of 10 and 16 years
utilisation figures that Pakistan has had. There to middle, high, and higher secondary schools.
is also a pressing need to ensure that allocated However, there is a massive imbalance between
amounts are spent both comprehensively and the provision of primary and post primary
efficiently to ensure that they do not lapse. It is schools across the province.
also important to ensure that funds allocated
for education and its related departments are Girls are at a greater disadvantage with almost
not reallocated to other departments during half of all the girls (51%) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
the course of the fiscal year as was the case not attending the schools. This percentage of
earlier this year. The government of Khyber out of school rests at 23% for all the boys in the
Pakhtunkhwa made headlines in the news when province. Even at the primary level, where of all

22
 Key education challenges for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018

the boys in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

only 5% are out of school, more than
Out of school
a quarter of all the girls (26%) in the children by age
primary school age group are out of (in million)
school. 2.05

In the absence of the complete

operationalisation of the Private
Schools Regulatory Authority, there
is no definitive data to assess if the
imbalance between school tiers
is being addressed by the private
0.45
5-9 years
sector provision. Even if it were, the
10-16 years
question of equity would remain.
People in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa living
in the remote communities remain
relatively isolated from the central Out of school
areas such as Peshawar valley, and children
their capacity to fend for themselves (percentage)
in terms of a high quality education Primary to Secondary
is certainly not comparable with (Class 1-12)
wealthy residents of Islamabad, 51
Lahore or Karachi.
36
4.2.2 Primary versus 23
beyond primary
schools Male
Female
Total
Currently, 9.76% and 8.13% of
all schools are middle and high
schools respectively. The gap is
enormous considering that the right Number of Government Schools
2,195
to education under article 25A of 2,175 2016-17
2015-16
High

the constitution gives the right to 2,108

2014-15
2,029
education for all children from five to 1,984 2013-14
2012-13
sixteen years of education. Currently,
2,611
primary schools outnumber
Middle

2,624
2,642
cumulative middle and high schools 2,639
by a ratio of 4:1. The disparity in 2,626
numbers means that students are 22,179
forced to travel further from their 22,363
Primary

23,022
homes to access schooling beyond 23,291
23,517
the primary level. This has repeatedly
been documented in education

23
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

research as an important reason for

both lower retention rates, as well as the Enrolment
persisting gender gap at the middle and
2,271,955 2,255,666
high school level. 2,157,688 2,187,002 2,238,171

4.2.3 Crisis of retention

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has seen slight
781,048 787,315 772,892 771,501
progress in enrolment numbers at 754,192

the primary level and a significant 291,726 323,388 336,622 358,767 370,363
improvement at the high school levels if
compared over the last five years. 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Primary
Between 2012 and 2017, enrolment Middle
in primary schools have increased High

by 4.54%, or an absolute number of

97,948 students. Similarly, for middle
and high school it is 2.3% (17,309)
1,967,189

1,980,095

1,965,132
Gender wise
1,925,282
1,887,500

and 26.96% (78,367) respectively. enrolment

However, this increased enrolment at (primary to high level)
1,423,519

1,432,398
1,394,919
1,366,156

each respective tier is not accompanied

1,316,106

by a similar rate of increase across all

the levels of schooling. There is still a
high rate of student attrition after primary
schooling, with provincial retention rates
– cumulative middle and high school
enrolment expressed as a percentage
of primary enrolment – at 41.09%
Girls enrolment
as measured by Alif Ailaan’s District Boys enrolment
Education Rankings. 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

4.2.4 Crisis of girls’

education
In addition to the crisis of retention, of
further concern is the continued gender
gap in retention and enrolment at all
three levels, which gains particular
acuteness in middle and high school
level.

In order to increase the retention of girls

in the education system, incentives in
the form of the Stipend to Girls has been

24
 Key education challenges for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018

deployed, which is a Rs1.72 billion initiative to promote enrolment

and retention in secondary government schools. Girls studying
in classes 6 – 10 in government schools with 80% attendance
are provided with stipends - Rs 2,400 per year for girls in 6 – 8
and Rs 6,000 per year for girls in 9 - 10. More than 4440,000 girls
enrolled in classes 6 – 10 were provided with stipends under the
Girls’ Stipend Programme (GSP) across 25 districts.

To reach out to remote districts, Girls Community Schools

(GCS’) are funded in areas that do not have government primary
schools. In 2010-13, 196 Schools for 13,651 girls were run which
were then increased to 1,251 Schools for 43,220 girls in 2013-16:
girls who were out of school across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were
enrolled in these schools. So far, the ESEF has set up over 1,700
GCS’ with a total grant of Rs. 1.4 billion. 2,150 women living in
rural communities who are now teachers of the GCS’. These
schools provide education to over 99,000 students. Of these,
more than 65% are girls.

In a national first, the Girls Cadet College in Mardan has been

established at the cost of 3 billion rupees, the school has
managed to attract girls from not just Khyber Pakhtunwa but
across the country and will also serve as a destination for some
of the government scholarship schemes in the province.

Despite these initiatives over the last few years, the gap between
the enrolment numbers of girls with that of boys has remained
almost constant each year. Therefore, this may be seen as
an indication to provide a seamless mechanism to expand
opportunities for females to retain in the system.

4.3 The challenge of improved

learning outcomes
The challenge of improving learning outcomes of students
enrolled in schools across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa needs emergent
attention. Data on educational achievement is not as highly
developed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as in Sindh or Punjab,
although that is due to change from 2018 with the introduction of
assessment at the 5th and 8th class level.

The scores achieved by children of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the

tests conducted by NEAS are disappointingly low, indicating
the distance that is yet to be covered in way of ensuring quality

25
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

education and learning. Students

at both class 4 and class 8 levels
469 Achievement
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa scored 465 453 at grade 4
below the scaled mean score of (Class IV)
500 out of a total of 1000 in the
National Achievement Test 2016.
This indicates that children who
do progress from the primary
to the middle school tier are not
being provided the environment to Scale Mean Score
(Out of 1000)
learn. In both class 4 and class 8
level, the gap between the ability Maths
to read and write is obvious by Urdu Reading
Urdu Writing
students achieving less than 455
scores in both Urdu and English
writing exams which necessitates a
refocusing of teaching. Achievement
463 459 448 at grade 8
Findings from NEAS provide an (class VIII)
evidence that stagnating enrolment
rates and low retention at higher
tiers of school is linked to both lack
of student achievement in class,
as well as the wider perception of
low quality of schooling. The value Scale mean score
(Out of 1000)
of attending government schools
is only possible by improving the Science
quality of instruction and raising English Reading
English Writing
overall levels of learning in the
classroom.

4.3.1 Crisis of Seniority in

Teaching
Accountability of agents hired as
employees of the system is carried
out in a linear fashion in the private
sector. Parents who pay fees to
have their children educated act
as principals overseeing how well
a teacher is performing, how often
they attend school, how well the
headmaster is managing the affairs

26
 Key education challenges for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018

of the schools etc. One of the major criticisms between curriculum and content. In Pakistan,
of government schooling is that government conversations among non-governmental policy
systems do not allow for any such effective circles are often focused on curriculum. It should
accountability mechanism. be noted that the curriculum is defined by basic
standards and guidelines. The more pressing
For any education system to afford its students
challenge for policymakers, and one that can
with the maximum opportunities to learn
be addressed on immediate footing is that of
and excel, teachers are the most critical
content. Content essentially means what the
stakeholders. A key issue that must be tackled
textbooks taught in school entail.
to produce a meritocracy within the teaching
profession is whether teachers’ promotions One issue that needs urgent attention is
should be based on seniority alone. The archaic ascertaining whether the content published in
manner of promoting teachers based solely on textbooks does justice to existing curriculum
their years of service sucks the motivation out standards and guidelines. The textbooks
from among teachers who are recruited on merit published by the government should be
and are looking for ways to climb the hierarchical invaluable instruments at the service of teachers
ladder based on their good performance. whose responsibility it is to make students learn
Another consequence of the current promotion and understand different topics for different
structure is that almost invariably, the most subjects as per the curriculum standards. The
“junior” teachers are allocated to lower classes first step in improving the quality of content
and as they become “senior” with years, they are taught to children is to issue contracts for
moved to higher classes. textbooks on a competitive basis overseen by a
technical committee formed by the government.
Any substantial improvements to the system
This will be a critical first step towards allowing
of education, and to the quality of education
children and teachers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
imparted, requires teachers to be provided
the access to modern and sophisticated
with more opportunities to grow based on their
instruments of learning that they deserve.
performance. Another important aspect of
this component is ensuring that teachers are Secondly, the medium of instruction is closely
equipped with both subject specific skills as linked to the delivery of the content. Both the
well as pedagogical standards. In order for the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have shifted
system to have a sustainable supply of skilled their medium of instruction to English. They have
talent, the government needs to undertake some done this because of the preference that parents
very foundational reforms to the teacher training have anecdotally expressed in choosing private
centers such as Provincial Institute for Teacher schools because of this difference, and a desire
Education (PITE) across the province to make to have students to are competitive globally.
them more effective nurseries of teachers Starting from class 1, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
government introduced the content of the
.4.3.2 Challenge of Content textbooks in English three years ago. Each
Along with assessments and teachers, the subsequent year, the textbooks for the next
content that is taught to students in schools is class were translated and now the content being
a critical component of quality. It is important taught in government schools up to class 4
to note that there is a clear distinction level is in English. However, for such a radical

27
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

change it is imperative to know of the efficacy of machineries ensuring an adequate focus in the
the policy. How have teachers coped with such districts that required them the most. Quality
a change, to what extent are they complying education provision is among the most important
in instruction, and how has it affected pupils in equaliser in any society and hence it is critical
learning is important to assess in such a system for the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to
wide change. examine the trends where some districts lag
behind others across different indicators. It is

4.4 Wide intra-provincial imperative that the provinces have the intent, the
plans and the resources to address these gaps.
disparities The following sub-sections provide rankings of
districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa across a range
Among the key challenges faced by all
of different metrics.
provinces in Pakistan is that of coherence,
consistency and integration across the various
4.4.1 Primary school infrastructure
districts in the province. Intra-provincial or
score
inter-district differences are substantial and they
have the potential to reinforce socio-political Alif Ailaan’s District Education Rankings 2017
grievances and other problems of both real contain four indices for districts from all over
and perceived distributional justice across the the country. The primary school infrastructure
province. The devolution of education to the index ranked all districts in the country based on
provinces under the 18th amendment was meant cumulative scores on availability of satisfactory
to ensure the provinces are autonomous in building, drinking water, electricity, boundary
making financial and administrative decisions. walls and toilets in schools. For this index, nine
It was also meant as a requisite structural out of the top ten districts in the country are from
shift for effective management of education at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The table below shows
the district level by “empowered” provincial all districts from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with
headquarters. This should have led to provincial provincial and national ranks for reference.

28
 Key education challenges for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018

School Availability Building

Provincial National Province/
District Infrastructure Condition
Rank Rank Territory Boundary
Score Electricity Water Toilet Satisfactory
Wall
1 1 Tank KP 98.45 100 100 100 100 92.27
2 2 Kohat KP 98.44 100 100 100 100 92.22
3 3 Bannu KP 98.19 99.91 99.91 99.91 99.91 91.34
4 4 Peshawar KP 97.5 100 100 100 100 87.5
5 5 Karak KP 97.08 99.74 99.74 99.74 99.74 86.41
6 6 Dera Ismail Khan KP 96.8 99.35 99.35 99.35 99.35 86.61
7 7 Charsadda KP 96.78 99.79 99.79 99.79 99.79 84.74

8 9 Lakki Marwat KP 95.55 100 100 100 100 77.73

9 10 Swabi KP 95.22 97.6 98.18 98.75 98.85 82.73

10 11 Haripur KP 95.11 97.6 97.71 99.56 99.78 80.92

Malakand and
11 13 KP 94.94 98.54 94.72 98.54 98.54 84.34
Protected Area

12 14 Nowshera KP 94.8 98.3 98.3 98.3 98.3 80.78

13 17 Mardan KP 94.38 97.21 97.21 97.21 97.21 83.07

14 24 Hangu KP 92.93 96.21 96.21 96.53 96.53 79.18

15 31 Swat KP 90.26 81.73 80.12 95.41 96.41 97.63

16 35 Chitral KP 89.97 76.48 89.8 94.24 96.88 92.43

17 36 Lower Dir KP 89.71 89.62 79.31 97.3 97.79 84.55

18 51 Buner KP 86.95 82.28 87.42 98.84 99.01 67.22

19 55 Abbottabad KP 84.06 69.68 74.98 92.13 91.24 92.27

20 56 Upper Dir KP 84.05 65.85 75.31 96.19 97.3 85.63

21 57 Mansehra KP 83.13 66.04 72.99 89.31 90.02 97.3

22 58 Batagram KP 82.3 67.19 75.14 88.35 85.8 95.03

23 60 Kohistan KP 80.81 69.37 78.97 80.69 80.93 94.1

24 61 Torghar KP 79.71 71.57 74.51 80.39 80.39 91.67

25 63 Shangla KP 76.96 62.52 67.27 83.47 81.18 90.34

The focus of the government on fixing missing facilities at existing schools are showing results. So
much so that the inequity found in the range of education ranking scores in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is
not as wide as the range between the highest and lowest school infrastructure rankings in the other
provinces. However, the districts of Kohistan, Torghar and Shangla require special focus by the
government.

29
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

4.4.2 Middle School Infrastructure Score

Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017 also include an index for middle school infrastructure
using the availability of the same indicators in middle schools to calculate district scores. The table
below ranks all districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in addition to providing a column for national ranks
for each district as a reference.

School Availability Building

Provincial National Province/
District Infrastructure Condition
Rank Rank Territory Boundary
Score Electricity Water Toilet Satisfactory
Wall
Malakand and
1 1 KP 98.39 96.77 98.39 100 100 96.77
Protected Area
2 2 Swabi KP 97.45 96.36 97.27 99.09 100 94.55
3 11 Kohat KP 94.88 90.24 95.12 100 100 89.02
4 15 Chitral KP 94.52 91.67 94.05 98.81 98.81 89.29
5 17 Swat KP 93.92 91.2 88.8 98.4 98.4 92.8
6 19 Charsadda KP 93.88 87.76 91.84 98.98 100 90.82
7 20 Bannu KP 93.8 83.72 96.12 96.9 100 92.25

8 23 Nowshera KP 93.72 82.56 95.35 98.84 100 91.86

9 26 Buner KP 93.42 88.61 84.81 98.73 100 94.94

10 30 Lakki Marwat KP 93 89 89 96 100 91

11 33 Haripur KP 92.03 87.97 88.72 98.5 96.24 88.72

12 35 Hangu KP 91.76 85.29 91.18 100 100 82.35

13 38 Lower Dir KP 90.93 89.33 81.33 96 96 92

14 46 Upper Dir KP 89.26 72.63 86.32 97.89 97.89 91.58

15 49 Abbottabad KP 88.45 79.17 81.55 94.05 92.86 94.64

16 50 Karak KP 88.28 72.41 86.21 95.4 98.85 88.51

17 52 Peshawar KP 88.02 61.73 90.74 95.68 97.53 94.44

18 54 Mardan KP 87.37 84.21 86.32 88.42 88.42 89.47

19 56 Tank KP 86.82 68.18 72.73 100 100 93.18

Dera Ismail
20 58 KP 85.45 65.78 86.63 91.44 97.33 86.1
Khan

21 59 Shangla KP 84.93 79.71 65.22 95.65 88.41 95.65

22 60 Mansehra KP 84.62 65.05 80.65 93.55 88.17 95.7

23 66 Batagram KP 78.75 58.33 75 85.42 77.08 97.92

24 80 Torghar KP 68 56 48 76 64 96

30
 Key education challenges for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018

School Availability Building

Provincial National Province/
District Infrastructure Condition
Rank Rank Territory Boundary
Score Electricity Water Toilet Satisfactory
Wall

25 88 Kohistan KP 63.33 29.49 64.1 69.23 67.95 85.9

Malakand and protected areas and Swabi are ranked at the top two spots in not just Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa but also across the country as well. Batagram, Torghar and Kohistan are at the bottom
three ranks in middle school infrastructure.

4.4.3 Education score

The education score index included in the district education rankings 2017 was comprised of
measures for learning score, retention score and gender parity score. The learning score was
calculated using findings from ASER 2016 report, whereas retention scores was calculated using the
proportion of middle school enrolment as a proportion of primary school enrolment and high school
enrolment as a proportion of middle school enrolment for each district. The gender parity score was
calculated by taking out the proportion of girls and boys enrolment and retention between levels for
girls and boys. The table below shows the scores and ranks for districts from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Provincial National Province/ Education Learning Retention Gender

District
Rank Rank Region Score Score Score Parity Score

1 1 Haripur KP 81.62 98.31 55.36 91.19

2 16 Abbottabad KP 71.62 79.54 47.67 87.66

3 23 Mansehra KP 70.59 91.26 40.59 79.93

Malakand and
4 40 KP 66.2 66.15 44.55 87.9
Protected Area

5 46 Chitral KP 64.04 47.06 54.35 90.73

6 47 Tank KP 63.66 77.44 37.76 75.76

7 63 Bannu KP 58.91 61.15 42.32 73.26

8 64 Peshawar KP 58.63 53.35 38.97 83.58

9 65 Lower Dir KP 58.38 49.76 42.72 82.66

10 69 Batagram KP 57.48 86.79 32.18 53.46

11 70 Swabi KP 56.99 44.46 44.96 81.56

12 71 Nowshera KP 56.98 43.83 43.15 83.95

13 76 Dera Ismail Khan KP 56.27 45.78 41.85 81.17

14 77 Kohat KP 56.02 48.46 44.06 75.54

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 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

Provincial National Province/ Education Learning Retention Gender

District
Rank Rank Region Score Score Score Parity Score

15 78 Charsadda KP 55.95 46.48 40.99 80.4

16 86 Swat KP 53.1 47.61 34.92 76.77

17 93 Hangu KP 51.66 58.43 35.02 61.54

18 95 Karak KP 51.5 27.51 45.98 80.99

19 98 Lakki Marwat KP 50.91 42.13 46.56 64.05

20 99 Mardan KP 50.56 27.81 41.26 82.6

21 117 Upper Dir KP 46.24 40.61 33.26 64.86

22 129 Buner KP 43.6 29.54 36.38 64.89

23 130 Shangla KP 42.29 42.08 32.21 52.57

24 140 Torghar KP 34.11 49.51 17.1 35.72

25 141 Kohistan KP 20.67 11.47 17.86 32.67

The District Education Rankings demonstrate that there is considerable inequity within the province
regarding schooling. The 25 districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, on a national level districts are ranked
from being the 1st in the nation, to 141st. The education rankings in the province are from a high
of 81.62 to a shockingly low 20.67 (with only 24% of districts having a score of above 60). Gender
parity scores between districts exist from a high of 91.19 to a low of 32.67. Where a definitive
problem exists across all districts is in retention, which is in the highest range to 55.36 to a low of
17.76.

Haripur, Abbotabad and Mansehra are the top districts in the province whereas Upper Dir, Buner,
Shangla, Torghar and Kohistan are at the bottom of the table.The challenge in the province is to
prioritise the worst performing districts whose scores are significantly below those of the upper
quintiles.

4.4.4 Beyond primary readiness score index

The beyond primary readiness index of the DER 2017 is meant to capture the imbalance between
primary and above primary schools available to students as well as the infrastructural health of
middle schools in each district.

32
 Key education challenges for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018

School
Provincial National Province/ Beyond primary Above-primary
District Infrastructure
Rank Rank Region readiness score to primary ratio
Score

Malakand and Protected

1 39 KP 62.67 26.96 98.39
Area

2 42 Swabi KP 61.73 26.01 97.45

3 44 Nowshera KP 61.37 29.02 93.72

4 45 Buner KP 61.28 29.14 93.42

5 47 Haripur KP 61.17 30.32 92.03

6 49 Kohat KP 61.14 27.4 94.88

7 50 Chitral KP 61.08 27.63 94.52

8 52 Peshawar KP 60.24 32.46 88.02

9 53 Charsadda KP 58.85 23.81 93.88

10 54 Bannu KP 58.36 22.92 93.8

11 55 Lower Dir KP 58.22 25.51 90.93

12 57 Hangu KP 57.55 23.34 91.76

13 58 Swat KP 57.47 21.02 93.92

14 59 Mardan KP 57.45 27.53 87.37

15 62 Lakki Marwat KP 57.25 21.5 93

16 63 Dera Ismail Khan KP 56.93 28.41 85.45

17 64 Karak KP 55.93 23.59 88.28

18 66 Abbottabad KP 55.71 22.96 88.45

19 67 Tank KP 55.01 23.2 86.82

20 69 Upper Dir KP 54.71 20.15 89.26

21 72 Shangla KP 52.86 20.79 84.93

22 75 Mansehra KP 52.15 19.68 84.62

23 82 Batagram KP 46.05 13.35 78.75

24 93 Torghar KP 41.35 14.71 68

25 102 Kohistan KP 38.74 14.15 63.33

33
Conclusion:
An agenda for 2018 – 2023
There are two pieces of legislation in the province assessments, and the framing of public policy that
that can help frame a better future for Khyber is committed to the cognitive and non-cognitive
Pakhtunkhwa’s children. The first is the Free and skills of the children of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This
Compulsory Primary and Secondary Education section proposes a few key areas of attention that
Act meant to address the absence of universal should guide the government’s reform efforts over
enrolment, and it includes punitive measures for the next five years.
parents that fail to enrol their children. While this
Act requires extensive investment in planning and
allocation of financial resources, it does provide
5.1 Improved quantum,
an essential fillip to the province’s struggle to efficiency and
ensure universal enrolment. The second is the governance of
education spending
already enacted Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Private
Schools Regulatory Authority Act 2017. This
Act can be an important instrument to expand
enrolment and improve quality across all schools, 5.1.1 Bringing out of school
but the government needs to exercise caution and children to schools
ensure that it does not overregulate the system in
The main thrust of reform between 2013 and
terms of compromising the private system’s ability
2018 has been to fix the existing school system
to continue to delivering quality education.
rather than expanding it significantly. This
The intra-provincial statistics regarding the consolidation of efforts makes sense in the first
performance of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa phase of the reform process which is to fix and
show a considerable lack of achievement in some upgrade what already exists. However, efforts
districts, notably Battagram, Buner, Shangla, to enroll children out of school need as big
Kohistan, Torghar and Upper Dir. Perhaps this a concentrated push that can now be taken
will require the provincial government to treat advantage of with the roll out of the EMIS and
them as special districts that are provided with Out of School children survey. The government
attention that is substantially more than the must focus on all means that will help
general education sector plan. Such measures are dramatically increase enrolment in middle
inescapable if every child of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and high schools, especially for girls.
is to be provided an equal chance of getting a
One key instrument that may serve government
high-quality education.
to achieve universal enrolment is the Elementary
The gains made since 2013 are not permanent, Education Foundation (EEF), and a rapid
and without sustained efforts, a sharper focus and expansion of its role and capacity as was the
even stronger political will, these gains may suffer case with the Sindh Education Foundation (with
being erased. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s schools half a million children) and Punjab Education
require a singular emphasis on improved learning Foundation (with 2.5 million children), may serve
outcomes—and this means a renewed commitment to reach out to out of school children across the
to measuring quality, a dramatic improvement in province, quickly and efficiently.

34
 Conclusion: An agenda for 2018 – 2023

Given that the cohort of out of school children level needs to expand from its pilot phase
is bigger for post primary groups, it will be and expansion in nine planned districts to all
harder to get them into school given their unique districts within the province. In combination with
and difficult circumstances. Therefore, the the EMIS, the potential to both assess school
reform push must also include an expansion level efficiencies and those aggregated for
of accelerated literacy programmes and both districts and the province will provide rich
community based schools that the government data about non-academic performance and
is already running. give schools greater flexibility in deciding how
to use and prioritise resources. Government
5.1.2 Provision of middle and high must expand the space for schools to make
schools determinations about the best use of resources
allocated to them.
The limited number of schools at the middle,
high and higher secondary levels is a critical
reason for dismal retention rates. Currently
5.2 Learning outcomes
82% of all schools are primary schools. If, and in public and private
when, quality increases in concert with retention,
students will hit a glass ceiling. Children will
schoolss
either be prevented from accessing middle and Increased enrolment and retention in the
high school education because of an absence absence of learning merits scrutiny of education
of schools, or their middle and high school policy. Public sector investment in education
education will be compromised by dramatically need to be, at their core, about the skills that
worsening student-teacher ratios (as enrolment the system is imparting to children to deal with
rises to accommodate new entrants). The next the future. As classrooms become better, more
half decade requires that the education system teachers are inducted and missing facilities are
significantly expand on the provision of middle provided to more children in the classroom, it will
schools immediately, and high schools in the be imperative that enrolment and retention lead
longer run. During this expansion phase, a to actual learning.
particular emphasis needs to be on schools
for girls, as well as transportation facilities 5.2.1 Primary assessment
and other measures to enable girls’ access
to middle and high school, and to engender Primary education is too important a base to be
greater confidence among communities that assessed insufficiently. Many experts believe
their children—girls and boys—are safe and that a grade 5 (Class V) assessment is too late
secure whilst going to, attending and coming a juncture at which to measure the skills primary
home from school. schools should be imparting. The government
must explore adequate responses to criticism
5.1.3 Expansion of school level of a grade 5 (Class V) assessment as being too
budgeting late. Additionally, programmes currently being
piloted and expanded by the government in
The current devolution of budgeting and
areas like information technology and coding
expense tracking for both salary and non-
need to be assessed for learning outcomes if
salary level at the primary and middle school

35
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

gains from them are to be consolidated. or downloaded for further analysis. The media
in the province have used the IMU significantly
in their reporting, and used it as means of spot
5.2.2 Supporting maths and
checking data with the actual condition of
science learning in schools
schools. However, the need for the IMU to be
It is further proposed that going forward, more transparent is significant if it is to serve
learning outcomes in maths and science not just as a means of accountability for schools
need to be given due importance. Existing to the government, but also as a means for
data shows a low learning baseline in these two accountability of the government to its people.
domains in addition to English and Urdu writing; Furthermore, data from the current 5th and 8th
a state of affairs which cannot be allowed to class board examinations need to be similarly
continue given the critical importance of these made available in a detailed fashion online so it
two subjects in developing human capital, and can truly serve as a health check on the status
consequently, its link to the overall agenda of of the education department’s performance and
development. initiatives. Similarly, the out of school census
conducted by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Evidence also suggests that improvement
government needs to be made public as
in quality of learning in these two subjects,
soon as possible with a commitment on the
as well as of teaching, cannot only be linked
periodic regularisation of the same.
to the teacher’s competence but also to
environmental factors. Science fairs, festivals
and melas, development of local content and
5.4 Improved
human resource
delivery mechanisms that excite children
in and outside school, and sustained fiscal
support for maths and science needs to be
institutionalised across the province through
management
the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ESE department.
5.4.1 Effective means of teachers’
recruitment and trainings
5.3 Developing a
comprehensive
The current type of large scale recruitment being
conducted by the education department through
and transparent NTS is an organisational response to the need

data regime to hire large number of teachers in a fashion

that reduces the amount of “human discretion”
The importance of analysis and use of data in hiring. It seems to have largely succeeded
for evidence-based policy and decision in making the process and transparent and
making cannot be neglected. In order to do above board, however, the department needs
that efficiently, disaggregated data for better to consider if this will always be the best form
targeting of specific groups and directing of of recruitment. The absence of other means
resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is important. like presentations or writing ability, to assess
The current IMU data is partially publically potential teachers, need to be incorporated so
available, some data cannot be easily accessed that there is a multidimensional evaluation of

36
 Conclusion: An agenda for 2018 – 2023

potential teachers outside of just a written test legislate to create cover for what could be a
and their educational background. contentious form of improvement in the system.

More than 40,000 teachers have been recruited Merit based recruitment needs to be
through NTS merit-based recruitment processes followed up with lifelong career planning
in the province so far and another 17,000 are and management. The challenges linked to
being recruited on need basis at the school the career paths of the current as well as the
level. Taking into account the population growth newly recruited teachers, need to be addressed
in addition to the current trends of increasing at the sectoral level. In addition to that, special
enrolment numbers, the number of teachers focus needs to be given to formulating effective
required in the system is around 60,000. policies in order to retain the talent thus gathered
through the competitive recruitment processes.
Moreover, the teachers training system in the
province is orthodox and the new pilots were 5.4.3 Aligning the management
attempted only in few districts whereas the structures with the current
actual ambition of the government should be educational needs
to create a specialised body with a mandate,
board, budgets and ambitious targets to put At the districts level, a correct evaluation of the
in place a teachers training model that can working of management structures at district and
address the needs of the future of Khyber local level vis a vis local government systems
Pakhtunkhwa. should be made with a view to ensure the
following three aspects of the district structures:
5.4.2 Accountability, career attract quality human resources, should be able
planning and management to ward off any local level political influence
for teachers in teachers’ management and should have
an adequate capacity to initiate schemes and
The current data regime implemented through resource them.
the IMU and its OAMS is holding teachers
accountable for absenteeism and service At the provincial level, in addition to the
violations fairly effectively with some good information coming in from the districts the
results. However, teachers have not been government needs to examine how the
dismissed or significantly penalised for being management structures at the provincial
poor or delivering low quality teaching. Creating level can service the 21st century educational
information systems have helped tackle some needs of the province and explore whether
endemic problems of ghost schools, ghost there is any way of professionalizing them over
teachers, meddling in recruitment – but the time.

5.5 Focus on children

primary measure of accountability: quality
teaching, needs to be further strengthened in
a fashion that sifts the worst of the teaching with special needs
force who compromise child learning. Both
the SQMI and 5th and 8th class exams need It is further proposed that going forward, learning
to be able to ultimately inform the performance The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government has
management of individual teachers, and the already created a programme for mainstreaming
government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa needs to teaching for dyslexic students (in a study of

37
 2013-2018 Five years of education reform: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Wins, losses and challenges for the future 2018-2023

15 government schools an estimated 7.8% special needs are held back because of their
were thought to be dyslexic) – however there invisibility on account of the lack of accessible
needs to be a much broader push for the places, and that is especially true of children
inclusion of children with disabilities into and schools. This needs to change. An important
regular schools and incorporate special step moving forward is to bring the children with
needs education within the content of existing special needs under the ambit of the education
teacher training and induction programmes. department. Currently, there is a lack of
Article 25A has been increasingly discussed ownership based on the fact that they are under
nationally as education is now seen with more the social welfare department which also poses
urgency than has previously been done over the a challenge of capacity.
past several decades. However persons with

38