ESO 210 Introduction To Electrical Engineering

ESO 210
Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Lecture-19
Magnetic Circuits and Introduction to Transformers

2
SERIES CONNECTION OF MUTUALLY COUPLED COILS

A mutual term will alter the total inductance of
the series combination
When referring to the voltage

induced across the inductance L1 (or
L2) due to the change in flux
linkages of the inductance L2 (or L1,
respectively), the mutual inductance
is represented by M12. This type of
subscript notation is particularly
important when there are two or
more mutual terms.
3
4
5
Finally,
The subscript (+) was included to indicate that the mutual terms have a
positive sign and are added to the self-inductance values to determine the total
inductance.
If the coils were wound such as shown in Fig. below, where ø1 and ø2 are in
opposition, the induced voltages due to the mutual terms would oppose that
due to the self-inductance, and the total inductance would be determined by
6
The mutual Inductance M12 can be determined by
Above equation is very effective in determining the mutual inductance between two
coils. It states that the mutual inductance is equal to one-quarter the difference
between the total inductance with a positive and negative mutual effect.
It should be clear that the mutual inductance will directly affect the magnitude of
the voltage induced across a coil since it will determine the net inductance of the
coil.
On a network schematic where it is inconvenient to indicate the windings and the

flux path, a system of dots is employed that will determine whether the mutual
terms are to be positive or negative.
The dot convention is shown in Fig. on the next slide for the series coils
7
The dot convention is shown in Fig. below for the series coils
8
If the current through each of the mutually coupled coils is going away
from the dot as it passes through the coil, the mutual term will be positive,
as shown for the case in Fig. above.
If the arrow indicating current direction through the coil is leaving the dot
for one coil and entering the dot for the other, the mutual term is negative.
The dot convention also reveals the polarity of the induced voltage across the
mutually coupled coil.
If the reference direction for the current in a coil leaves the dot, the polarity at the
dot for the induced voltage of the mutually coupled coil is positive.
9
EXAMPLE: Find the total inductance of the series coils of

Fig. below.
10
11
EXAMPLE: Write the mesh equations for the transformer network

in Fig. shown below.
12
13
What is this?
14
15
16
17
Transformers are an integral

part in any modern power
system
18
19
Transformers:
The most important components of any power system.
Basically change the level of voltages from one value to the other at constant
frequency.
Being a static machine the efficiency of a transformer could be as high as 99%.

(Typically more than 95%)
Big generating stations are located at hundreds or more km away from the
load center (where the power will be actually consumed).
Since long transmission lines carry the power to the load centre from the
generating stations.
Generator is a rotating machines and the level of voltage at which it generates

power is limited to several kilo volts only a typical value is 11 kV.
20
21
To transmit large amount of power (several thousands of mega watts) at this

voltage level means large amount of current has to flow through the transmission
lines.
The cross sectional area of the conductor of the lines accordingly should be large.
Hence cost involved in transmitting a given amount of power rises many folds.
Not only that, the transmission lines has their own resistances.
This huge amount of current will cause tremendous amount of power loss or I2r
loss in the lines. This loss will simply heat the lines and becomes a wasteful
energy.
In other words, efficiency of transmission becomes poor and cost involved is high
without Transformers.
The poor efficiency problems may be addressed if we could transmit power at a

very high voltage say, at 200 kV or 400 kV or even higher at 800 kV.
22
Since, a generator is incapable of generating voltage at these level due to its own
practical limitation.
The solution to this problem is to use an appropriate step-up transformer at the

generating station to bring the transmission voltage level at the desired value.
Obviously when power reaches the load centre, one has to step down the voltage
to suitable and safe values by using transformers. Thus transformers are an
integral part in any modern power system.
Transformers are located in places called substations.
In cities or towns you must have noticed transformers are installed on poles –
these are called pole mounted distribution transformers.
These type of transformers change voltage level typically from 3-phase, 6 kV to

3-phase 440 V line to line.
23
24
Transformer
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ESO 210

Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Magnetic Circuits and Introduction to Transformers

SERIES CONNECTION OF MUTUALLY COUPLED COILS

When referring to the voltage

The mutual Inductance M12 can be determined by

On a network schematic where it is inconvenient to indicate the windings and the

EXAMPLE: Find the total inductance of the series coils of

EXAMPLE: Write the mesh equations for the transformer network

Transformers are an integral

Being a static machine the efficiency of a transformer could be as high as 99%.

Generator is a rotating machines and the level of voltage at which it generates

To transmit large amount of power (several thousands of mega watts) at this

The poor efficiency problems may be addressed if we could transmit power at a

The solution to this problem is to use an appropriate step-up transformer at the

Transformers are located in places called substations.

These type of transformers change voltage level typically from 3-phase, 6 kV to

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