PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS and

Associated health issues

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Prof. SARAVANAKUMAR M P

GROUP MEMBERS:

1. P.SIVARAMAN 15BCL0310

2. S. VENNILA 15BCL0403

3. P.PALANIYAPPAN 15BCL0404

4. R.ARUNKUMAR 15BCL0405

5. R.ARIVOLI 15BCL0407

6. S.GOKUL 15BCL0409

7. P.MOHAN 15BCL0410

8. R.RAJESH KANNAN 15BCL0411

9. D.PREETHI 15BCL0423

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

SL.NO. contents

1 Aim

2 Introduction

3 Our objective and Social significant

4 Principal

5 Material required

6 Apparatus Required

7 Chemicals Required

8 Sample Handling and Preservation

9 Precautions

10 Procedure

11 Preparation of Reagents

12 Testing of Water Sample

13 Table and Data sheet

14 Calculation

15 Result and Discussion

16 conclusion

17 reference

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

1. AIM

To determine the calcium hardness in the given water sample from different sources using titration
method.

INTRODUCTION

Water hardness is an expression for the sum of the calcium and magnesium cat ions concentration in a
water sample.

Calcium is usually found in highest concentrations in natural water. The presence of calcium in water
results from deposits of lime stone, gypsum ect. Calcium is one of the principal cat ions involved in
water hardness. Calcium hardness is the estimation of hardness due to calcium in water. These cat ions
form insoluble salts with soap and decrease the cleaning effectiveness of soap. They also form hard
water deposits in hot water heaters. The calcium contain may range from zero to several hundred ppm.

SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE

We have decided to do this project basically to create awareness about the importance of drinking
clean water containing relevant amount of minerals. Water in different places has different taste and
mineral contain, because of the climatic condition and vegetation (exposed to) of that particular place.
In some place, water contains excessive minerals which deteriorate our health causing major bad health
issues. Whereas, in some places, water do not contain enough minerals which human body needs to
stay healthy. As we all know that minerals are very crucial for human body to function efficiently, but
only if it is taken in right quantity. Otherwise, it cause undesirable health problem (if we do not take it
in right amount) as and when we get older and make our live shortened.

Therefore, it is very important to examine the mineral contain of the water that we drink, so that we
could take necessary precaution to drink clean and healthy water.

With this objective, our group has decided to embark this project, to find out whether our people are
drinking safe and healthy water. So we are using this simple technique called titration to find out
calcium contain of the water in and around the VIT campus.

The relative amounts of calcium hardness, carbonate and non-carbonate hardness present in water are
the factors while determining the most economical type of softening process.

Determination of hardness serves as a basis for routine control of softening processes. Hard water
typically contains high concentrations of the Ca and Mg cat ions, which interfere with the use of the
water for many applications. These ions diminish the effectiveness of soaps and detergents for cleaning
operations. They diminish the drinking quality of water and they contribute to the accumulation of
insoluble salt deposits in the storage vessels or plumbing.

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

Principle

The quantity of calcium in water will be determined by titration the water sample with a standard
Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) of known volume and concentration. Based on the
stoichiometry of the reactions and the number of moles of EDTA required to reach the end point, the
concentration of calcium content in water is calculated.

An indicator, ammonium purpurate (here we have used sodium purpurate) which combines only with
calcium is used.

The indicator imparts a pink color to the solution while there are calcium and magnesium ions that have
not complexes with EDTA. Once the endpoint has been reached and there in no more uncomplexed Ca
or Mg, the solution will turn to purple color. No hint of pink color will be left.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Apparatus required:

1. Burette with stand and Porcelain tile

2. Pipettes with elongated tips

3. Conical flask

4. 250 ml Graduated cylinder

5. Standard Flask

6. Beakers

7. Wash bottle

CHEMICALS REQUIRED

1. Ammonium Purpurate
2. Sodium Hydroxide
3. Sodium chloride
4. EDTA

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION

Preservation of sample is not practical. Because biological activity will continue after a sample has been
taken, changes may occur during handling and storage. If analysis is to be carried out within two hours
of collection, cool storage is not necessary. If analysis cannot be started with in the two hours of sample
collection to reduce the change in sample, keep all samples at 4 degree celcis. Do not allow samples to
freeze. Do not open sample bottle before analysis. Begin analysis with six hours of sample collection.

Precautions
The following precautions should be observed while performing the experiment:

In this experiment, we are handling the indicator in powder form, in contrast with most of all other
basic experiments.

Handle the indicator powder carefully to get exact result. Handling of the alkali, NaOH should be born
with utmost care, since it causes irritation. Since NaOH pallets are hygroscopic in nature, do not expose
these pellets to air for a prolonged time period.

PROCEDURE

PREOARATION OF REAGENTS

Standard EDTA solution (0.02)

1. Switch on the Electronic balance, keep the weighing pan, and set the reading to zero. Take 1000mL
of distilled water in a 1000mL standard flask.
2. Weigh 3.723g of EDTA sodium salt.
3. Transfer the content to the water sample. Place the lid and mix the contents thoroughly until all
EDTA sodium salt dissolved in water.
4. Make all volume exactly 1000mL by adding distilled water. Transfer the solution to clean reagent
bottle named EDTA solution.
5. This 0.02 molar EDTA solution is going to be used as a titrate in this experiment. Take this solution in
a beaker for easy handling.

Ammonium Purpurate

1. Weigh 0.5g of Ammonium Purpurate. ( we used sodium purpurate)

2. Transfer it to the dry beaker.
3. Weigh 100g of sodium chloride.
4. Transfer it the beaker having sodium purpurate mix the contents thoroughly. Use it as a dry
powder

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

Sodium Hydroxide (1N) solution

1. Take 100mL of distilled water in a beaker.

2. Weigh 4gm of sodium hydroxide powder.
3. Transfer it to the distilled water in the breaker and mix it thoroughly.
4. Then transfer the entire content to 100mL standard flask.
5. Rinse the glass rod and funnel with distilled water.
6. Make the volume 100mL by adding distilled water up to mark.
7. Take the sodium hydroxide solution in 100mL beaker for easy handling.

TESTING OF SAMPLE:

Pipette 20mL of water sample and transfer it to a clean 250mL conical flask.

Measure 2mL of 1N sodium hydroxide solution using measuring cylinder. Add it to the water sample in
conical flask so that the pH will be maintained between 12 and 13.

Add few amount of sodium purpurate indicator to the water sample. Now the sample turns into pink
color. This color change is due to the calcium and magnesium contents presents in water.

Before starting the titration rinse the burette with few mL of EDTA solution and discard it. Fill the
burette with 0.02M EDTA solution. Adjust the reading to zero, and then fix it in burette stand. Ensure
that, there is no any air bubble inside the burette.

Titrate the water sample against the EDTA solution in the burette till all calcium and magnesium ions
present in the sample reacts with the EDTA to form a metal EDTA complex by changing the color of the
sample to purple. That is the end point.

Note down the burette reading.

The value of titration is 5.7mL

Repeat the titration for concordant values

CALCULATION:

To determine calcium Hardness in the given water sample, the reading are required to be tabulated.

Burette solution: EDTA

Pipette solution: sample

Indicator: Ammonium Purpurate

End point: Appearance of Purple color.

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

TABLE

Sample Volume of Burette Reading (mL) Volume of

no. sample (mL)
initial final EDTA(mL)

Here the volume of water sample is 20mL. The EDTA is taken in the burette. For the first titration, the
volume of initial reading is 0mL. Record the volume of EDTA consumed to get the end point. Repeat the
procedure to get concordant value.

After achieving the concordant value we can go for the calculations.

Calcium hardness of the given water sample in mg/L as calcium carbonate equivalent is equal to volume
of EDTA8* normality* 50*1000 divided by volume of sample taken

Next the calcium present in the sample is equal to ca hardness in mg/L as CaCO3 equivalent * Molecular
weight of calcium divided by Molecular weight of calcium carbonate.

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

TABLE AND DATA SHEET

Sample Tested by: Sample location Sample Calcium Calcium ion remark
number description hardness(mg/L) present(mg/L)

P.SIVARAMAN KANGEYANALLUR 1KM FROM VIT 290 116.22 EXCESS FROM

PRESCRIBED
1 AMOUNT

S.VENNILA KATPADI NEAR KATPADI 295 118 EXCESS FROM

RAILWAY PRESCRIBED
2 STATION AMOUNT

P.PALANIYAPPAN OUTSIDE VIT 260 104.2 EXCESS FROM

PRESCRIBED
3 AND
AMOUNT
R.ARUNKUMAR

R.ARIVOLI OUTSIDE VIT 215 86.16 MODERATE

S.GOKUL VIRUTHAMPATTU 2KM FROM VIT 295 118.23 EXCESS FROM

PRESCRIBED
5
AMOUNT

P.MOHAN RANIPET NEAR ONE 510 204.39 EXCESS FROM

FACTORY PRESCRIBED
6 AMOUNT

R.RAJESH GANDHI NAGAR BROUGH FROM 190 76.14 BEST AMOUNT

KANNAN DRINKING TAP CONTAIN
7

D.PREETHI BRAND: BAILLEY MINERAL 105 42.08 DEFICIET

WATER
8

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

From our experiment we have found out that a place called “RANIPET” contains excessive of calcium
which is much above to what normal human body needs. As per the drinking water standards in India,
the limits of calcium in drinking water are 75ppm, but the water around this place contains 204.39ppm
which is very high. So the first question that struck in our mind after getting this unexpected is, what
cause the water around this place highly concentrated with calcium; to quench our curiosity, we did
little research and found out that this place is firstly located near to a factory, which otherwise has
acted as a source of impurity to the water nearby. Apparently people say that the place used to remain
covered with the white dust long time ago. Which is the indication of existence of calcium carbonate in
the region? Basically, we can say that this place is rich in minerals (ca) and as a result water also
contains excess of ca, but the fact that people should know is that the water in this place is not suitable
for normal human being to drink as it contains excess of ca which is bad for our health. So it is important
for the concern authority to take necessary precaution and ways to provide the people in this region
with clean and healthy water.

Similarly, we have found out that mineral “(brand: bailey)” contains the least calcium in it. It was wholly
unexpected results, because we believe that the mineral water is the BEST for health. We cannot say
exactly what caused acute deficiency of calcium in this particular brand of mineral water, but we can
assume that it may be because of too much filtration process involved during the manufacture. We
have also found out that the mineral water that we had used for our experiment was expired. This may
be the cause of the acute shortage.

Water in the Places like “KANGEYANALLUR, KATPADI, OUTSIDE VIT(1),VIRUTHAMPATTU” contains

excess of calcium from prescribed amount, but they are fit to drink as compared to other. All this places
are exposed to same climatic condition and vegetation.

However, the places like “OUTSIDE VIT(2) AND GHANDHI NAGAR” have water which contains
moderate amount of calcium in it. Among the entire sample that we have collected, these two samples
came out as the BEST among other for drinking purposes.

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

CONCLUSION:

Calcium ions are important contributors to water hardness. When water is heated, they break down and
precipitate out of the solution, forming scale. Maximum limits have been established. Calcium
concentrations ions more than 100mg/L have a laxative on some people. As per the drinking water
standards in India, the limit of Mg in drinking water is 30ppm and that of calcium us 75ppm.

Some of the major health issues caused by deficit of calcium intake are:

1. HYPOCALCEMIA-it is an electrolyte imbalance by low level of calcium in blood.

2. RICKETS

Some of the diseases caused by excess intake of calcium are:

1. FORMATION OS STONE IN KIDNEY

2. HYPERCALCEMIA
3. PARATHYROID

Approximately 60 percent of our body contains water. Our body uses water in all its cells, organs, and
tissues to help regulate its temperature and maintain other bodily functions. Water does more than just
quench our thirst and regulate our body temperature; it also keeps the tissues in our body moist. we
know how it feels when our eyes, nose, or mouth gets dry? Keeping our body hydrated helps it retain
optimum levels of moisture in these sensitive areas, as well as in the blood, bones, and the brain. In
addition, water helps protect the spinal cord, and it acts as a lubricant and cushion for our joints.

Therefore, it is very important to know about the quality of water that we drink in our day to day life
and live healthy and happy life.

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 PROJECT ON CALCIUM BASED WATER HARDNESS AND SOCIAL ISSUE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To conclude, finally our group like to thank all the individuals who have helped us genuinely in making
this project successful and presentable. Last but not the least; we would like to thank our faculty
Prof. SARAVANAKUMAR M P for guiding us throughout our project. Without his valuable advice and
assistance it would not be possible for our group to present this project to you all. Thank you to all.

Reference

1. http://google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8
2. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=experiment+to+determine+the+calcium&oq=experiment+t
o+determine+the+calcium&aqs=chrome..69i57.12769j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=U
TF-8

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTy9JBllUVg
4. https://www.google.co.in/search?q=mineral+water&oq=mineral+water&aqs=chrome..69i57j
69i61.4692j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8
5. Engineering chemistry O G Palanna, Department of Chemistry-RNS Institude of Technology
Bangalore.
6. https://www.google.co.in/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=engineering+chemistry+og+palanna
7. Engineering Chemistry by P.C JAIN
8. http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/high-calcium-intake-from-supplements-linked-to-heart-
disease-in-men-201302065861

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