LR INSURANCE INC

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Codes
Three day Training Course covering
Section VIII Division 1
Pressure Vessels

Day 2

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
Life Matters
 LR Insurance, Inc. Design
• Loadings & Stresses
• Design of Shell & Heads
• Design of Openings
• Support Design

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 2/95
 Design Loadings <UG-22>
1. Internal or external design pressure (as defined in UG-21);
2. Weight of the vessel and normal contents under operating or test conditions
(this includes additional pressure due to static head of liquids);
3. Superimposed static reactions from weight of attached equipment, such as
motors, machinery, other vessels, piping, linings, and insulation;
4. The attachment of;
(1) internals (see Appendix D);
(2) vessel supports, such as lugs, rings, skirts, saddles, and legs (see Appendix G);
5. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations, or from
equipment mounted on a vessel, and mechanical loadings;
6. Wind, snow, and seismic reactions, where required;
7. Impact reactions such as those due to fluid shock;
8. Temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion;
9. Abnormal pressures, such as those caused by deflagration.
- Load combination shall be considered for vertical vessel.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 3/95
 Design Stresses
- Membrane Stress (Primary)

S₁= Longitudinal Stress

(Meridional Stress)

S₂= Circumferential Stress

(Hoop Stress)

S2 = 2S₁

- Bending Stress
- Shear Stress
- Discontinuity Stress (Local Stress)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 4/95
 Design Hoop Stress (Circumferential Stress) : Sc
- Force on Area
=(DxL)xP

- Stress on material
= Area x stress
= (L x t ) Sc x 2

L x t x Sc x 2 = D x L x P
(a)

(b)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 5/95
 Design Longitudinal Stress : SL

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 6/95
 Design Stress Distribution

Thin Plate Thick Plate

P ≤0.385 SE P > 0.385 SE

UG-27 App. 1-2

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 7/95
 Design
Maximum Allowable Stresses (Sec. II Part D)
Material Grade/ Chemical P- Gr Min Min Max Temperature Limit (°F)
Spec. Type Composition No No TS YS
I III VIII
(ksi) (ksi)
Cl.1 Cl.2/3 Div.1 Div.2
SA-516 Gr 70 C-Min-Si 1 2 70 38 850 700 700 1000 700

SA-240 Type 18Cr-8Ni 8 1 75 30 1500 800 800 1500 800

304

Type 18Cr-8Ni 8 1 70 25 NP 800 NP 800 800

304L
SA-517 E 1¾ Cr- ½ Mo- 11B 2 105 90 NP 700 700 NP 700
Ti (SPT) (SPT)
SA-691 1¼ Cr 1¼Cr-½ Mo-Si 4 1 60 35 NP 700 300 NP NP
(Class 3
only)

NP: Not Permitted

SPT: Support only

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 8/95
 Design ASME Sect II Part D Properties

Subpart 1 Stress Table

- Max. Allowable stress (s)
-> Ferrous Materials Table 1A
-> Nonferrous Materials Table 1B
-> Bolting Materials Table 3
- Tensile Strength (Su) Table U
- Yield Strength (Sy) Table Y-1

Subpart 2 Physical Properties Table

- Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
- Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (TC) and Thermal diffusivity (TD)
- Moduli of Elasticity (E)

Subpart 3
Charts and Tables for determining shell thickness of component under external

pressure

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 9/95
 Design Table 1A/1B : Allowable Stress (S)
Unit : Ksi

100°F 400°F 650°F 750°F 850°F 950°F 1000°F Note

SA-516 Gr 70 20.0 20.0 18.8 14.8 9.3 4.0 2.5

20.0 13.8 12.0 11.5 11.0 10.6 10.4

SA-240 Type 304
20.0 18.3 16.2 15.5 14.9 14.3 14.0 G5

SB-168 N06600 22.9 22.9 22.9 22.9 22.4 10.6 7.0

SA-53 E/B 14.6 14.6 14.6 11.1 7.4 - - G3

Note(G3) : These stress values include a joint efficiency factor of 0.85

(G5) : For stainless steel

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 10/95
 Design Minimum Thickness of Pressure Retaining
Components (UG-16)

• Min thickness permitted after forming : 1/16 inch (1.5 mm)

Exceptions ; 1) Not apply to heat transfer Plate of Plate type H/Ex.
2) Not apply to tubes in shell & tube H/Ex.
3) Unfired steam boilers : ¼ inch (6 mm)
4) Compressed air, steam and water service : 3/32 inch (2.5mm)
5) Not apply to tubes in Air Cooled and Cooling Tower H/Ex.
* Corrosion Allowance shall be added.
• Mill Undertolerance <UG-16(c ) & (d)>
Plate material : the smaller value of 0.01 inch(0.25mm) or 6% of the ordered
thickness.
Pipe material : manufacturing undertolerance allowed in the pipe
specification. For most pipe, the undertolerance is 12.5%.
• Corrosion Allowance in Resign Formula <UG-16(e)>
Corroded condition in all design formulas

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 11/95
 Design –
Minimum thickness of shell & head <UG-16(b)>

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 12/95
 Design Maximum Allowable Stress Values (S)<UG-23>

• Max. allowable tensile stress values : Sec. II Part D (Table 1A and 1B)
<U.S Customary Unit, SI Unit>
• Max. allowable longitudinal compressive stress shall be the smaller of
1) Max. allowable tensile stress value
2) the value of the factor B as determined in UG-23(b)(2)
• Stress Limitation : UG-23(c )
General primary membrane stress (σm)
Local primary membrane stress (σl)
Primary Bending stress (σb)
Limit : σm < S
σm + σb < 1.5S
σl + σb < 1.5S (App.1)
• Combination of earthquake and wind loading : σm < 1.2S

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 13/95
 Design Stress Category & Definition
Stress Category

Primary stress (σ)

General primary membrane stress (σ m)
Local primary membrane stress (σl)
Primary bending stress (σb)
Secondary stress (Q) Peak stress (F)

Definition (App.3)
Primary stress : A stress developed by the imposed loading which is necessary to satisfy
the simple laws of equilibrium of external and internal forces and moments.

General Primary membrane stress : Average primary stress across solid section
Example: Circumferencial & longitudinal stress in a circular shell due to
internal pressure.

Local Primary Membrane stress : Membrane stress at a gross structural discontinuity

Example: Head to shell and Nozzle to shell junctions.

Primary Bending Stress

Bending stress in the central portion of a flat head due to pressure.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 14/95
 Design Discontinuity Stress <UG-23(e)>

It is recognized that high localized discontinuity stress may exist in vessels designed and
fabricated in accordance with Sect. VIII. Div.1

Insofar as practical, design rules for details have been written to limit such stresses to a
safe level consistent with experience.

Structural Discontinuity
Gross Structural Discontinuity
eg) head to shell, flange to shell, nozzle, junction between
shells of different dia or thickness

Local Structural Discontinuity

eg) small fillet radii, small attachment, partial penetration weld.

• Primary (σ) + Secondary Stress ≤ 3S or 2Sy <UG-23(e)>

eg) flange, cone shell, expansion joint, tubesheet
sy: Table Y-1, Sec. II Part D

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 15/95
 Design Type of Welded Joints (Table UW-12)
Type No Joint Description Joint Efficiency

1 Butt joint as attained; Full RT : 1.0

1) By double welding, or Spot RT: 0.85
2) By other means which will obtain the same No RT : 0.7
quality of deposited weld metal on the
inside and outside the weld surface to
agree with the requirements of UW-35

2 Single-welded butt joint with backing strip Full RT : 0.9

other than those included under Type 1. Spot RT: 0.80
Backing strip, if removed after completion of No RT : 0.65
welding, will be type 1.

3 Single-welded butt joint without use of No RT: 0.60

backing strip. Circum butt joints only, not over
16 mm thick and not over 24 inch OD.

4 Double fillet lap joint No RT: 0.55

5 Single full fillet lap joint with plug weld No RT: 0.50

6 Single full fillet lap joint No RT: 0.45

7 Corner Joint None

8 Angle Joint None

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 16/95
 Design Welded Joint Category (UW-3)

Category A : Longitudinal weld joints. Joints in head.

Category B : Circumferential weld joints.
Category C : Welded joints connecting flanges, tubesheet or flat head to main shell,
formed head, nozzle etc.
Category D : Welded joints connecting communication chambers or nozzles to main
shell, heads, etc.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 17/95
 Design Selection of Joint Efficiency

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 18/95
 Design Selection of Joint Efficiency

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 19/95
 Design Determination of Joint Efficiency
Example
Welded Shell + SMLS Ellipsoidal Head

Case 1 Case II Case III Case IV Case V Case VI Case VII Case VIII

Typ RT Ty RT Typ RT Type RT Type RT Type RT Type RT Type RT

e pe e

Cat A 1 Full 1 Full 1 Spot 1 Spot 1 Spot 1 Spot 1 No 1 No

Cat B 1 Full 1 Spot 1 Spot 1 No 2 Spot 2 No 1 Spot 1 Spot

Shell E=1.0 E=1.0 E=0.85 E=0.85 E=0.85 E=0.85 E=0.70 E=0.70

(Cir. Stress)
Head E= 1.0 E= 1.0 E= 1.0 E= 0.85 E= 1.0 E= 0.85 E= 1.0 E= 1.0

Shell E= 1.0 E= 0.85 E= 0.85 E= 0.70 E= 0.80 E= 0.65 E= 0.85 E= 0.85

(Long stress)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 20/95
 Design Quality Factor <UW-12(d)>
Seamless shell or head shall be considered equivalent to welded part
of the same geometry in which all category A welds are Type No.1

Joint efficiency for calculation of shell or head.

For welded pipe <UW-12(e)>

S: From applicable Table in
Sec. II Part D. (Already
included joint efficiency)
E: Apply quality factor in
accordance with
UW-12(d).

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 22/95
 Design Flow Chart of Design
Determine services;U-2(a), UW-2

Lethal ; Design temp ; Design pressure ; Corrosion ;

UW-2(a) UG-20 UG-21 UG-2, UCS-25

Cryogenic ;
UW-2(b) Stress value ; Materials

Unfired steam boiler ; UG-23 UG-4 to 15, UW-5

UW-2(c)

Direct fired ; Determine required

Loadings
UW-2(d) “T”
UG-22
UW-12 / “E” factor
No services; Restrictions

Shell Heads Neck & Flanges Support

Internal ; UG-27 Internal ; UG-32 & 34 Standards:UG-44 UG-54 & App. G
External UG –28 & 29 External : UG-33 Neck : UG-45 References

Opening & Reinforcement

UG-36 to 42,46

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 23/95
 Design Special Service Vessel <UW-2>
Lethal Service Cryogenic Unfired Steam Directly
Service Boiler Fired Vessel
Weld Joint Cat A Type 1 Type 1 Type 1 Type 1
Cat B Type 1 or 2 Type 1 or 2 Type 1 or 2 Type 1 or 2
Cat C Type 1 or 2 F/P - -
Cat D F/P F/P or P/P - -
NDE All butt joints Cat A, B -> RT All butt joints -
-> RT Fillet -> MT/PT -> RT

PWHT Yes Per Code Yes (CS & LAS) Yes

(t≥16mm
CS & LAS)

F/P: Full Penetration weld.

P/P: Partial Penetration weld.
CS: Carbon Steel
LAS: Low Alloy Steel

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 24/95
 UG Design cylindrical-spherical

PR
t =
SE - 0.6P

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 25/95
 Design Formulas For Shells Under Internal Pressure
Cylindrical Shells

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 26/95
 Design Design of Shell
Spherical Shells

Nomenclature
T – Minimum required thickness of shell, in.
P – Internal Design Pressure, psi. include Static head
R = Ri – Inside radius
Ro – Outside radius
S – Maximum allowable stress value, psi (See
applicable table of stress values in Subsection C)
E – Joint efficiency for, or the Efficiency of,
appropriate joint in cylindrical or spherical shells,
or the efficiency of ligaments between openings,
whichever is less.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 27/95
 Design Design of shell
Equations For Thick Cylindrical Shells

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 28/95
 Design of Tall Towers
Combination of Stresses
The stress induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in combination
to establish the governing stress.
Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), internal pressure and weight of the vessel;
Stress Condition
At windward side At leeward side
+ Stress due to wind - Stress due to wind
+ Stress due to int. press. + Stress due to int. press.
- Stress due to weight - Stress due to weight
Combination of wind load (or earthquake), external pressure and weight of the vessel;

Stress Condition
At windward side At leeward side
+ Stress due to wind - Stress due to wind
- Stress due to int. press. - Stress due to int. press.
- Stress due to weight - Stress due to weight

The positive signs of denote tension and the negative signs denote compression. The
summation of the stresses indicate whether tension or compression is governing.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 29/95
 UG Design Heads

• Ellipsoidal
• Torispherical
• Hemispherical
• Conical
• Toriconical
• Flat Head
• Spherically Dished
Cover (Bolted Head)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 30/95
 Design of Heads

ASME Code Rules are located in UG-32 and App 1-4, Formed Heads and Sections with
pressure on Concave Side (Internal Pressure). These are non-bolted formed heads
such as hemispherical, ellipsoidal, torispherical, conical and toriconical.

UG-33, Formed Heads with Pressure on Convex Side (External Pressure)

App. 1-5 Conical Heads and Reducers Under Internal Pressure, rules for the design of
reinforcement when needed at cone-to cylinder junction.

UG-34, Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers (flat heads, cover plates, blind flanges circular
and noncircular, welded, bolted, threaded etc,)

UG-35, Other Types of Closures

Spherically Dished Covers, App 1-6
Quick – Actuating or Quick – Opening Closures, UG-35(b)

UG-47, Braced and Stayed Surfaces or Braced and Stayed Flat Plates

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 31/95
 Design of Heads
Ellipsoidal Head 2:1 Ratio
Minor axis is one half of the major axis

An acceptable approximation of a 2:1 ellipsoidal head is one with a knuckle

radius of 0.17D and a spherical radius of 0.90D, [UG-32(d)]
The minimum required thickness or the MAWP is given in UG-32(d) as

Other Ellipsoidal Heads

For other ratios of major to minor diameters of ellipsoidal heads
Appendix 1-4(c ) provides formulas.
In terms of inside diameter

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 32/95
 Design of Heads Torispherical Heads
Flanged and Dished (F&D) Head
Standard ASME F&D Head
L = Do = Outside diameter of the skirt
r = 6%L = 6% of inside crown radius
= 6%Do = outside diameter of skirt
Thickness and Pressure formulas for this case are given in UG-32(e)

For material having a specified minimum tensile strength exceeding 70,000 psi torispherical
heads shall be designed using an allowable stress, S, equal to 20,000 psi at room temperature
and reduced in proportion to the reduction in maximum allowable stress values at temp.

Non standard ASME F&D Heads

Formulas for other proportions are provided in App. 1-4 (d) Where
In terms of inside radius
M = L/r

(Table 1-4.1)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 33/95
 Design of Heads
Hemispherical Head UG-32(f)

When the thickness of the hemispherical head does not exceed 0.356L or P does not exceed
0.665SE

For thick spherical shells see formulas in Appendix 1-3

A thin hemispherical shell in terms of material is the most efficient or thinnest component
that can be designed for internal pressure. It utilizes the material to full extent since both
the hoop and longitudinal stresses are equal. Also, typically the thickness of the
hemispherical head is approximately equal to half the thickness of a cylindrical shell.

Thickness Requirements UG-32(a)

For formed heads (ellipsoidal, torispherical, hemispherical and toriconical) under forming,
the required thickness is the thickness at the thinnest point after forming, It is customary to
use a thicker plate to take care of possible thinning during the process of forming.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 34/95
 Design Conical Head <UG-32(g)>

Conical head is similar to

cylindrical shell is analyzed
by expressing tangential
radius of curvature in
terms of the radius,
i.e Rt = R/cosα,
α is the half apex angle
of the cone.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 35/95
 Design Cone and Conical Reducer Formulas
<UG-32(g)>

• Common axis of vessel elements, i.e centerline line up.

• No transition knuckles at the junction.
• Half apex angle, a , less or equal to 30 degrees

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 36/95
 Design Half Apex Angle Greater than 30°
UG-32(h)

• A toriconical head may be used in lieu of a conical head when the half apex angle
is greater than 30 degrees. This provides a transition angle. This knuckle thickness
is determined using the formulas for a torispherical head in which the crown
radius, L, is defined as

L = Di / 2cos α

Where Di = inside diameter at point of tangency to the knuckle

• Di = D - 2r (1- cos α )

* Alternatively, a discontinuity analysis may be performed satisfying the

requirements of 1-5(g), [Refer to UG-32(g) and UG-32(h)]

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 37/95
 Design Conical Reducer Stiffeners <App. 1-5>
CONICAL REDUCER SECTION
STIFFENERS

• A stiffener ring shall be provided

when required by the rule in 1-5(d)
and (e), [see UG-32(g)]
• Reinforcement is not required when
a calculated angle ∆ ≥ α.
Values of ∆ are tabulated in 1-5.
Otherwise reinforcement is required.
App.1-5 gives equations to
calculate the area required for the
reinforcing ring.
In addition the code provides the
location and distance of the ring
from the juncture.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 38/95
 Design Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers <UG-34>

• Flat Covers
Circular Type Non-Circular Type
i) Welded i) Welded

ii) Bolted ii) Bolted

Where Z = 3.4 – 2.4 d/D

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 39/95
 Design C Factor for Flat Cover <UG-34>

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 40/95
 Design C Factor for Flat Cover <UG-34>

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 41/95
 Design Spherically Dished Heads (Bolted Heads)
<App. 1-6>

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 42/95
 Design Formulas for Spherically Dished Covers

1. Type (a) in Fig. 1-6

1) Head thickness (t) UG-32 ( Internal Pressure)
UG-33 ( External Pressure)

2) Flange thickness (T) According to Appendix 2

2. Type (b) in Fig. 1-6

1) Head thickness (t) t = 5PL / 6S ( Internal Pressure )
t = UG - 33(C) (External Pressure)

2) Flange thickness (T)

(for ring gasket)

( for full face gasket )

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 43/95
 Design Formulas for Spherically Dished Cover

3. Type (c) in Fig. 1-6

1) Head thickness (t) t = 5PL / 6S (Internal Pressure )
t = UG – 33 (c ) (External Pressure )

2) Flange thickness (T) Where

4. Type (d) in Fig. 1-6

1) Head thickness (t) t = 5PL / 6S ( Internal Pressure )
t = UG – 33 ( C ) ( External Pressure )

2) Flange thickness (T) Where and

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 44/95
Design Shell under External Pressure
<UG-28(c)>
1. Cylinders Do/t ≥10

Step 1. Assume t, determine L/Do and Do/t

Step 2. Determine Factor A, using Fig. G in Sec. II Part D
Step 3. Determine Factor B, using material chart (Fig. CS-x)
in Sec II Part D.
Step 4. Calculate Pa.

or

Step 5. Compare Pa & Pex t. If Pa ≥ Pex t : Satisfactory

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 45/95
 Design Shell under External Pressure
<UG-28(c)>
2. Cylinders Do/t < 10

Step 1. Assume t, determine L/Do and Do/t

Step 2. Determine Factor A, using Fig. G in Sec. II Part D
For Do/t : 4, use Formula

Step 3. Determine Factor B, using material chart in Sec II Part D

Step 4. Calculate Pa1 and Pa 2, Pa = smaller of Pa₁ or Pa ₂

Step 5. Compare Pa with Pext, Where

If Pa ≥ Pext : Satisfactory S = the lesser of 2 x MAS or
0.9 x Sy

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 46/95
 Design Shell under External Pressure
<UG-28 (d)>
3. Spherical shells

Step 1. Assume t, determine L/Do and Do/t

Step 2. Determine Factor A,

Step 3. Determine Factor B, using material chart in Sec II Part D

Step 4. Calculate Pa,

(For A falling to left of line)

Step 5. Compare Pa with Pext, If Pa ≥ Pext : Satisfactory

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 47/95
 Design External Pressure (Fig. G)

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VIII-1 DE Rev.1 48/95
 Design External Pressure (Fig. CS-2)

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VIII-1 DE Rev.1 49/95
 Design External Pressure (Fig. UG-28.1)
Length L of some typical types

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 50/95
 Design Shell under External Pressure
<UG-29(a)>
4. Stiffening Ring

1) The available moment of inertia of a circumferential stiffening ring shall not be

less than that determined by one of the following two formulas.

( Stiffening ring only )

( Combined ring and shell )

2) The moment of inertia of cross section shall be calculated about its neutral
axis
parallel to the axis of the shell.

3) Contributing to the moment of inertia of the combined shell section shall not be
greater than 1.10 √ Do∙ts

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 51/95
 Design Heads, Pressure on Convex side
< UG-33 >
1, Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Heads

The required thickness shall be the greater of the following.

1) P = 1.67 Pext, use formula in UG-32 (internal pressure)
2) Step1. Assume t, Determine Ro/t
Step 2. Calculate Factor A, A = 0.125 / Ro/t
Step 3. Determine Factor B, Using material Chart in Sec II Part D
Step 4. Calculate Pa Pa = B / (Ro/t) or
Pa = 0.0625E / (Ro/t)²
2. Hemispherical Heads <UG-33(c )>

The required thickness of a hemispherical head having pressure on convex side

shall be determined in the same manner as outlined in UG-28(d) for determining
the thickness for a spherical shell.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 52/95
 Design of Heads, Pressure on Convex Side

3. Conical Heads and Sections <UG-33(f)>

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 53/95
 Design Heads Pressure on Convex Side
3. Conical Heads and Sections <UG – 33(f)> when α ≤ 60°
1) Cone : DL/te ≥ 10
Step 1. Assume te, Determine Le/DL, Dc/te
Step 2. Calculate Factor A, Using Fig. G in Sec II Part D
(When Le/DL>50, Use Le/DL=50)
Step 3. Determine Factor B, Using material Chart in Sec II Part D
Step 4. Calculate Pa Pa = 4B / 3(DL/te) or Pa = 2AE / 3(DL/te)
Step 5. Compare Pa with Pext (A falling to the left of line)
2) Cone : DL/te < 10
Step 1. Calculate Factor A Using Fig. G in Sec. II Part D
(When DL/te <4, Use A = 1.1 / (DL/te)² )
Step 2. Determine Factor B, Using material Chart in Sec. II Part D
Step 3. Calculate Pa1 and Pa2,

Step 4. Select the smaller value Pa1 or Pa2.

Step 5. Compare Pa with Pext

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 54/95
 Design Skirt Length of Formed Heads
<UW-13(b)>
Fig. UW-13.1 HEADS ATTACHED TO SHELLS

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 55/95
 Design Heads attached to shells
<UW-13(b)>

In case of th < ts

In case of th ≥ ts
Fig. UW-13.1

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ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 56/95
 Design Openings

1. Nozzle Neck Thickness : UG-45

2. Inspection openings : UG-46
3. Openings (shape, size) : UG-36
4. Reinforcements Requirements : UG-37
5. Limits of Reinforcement : UG-40
6. Strength of Reinforcement : UG-41
7. Methods of Attachment : UG-43
by welding : UG-43(b), UW-15 & UW-16
by expanding : UG-43(f)
8. Location of opening : UW-14
9. Reinforcement of Multiple Openings : UG-42
10. Flanges and Fittings (Std.) : UG-44
11. Flange Design : App. 2

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 57/95
 Design Nozzle Opening

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 58/95
 Design Nozzle Opening

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 59/95
 Design Nozzle Opening
1. Nozzle Neck Thickness (tn) <UG-45>

1) Access or Inspection openings <UG-45(a)>

tn = PR / SE-0.6P + Corrosion Allowance (C.A)
2) Process openings <UG-45(b)>
tn ≥ the smaller of following.
a) the thickness for the shell or head + C.A
b) (the minimum thickness of standard wall pipe) x 0.875 + C.A

2. Inspection openings <UG-46>

1) Purpose : For examination and cleaning
2) Mandatory :
a) Pressure vessel for compressed air (dew point ≥ -50°F)
b) Pressure vessel subject to internal corrosion, erosion, or
mechanical abrasion.
3) Types : Manhole, Handhole, any other inspection openings.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 60/95
 Design Nozzle Opening
4) Size requirements <UG-46(f)>

Vessel I.D Numbers Type Vessel I.D Numbers Type

1 Manhole
12”≤I.D<18” 2 Handhole
18”≤I.D<36”
2 Handhole
I.D > 36” 1 Manhole
More than 2 Threaded

5) Exemption
a) Pressure vessel without internal corrosion.
b) Pressure vessel with telltale hole (I∙D≤36”)
c) The shellside of fixed tubesheet heat exchangers
6) Data Report
When inspection openings are not provided record one of the following UG-46(a),
UG-46(b), UG-46(c ), UG-46(d), UG-46(e) or “for non-corrosive service”

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 61/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
3. Openings

1) Shape of openings <UG-36(a)>

a) Circular When long dimension ≥ 2 x short dimension,
b) Elliptical
reinforcement across short dimension shall be increased.
c) Obround

2) Size of openings <UG-36(b)>

a) Cylindrical shells
No limitation to size
Vessel I.D Finished opening size Applicable Rules
I.D ≤ 60” ½ x I.D but not to exceed 20” UG-36 through
I.D > 60” 1/3 x I.D but not to exceed 40” UG-43

Any vessel For openings exceeding above limits App. 1-7

b) Formed Heads
No limitation to size

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 62/95
 Nozzle Design
4. Reinforcement Requirements
1) Applicable Rules of Reinforcements <UG-37(b)>
Yes
Small opening UG-36(c )(3)

No

Openings in Yes
Flat head UG-39

No

Openings in Yes
Reduced section UG-36(e)

No

Large openings Yes

In Head UG-38(b)(2)

No
Yes
Tube hole UG-53
(Ligament)
No
Apply
UG-37

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 63/95
 Nozzle Design
2) Sequence of Reinforcement Calculation
Area Required
<UG-37>

Limits of
Reinforcement
<UG-40>

Reinforcement Area Available

Plate

No Area
Evaluation
Yes

Full Penetration
welding

No
Strength of
Reinforcement
(UG-41)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 64/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
3) Formulars

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 65/95
 Design Nozzle Openings

4) Area of Reinforcement Required. (A)

A = d x tr x F
where
d: finished diameter of openings
tr: Required thickness of shell (Circumferential stress)
or formed head, using E=1
a) Torispherical head : Use formula in App. 1-4 (d), E=1, M=1
b) Cone : Diameter D (where the nozzle axis pierces the inside wall)
c) Ellipsoidal head : Use formula in App. 1-4(e), E=1, K1 = Table UG-37
(Limit: 0.8 D)

F: Correction Factor
F=1.0 (Separate reinforcement Plate)
F= Fig. UG-37 (Integral reinforcement in shell and cone)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 66/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
5. Limits of Reinforcement

ABCD is limit of reinforcement

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 67/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
6. Strength of Reinforcement <UG-41>

(a) Depict Typical Nozzle Detail With Neck Inserted Through he Vessel Wall
* Strength calculation is not required for full penetration welding <UW-15(b)>

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 68/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
7. Methods of Attachment <UG-43>

1) By welding <UW-15 & UW-16>

Some acceptable types : Fig UW-16.1
a) integral reinforcement
b) separate reinforcement elements
(plate) weldments size.

t min = the smaller of 3/4” or the thickness

of the thinner of the past joined.
t c= not less than the smaller of 1/4 “ or 0.7t min.
t w= dimension of attachment weld

2) By expanding <UG-43(f)>
a) Pipe tube diameter ≤ 2 inches pipe size
b) Grooving is permissible
c) Code allows the expanding up to 6 inches O.D with some provisions.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 69/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
8. Location of openings <UW-14>

1) May be located in a welded joint.

2) Single opening (no reinforcement) : head to shell or category B or C.

RT is required <RT length ≥ 3 x diameter of openings>

3) Multiple opening (no reinforcement): head to shell or category B or C.

Reinforcement is required or increase thickness of shell per UG-53.

4) The edge of opening shall not be placed closer than 1/2 “ from
Category A, B, C weld. (material thickness ≤ 1 ½ “)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 70/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
9. Reinforcement of Multiple openings <UG-42>

No portion of the cross section is to be considered as applying to more than one

opening, nor to be considered more than once in a combined area.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 71/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
10. Flanges and Fittings <UG-44>

1) Following standards flanges and fittings are acceptable.

• ASME B 16.5/ B16.15 / B 16.20 / B 16.42 / B 16.48:

pressure – temperature rating in the standard shall be used for design.
• ASME B 16. 9 / B 16.11
pressure – temperature rating shall be calculated as for straight seamless
pipe.

2) Non standard flanges : Calculate per App. 2.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 72/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
11. Flanges Design <App.2>

1) Sequence of Flanges Calculation

a) Design Condition (D.P, D.T, C.A, Material)

b) Allowable stresses (Flange, Bolting)
c) Gasket and facing Details
d) Calculate N, b, and select G, y, m
e) Load and Bolt Calculation
f) Moments Calculation
g) k and Hub Factors
h) Stress Formula Factors
i) Stress Calculation
j) Compare with Allowable Stresses

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 73/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
2) Allowable Flange Design stresses (App. 2-8)

a) Longitudinal hub stress (Sh)

Sh < 1.5 Sp
Sh < 1.0 Sf for cast iron

b) Radial Flange Stress (Sr)

Sr < 1.0 Sf

c) Tangential Flange Stress (St)

St < 1.0 Sf
d) (Sh + Sr) / 2 < 1.0 SP
(Sh + Sr) / 2 < 1.0 Sf
where Sf: Allowable stress value for flange material

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 74/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
3) Types of Flanges

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 75/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
4) Flanges Rating Table (ASME B16.5)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 76/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
11. Flange Design (Work sheet)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 77/95
 Design Nozzle Openings
11. Flange Design (Work sheet)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 78/95
 Design Nozzle Openings

11. Flange Design (Work sheet)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 79/95
 Design LIGAMENTS <UG-53>
The efficiency of ligament shall be replaced to the formula for shell thickness
calculation

Efficiency of Ligament (E) Efficiency of Ligament (E)

E = p-d / p E = p1-nd / p1
Where P= longitudinal pitch of holes Where P1 = unit length of ligament
d=diameter of holes n= number of holes in length P1.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 80/95
 Supports
1. Types of Supports

App. G : Suggested practice regarding design oh support.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 81/95
 2. Horizontal Vessels Supported on Saddles
• No design rules in ASME Code
• Fig. UG-29-1 specifies the minimum contact angle for an unstiffened shell to be
120°
• Appendix G contains suggested good practice guidelines such as minimum
saddle
support shall extend over 1/3 of the circumference, and then 2 saddles are
preferable.
• Design method for horizontal vessels supported on saddles is based on paper by
L.P. Zick, originally presented in 1951.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 82/95
 1) Vessel Stresses
Vessels supported on saddles are subjected to the following stresses:
• Longitudinal bending stress (S1)
• Tangential shear stress (S2)
• Circumferential stress (S3)
• Ring compression (S5)

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 83/95
 2) Longitudinal Stress

K 1 from Fig. (5a) of Zick

Low A/L Stress at midspan governs
High A/L Stress at saddle governs

Allowable Stress Limits

Tension S1 <= SE where E is the joint efficiency of the girth joints
Compression S1 <= Sc where Sc = factor ‘B’ or
S or
tSE1/16r
Whichever is less

• Design for a balanced bending stress at the midspan and the saddle
• If longitudinal bending stress exceeds allowables, and stiffening rings, or increase shell
thickness

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 84/95
 3) Tangential Shear
Unstiffened Shell away from Head A ≥ R/2

Where

Unstiffened Shell near Head A ≤ R/2

Shell Head

Where

Shell Stiffened by Ring

Allowable Shear Stress S₂ ≤ 0.8S

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 85/95
 4) Circumferential Stress at Horn of Saddle

If L 8R

If L 8R

K₃from Fig. 7 of Zick

Allowable Stress Limits

S₃ ≤ 1.5S

If stress too high, add wear plate. The wear plate should be at least (b+10t) wide and extend
r/10 inches above the horn of the saddle.
(Note: A more exact definition of the effective width used today is 1.56 x √(rt) in place of
(b + 10t).

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 86/95
 5) Ring Compression in shell over saddle
S5 maximum at bottom

S5 ≤ 0.5 x compression yield point

Add a wear plate to reduce S5

Nomenclature:
Q – Load on one saddle. Includes vessel weight & contents (lbs)
B – Width of saddle (in)
A – Distance from saddle centerline to head tangent line
H – Height of head
L - Tangent to tangent length of vessel
Ө - Saddle contact angle

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 87/95
 6) Design of Saddles

Typical detail of saddle support for large horizonal vessel

Materials Common structural steels used

Allowable Stresses AISC Specifications
tension: Sa = 0.6Sy
Shear: SS = 0.4Sy
bending: Sb = 0.66Sy

Design Loads Operating weight

Combined wind and earthquake loads
Friction force between saddles & foundation
Test weight

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 88/95
 2. Typical Loads on Vertical Vessels
• Design Pressure
- Internal Pressure
- External Pressure
- Buckling loads

• Dead Weight
• External Loads which Produce overturning moments or bending stresses
- Earthquake
- Wind
• Dynamic loads
- Earthquake
- Wind
• Local loads
- Supports
- Externally applied loads, attachments

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 89/95
 1) Stres due to Dead Weight
• Stress

Where
- sign is compression above support line
+ sign is tension for below support line
D = mean diameter
W = weight above or below location
t= thickness
S=stress at location of interest

Stresses can be either tension or compression depending on location of

interest with respect to line of support.

Stress due to dead weight are a function of elevation. This is different than
internal pressure.
Stresses due to dead weight must be combined with longitudinal stresses
due to internal pressure.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 90/95
 2) Stresses due to wind loads
Determine moment due to wind pressure - from top to bottom using pressure and moment arms
• Determine stresses due to moment

• For a circular vessel, think vessel

Where M = Total moment

D = Mean diameter
T = thickness
ㅠD = Circumference
I = Inertia
= 3.14tR3 = 3.14 t D3 / 8
C = R = D/2 Reference : Jaward/Farr 16.5

The moment of inertia term assumes a thin vessel. For thick vessel, I = 3.14 (D04 – Di4)/64, where Do
and Di are the outside and inside diameters, respectively.

The windward side has tenstion (+) stress and the leeward side has compressive stress (-).

These stresses must be combined with corresponding pressure and dead weight longitudinal stresses.
This may require investigation of a number of combinatio in order to determine the most
severe

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 91/95
 3) Combination of Stresses Conditions
• Internal Pressure
- Hoop stress
- Longitudinal stress
• Static Head
- Combined with pressure at location of interest
• Dead weight
- Longitudinal stress, tension or compression
• Internal pressure and external loading
• External pressure and external loading

Reference: Jeward, Farr 16.4 – 16.7

Pressure and static head produce both hoop and longitudinal stresses.

Dead weight and external loads produce longitudinal membrane and bending stress.
Both tension and compression stresses occur. Many combinations exist the
combination with maximum stresses must be obtained.

Different requirements and applicable for a condition of internal pressure and

external loading internal pressure and external loading.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 92/95
 4) Stress Combination with Internal Pressure
• Hoop stress
- Elastic Theory - ASME code

• Longitudinal stress
- Elastic Theory - ASME code

• Total longitudinal stress due to internal pressure and other loads – thin vessels

• Where,
• W= Dead load M = External Moment
t = thickness D = Mean diameter
P = Pressure and static head R = Inside radius

The worst combination of tensile and compressive stresses, using + or – signs, needs to be obtained. Also
note for compressive stresses the condition with zero pressure might control.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 93/95
 5) Deflection Limits
• Check Deflection if H/D > 15
• Limit deflection to
Appr. 6in. / 100ft of vessel height (Ref. Bednar4.5) or H/200 same units.

H = Height
D = Diameter

• UBC tables 23-D & 23-E limits deflection of structural member to L/360 for
live load L = Member length
• AISC Chapter L
L/360 for live load for member
Service abililty considerations for buildings, vibration, drift, beams, girders
supporting floors, roofs, plastered ceilings.
• Beam-column effects
• Axial load and moment coupling, buckling.
• Equipment vibration considerations, cases.

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 94/95
 6. U.S Seismic Zone Map

LR INSURANCE INC.
ASME CODE TRAINING
VIII-1 DE Rev.1 95/95
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