World Applied Sciences Journal 8 (9): 1150-1156, 2010

ISSN 1818-4952
© IDOSI Publications, 2010

Short Term Treatment of Shrimp Aquaculture Wastewater

Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

L. Nyanti, G. Berundang and T.Y. Ling

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak,

94300 Kota Samarahan, Malaysia

Abstract: Among the environmental concerns of shrimp aquaculture is pollution from pond effluent. Water
hyacinth was found to be effective in treating different types of wastewater. Therefore, in this study the
potential of short term treatment of pond effluent was investigated. Wastewater from newly harvested shrimp
pond was placed in fiberglass tanks outdoor where water surface was fully-cover (F), half-cover (H) and not
covered (control) (C) with water hyacinth for 76 hours. Results show that percent reductions were in decreasing
order of F>H>C in all the parameters studied. Ammonia nitrogen in F decreased from 1.8 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L in 46
hours whereas in H and C, their concentrations were above 0.6 mg/L. For F treatment, percentage reductions
ranged from 52.5 to 100% and were in the order of NO3-N>NO2-N>TP>TAN>TN>TSS>RP>BOD 5>COD. In H,
reduction ranged between 45.4 to 95.2% and in C they ranged from -18.5% to 74.9%. First order decay coefficient
for all the parameters were the highest in F followed by H and C treatments. This study showed that even
though the duration of the treatment was short, suspended solids, oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus
reductions were significantly higher in the water hyacinth treatments compared to treatment without water
hyacinth.

Key words:Water hyacinth Shrimp effluent Wastewater treatment Aquatic macrophytes Penaeus
monodon

INTRODUCTION are required to retain the wastewater in sedimentation

ponds for 72 hours prior to release into the rivers in order
Shrimp aquaculture is an important industry as to protect the surrounding environment. However, studies
capture shrimp is not able to meet the growing global indicate that sedimentation ponds were effective in
demand of shrimp products and it brings high economic reducing discharges of suspended particulates but less
returns [1]. Shrimp aquaculture is mostly concentrated in effective in reducing nutrient concentrations [6].
Asia and among the concerns is water pollution from Treating wastewater using aquatic macrophytes not
intensive shrimp aquaculture [2]. Intensive shrimp farm only protects the receiving water from eutrophication and
wastewater was reported to be high in total suspended the negative impacts on aquatic organisms but also allows
solids and high in nutrients such as nitrogen and nutrients to be recycled. Recycling of nutrients is urgent
phosphorus [3, 4] due to the low assimilation of nitrogen because nutrients such as phosphorus are a non-
and phosphorus by the shrimp. Nutrient budget studies renewable resource derived from phosphate rock and
showed that shrimp could only assimilate 23-31% nitrogen current global reserve may be depleted in 50-100 years [7].
and 10-13% phosphorus of the total input [5]. Thus, the Different aquatic plants systems for treatment of shrimp
remaining nitrogen and phosphorus are discharged during farm wastewater have been reported. Submerged aquatic
regular water exchange or incorporated in the pond plants, Elodea densa, were reported to reduce the peak
sediment which is washed out after shrimp harvesting. An ammonia and nitrite concentrations of recirculating
economical way to treat the wastewater is to discharge it Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture systems [8].
into sedimentation ponds. In Malaysia, similar Experimental scale model constructed wetland with
management practice is in place whereby shrimp operators Acrostchum aureum, a mangrove fern, in gravel was

Corresponding Author: Lee Nyanti, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology,

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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reported to reduce more organic carbon, nitrogen and TSS and BOD5 analyses followed that of standard
phosphorus more than that without plant [1]. Free water methods [18]. For the other parameters, water samples
surface and subsurface flow constructed wetland cells were filtered through a 0.45 µm pore size membrane
using cattail and common reed to control water quality of filter before analysis using Hach procedures where
recirculating aquaculture systems for shrimp culture was concentrations were determined colorimetrically using
reported to effectively reduce total suspended solids, the Hach Spectrophotometer DR2010 [19]. COD was
biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrite [9, 10]. determined using the reactor digestion method.
Water hyacinth has been found to be effective and Determination of NO3-N and NO2-N were based on
tolerant in treating piggery wastewater [11, 12] dairy farm cadmium reduction method and diazotization method
wastewater [13, 14, 15] and urban sewage [16]. However, respectively. TAN and TN were analyzed using Nessler
according to Parsons and Cuthbertson [17], water method and persulfate digestion method. RP and TP
hyacinth does not tolerate salinity levels above 16 ppt. analysis followed the ascorbic acid method and the acid
Since the effluents were normally retained in persulfate digestion method.
sedimentation ponds for three days only, short term First order decay equation is frequently used
treatment effect needs to be investigated. Therefore, the to quantify the decay of pollutants in wetland treatment
objective of this study was to investigate the potential of [9, 10]. It can be expressed as
short duration treatment of brackish wastewater from
shrimp pond using water hyacinth. C (1)
= e−kt
Co

MATERIALS AND METHODS where k is the decay coefficient (d 1), Co is the

initial concentration and C is the concentration at time t.
The experimental study was conducted outdoor at a
The values of k were obtained by the regression of
commercial Penaeus monodon shrimp farm of the
ln C on t.
Malaysian Fisheries Development Board (LKIM) at
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
Telaga Air, Matang, located in the north east of Kuching
used to compare the mean reduction and decay
division, Sarawak, Malaysia. The climate of the area is
coefficients of water quality parameters. Tukey’s test was
tropical equatorial which is warm and humid throughout
performed to identify statistically significant difference
the year.
between pairs of means. Data were analyzed using SPSS
The experimental design was completely randomized
version 17.0.
design with three treatments where the surface was fully
covered (F), half covered (H) and not covered (C) with
RESULTS
water hyacinth which was the control that represented the
sedimentation pond. Wastewater from newly harvested
Penaeus monodon shrimp pond was channeled into a During the experiment, salinity was observed to range
sedimentation pond and subsequently pumped into nine from 24.5 to 26.5 psu in all treatments. For temperature, the
fiberglass tanks of water surface diameter of 1.5 m, depth ranges in the C treatment was the highest (5.7°C) followed
of 0.6 m and volume of 0.96 m3. Three replicates were by H (4.0°C) and F (3°C) (Fig. 1) respectively. pH values
setup for each treatment. Equal weights of water hyacinth fluctuated more in C tanks than F treatment and the values
were placed in each replicate tank. Water samples were in C (> 8) were consistently higher than those of F and H
collected nine times at 0, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 46 and 76 (Fig. 1). In the H treatment, pH was slightly higher than
hours. Temperature and DO values were recorded using that of F throughout the experiment. TSS decreased
Hydrolab Data Sonde Surveyor 4a with Water Quality exponentially in all treatments during the duration of the
Multiprobe (SN39301). pH and salinity were measured study in decreasing order of F>H>C (Fig. 1). The initial
using a pH meter (Cyberscan 20) and a refractometer value of 125 mg/L decreased to 12.3 mg/L, 22.8 mg/L and
(Atago S-10) respectively. Water in the tanks was 32.8 mg/L in the F, H and C treatments respectively after
sampled and analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), 76 hours.
5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical DO in F treatment increased slightly and
oxygen demand (COD), total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), subsequently decreased from 3.9 to 0.04 mg/L (Fig. 1).
nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO 2-N), total Similar trend was observed in the H treatment but DO was
nitrogen (TN), reactive phosphorus (RP) and total slightly higher than the F treatment where it reached
phosphorus (TP). the highest value of 5.3 and dropped to 0.10 mg/L.

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36 10
34 9
Temperature (oC) 32
8
30

pH
28 7
26 6
F F
24
H 5 H
22 C C
20 4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h) Time (h)

140 16
F F
120 14
H H
C 12 C
100

DO (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)

10
80
8
60 6
40 4
20 2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h) Time (h)

Fig. 1: Temperature, pH, TSS and DO in fully covered (F), half covered and not covered (C) with water hyacinth
treatments during the course of the experiment.
30 180
F 160 F
25 H H
140
C C
BOD5 (mg/L)

20 120
COD (mg/L)

100
15
80
10 60
40
5
20
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h)
Time (h)

Fig. 2: BOD5 and COD trend in fully covered (F), half covered (H) and not covered (C) with water hyacinth treatments
during the course of the experiment

However, in the C treatment, DO increased to a Both RP and TP decreased exponentially to low

maximum of 14.7 mg/L and I t fluctuated between values within 46 hours with final concentrations
7.7 and 14.7 mg/L. In F and H treatments, initial BOD5 of increasing in the order of F>H>C (Fig. 3). In the treatments
12 and 11 mg/L decreased to 3.4 and 6.0 mg/L with plants, RP initial values of 0.45 and 0.43 mg/L
respectively. However, in the C treatment, BOD5 increased decreased to 0.07 and 0.12 respectively. However, in the
from 11.5 to a maximum of 25.7 mg/L and fluctuated C treatment, initial value of 0.43 mg/L decreased to
resulting in the final value (13.7 mg/L) higher than the 0.15 mg/L only.
initial value (Fig. 2). In the F and H treatments BOD5 For nitrogen, TAN, NO2-N, NO3-N and TN showed
peaked at 4-hr and 12-hour after which they decayed larger decrease in concentrations under the F treatment
exponentially. COD trends were similar to TSS where when compared to the H and C treatments (Fig. 4). TAN
there was exponential decay with final concentrations in F decreased from 1.8 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L in 46 hours
increasing in the order of F>H>C. COD in F, H and whereas in H and C, their concentrations were still above
C treatments decreased from initial values of 151, 156, 0.6 mg/L. The concentrations NO2-N and NO3-N increased
154 mg/L to final values of 72, 85 and 92 mg/L initially in all treatments. For NO2-N, subsequent decrease
respectively. was most likely due to conversion to NO3-N. Eventually,

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0.50 1.6
F F
0.45 1.4
H H
0.40
C 1.2 C
0.35
RP (mg/L) 1.0

TP (mg/L)
0.30
0.25 0.8
0.20 0.6
0.15
0.4
0.10
0.05 0.2
0.00 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h) Time (h)

Fig. 3: RP and TP trend in fully covered (F), half covered (H) and not covered (C) with water hyacinth treatments during
the course of the experiment
2.0 0.35
1.8 F F
H 0.30
1.6 H
C 0.25 C

NO2-N (mg/L)
1.4
TAN (mg/L)

1.2 0.20
1.0
0.15
0.8
0.6 0.10
0.4 0.05
0.2
0.0 0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h) Time (h)

0.30 9
F 8
F
0.25 H H
7 C
C
NO3-N (mg/L)

0.20 6
TN (mg/L)

5
0.15 4
0.10 3
2
0.05 1
0.00 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h)
Time (h)

Fig. 4: TAN, NO2-N, NO3-N and TN trend in fully covered (F), half covered (H) and not covered (C) with water hyacinth
treatments during the course of the experiment

in F and H treatments, NO2-N decreased to zero. ranged from 52.5 to 100% with six parameters
However, for the C treatment, NO2-N decreased but achieving more than 90% removal, BOD5 and RP achieved
much more slowly and remained quite high (0.20 mg/L) at 71.5 and 84.7% respectively and 52.5% for COD. Percent
the end of the experiment. NO3-N decreased from 0.16 and reduction in F treatment was in decreasing order
0.19 mg/L respectively to zero in F and H. It took 46 hours of NO3-N>NO2-N>TP>TAN>TN>TSS>RP>BOD5>COD.
for NO3-N in the F treatment to be reduced to zero and in In the H treatment, percentage reduction ranged
H it decreased to 0.06 mg/L in that duration. However, in from 45.4 to 95.2% and similar to F, BOD 5 and COD
the C treatment, final concentration was still high (0.14 recorded the lowest reduction of less than 50%. In the C
mg/L). treatment which represented the sedimentation pond,
In terms of reduction, the percentage reduced reduction ranged from-18.5% for BOD5 to 74.9% for
were in decreasing order of F>H>C in all the TAN. There was an increase in BOD5 at the end of the
parameters studied (Table 1). In all the parameters, experiment giving negative reduction. Both NO 2-N and
F was significantly better than H (P=0.037) and C NO3-N reductions were very low, 2.3 and 6.5%
(P<0.0005) and H was significantly better than C respectively and reduction for other parameters ranged
(P=0.042). For F treatment, percentage reduction from 40% to 75%.

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Table 1: Reduction of water quality parameters in different treatments

Reduction (%)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameter F H C
TSS (mg/L) 90.1±1.1a 81.8±0.8b 73.9±2.0c
BOD5 (mg/L) 71.5±6.6a 45.4±7.5b -18.5±4.8c
COD (mg/L) 52.5 ±0.9a 45.8±2.3b 40.0±2.1c
RP (mg/L) 84.7±2.6a 72.1±2.9b 64.3±3.4c
TP (mg/L) 96.0±1.7a 89.0±1.4b 69.1±3.9c
TAN (mg/L) 91.7±1.6a 86.1±2.0b 74.9±1.6c
NO2-N (mg/L) 97.6±0.3a 95.2±0.9b 2.3±0.9c
NO3-N (mg/L) 100.0±0.0a 87.9±3.1b 6.5±5.2c
TN (mg/L) 91.4±1.7a 79.9±1.5b 68.7±1.1c
Means in the same row with the same letters are not significantly different at 5%

Table 2: First order decay coefficient, k and its goodness of fit for water quality parameters
k (d 1) R2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameter F H C F H C
TSS (mg/L) 0.74±0.03a 0.55±0.02b 0.46±0.02c 98.1±0.9a 97.6±1.3a 95.8±2.5a
COD (mg/L) 0.24 ±0.00a 0.20±0.01b 0.18±0.01c 94.6±1.6a 93.1±2.7a 95.7±1.8a
RP (mg/L) 0.56±0.06a 0.47±0.04ab 0.36±0.04b 87.8±5.8a 82.5±3.0a 78.8±6.6a
TP (mg/L) 1.09±0.13a 0.76±0.04b 0.42±0.06c 97.1±2.5a 96.2±0.3a 84.9±5.3b
TAN (mg/L) 0.85±0.06a 0.61±0.03b 0.46±0.02c 95.9±0.5a 98.6±0.5b 98.8±0.5b
TN (mg/L) 0.67±0.01a 0.46±0.01b 0.37±0.01c 95.1±0.7a 97.0±0.7a 94.7±1.8a
*Means in the same row with the same letters are not significantly different at 5%

Table 2 shows the values of the decay coefficient, treatment fluctuated due to algae growing in the nutrient
k and its goodness of fit measured by coefficient of rich condition which used up carbon dioxide for
determination, R2. First order decay fitted the data well photosynthesis during the day causing pH to rise to 9 or
with R2 more than except for RP where R2 ranged from more during daytime [20]. In the process, oxygen was
79-88% due to the drastic drop in concentration for produced giving high DO. In the H treatment, pH was
the first 18 hours and subsequently small decrease. slightly higher than that of F treatment due to the
Decay coefficient for all the parameters were the influence of algae as the tank surfaces were only half
highest for the F treatment followed by H and the lowest covered by water hyacinth. TSS in the tanks reflects the
was the C treatment. Statistical analysis showed that all solids discharged from the harvest ponds and
parameters except RP, the F treatment decay coefficient sedimentation was the primary mechanism responsible for
was significantly higher than H treatment (P=0.006) and C the decrease over time. However, the H and C treatments
(P=0.006) treatment. H treatment was significantly higher showed higher TSS than F treatment throughout the
than C treatment P=0.021). For RP, the H treatment was experiment due to the growth of algae which added to the
not significantly different from F treatment (P=0.146) and TSS as the quantity of algae was proportional to the area
C treatment (P=0.078). exposed to solar radiation. Water hyacinth has been used
to control algae growth [17].
DISCUSSION DO decreased in the F treatment due to the
consumption of oxygen during the oxidation of organic
Mean temperature ranges for the treatments were matter and nitrification process whereby ammonia was
different due to the area of exposure of the water surface oxidized but minimally replaced by aeration as the surface
to solar radiation whereby the area covered by water was fully covered by plants. In the H treatment, since the
hyacinth was shaded from solar radiation and thus less surface was half covered by water hyacinth, DO was
temperature change occurred. pH, DO and BOD5 in the C higher than F throughout the experiment due to the

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supply of oxygen from algae photosynthesis. The present study could be due to the low concentrations of
decrease of DO in the treatments with plant was also RP (0.43-0.45 mg/L) and thus they were almost all taken up
observed by Lin et al. [9] where it was reported that DO by the abundant water hyacinth whereas in their reported,
decreased from 5.4 to 2.0 mg/L in a combined free water RP was much higher, 8.5 mg/L. COD reduction in the F
surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetland treatment exceeded 50% in the present study of 3.2 days
system planted with common reed in treating shrimp was considerable as Zimmels et al. [16] also reported that
wastewater. COD decreased from 460 to 100 mg/L after 6-7 days of no
Oxygen demand reductions were higher in the circulation in water hyacinth free water surface flow
treatments with water hyacinth than that without water system treating urban sewage in Israel.
hyacinth due to the increase in bacteria responsible for For trend of decrease, with minimal interference from
the breakdown of organic matter provided by the large algae, the decrease was exponential which is similar to the
surface areas of the extensive roots of the water hyacinth report of Lin et al. [9]. In terms of values of decay
plants for their attachment [21]. This also explains the coefficient, for the TAN, the value of 0.85 d 1 in the
higher reduction of TAN, NO2-N, NO3-N and TN in the F present study was slightly less than the combined free
and H system when compared to the C treatment. The key water surface flow and subsurface flow constructed
mechanism of P removal in pond systems was uptake by wetland system value of 1.115 d 1 [9], but more than the
plants [22]. Both algae and water hyacinth took up P for value of 0.434 d 1 [23, 24] As for decay coefficient for
their growth. This explains the decrease of P in all the RP of 0.56 d 1, it is slightly higher than 0.479 d 1 reported
three treatments. However, the bacteria attached to the by [9].
extensive root system of water hyacinth is likely
responsible for the higher reduction in treatments with CONCLUSIONS
plants.
This study shows that water hyacinth fully covered
The decrease in concentration of TAN in the F
treatment showed the highest reduction of oxygen
treatments was predominantly due to oxidation to nitrate
demand, nitrogen, phosphorus and solids followed by
which in the F and H systems were taken up by water
half covered treatment and the least efficient was the non-
hyacinth. The concentrations NO2-N and NO3-N increased
vegetated treatment which represented the sedimentation
initially in all treatments due to the addition of nitrite and
pond. It is therefore recommended that water hyacinth be
nitrate from the oxidation of ammonia through nitrification
introduced to improve the water quality of sedimentation
process. In C treatment, due to the high DO provided by
pond before discharge. However, DO in the water
algae respiration, oxidation of ammonia to NO2-N and
hyacinth treatment had to be increased to protect
NO3-N continued and thus giving high final NO2-N
sensitive aquatic species in the river.
and NO3-N and low reduction. In the F treatment,
NO3-N decreased to zero at 46 hours likely due to ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
denitrification process. From the 18th hour, since DO
dropped below 1 mg/L and oxygen became the limiting We acknowledge the financial assistance provided
nutrient and nitrification slowed down [22]. In this anoxic by Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and the Malaysian
condition, most likely denitrification process occurred to Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and the
remove nitrogen where NO3-was reduced to NO2-and assistance of Mr. Ahim Noh of LKIM who assisted us
subsequently to nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and during data collection.
nitrogen gas and the last three are in gaseous form and
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