EECE 3500 Communication Systems Topic: Quantization Process and Pulse Code Modulation Dr. Hong
EECE 3500 Communication Systems Topic: Quantization Process and Pulse Code Modulation Dr. Hong
EECE 3500 Communication Systems Topic: Quantization Process and Pulse Code Modulation Dr. Hong
Communication Systems
Dr. Hong
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© Dr. Liang Hong
Introduction
• Why quantization:
• Continuous signal has a continuous range of
amplitudes. i.e., within the finite amplitude range of the
signal, we find an infinite number of amplitude levels.
• It is not necessary to transmit the exact amplitude of the
samples.
• Definition:
Quantization is the process of transforming the sample
amplitude of a message signal into a discrete amplitude
taking from a finite set of possible amplitudes.
Discrete value signal
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• Example
Original message
signal
Pulse amplitude
modulated signal
Quantized samples
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Quantization Noise
• Definition:
The difference between the input sample m and output
sample v.
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Pulse Code Modulation
• Definition:
a process that represent a message signal by a sequence
of coded pulse.
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1. Sampling: f s 2W
2. Quantization:
In telephonic communication, nonuniform quantizer is
used
why
• Protect weak passages
• Large amplitude range occur relatively infrequently
• SNR is relatively insensitive to the input level
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• -law: A-law:
A| m| 1
log(1 | m |) 1 log A 0 | m |
| v | A
log(1 ) | v |
1 log( A | m |) 1
| m | 1
1 log A A
(c) Unipolar RZ
(d) Bipolar RZ
Quantized samples
Tb
Unipolar
A 3-bit PCM
NRZ
signaling t
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 T
1
Binary data 010 011 110 111 101 100 001
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• Example:
A signal with 5 kHz maximum frequency is transmitted
using PCM with eight levels of quantization and binary
code. What is the minimum bit rate required?
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• Signal-to-Quantization-Noise ratio:
• The use of quantization always introduce error (noise)
• Quantization noise = The difference between the input
sample m and output sample v.
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Consider a PCM system with R bits per sample in the
construction of the binary code, then the number of
quantization representation levels is
L 2R
P 3P 2 R
( SQNR) 2
Q2 2
mmax
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• Example:
Consider the special case of a full–load sinusoidal
modulating signal of amplitude Am, which utilizes all the
representation levels provided. Find the signal-to-
quantization-noise ratio.
3 2R
( SQNR) 2
2
Expressing in decibels,
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• Example:
Consider the an audio signal comprised of the
sinusoidal term.
s(t ) 3 cos 500 t
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• Basic operation of PCM receiver:
1. Regeneration circuit:
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2. Decoder:
• regroup the clean pulses into code words and map
back into a quantized PAM signal
• Generate a pulse with amplitude that is the linear
sum of all the pulses in the code word, with each
pulse being weighted by its place value (20, 21, …,
2R-1) in the code.
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• Advantages of PCM:
1.Robustness to channel noise and interference
2.Efficient regeneration of the coded signal along the
transmission path
Digital system
Analog system
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3. Efficient exchange of increased channel bandwidth for
improved signal-to-noise ratio
4. A uniform format for the transmission of different kinds
of basedband signal, hence their integration with
other form of digital data in a common network
5. Comparative ease with which message sources may
be dropped or reinserted in a time-division multiplex
system
6. Secure communication through the use of special
modulation schemes or encryption
• Disadvantages:
1.High system complexity
2.Require higher channel bandwidth
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