Forces and Pressure

3.
2 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE
3.1 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE
IN LIQUID
3.1 Mastery Practice 3.1 pg 81 3.2 Mastery Practice 3.2 pg 84
1 (a) The tea level is high above the tap. The tea exert
1. (a) minimum pressure = Force a high pressure at the tap.
Area maximum
(b) When there is very little tea, the pressure exerted
64 N on the tap by the tea is very small. If the
=
(20 x10 )(10 x10−2 )m2
−2
container is tilted, the tea level above the tap
increases and hence the liquid pressure
= 3200 N m-2 increases.
(b) Maximum pressure = Force

Area minimum 2 (a) Pressure = h ρ g
= 8000 x 1025 x 10
64 N = 8.2 x 107 Pa
=
(10 x10 )(8 x10−2 )m2
−2
(b) Force = Pressure x area

= 8000 N m -2 = 8.2 x 107 x 0.16
= 1.312 x 107 N
_____________________________________________
2. Pressure = Force 3.2 Challenge Yourself pg 85

Area
1.
36000 N 36000 N Water from tap
= −2 2 2
0.08m 2 2(400)(10 ) m
36000 N
=
0.08m 2
= 450 000 Pa
sprinkler
The platform can withstand the pressure because it is
less than 700 000 Pa.
(i) Water flows in from the top.

3.1 Challenge Yourself pg 81 (ii) The water column above the sprinkler exerts
pressure to the sprinkles.
1. Pave the soft ground with wooden planks of large (iii) The pressure forces the water sprinkling
out .
surface area. (iv) The higher the water column, the bigger the
This will increase the area of contact. pressure.
When the area of contact increases, pressure

decreases.
Hence pressure on the ground is reduced while the

wheelbarrow is pushed over the planks.
3.3 UNDERSTANDING GAS 3.4 APPLYING

PRESSURE & ATMOSPHERIC PACAL’S PRINCIPLE
PRESSUR
3.3 Mastery Practice 3.3 pg 91 3.4 Mastery Practice 3.4 pg 95
1. (i) The air molecules in the tyre are in random 1. (a) Pascal’s Principle states that pressure applied to
motion.
an enclosed liquid is transmitted equally to
(ii) They collide all over the inner surface of the every part of the liquid.
tyre and among themselves.
W2 W1 A1 W1
(b) = therefore =
(iii) The collisions result in a change of momentum A2 A1 A2 W2
and produce force.
1
(iv) The force hence creates the gas pressure. W2 1
=3 =
W2 3
2. Pressure of gas X A1 : A2 = 1 : 3
= Atmospheric pressure + 10 cm Hg
= 76 cm Hg +10 cm Hg
= 86 cm Hg 2. Pressure at the slave cylinder
=Pressure at the master cylinder
100
=
π (0.4) 2
3.3 Challenge Yourself pg 91
625
= N cm −1
π
1. (a) (i) Air inside the hose is being pumped out.
(ii) Pressure inside the hose is reduced. Force at each slave cylinder = pressure x area
(iii) Atmospheric pressure outside is higher. 625
(iv) Atmospheric pressure then forces the = (π )(1.6)2
π
water to rise up in the hose and flow out = 1600 N
of the well.
3.4 Challenge Yourself pg 96

(b) Atmospheric pressure can only support a
maximum water height of 10m. If the water
level drops until it is more than 10 m below 1. (a) (i) An input force is applied to compress the
the well, water cannot rise to reach the top of air.
the hose. Hence water cannot be pumped out (ii) The pressure exerted is transmitted to the
anymore. output piston.
(iii) The output piston has a larger cross-
sectional area.
(iv) Thus a very large output force is
produced at the output piston.
(b) Open the release valve to let out the

compressed air.
Oil will flow back to the oil reservoir and
platform will be lowered down.
3.5 APPLYING Chapter 3 PRACTISE YOUR

ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE SKILL
3.5 Mastery Practice 3.5 pg 100 Chap Objective Questions pg 104

3
1. (a) Buoyant force = 15 – 10
=5N
(b) Weight of water displaced = buoyant force

=5N
(c) Volume of water displaced = m = 0.5
ρ 1000
= 0.0005 m3
Hence, volume of the block = 0.0005 m3
Density of the block = 1.5

0.0005
= 3000 kg m3
2. Weight of wood = weight of water displaced

100 = (0.8 V)(1000)(10)
Volume of wood, V = 0.125 m3
Weight of wood + weight of stone = buoyant force

100 + W = 0.125 (1000)(10)
= 125
W = 25 N
3.6 UNDERSTANDING
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
3.6 Mastery Practice 3.5 pg 100
1. Velocity of air flowing through A is faster than that

through B. Hence pressure of air at A is lower than
that at B.
2. (a)
(b) The ball will curve off to one side.

(c)
3(a)(i) The pointer moves upwards

Chap Structured Questions pg 105
3 (ii) Upper region of the aerofoil is flatter, hence
air flows slower and has higher pressure than
1(a) Because the bicycle in Figure 3.49(b) sinks less the lower region.
into the sand.
Aerofoil moves downward and the pointer
(b) (i) Comparison of the features : moves upward.
Tyres of bicycle in Figure 3.49(a) are narrower
than that of Figure 3.49(b). This follows Bernoulli’s Principle
Wheels of bicycle in Figure 3.49(a) has a (b) The pointer shows a bigger movement
bigger diameter than that of Figure 3.49(b) upwards.
Two physical quantities : (c) To stabilize the racing car at high speed.
Area of contact and the pressure
(d)
(ii) When the area of contact increases, pressure
decreases
(c) Let off some air from the tyres . Flatten tyres have
bigger areas of contact . When moving through the air, the air flows
faster over the top and creates a region of low
pressure. The higher pressure below the wing
causes a loft which helps the plane to float in
2. (a) When air is pumped out, a partial vacuum is air.
created in the space between the cup and the
glass panel.
The surrounding atmospheric pressure forces

the cups tightly against the glass panel.
(b) To ensure the contact is airtight.
(c) Air rushes into the cup. Hence air pressure

inside and outside the cup are equal.
(d) The same method cannot be used because the

air in the moon is very thin. The atmospheric
pressure is not high enough to press the cup
against the glass panel.
_____________________________________________

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3.

3.1 Mastery Practice 3.1 pg 81 3.2 Mastery Practice 3.2 pg 84

(b) Maximum pressure = Force

(b) Force = Pressure x area

2. Pressure = Force 3.2 Challenge Yourself pg 85

(i) Water flows in from the top.

This will increase the area of contact. pressure.

When the area of contact increases, pressure

Hence pressure on the ground is reduced while the

3.3 UNDERSTANDING GAS 3.4 APPLYING

3.3 Mastery Practice 3.3 pg 91 3.4 Mastery Practice 3.4 pg 95

3.4 Challenge Yourself pg 96

(b) Open the release valve to let out the

3.5 APPLYING Chapter 3 PRACTISE YOUR

3.5 Mastery Practice 3.5 pg 100 Chap Objective Questions pg 104

(b) Weight of water displaced = buoyant force

Density of the block = 1.5

2. Weight of wood = weight of water displaced

Weight of wood + weight of stone = buoyant force

3.6 Mastery Practice 3.5 pg 100

1. Velocity of air flowing through A is faster than that

(b) The ball will curve off to one side.

3(a)(i) The pointer moves upwards

The surrounding atmospheric pressure forces

(b) To ensure the contact is airtight.

(c) Air rushes into the cup. Hence air pressure

(d) The same method cannot be used because the

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