INFORMATION TECHNOLGY APPLICATIONS FOR

BUSINESS

TERM PAPER

ON

“COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY”

SUBMITTED TO:

MRS. C. JYOTHI,
ASST. PROFESSOR,
IT & FINANCE, V J I M

SUBMITTED BY:

KOKA ANUPRIYA, 10219

LIPSA NANDA, 10220

M. KIRAN JYOTHI, 10221

M. KRISHNA CHAITANYA, 10222

MAHANKALI BHAVANI, 10223

MANOJIT ROY, 10224

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ABSTRACT
This paper describes the study of “computer and society”. it is about the changes of importance of
computer in society from the 18th century to the present era. The paper throws light on the role of
computer in our lives and its growing importance in our society.

Further the paper is about the positive impact of computers as well as the negative impacts
of computers in our society. What are the new technologies introduced welfare of the society.

INTRODUCTION

Computer technology has brought about, many changes in the way we live in this present
society, which has affected and reflected not only on the individual itself, but also organizations
and society.   With the advancing growth in technology since the early computers made in 1946 we
have seen a quantum leap in changes made that has affected us both in our present lives and future
to come. Computers are wonderful machines. They are everywhere and society depends on them to
manage our world. It is no wonder that computers have almost unlimited applications, and that they are
multiplying at a steady rate. Many of these applications are benefiting society directly or indirectly. The
three most important ways computers are benefiting society, is by, creating more information technology
professions, creating new automobile safety features, and opening ground-breaking communication
methods. Society is dependent on rapid and reliable communications. Computers have allowed us to open
ground-breaking communication methods that satisfy those dependencies.

Our individual lives, we have seen computers, having a major impact on the way we are able to
communicate to each other.   In the earlier years, when computer technology was still in infancy,
reliance on other forms of communication methods, such as telegraph, post and later on telephone
were the only forms used for keeping in touch . Although these forms in their own way were
effective, some aspects, for example in (post and telegraph) proved to be sometimes unreliable
with time delays in receiving information, or in the case of the telephone, people were not able to
see expressions or reactions of the individual they are talking to or some cases were mislead to
passing on information to individuals pretending to be persons they wish to talk to. With
introduction of network computers connected to phones as well as technology upgrade of
telephones to mobile phone used today. One communication method is known as electronic mail (e-
mail).  We are able to send and receive messages by E-mails via the internet which not only
provides easier and quicker method of sending and receiving information also provides with the
aid of webcams and multimedia applications the ability to make video calls and video commencing
not only on computers but on our mobile phones as well. Another popular method of communication
making rapid headway is instant messaging.

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CHANGING FACES OF THE COMPUTER

Computers weren't as technological and complex like the ones we know. Early computers didn't
use chips or monitors. They weren't as small or big like the ones today. Back in the early 1600 to
1800s, people had theories, plans, or ideas of making a device that could do complex problems and
mathematics so that they wouldn't keep writing down problems and solve them manually. They
wanted a device that could add and subtract. 

Many inventors, through the course of time have contributed to the invention of the computer. The
abacus was the first "computer."   The abacus was the first portable counting mechanism, invented
by the Babylonians. However, this was not quite a computer because it could not be programmed.  
In the early 1800s, a man named Charles Babbage created a device called the Difference Engine.  
It was a programmable steam powered calculator.   This was a huge step toward the modern-day
computer. Some 50 years later, the U.S. military was in need of an easier way to determine how
far their missiles would fire.   From this the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) was born.  
This was the first successful electronic computer. For the next 50 years, the computer continued to
be improved on and evolved into what is now thought of as the computer.  

COMPUTERS NOW:

With today’s standards, one would need a good computer that has speed, various capabilities, and
is protected from viruses. As the computer field continues to expand to keep track of improving
technology, so do other job opportunities. Once the only jobs heard of were that of IT
management, computer programmers, system managers, etc. Extending past those still popular and
important careers are the web page developers and designers, layout specialists, graphic artists, 3D
animators; and the list goes on.   Almost anything you know is run or made by computers. Cars
and jets were designed on computers, traffic signals are run by computers, most medical
equipment use computers and space exploration was started with computers. Most of the jobs
today require the use of computers. For this reason they are called as ‘mechanical brains' which has
made a huge impact on our society.

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HOW HAS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AFFECTED
OUR LIVES?

Computer technology is so much a part of our lives. Looking around at daily life, one can notice a
pattern of computer oriented devices that make life easier and allow us to be lazier. These devices
are in most daily activities ranging from walking up to an alarm clock that is computerized to
watching the news before going to bed on a computerized television. All of these computerized
facets of our society help to increase our daily productivity and help us to do whatever it is we
need to accomplish in the day. The computer age is upon us and it will continue to grow in
influence until society revolves around it daily without need for improvement. In personal
computers, the industry has begun to create faster machines that can store much more information.
Computers serve as efficient data storage systems and excellent information processors. They can store,
organize and manage huge amounts of data. Moreover, they operate on incomparable speeds, thus saving
human time and effort to a large extent. For speed the internal microprocessor has been tweaked to
perform at high rates of speed.

Computer technology that is in daily use today finds its roots in the oldest computing systems like Abacus
and slide rules. The evolution of computers can be traced back to calculators and punched cards, which
were some of the earliest computing devices. Analog computing devices evolved into digital information
processors and from then on, there was no looking back! For a closer look at the major events in the
computer history, you must go through the full time line of computers.

Computer operating systems are a vital component of the computer technology. They help in the
management of a variety of computer operations and in the sharing of computer resources. They handle
the scheduling and execution of computer programs, help in the management of files and handle
interrupts. They manage multiple user profiles and user accounts, thus playing a major role in maintaining
computer security. Certain types of operating systems offer distributed processing capabilities and support
multitasking and multi-user operations. The most important role of an operating system is to provide the
users with an interactive interface. They have made the interaction with computers, a user-friendly
experience and made it easy for the common man to make friends with the computer technology.

Computers, as we all know, can perform complex mathematical operations and process large amounts of
information. Thanks to their computational powers, long and complex calculations can be performed
within seconds. They can be programmed to execute complex instruction sequences through the use
of programming languages. That reminds me of the software industry, one of the most progressive
industries of the world. Computer technology gave rise to this industry and changed the face of the world.

The multimedia capabilities possessed by the computers make them one of the ideal audio-visual media.
They can be made to play movies and music. They offer support to a variety of storage media like
CDs, DVDs, floppy disks. Gone are the days, when we used to document on paper! Gone are the days
when students maintained traditional notebooks. Many of them possess notebook computers today.

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Today’s education is about PowerPoint presentations and e-homework assignments. TVs and radios were
once, the only means of entertainment, but not anymore. Today’s entertainment is about the computer
and internet technology!

Perhaps, one of the major advantages of the computer technology is its ability to provide us with Internet
access. Computers possess networking capabilities, which makes it possible to connect multiple
computers and achieve an exchange of information between them. Network communication is possible,
thanks to the networking features offered by the computer technology.
These were some of the important effects of computer technology on our lives. The list can goes on.

ROLES OF COMPUTERS IN THE SOCIETY

Since the first computer was made in the late fifties, the technology has developed extremely
Computers which took the place of a living room then, are now being made in credit card-formats.
More and more areas are being taken over by the computer. As computers are capable of handling
large amounts of data in every short time, they are well suited for word processing.

Computers have several important uses in the Information Society of the 21st century:
Integrated communication such as Intranets, Internet, Data (email, fax), Telephony routing.In
office organization and communication computers are used for text production, database
management, calculation. Information storage, processing, transfer of data and the security
management.

In Scientific computing such as Symbolic computing i.e. spell checkers, grammar checkers,
dictionaries, dialogue systems; genetic algorithms, Statistical computing (empirical studies of large
populations, texts, ...) by using Microsoft excel and Signal processing coupled with statistical
computing (physics, speech technology, .).

AREAS OF IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON SOCIETY

Personal Impact

 privacy and personal rights

 data banks, computer terminals, data security
 employment
 job opportunities, new careers, the need for retraining
 business transactions
 automated billing, credit cards, consumer spending

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  the replacement of people through automation
 robots, word processing
 the impact that a machine has on a human - ergonomics

Community Impact

 Cities as we know them today would not exist if it were not for the help of the computer. In
a modern city hundreds of items are under control by computers and most of them we take
for granted. For example, the traffic lights at all intersections are controlled by computers
and sometimes even with the support of underground sensors. Without computers the entire
electrical grid would fail .
 urban planning
 law enforcement

National Impact

 communications media
 the use of information for control
 vote counting
 electronic funds transfer
 stock-market transactions
 defense
 surveillance
 national data banks
 employment
 shifting patterns
 telecommunications
 satellite broadcasting
 the possibility of fraud or theft using computer based systems
 standards for computer hardware and software

Global Impact

 reporting of current events

 communications media
 world government
 international standards
 exploration of space and sea
 world wide access to data

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USES OF COMPUTERS

Word Processing

Word Processing software automatically corrects spelling and grammar mistakes. If the content of
a document repeats you don’t have to type it each time. You can use the copy and paste features.
You can printout documents and make several copies. It is easier to read a word-processed
document than a handwritten one. You can add images to your document.

Internet

As the World Wide Web grew, so did the need for better computers. It is a network of almost all
the computers in the world. You can browse through much more information than you could do in
a library. That is because computers can store enormous amounts of information. You also have
very fast and convenient access to information. Through E-Mail you can communicate with a
person sitting thousands of miles away in seconds. There is chat software that enables one to chat
with another person on a real-time basis. Video conferencing tools are becoming readily available
to the common man.

Digital video or audio composition

Audio or video composition and editing have been made much easier by computers. It no longer
costs thousands of dollars of equipment to compose music or make a film. Graphics engineers can
use computers to generate short or full-length films or even to create three-dimensional models.
Anybody owning a computer can now enter the field of media production. Special effects in
science fiction and action movies are created using computers.

Computers in the field of Defense

There is software embedded in almost every weapon. Software is used for controlling the flight
and targeting in ballistic missiles. Software is used to control access to atomic bombs. Computers
also are also capable of training military personal in a virtual reality environment. An example of
this is the U.S. and Canadian military, they both train soldiers and pilots in the ways of war using
high tech computers and virtual reality equipment.

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Computers in Business

Shops and supermarkets use software, which calculate the bills. Taxes can be calculated and paid
online. Accounting is done using computers. One can predict future trends of business using
artificial intelligence software. Software is used in major stock markets. One can do trading online.
There are fully automated factories running on software.

Computers as the source of entertainment

One of the least important aspects of computers is that it provides entertainment and yet this is the
sole reason why many people buy computers. The gaming and entertainment industry has become
extremely large in the world, the products they sell range from shareware games to adult blood and
gore. For instance, the 3D-shooter series, Quake, has sold millions of copies and essentially
everyone in the world has seen it or played it. The entertainment industry not only provides
gaming amusement but it also contributes learning programs, for children and adults, to help
individuals excel in a certain trouble areas. 

USES OF COMPUTERS IN ACADEMICS

With the advent of the Internet age, all aspects of society have been influenced, including
education. Computers and the Internet are used in all levels of education, excluding perhaps
preschool and grade school. But with more computer-like educational toys such as the Leap Frog,
even younger students are learning with computers.

HIGHER EDUCATION:
All universities and colleges in the United States are furnished with computer labs. Because many
professors require their students to turn in typed documents, it is more convenient to have
computer labs on campus for student use.

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FACULTY USAGE
Teachers at all levels use computers to administer assignments, keep track of grades or offer online
instruction. Many teachers use online resources in their daily lessons.

ONLINE EDUCATION
There is an entire "sub-industry" of education called "online education." Online education is done
primarily through the usage of computers and the Internet where the student does the class work
from home. The role of computer in teaching and learning is pivotal. You can't now deny the fact
that what we people are teaching and learning is all now through computers. Computer is fast and
efficient and fetches information in the milliseconds or even more than that. Now you are learning
online. There are virtual classrooms. You can get learning material on the internet. You can now
even give papers on the internet.
E-Learning – Instead of a book it is easier to learn from E-learning software.
Examinations-One can give online exams and get instant results. One can check one’s examination
results online.

SOCIAL NETWORKING
Popular networking sites like MySpace and Face book can also be used for educational purposes,
as some instructors integrate aspects of those sites into their lessons. Now a days these networking
sites are used for job searching purposes.
Travel - One can book air tickets or railway tickets and make hotel reservations online.

Telecommunications
Software is widely used here. Also all mobile phones have software embedded in them.

COMPUTERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN HEALTH SECTORS

Patient records

Patient records need to record not only personal details such as name, address, relatives and employer, but
most importantly detailed health history, record of operations and medication. The more efficiently this
information can be stored and retrieved, the more efficiently the health care system can be administered.

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SCHEDULING

Hospitals are extremely busy organizations which usually function amidst considerable stress. In order to
use the facilities efficiently, where possible, activities need to be scheduled. For example, the availability or
surgeons needs to be co-ordinate with the availability of operating rooms and the urgency of treatments.
With good scheduling systems, much of the stress of the more routine activities can be reduced.

AMBULANCE CONTROL SYSTEMS

By their very nature, ambulances do not work to a schedule. They are needed at unexpected places and
unexpected times. The best a system can do is to optimize their use. That means knowing which ambulance
is nearest to a scene at any given moment. In addition, modern software gives an ambulance driver detail of
the shortest route. The latest on-board software makes use of speech synthesis which actually tells the driver
how to get to a destination as he is driving. This technology makes use of in-built maps and global
positioning (GPS).

DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS

With diagnostic tools, a doctor feeds information about patient symptoms into the system. The system
will respond with a series of possible causes. It may ask for further information to refine the diagnosis. At
the moment these tools are not replacing the diagnostic skills of a doctor, but rather help him/her explore
alternative diagnoses.

Other diagnostic tools connect the patient directly to the computer. This is commonly used in the diagnosis
of cardiac problems. Not only are all the different heart waves displayed on the screen, but the physician
has the option of magnifying or analyzing any of the patterns in more detail. They can also be stored and
compared with the heart patterns at a later stage.

SPECIALIZED SURGICAL EQUIPMENT

A modern trend is towards less invasive surgery. This involves inserted

catheters into different parts of the body. Through these miniature cameras and surgical
instruments are placed. The output from the cameras is displayed on large screens. Other relevant
data is also analyzed and displayed on screens. All of the activities are assisted by special
computer programs.

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USES OF COMPUTERS IN BANKING

The banking sector has transformed itself through the use of computer
technology, a transformation that began in the early 1980s with the introduction of automatic teller
machines (ATMs). Long line-ups in banks were replaced by ATMs in every shopping mall and on
nearly every corner. In the 21st century, more and more people are using the computer and
banking system to manage their personal and business finances. Indeed, the blending of computer
and banking has made the overall management of household and business finances far easier than
it ever has been at any point in history.

The role of computers in marketing:

Marketing is the process by which goods are sold and purchased. The aim of marketing is to
acquire, retain, and satisfy customers. Modern marketing has evolved into a complex and diverse
field. This field includes a wide variety of special functions such as advertising, mail-order
business, public relations, retailing and merchandising, sales, market research, and pricing of
goods. 

Businesses, and particularly the marketing aspect of businesses, rely a great deal on the use of
computers. Computers play a significant role in inventory control, processing and handling orders,
communication between satellite companies in an organization, design and production of goods,
manufacturing, product and market analysis, advertising, producing the company newsletter, and
in some cases, complete control of company operations.

In today's extremely competitive business environment businesses are searching for ways to
improve profitability and to maintain their position in the marketplace. As competition becomes
more intense the formula for success becomes more difficult. Two particular things have greatly
aided companies in their quests to accomplish these goals. They are the innovative software
products of CAD/CAM and, last but not least, the World Wide Web.

An important program has aided companies all over the world. Computer-aided design and
computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is the integration of two technologies. It has often
been called the new industrial revolution. In CAD, engineers and designers use specialized
computer software to create models that represent characteristics of objects.

These models are analyzed by computer and redesigned as necessary. This allows companies
needed flexibility in studying different and daring designs without the high costs of building and
testing actual models, saving millions of dollars. In CAM, designers and engineers use computers
for planning manufacturing processes, testing...

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ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY

GREEN COMPUTING:

Green computing or green IT, refers to environmentally sustainable computing or IT.

It is also defined as "the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of
computers, servers, and associated subsystems—such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and
networking and communications systems—efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact
on the environment.

Green computing is the environmentally responsible use of computers and related resources. Such
practices include the implementation of energy-efficient central processing units (CPUs), servers
and peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic wastes
(ewaste).

One of the earliest initiatives toward green computing in the United States was the voluntary
labeling program known as Energy Star. It was conceived by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) in 1992 to promote energy efficiency in hardware of all kinds. The Energy Star
label became a common sight, especially in notebook computers and displays. Similar programs
have been adopted in Europe and Asia. Government regulation, however well-intentioned, is only
part of an overall green computing philosophy. The work habits of computer users and businesses
can be modified to minimize adverse impact on the global environment.

Here are some steps that can be taken:

 Power-down the CPU and all peripherals during extended periods of inactivity.
 Try to do computer-related tasks during contiguous, intensive blocks of time,
leaving hardware off at the order of times.
 Power-up and power-down energy-intensive peripherals such as laser printer
according to the need.
 Use liquid-crystal-display (LCD) monitors rather than cathode-ray-tube (CRT)
monitors.
 Use notebook computers rather than desktop computers whenever possible.
 Use the power-management features to turn off hard drives and displays after
several minutes of inactivity.

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VIRTUAL REALITY

Another new area, called "virtual reality" is currently being tested. This is a way to simulate
reality on a monitor. In order to feel this so-called reality you have to wear special electronic
glasses and an electronic suit. Fastened to the suit are sensors, which send information to the main
computer. This computer works with the data and displays them on the electronic spectacles. This
is a technique which uses three-dimensional views; therefore the scenery seems incredibly
realistic.

A "computer" can also called as physical device. However, one can create a computer
program which describes how to run a different computer, i.e. "simulating a computer in a
computer".Some programming languages use something called an interpreter, which is a simulated
computer built on top of the basic computer; this allows programmers to write code (computer
input) in a different language than the one understood by the base computer (the alternative is to
use a compiler). Additionally, virtual machines are simulated computers which virtually replicate a
physical computer in software, and are very commonly used by IT. Virtual machines are also a
common technique used to create emulators, such game console emulators.

“ CASE STUDY OF ITC- E-CHOUPAL ”

E-Choupal is an initiative of ITC Limited, a large multi business conglomerate in India,

to link directly with rural farmers via the Internet for procurement of agriculture and aquaculture
products like soybeans, wheat, coffee, and prawns. E-Choupal was conceived to tackle the
challenges posed by the unique features of Indian agriculture, characterized by fragmented farms,
weak infrastructure and the involvement of numerous intermediaries. The program involves the
installation of computers with Internet access in rural areas of India to offer farmers up-to-date
marketing and agricultural information.

Problems addressed

Traditionally, commodities were procured in MANDIS (major

agricultural marketing centers in rural areas of India), where the middleman used to make most of
the profit. These middlemen used unscientific and sometimes outright unfair means to judge the
quality of the product to set the price. The difference in price between good quality and inferior
quality was little, and therefore there was no incentive for the farmers to invest and produce good

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quality output. With E-Choupal, the farmers have a choice and the exploitative power of the
middleman is neutralized. Therefore there was no incentive for the farmers to invest and produce
good quality output. With e-Choupal, the farmers have a choice and the exploitative power of the
middleman is neutralized.

Effects of e-Choupa

ITC Limited has now provided computers and Internet access in rural areas across several
agricultural regions of the country, where the farmers can directly negotiate the sale of their
produce with ITC Limited. This online access enables farmers to obtain information on MANDI
prices, and good farming practices, and to place orders for agricultural inputs like seeds and
fertilizers. This helps farmers improve the quality of their products, and helps in obtaining a better
price. Each ITC Limited kiosk having Internet access is run by a sanchalak — a trained farmer.
The computer is housed in the sanchalak's house and is linked to the Internet via phone lines or by
a VSAT connection. Each installation serves an average of 600 farmers in the surrounding ten
villages within about a 5 km radius. The sanchalak bears some operating cost but in return earns a
service fee for the e-transactions done through his e-Choupal. The warehouse hub is managed by
the same traditional middle-men, now called samyojaks, but with no exploitative power due to the
reorganization. Indeed these middlemen make up for the lack of infrastructure and fulfill critical
jobs like cash disbursement, quantity aggregation and transportation.

Since the introduction of e-Choupal services, farmers have seen a rise in their income levels
because of a rise in yields, improvement in quality of output, and a fall in transaction costs. Even
small farmers have gained from the initiative. Customized and relevant knowledge is offered to the
farmers despite heterogeneous cultures, climates and scales of production. Farmers can get real-
time information despite their physical distance from the MANDIS. The system saves procurement
costs for ITC Limited. The farmers do not pay for the information and knowledge they get from e-
Choupals; the principle is to inform, empower and compete.

At the same time ITC Limited has obtained benefits from the program:

 elimination of non value added activities

 differentiated product through identity preserved supply chains

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  value added products traceable to farm practices
 e-market place for spot transactions and support services to futures exchange

There are presently 6,500 e-Choupals in operation. ITC Limited plans to scale up to 20,000
e-Choupals by 2012 covering 100,000 villages in 15 states, servicing 15 million farmers.

The value chain farm to factory gate

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF COMPUTERS

Over the millennia, Man has come up with countless inventions, each more
ingenious than the last. However, only now, as the computer arises that mankind's sentience itself
threatened. Ridiculous, some may cry, but just look about it!   The computer has already begun to
hold sway over so many of the vital functions that man has prided himself upon before.   Our lives
are now dependent upon the computer and what it tells you.  
Even now, If one types an essay upon a computer, fully trusting that it will
produce a result far superior to what I can manage with my own to hands and little else .It has been
commonly said that the computer can never replace the human brain, for it is humans that created
them. Is this a good reason why the computer must be inferior to humans?   Is it always true that
the object cannot surpass its creator?   How can this be true?   Even if we just focus on a single
creation of man, say the subject of this essay, the computer, there are many
ways in which the computer has the edge over man.   Let us start with basic calculation.   The
computer has the capability to evaluate problems that man can hardly even imagine, let alone
approach.   Even if a man can calculate the same problems as a computer, the computer can do it

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far faster than he can possibly achieve.   Let us go one step further.   Say this man can calculate as
fast as a computer, can he, as the computer can, achieve a 100% rate of accuracy in his
calculation?   Why do we now go over the human data entry into a computer when a mistake is
noticed instead of checking the computer?   It is because computers now possess the ability to hold
no error in its operation, where mankind has not advanced in this area in any noticeable margin.  
Why do you think the words 'human error' and 'to err is human' have become so popular in recent
years?   It is because the failings of the human race are becoming more and more exposed as the
computer advances and becomes more.

COMPUTERS IMPACT THE YOUNGER GENERATION

Most of us know the pros of having a computer (links us to other parts of the
world and provides us with information we use to have to search for at the library, etc.).
Some of the negative things about the computerized world. Computer addiction, or more broadly
computer overuse, is excessive or compulsive use of computers that interferes with daily life. It can also
cause social disorders and can also cause sleep deprivation.A disorder in which the individual turns to the
Internet or plays computer games in an attempt to change moods, overcome anxiety, deal with
depression, reduce isolation or loneliness, or distract themselves from overwhelming problems.
The elderly, as well as children and adolescents, are particularly vulnerable because they may not
realize the extent of their dependency. In many instances, individuals with computer addiction may
seek help for another condition, such as depression, phobias or other addictions.

The younger generation would rather communicate through computer (easier) than actually
working towards making friends. Thus, part of the magic of making friendship is lost. They get
distracted so much that they lose contact with the reality around them such as taking time with
family.
A high percentage of people sit at their computer far too long and some people lose reality
as far as social activities and learning social skills. Not to mention packing on the weight and the
lack of exercise that will haunt them further on down the road. Sitting behind a computer all day is
hard on the eyes.
Being on the computer too much takes away the imagination for most (although for a very few
they can be creative in advertising and digital imagery, etc. on websites.)
More misinformation by some people on the Internet can cause problems for the younger
generation.
More person problems by two people on the Internet (never having met) may cause heartbreak or
mistrust. It's impossible to know someone well over the Internet.

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CYBER CRIMES

Cyber crimes are any illegal activities committed using computer target of the criminal activity can be
either a computer, network operations. Cyber crimes are genus of crimes, which use computers and
networks for criminal activities. The difference between traditional crimes and cyber crimes is the cyber
crimes can be transnational in nature. Cyber crime is a crime that is committed online in many areas using
e-commerce. A computer can be the target of an offence when unauthorized access of computer network
occurs and on other hand it affects E-COMMERCE. Cyber crimes can be of various types such as
Telecommunications Piracy, Electronic Money Laundering and Tax Evasion, Sales and Investment Fraud,
Electronic Funds Transfer Fraud and so on.

IMAGINE A WORLD WITHOUT COMPUTERS:  It is amazing that, even

though our current level of technology only bloomed into the levels that cause us to have such a
dependency on computers during  the last twenty years or so, most of us who lived when everything was
done manually cannot seem to remember the details! To imagine what the world would be like without
our level of accessibility to computers.

Let's visualize for a minute. Let's visualize a world without computers. People in the
medical field wouldn't have have found a lot of cures to diseases, since most cures were found with the
help of computers. Movies like Jurassic Park, Toy Story, A Bug's Life or Godzilla would never have been
made without computers because they used computer graphics and animation in them. Pharmacies would
have a hard time keeping track with what medications to give to patience. Counting votes would be
impossible without computers and most importantly, space exploration wouldn't be possible without the
help of computers. It's a pretty tough life without computers. Some may not agree and say, "Well, we
don't need computers to live on." They may be right but mostly, they are wrong. Computers help in curing
diseases, make entertainment a lot better, keep track of important records, etc. Without computers, all
this wouldn't be possible.

Conclusion:

Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people say that
computers have made life more complex and stressful. In the 1980s, computers began to take up
new roles in various forms. A simple computer could be a cash machine in a supermarket, which
does not look like a traditional one. In the past two decades, the price of components used for
computers steadily fell due to higher technological advancement, reduced cost of manufacturing,
stiffer competition, entrance of more manufacturers, new usage that simplified many processes,
greater market demand and inevitability to higher productivity. And the trend of the usage of

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computer is changing rapidly, from governmental to civilian. Till now, the beginning of the 21st
century, computers are becoming more powerful and functional and much closer to our daily life.

In today's world computers are necessary. Without computers our modern world would fall apart.
Humans could not cope with the workloads that would be excreted on them. Without computers
we would lose half of our modern world. People do not realize the amount of work computers do
for us in everyday life. Say the checkouts in supermarkets did not use computers you would be
standing in the checkout for a long time as the cashier would have to write down all of your items
and work out your total in their head. Computers become very useful for the presentation of
schoolwork, it makes the creating of long pieces of writing quicker and easier, they are more
presentable and readable. Pictures or animations can be added with only a few clicks of the mouse,
instead of having to draw them out by hand.

In a nutshell, it can be concluded that though there some negative impacts of computer and now
that we are almost completely dependent upon computers, a sudden inability to use or to access
them would cause a massive disaster with very little chance of restoring society to a functioning
state. The world without computers that many are imagining is a world in complete panic, disarray
and social disorder. So, there is always a positive impact of computers in our society if used in a
good way.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Journals:
 “Impact” to Social Process:Computers in Society and Culture
Chapter 12 of Sheila Jasanoffet al., eds.,Handbook of Science and Technolog Studies
(Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1994) by Paul N. Edwards.

Websites:
 WWW.Emrald.Com
 WWW.Google.Com
 WWW.Wikipedia.Com

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