1. Elasto-Plastic Dampers 3.

Retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam

 a seismic restraint with hysteretic using rubberized coir fibre sheets
elasto-plastic response capable of  Retrofitting of reinforced concrete
controlling the horizontal force level and structures using rubberized coir fiber
of dissipating energy due to the sheets, a natural laminate for improving
earthquake. the structural responses like strength
and maximum deflection.
Ways of installing dampers in an existing  It is preferable for repairing or
building: retrofitting rather than replacing
completely, since it is both
a. Installing steel-framed braces that
environmentally and economically
incorporate dampers into an existing
available. With the development of
open frame and
structurally effective adhesive, epoxy
b. Installing damper-embedded studs into
resin, the strength improvement is
existing frame so that existing openings
remarkable.
are maintained
 RCFS will be advantageous in using in
the sense like tough, economical very
ADVANTAGES:
high strength to weight ratio
a. Very simple maintenance because all the
 The application of carbon and glass fibre
structural parts are made of steel
reinforced polymer laminates to beam
b. Possibility of controlling the horizontal
can increase the stiffness and maximum
force transmitted from the
load carrying capacity.
superstructure to the substructure
c. Reaction characteristic is very simple
(bilinear) and stable with no 4. Retrofittng of Reinforced Concrete Beams
using reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)
temperature dependence
 The suitable way to deal with subsist
d. After a catastrophic earthquake only,
problem for retrofitting is cement-based
the elements that dissipate energy by
mortars. Fibre based composites has
plasticization must be replaced with no
step-up a lot of notice in strengthening
damage to other components of the
the flexural members.
structure.
 It has the potential to structurally
2. Strengthening of masonry walls by using
compete with steel.
stitching cracked wall method
 Superior strength combined with higher
 A repair method used to reinforce cracks
shear capacity result in significant dead
in walls. Slots are made in the affected
load reduction.
wall (typically in bed joints) and then
 RPC can be used to resist all but direct
metal crack stitching bars are inserted.
primary tensile stress.
 Helps to spread the weight of the wall
 Improved seismic performance by
above the crack more evenly and
reducing inertia load with lighter
improves the stability of the structure,
member.
and the material of the bars is flexible
 Low &non-interconnected porosity
enough to allow for the natural
diminishes mass transfer, making
movement of the building
penetration of liquid/gas non-existent.
How to repair cracks in walls
5. Masonry Houses Retrofitted by Bamboo band
 Shaped and twisted stainless steel rods Meshes
are bonded into the walls, stitching the  Bamboo band mesh was first prepared
masonry across the cracks at regular on a square grid in a way that one band
intervals. crosses over another band in different
 The brick stitching system allows the layers at subsequent crossing points.
cracked wall to behave as reinforced  This process was quite similar to the
non-fractured unit. basket weaving process. The straw,
 The cracks stitch rods physically which was used to ensure hole during
interlock with the bonding agent and model construction, was removed. Straw
exhibit a unique and resilient torsional was placed at approximately 200 mm
spring-like quality that allows small pitch.
amounts of wall movement and  In case of existing structures holes can
recovery to occur without brittle be prepared by drilling through the wall.
failures. The prepared mesh was then installed
 Helically twisted crack stitching bars on both outside and inside of the wall
used to reconnect and reinforce and wrapped around the corner of the
cracked. Masonry walls and brickwork. house. The angle of bamboo meshes
with the horizontal line was 0 degree.
  The inside and outside meshes were  Cavity Wall Insulation stores the heat
connected by the Polypropylene strings within the inner walls, bouncing it back
(PP strings) which were passed through into the room and holding it for longer.
the hole. The overlapping and wrapping
of the meshes was also made around the ADVANTAGES:
opening and roof. Figure 2 illustrates
a. The moisture cannot enter from outer
the overall retrofitting procedure.
wall to inner wall, since there is no
 In this procedure, we don’t need to
direct contact.
destroy the roof of existing houses,
b. Provide good insulation against sound.
because there is the gap or space
c. Protection against efflorescence.
between the roof and the wall for
d. Load on the foundation is reduced.
wrapping of the meshes.
e. Reduction of heat transfer, since air
layer between leaves acts as non-
6. Viscous Fluid Damper Retrofit of Steel conductor of heat.
Moment Frame Structures
 It is utilized for vibration control in DISADVANTAGES:
various applications throughout the
world a. cavity wall insulation is not applicable to
 Effective in reducing lateral all houses. Homes constructed with
displacements and dissipating energy solid walls are not suitable for cavity
from earthquake and wind loading wall insulation.
 VFDs installation in chevron braced b. Cavity walls are very limited in terms of
frames are very well suited to reduce the insulation you can install. There are
drift of this moment frame building. restrictions, and they depend on the gap
between the external and internal wall.
7. Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipating Basically, you can install insulation only
Systems in the hollow space.
 It is the method of placing certain kind
of additional element to protect the 10. Ferrocement
building against earthquake to provide  A type of thin wall reinforced concrete
security and comfort. commonly constructed of hydraulic
cement mortar, reinforced with closely
8. Self-Healing Concrete spaced layers of continuous and
 Ability of concrete to repair its small relatively small diameter mesh
cracks autonomously  Used for construction of light-weight,
 The cracks have to be filled by some hard and strong surfaces in any shapes
cementing material in order to stop the  Used for retrofitting of structural
crack to develop and damage the members
structure  Steel wire mesh induces higher tensile
 It can prove to be vital as it can improve strength, crack resistance and high
the strength, durability and may ductility
ultimately increase the life span of a
structure 11. Fiber Reinforced Plastic
 In FRP the reinforcement material is
ADVANTAGES: fiber that provides the strength and
stiffness and for matrix commonly used
a. More resistant to the freezing and
polymer resin like epoxy, which binds
thawing condition
the reinforcement in organized way.
b. Reduce plastic shrinkage cracks
c. High impermeability
12. Considering the use of epoxies in the repair
d. High resistance to chemical attacks
of historic structural member
e. Regular inspection is not needed

LIMITATIONS:

a. Expensive
b. Requires skilled supervision
c. Difficulty in bacterial injection in sands
d. Availabilty of raw material is not easy

9. Cavity Wall Insulation

 a method of installing insulation into the
external walls with minimum disruption
to your home.
STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO
FOUDATIONS

1. Improvement of the ground soil by Jet

Grouting

 It consists in the disaggregation volume

of soil, internally in the ground without
previous excavation, mixing it with
cement grout introduced in high
pressure and velocity in the order of 250
m/s.
 It can be applied in all types of soil as
long as they contain small sized material
and are not subjected to seepage.
 It does not give chance to significant
vibrations

2. Improving the behavior of foundations by

enlargement and/or consolidation
 The foundation may be improved by
filling the gaps between blocks with
mortar. There is the need to excavate