College Board Concept Outline:

Period 1: 1491 to 1607

Directions: The Concept Outline below presents the required concepts and topics that students need to understand for the APUSH test. The statements in the
outline focus on large-scale historical processes and major developments. Our course has focused on specific and significant historical evidence from the past that
illustrate each of these developments and processes. Complete each table on the outline below by choosing two specific examples of relevant historical evidence
that illustrate the concepts in greater detail. You may choose from among the ones provided OR provide one of your own. Define or describe the example and
explain its significance to the thesis statement directly above the box.

Key Concept 1.1

As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by
adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

I. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

A. The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic
development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies. Examples: Pueblo, Navaho (Navajo)

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.
Examples: Sioux, Apache

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

C. In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter–gatherer
economies that favored the development of permanent villages. Examples: Iroquois Confederacy of the Northeast; Creek, Chocktaw, or Cherokee
of the Southeast

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

D. Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled
communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean. Examples: Chinook, Nez Perce, Shoshone

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

College Board Concept Outline:

 Period 1: 1491 to 1607

Key Concept 1.2

Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both
sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

I. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political and economic competition and changes within European
societies.

A. European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military
competition, and a desire to spread Christianity. Examples: “3 Gs”: Gold, God, and Glory, founding of St. Augustine (1565), Northwest Passage,
Roanoke Island

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral
wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. Examples: Introduction of corn, potatoes, and tomatoes to Europe,
growth of European nation-states

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

C. Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped
drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. Examples: Caravel, sextant, joint-stock trading company

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

 College Board Concept Outline:
Period 1: 1491 to 1607

Key Concept 1.2

Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both
sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social
changes.

A. Spanish exploration and conquest were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the
introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas. Examples: Spread of smallpox; European introduction of horses, rice, wheat, and
oxen to the New World; bison hunting on the Great Plains

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract
precious metals and other resources. Examples: Sugar plantations, silver mines, Black Legend

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

C. European traders partnered with some African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported
enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. Examples: Line of Demarcation, Middle Passage

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

D. The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and
Native Americans in their empire. Examples: Mestizo, Zambo, mulatto

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

 College Board Concept Outline:
Period 1: 1491 to 1607

III. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and
power.

A. Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to
make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other’s culture. Examples: African
religious traditions combined with Christian traditions, Maroon communities

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. As European encroachments on Native Americans’ lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their
political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military
resistance. Examples: Spanish mission system, Juan de Onate, Acoma War and defeat of the Pueblo (1599)

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

C. Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans
should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans. Examples:
Juan de Sepulveda, Bartolome de Las Casas, communal nature of land, private vs. public ownership of land, animism
Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis
APUSH 2015 Name _____________________________________
Review Activity #1 Date ________________________

College Board Concept Outline:

Period 2: 1607 to 1754

Key Concept 2.1:

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American
environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and
political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.

A. Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them
to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society. Examples: Christopher
Columbus, Cortez, Pizarro, conquistadores, mission system, encomienda system, New Spain, establishment of Santa Fe (1610)

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to
build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquires furs and other products for export to Europe. Examples: Samuel de Champlain,
Coureurs de bois, New Netherland, Jesuit missionaries, French alliance with Huron Indians

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

 C. English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of
whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and
settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately. Examples: Jamestown (1607), starving time, head-right system,
John Rolfe, tobacco as cash crop

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

College Board Concept Outline:

Period 2: 1607 to 1754

Key Concept 2.1:

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American
environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental,
economic, cultural, and demographic factors.

A. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly
male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. Examples: Middle Passage, indentured servants, Bacon’s Rebellion (1676),
Chesapeake colonies, racial hierarchy

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy
of agriculture and commerce. Examples: Puritan work ethic, town meetings, expanded life expectancy in New England, social hierarchy, blue
laws, subsistence farming, John Winthrop’s “city upon a hill”, Salem witch trials, trial of Anne Hutchinson, banishment of Roger Williams,
establishment of Harvard College (1636)

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

C. The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to
societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. Examples: William Penn, Quakers, religious toleration, “middle
way”, ethnic diversity, “bread-basket colonies”

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

D. The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on
exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and
developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. Examples: rice as cash crop in Georgia and the Carolinas, sugar as cash crop in
Barbados, slave codes, Gullah, ring-shout, spirituals
 Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

E. Distance and Britain’s initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The
New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern
colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. Examples: Mayflower Compact (1620), Maryland
Toleration Act (1649), House of Burgesses, Massachusetts General Court

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

Key Concept 2.1:

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American
environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

A. An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the
Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe
and gaining new sources of labor. Examples: Triangular trade routes, direct trade routes, Middle Passage
 Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic
changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. Examples: Praying towns, fur trade
Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

C. Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish
colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Indian groups. Examples: Beaver Wars of
the mid-1600s, Chickasaw Wars of the mid-1700s, King William’s War (1688-1697), Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), King George’s War (1744-1748)
 Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

D. The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists,
especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade. Examples:
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), revocation of Massachusetts’ charter, Navigation Acts/smuggling, protests against the Dominion of New England

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

E. British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom’s War (King
Philip’s War) in New England. Examples: Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610-1640s), Pequot War (1636-1637), King Philip’s War (1675-1676)

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

F. American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of
some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest. Examples: Caste system, mulattoes, mestizos, Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

Key Concept 2.2:
The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and
resistance to Britain’s control.

I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and
cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.

A. The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which
were later enhanced by the First Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. Examples: Great Awakening, Jonathan
Edwards, George Whitefield, “new lights vs. old lights”, Enlightenment, John Locke

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with
influence from inter-colonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.
Examples: Anglicization, republicanism, salutary neglect, trial of John Peter Zenger

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

C. The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in
order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.
Examples: Mercantilism, Board of Trade, Navigation Act of the 1660s, Dominion of New England, Wool Act of 1699, Molasses Act of 1733

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

D. Colonists’ resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self- government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the
Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system. Examples:
Widespread smuggling, Dominion of New England/Edmond Andros, First Great Awakening (J. Edwards & G. Whitefield), John Locke

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

Key Concept 2.2:

The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and
resistance to Britain’s control.

II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that
reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

A. All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand
for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities
held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had
large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. Examples: Triangular trade,
Middle Passage, plantation agriculture

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

B. As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial
relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. Examples: Barbados slave code,
Stone Rebellion of 1739, NYC slave revolt of 1741

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis

C. Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems,
culture, and religion. Examples: Work slowdowns, runaway slaves, NYC slave revolt (1711), Stono Rebellion (1739)

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis