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Properties of reinforcing steel
Steel reinforcement used in reinforced concrete may be of the following types
(a) 1. Mild steel bars

2. Hot rolled mild steel
(b) 1. Medium tensile steel

2. Hot rolled medium tensile steel
(c) 1. Hot rolled High Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD)

2. Cold-worked steel HYSD bars steel
(d) 1. Hard drawn steel wire fabric
2. Rolled steel made from structural steel
Other Properties of Reinforcing Steel

1. the most important characteristic of a reinforcing bar is its stress strain curve and the
important property yield stress or 0.2% proof stress, as the case may be.
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2. The modules of elasticity E for these steel is 2x10 N/mn .
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3. Mild steel bars have yield strength of 250 N/mm and hence it is known as Fe 250.
4. HYSD bars may be hot rolled high yield strength bars or cold rooked steel high strength
deformed bars. The latter are also known as cold twisted deformed bars or Tor steel and are
available in different grades
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i) Fe 415 ii) 500 iii) Fe 550 having 0.2% proof stress as 415N/mm , 500N/mm and 550
2
N/mm
5. The reinforcing bars should have sufficient % of elongation.
6. Its coefficients of thermal expansion should be more or less equal to the cement concrete.
Stress-strain curves for reinforcement
Figure1.2: Stress-strain curve for Mild steel (idealised) (Fe 250) with definite yield point
Figure1.3: Stress-strain curve for cold worked deform bar
Figures 1.2 and 1.3 show the representative stress-strain curves for steel having definite yield
point and not having definite yield point, respectively. The characteristic yield strength fy of
steel is assumed as the minimum yield stress or 0.2 per cent of proof stress for steel having no
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definite yield point. The modulus of elasticity of steel is taken to be 200000 N/mm .
For mild steel, the stress is proportional to the strain up to the yield point. Thereafter, post
yield strain increases faster while the stress is assumed to remain at constant value of fy.
For cold-worked bars (Fig. 1.3), the stress is proportional to the strain up to a stress of 0.8 fy.
Thereafter, the inelastic curve is defined as given below:
Stress Inelastic strain

0.80 fy Nil
0.85 fy 0.0001
0.90 fy 0.0003
0.95 fy 0.0007
0.975 fy 0.0010
1.00 fy 0.0020
Linear interpolation is to be done for intermediate values. The two grades of cold-worked
bars used as steel reinforcement are Fe 415 and Fe 500 with the values of fy as 415 N/mm2
and 500 N/mm2, respectively.
Method of RCC design
A reinforced concrete structure should be designed to satisfy the following criteria-
i) Adequate safety, in items stiffness and durability
iii) Reasonable economy.
The following design methods are used for the design of RCC Structures.
a) The working stress method (WSM)

b) The ultimate load method (ULM)
c) The limit state method (LSM)
Working Stress Method (WSM)

This method is based on linear elastic theory or the classical elastic theory. This method
ensured adequate safety by suitably restricting the stress in the materials (i.e. concrete and
steel) induced by the expected working leads on the structures. The assumption of linear
elastic behaviour considered justifiable since the specified permissible stresses are kept well
below the ultimate strength of the material. The ratio of yield stress of the steel reinforcement
or the cube strength of the concrete to the corresponding permissible or working stress is
usually called factor of safety.
The WSM uses a factor of safety of about 3 with respect to the cube strength of concrete and
a factor of safety of about 1.8 with respect to the yield strength of steel.
Ultimate load method (ULM)

The method is based on the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete at ultimate load is
obtained by enhancing the service load by some factor called as load factor for giving a
desired margin of safety .Hence the method is also referred to as the load factor method or the
ultimate strength method.
In the ULM, stress condition at the state of in pending collapse of the structure is analysed,
thus using, the non-linear stress – strain curves of concrete and steel. The safely measure in
the design is obtained by the use of proper load factor. The satisfactory strength performance
at ultimate loads does not guarantee satisfactory strength performance at ultimate loads does
not guarantee satisfactory serviceability performance at normal service loads.
Limit state method (LSM)
Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and serviceability requirements of the
structure before failure occurs. The design of structures by this method will thus ensure that
they will not reach limit states and will not become unfit for the use for which they are
intended. It is worth mentioning that structures will not just fail or collapse by violating
(exceeding) the limit states. Failure, therefore, implies that clearly defined limit states of
structural usefulness has been exceeded.
Limit state are two types
i) Limit state of collapse

ii) Limit state of serviceability.
Limit states of collapse
The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be assessed from rupture
of one or more critical sections and from bucking due to elastic bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at
every section shall not be less than the appropriate value at that section produced by the probable most
unfavourable combination of loads on the structure using the appropriate factor of safely.
Limit state of serviceability
Limit state of serviceability deals with deflection and crocking of structures under service loads,
durability under working environment during their anticipated exposure conditions during service,
stability of structures as a whole, fire resistance etc.
Characteristic and design values and partial safety factor

1. Characteristic strength of materials.
The term ‗characteristic strength‘ means that value of the strength of material below
which not more than minimum acceptable percentage of test results are expected to fall. ACI have
accepted the minimum acceptable percentage as 5% for reinforced concrete structures. This means that
there is 5% for probability or chance of the actual strength being less than the characteristic strength.
Figure 1.4: Frequency distribution curve for strength
Figure shows frequency distribution curve of strength material (concrete or steel). The value
of K corresponding to 5% area of the curve is 1.65.
The design strength should be lower than the mean strength (f m)
Characteristic strength = Mean strength –K x standard deviation or
fk=fm-KSd
Where, fk=characteristic strength of the material
fm=mean strength
K=constant =1.65
Sd=standard deviation for a set of test results.
The value of standard deviation (Sd) is given by

 2
Sd = n −1
Where, δ=deviation of the individual test strength from the average or mean strength of n
samples.
n= number of test results.
ACI has recommended minimum value of n=30.
Characteristic strength of concrete

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Characteristic strength of concrete is denoted by fck (N/mm ) and its value is different for
different grades of concrete e.g. M 15, M25 etc. In the symbol ‗M‘ used for designation of
concrete mix, refers to the mix and the number refers to the specified characteristic
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compressive strength of 150 mm size cube at 28 days expressed in N/mm
Characteristic strength of steel

Until the relevant Indian Standard specification for reinforcing steel are modified to include
the concept of characteristic strength, the characteristic value shall be assumed as the
minimum yield stress or 0.2% proof stress specified in the relevant Indian Standard
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specification. The characteristic strength of steel designated by symbol f y (N/mm )
Characteristic loads
The term ‗Characteristic load‘ means that values of load which has a 95% probability of
not being exceeded during that life of the structure.
Figure 1.5: Frequency distribution curve for load
The design load should be more than average load obtained from statistic, we have
Fk=Fm+KSd
Where, Fk=characteristic load;
Fm= mean load
K=constant=2.65;
Sd=standard deviation for the load.
Since data are not available to express loads in statistical terms, for the purpose of this
standard, dead loads given in NSCP ___, imposed loads given in NSCP _____wind loads. Given
in NSCP seismic forces given in ________ shall be assumed as the characteristic loads.

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Properties of reinforcing steel

Steel reinforcement used in reinforced concrete may be of the following types

(a) 1. Mild steel bars

(b) 1. Medium tensile steel

(c) 1. Hot rolled High Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD)

(d) 1. Hard drawn steel wire fabric

2. Rolled steel made from structural steel

Other Properties of Reinforcing Steel

Stress-strain curves for reinforcement

Stress Inelastic strain

Method of RCC design

A reinforced concrete structure should be designed to satisfy the following criteria-

i) Adequate safety, in items stiffness and durability

iii) Reasonable economy.

a) The working stress method (WSM)

c) The limit state method (LSM)

Working Stress Method (WSM)

Ultimate load method (ULM)

Limit state method (LSM)

Limit state are two types

i) Limit state of collapse

Limit states of collapse

Limit state of serviceability

Characteristic and design values and partial safety factor

The design strength should be lower than the mean strength (f m)

Characteristic strength = Mean strength –K x standard deviation or

Where, fk=characteristic strength of the material

Sd=standard deviation for a set of test results.

The value of standard deviation (Sd) is given by

ACI has recommended minimum value of n=30.

Characteristic strength of concrete

Characteristic strength of steel

Where, Fk=characteristic load;

Fm= mean load

Sd=standard deviation for the load.

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