Chap 7
Chap 7
Chap 7
Chapter seven:
2
p275
7-1 Electromagnetic Radiation
Wave length
Frequency
p276
The Nature
of Waves
4
Figure 7.1
Ex 7.1 Frequency of Electromagnetic Radiation P277
electromagnetic radiation
Figure 7.2
6
Flame Tests
7
Electromagnetic Waves
8
7-2 The Nature of Matter p277
9
Ex 7.2 The Energy of a Photon P278
13
Ex 7.3 Calculations of Wavelength P281
15
7-3 The Atomic Structure
of Hydrogen
p284
Figure 7.7
A change between two discrete energy levels
emits a photon of light. 17
The Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
18
7-4 The Bohr Model p285
Line spectrum
Wavelength
Figure 7.8
Electronic transitions in the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom. (a)
An energy-level diagram for electronic transitions. (b) an orbit-
transition diagram, which accounts for the experimental spectrum.
(Note that the orbits shown are schematic. They are not drawn to
scale.) (c) The resulting line spectrum on a photographic plate. Note
that the lines in the visible region of the spectrum correspond to
transitions from higher levels to the n = 2 level. 20
p285
Electronic Transitions in the Bohr
Model for the Hydrogen Atom
21
The most important equation to come from Bohr’ s model
is the expression for the energy levels available to the p286
electron in the hydrogen atom.
(7.1)
22
Ex 7.4 Energy Quantization in P287
Hydrogen
Calculate the energy requires to excite the hydrogen electron
from level n = 1 level to level n = 2. Also calculate the
wavelength of light that must be absorbed by a hydrogen
atom in its ground state to reach this excited state.
Solution:
p288
A typical aerial shell used in fireworks displays. Time-
delayed fuses cause a shell to explode in stages. In
this case a red starburst occurs first, followed by a
blue starburst, and finally a flash and loud report.
24
p289
fireworks
25
P290
Ex 7.5 Electron Energies
Calculate the energy required to remove the
electron from a hydrogen atom in its ground state.
Solution
7-5 The Quantum Mechanical p290
Figure 7.9
27
Quantum Mechanical Model p291
29
p291
Quantum (wave) mechanical model
Δx . Δ (m v) ≧ h /(4π)
31
p292
The physical meaning of a Wave Function
The square of the wave function is most conveniently
represented as a probability distribution , in which the
intensity of color is used to indicate the probability value
near a given point on space.
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p292
The physical meaning of a Wave Function
33
When the total probability of finding the electron p292
Figure 7.11
34
Radial Probability p293
Distribution
35
7-6 Quantum Numbers p293
Quantum Numbers for the First Four p294
37
P294
Ex 7.6 Electron Subshells
For principle quantum level n = 5, determine the number
of allowed subshells (different values of l), and give the
designation of each.
Solution:
7-7 Orbital Shapes and p295
Energies
Figure 7.13
39
p296
Figure 7.14
40
p296
A Summary of the Hydrogen Atom
41
7-8 Electron Spin and Pauli p296
Principle
The Boundary Surfaces of All of the 3d Orbitals
Figure 7.16 42
p297
Figure 7.18
44
7-9 Polyelectronic Atoms p298
Figure 7.19
p298
Figure 7.20
A comparison of the radial probability 47
distributions of the 2s and 2p orbitals.
p299
The Radial Probability
Distribution of the 3s Orbital
Probability Distributions of
the 3s, 3p, and 3d Orbitals
50
2px Orbital
51
2py Orbital
52
2pz Orbital
53
3d x2 y 2 Orbital
54
3dxy Orbital
55
3dxz Orbital
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3dyz Orbital
57
3dz2 Orbital
58
7-10 The History of The p299
Periodic Table
Figure 7.22
The orders of the energies of the orbitals in the
first three levels of polyelectronic atoms.
59
7-11 The Aufbau Principle and p302
Periodic Table
p304
p304
The electron configurations
Orbital Energies
63
p305
Figure 7.26
Electron configurations for potassium through krypton. The transition
metals (scandium through zinc) have the general configuration
[Ar]4s24dn, except for chromium and copper.
65
p306
The Orbitals Being Filled for Elements
in Various Parts of the Periodic Table
Figure 7.27
Figure 7.28
67
P308
Ex 7.7 Electron Configurations
Give the electron configurations for sulfur (S), cadmium
(Cd), hafnium (Hf), and radium (Ra) using the periodic
table inside the front cover of this book.
Solution:
p308
69
7-12 Periodic Trends in Atomic p309
Properties
Ionization Energy
p310
First Ionization Energies
71
The Values of First Ionization p310
Energy for the Elements in the
First Six Periods
72
Figure 7.30
Trends in Ionization p311
Figure 7.31
73
P311
Ex 7.8 Trends in Ionization Energies
The first ionization energy for phosphorus is 1060
KJ/mol, and that for sulfur is 1005 KJ/mol. Why?
Solution:
Ex 7.9 Ionization Energies P311
75
Ex 7.9 (continuous) p312
Atomic Radius of a Metal
77
Atomic Radius of a Nonmetal
78
p312
Electron Affinity
p313
80
Ex 7.10 Trends in Radii p313
Figure 7.34 82
7-13 The Properties of a p314
83
Figure 7.35
Special Names for groups p315
84
Figure 7.35
The Alkali Metals p316
85
Typical reactions for the p317
nonmetal with alkali metals