Fire Protection System
Fire Protection System
Fire Protection System
ENGINE
FIRE PROTECTION
SMKN 10 KAB TANGERANG
Produktif Kompetensi Kejuruan Airframe
Powerplant
MATA PELAJARAN
Turbine Engine System And Component
KELAS/SEMESTER
XII AP / 5 dan 6
STANDAR KOMPETENSI
“Merawat Gas Turbine Engine System”
PT. METRO BATAVIA
Directorate of Operational
Slide 1 of 57
KOMPETENSI DASAR
Control Stand
Note: The engine fire warning switches also illuminate during an OVHT/FIRE test.
Note: The APU fire warning switch also illuminates during an OVHT/FIRE test.
The following is a list of items that occur when the APU fire warning switch is “pulled-up”:
• Allows the APU fire warning switch to be rotated.
• Arms the discharge squib on the APU fire extinguisher bottle.
• Closes APU fuel shutoff valve, APU fuel solenoid valve, APU bleed air valve, and APU air inlet door.
• Trips the generator control relay and circuit breaker.
• Provides a backup for the automatic shutdown feature.
Rotating the APU fire warning switch left or right will discharge the APU fire bottle extinguishing
agent into the APU shroud.
“A” –
Overheat/fire detector loop “A” is the selected active loop on respective engine.
“B” –
Overheat/fire detector loop “B” is the selected active loop on respective engine.
OVHT/FIRE –
Tests both overheat/fire detection loops (“A” and “B”) on both engines. Also tests the APU and
wheel well fire detector loops.
Note: A detailed description of the FAULT/INOP and OVHT/FIRE test will be discussed later in this
presentation.
Note: All fire extinguisher bottle squibs are powered by the hot battery bus.
Note: The ENG OVERHEAT lights also illuminate during an OVHT/FIRE test.
Note: The WHEEL WELL fire warning light also illuminates during an OVHT/FIRE test if the wheel
well fire loop is normal (see note below).
Note: The fire detector loop in the wheel well is AC powered (transfer bus 1). Therefore, AC
power on the aircraft is required to detect a wheel well fire and to test the wheel well fire detector
loop. Also, the nose gear wheel well does not incorporate a fire detection system.
FAULT Light:
Illuminated –
• Indicates both overheat/fire detector loops (“A” and “B”) have failed on an engine (with related
OVHT DET switch in NORMAL).
• Indicates the selected overheat/fire detector loop (“A” or “B”) has failed on one engine (with
related OVHT DET switch in “A” or “B”).
• During an OVHT/FIRE test, indicates an overheat/fire detector loop(s) (“A” or “B”) has failed on
one or both engines (with related OVHT DET switch in NORMAL).
Note: FAULT light also illuminates during a FAULT/INOP test if fault detection circuits are normal.
Note: The MASTER CAUTION and OVHT/DET system annunciator lights DO NOT illuminate when
the FAULT light illuminates.
SMKN 10 KAB TANGERANG
PT. METRO BATAVIA
Directorate of Operational
Slide 14 of 57
Overheat/Fire Protection Panel
- Lights -
Note: APU DET INOP light also illuminates during a FAULT/INOP test if the APU fire detector loop
is normal.
Note: The MASTER CAUTION system does not illuminate when the APU BOTTLE DISCHARGED
light illuminates.
Note: The MASTER CAUTION system does not illuminate when the L or R BOTTLE DISCHARGED
lights illuminates.
Push –
Manually unlocks the respective fire warning
switch, which then allows the switch to be
“pulled-up.” This action may be necessary if
the switch fails to unlock during an engine
overheat or fire condition.
Illuminated steady –
Indicates APU fire warning HORN CUTOUT switch
has been pushed following an APU fire indication.
Light remains illuminated steady until the APU fire
detector loop no longer detects a fire condition.
This concludes the general review of the fire protection system. The next
section will discuss the fire protection system in greater detail. Click Next to continue.
The engines, APU, main gear wheel well, and lavatories all incorporate a fire detection system.
The engines also incorporate an overheat detection system. All the aforementioned areas
have their own fire extinguishing system, except the main gear wheel well.
The engine overheat/fire detection system is known as a “dual-loop” system. This “dual-
loop” system consists of two identical overheat/fire detector loops. Both loops are
capable of detecting an overheat or fire condition. The loops are referred to as loop “A”
and loop “B.”
Upper fan
element
Lower fan
element
Loop “A” and loop “B” both consist of four sensing elements. Each sensing element is part
of a continuous electrical resistance loop, with resistance varying inversely as a function of
temperature. In other words, as the temperature of the sensing element increases,
resistance decreases. The sensing elements run side-by-side and are attached to a support
tube. The power source for both overheat/fire detector loops is the battery bus.
The four sensing elements are located in the following four areas of the engine: engine
strut, upper fan, lower fan, and surrounding engine core
With the OVHT DET switches positioned to NORMAL, both loop “A” and loop “B” sensing
elements must agree on a overheat condition before an overheat signal is sent to the flight deck.
With the OVHT DET switch positioned to “A” or “B,” the system operates as a single loop
system. The selected loop will operate normally without the assistance of the non-selected loop
and, if necessary, will send an overheat signal to the flight deck if it detects an overheat
condition.
The pictures above indicate which lights will be illuminated during an overheat condition on the
No. 1 engine. The ENG 1 OVERHEAT light will remain illuminated until the temperature of the
detector loops drop below the pre-determined limit.
SMKN 10 KAB TANGERANG
PT. METRO BATAVIA
Directorate of Operational
Slide 34 of 57
Engine Overheat and Fire Detection
With the OVHT DET switches positioned to NORMAL, both loop “A” and loop “B” sensing
elements must agree on a fire condition before a fire signal is sent to the flight deck.
With the OVHT DET switch positioned to “A” or “B,” the system operates as a single loop
system. The selected loop will operate normally without the assistance of the non-selected
loop and, if necessary, will send a fire signal to the flight deck if it detects a fire condition.
The pictures above indicate which lights will be illuminated during a fire condition on the
No. 1 engine. The engine fire warning switch and ENG 1 OVERHEAT light will remain
illuminated until the temperature of the detector loops drop below the pre-determined limit.
Recall that the FAULT light monitors both loop “A” and “B” on both engines. With a failure
of one loop on either engine, and the OVHT DET switches in NORMAL, the affected loop is
automatically “deselected” and the system operates as a single loop system. The crew will
still be warned of an overheat or fire condition even with one loop inoperative. There is no
flight deck indication of a single loop failure, i.e. the FAULT light does not illuminate.
If both loop “A” and “B” were to fail on either engine, the FAULT illuminates. The failure of
both loops renders the overheat/fire detection system inoperative on the affected engine.
The illumination of the FAULT light does not illuminate the master caution or any system
annunciator.
FIRE FIRE
L FIRE
OVERHEAT
OVERHEAT NONE
OVERHEAT
FAULT
O
OVERHEAT OVERHEAT OVERHEAT NONE OVERHEAT FAULT
O
P NORMAL NONE NONE NONE NONE FAULT
FIRE
“B” FAULT
OVERHEAT
OVERHEAT NONE FAULT FAULT
POWER
FAULT FAULT FAULT FAULT FAULT
FAILURE
This table indicates which overheat/fire detection warning lights will be illuminated under various
conditions assuming both loops are operative. For example, if loop “A” on the No. 1 engine was
detecting an overheat condition and loop “B” on the No. 1 engine was detecting a fire condition, the
ENG 1 OVERHEAT light would be illuminated. This is because both loops have at least agreed upon
an overheat condition, yet do not agree on a fire condition.
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PT. METRO BATAVIA
Directorate of Operational
Slide 37 of 57
Overheat, Fire, and Fault Light Logic
OPERATING
POWER
LOOP FIRE OVERHEAT NORMAL FAULT
FAILURE
CONDITION
FLIGHT DECK FIRE
OVERHEAT NONE FAULT FAULT
INDICATION OVERHEAT
This table indicates which overheat/fire detection warning lights will be illuminated under various
conditions assuming one loop inoperative. For example, if loop “A” on the No. 1 engine was
inoperative and loop “B” on the No. 1 engine was sensing a fire condition, the No. 1 fire warning switch
and the ENG 1 OVERHEAT light would be illuminated. Because one loop is inoperative, the operating
loop acts as a single loop system and sends the appropriate warning signals to the fight deck.
In order to combat an engine fire, the respective fire warning switch must be “pulled-up” and
rotated left or right. The fire warning switches are normally locked down to prevent an
inadvertent shutdown of an engine. They are automatically unlocked when the system detects
an overheat or fire condition. If the fire warning switches fail to unlock, they may be manually
unlocked via the fire warning switch override (located under each fire warning switch).
The following is a list of items that occur when an engine fire warning switch is “pulled-up”:
• Allows the engine fire warning switch to be rotated.
• Arms one discharge squib on each engine fire extinguisher bottle.
• Closes respective engine fuel shutoff valve, hydraulic shutoff valve, and engine bleed air valve.
• Trips the respective generator control relay and circuit breaker.
• Thrust reverser isolation valve closes, thereby disabling the thrust reverser.
• Deactivates the respective engine driven pump hydraulic LOW PRESSURE light.
There are two engine fire bottles located in the main gear wheel well. Either or both fire bottles
are capable of discharging their extinguishing agent to either engine. Two squib cartridges are
attached to the discharge ports of both fire bottles. Rotating an engine fire warning switch “fires”
the appropriate squib on the selected bottle, which in turn ruptures a retaining disc and releases
the extinguishing agent into the respective engine. When the pressure in the fire bottle drops
below a pre-determined limit, the respective BOTTLE DISCHARGED light illuminates.
See picture of
engine fire bottles
A single fire detector loop is installed on the APU and consists of three sensing elements.
The sensing elements are located in the APU engine and exhaust areas. The sensing
elements function similar to the engine overheat/fire detector loops, i.e. as the temperature
of the sensing element increases, resistance decreases. The power source for the fire
detector loop is the battery bus.
A fault monitoring system is installed to ensure that the APU fire detector loop is
functioning properly. If the loop fails, the APU DET INOP light illuminates as well as the
MASTER CAUTION and OVHT/DET system annunciator.
In order to combat an APU fire, the APU fire warning switch must be “pulled-up” and
rotated left or right. The APU fire warning switch is normally locked down to prevent an
inadvertent shutdown of the APU. It is automatically unlocked when the system detects a
fire condition in the APU. If the fire switch fails to unlock, it may be manually unlocked via
the fire warning switch override (located under the APU fire warning switch).
The following is a list of items that occur when the APU fire warning switch is “pulled-up”:
• Allows the APU fire warning switch to be rotated.
• Provides a backup for the automatic shutdown feature.
• Closes APU fuel shutoff valve, APU fuel solenoid valve, APU bleed air valve, and APU air inlet door.
• Trips the generator control relay and circuit breaker.
• Arms the discharge squib on the APU fire extinguisher bottle.
There is one APU fire extinguisher bottle located in the empennage section of the aircraft.
One squib cartridge is attached to the discharge port of the fire bottle. Rotating the APU
fire warning switch “fires” the squib which in turn ruptures a retaining disc and releases
the extinguishing agent into the APU. When the pressure in the fire bottle drops below a
pre-determined limit, the APU BOTTLE DISCHARGED light illuminates.
Located on the lower right side of the fuselage, under the APU air inlet door, are two APU
fire bottle indicators. The indicators are small red and yellow plastic discs held in place by
a snap-ring. The red disc is the thermal relief indicator and the yellow disc is the system
discharge indicator.
If the internal temperature of the fire extinguisher bottle exceeds approximately 266° F., the
extinguishing agent will be expelled into a discharge line which leads to the thermal relief
indicator (red disc). The pressure from the bottle will rupture the thermal relief indicator and
all the extinguishing agent is dumped overboard.
When the APU fire warning switch is rotated in either direction, the extinguishing agent from
the bottle is automatically expelled into the APU shroud. When this occurs, some of the
pressure from the bottle is routed to the system discharge indicator (yellow disc). The
pressure forces a small “knock-out” pin to punch the yellow disc out onto the ground. The
“knock-out” pin will protrude slightly from the hole where the yellow disc was.
A single fire detector loop is installed on the ceiling of the main gear wheel well. The fire
detector loop consists of one continuous sensing element that functions similar to the
engine overheat/fire detector loops, i.e. as the temperature of the sensing element
increases, resistance decreases. The power source for the fire detector loop is transfer bus
1. The nose gear wheel well does not incorporate a fire detection system.
When the temperature of the sensing element rises to a pre-determined limit, the WHEEL
WELL fire warning light illuminates and the fire warning bell sounds. These pictures
indicate which lights will be illuminated during a wheel well fire condition.
The WHEEL WELL fire warning light will remain illuminated until the temperature of the fire
detector loop drops below the pre-determined limit.
Note: The main gear wheel well detection system does not incorporate any type of fire
extinguishing system.
The fault detection circuits for both engines and the APU are tested by pushing and holding the TEST
switch to the FAULT/INOP position. The picture above and the list below indicates which lights will be
illuminated during a successful FAULT/INOP test:
• The FAULT light illuminates.
• The APU DET INOP light illuminates.
• The OVHT/DET system annunciator light illuminates (due to the illumination of the APU DET INOP light).
• Both MASTER CAUTION lights illuminate.
When the FAULT/INOP test switch is released, the FAULT and APU DET INOP lights extinguish. The
MASTER CAUTION and OVHT/DET system annunciator lights extinguish when either MASTER
CAUTION light is pressed.
If the FAULT or APU DET INOP lights do not illuminate during the test, the respective fault detection
circuits are inoperative and the FAULT/INOP test would therefore be considered unsuccessful.
To test the overheat/fire detection loops on both engines, the APU fire detector loop, and the main gear
wheel well fire detector loop, position the TEST switch to the OVHT/FIRE position. The picture above
and the list below indicates which lights will be illuminated during a successful OVHT/FIRE test:
• The fire warning bell sounds.
• Both engine fire warning switches illuminate.
• The APU fire warning switch illuminates.
• Both ENG OVERHEAT lights illuminate.
• Both MASTER CAUTION lights and both FIRE WARN lights illuminate.
• The OVHT/DET system annunciator light illuminates (due to the illumination of the ENG OVERHEAT lights).
• The WHEEL WELL fire warning light illuminates (if AC power is on the aircraft).
• The APU fire warning light flashes and the APU fire warning horn sounds (if on the ground).
When the OVHT/FIRE test switch is released, the fire warning bell silences and all overheat and
fire warning lights extinguish. The MASTER CAUTION and OVHT/DET system annunciator
lights extinguish when either MASTER CAUTION light is pressed.
During a successful OVHT/FIRE test, the FAULT light will not illuminate along with the other overheat and
fire warning lights. If the FAULT light does illuminate during the OVHT/FIRE test, this indicates that one or
more detector loops have failed on either engine. The OVHT/FIRE test would therefore be considered
unsuccessful. In order to determine which loops on which engine have failed, the OVHT/FIRE test must
be performed again while each OVHT DET switch is positioned to “A” and then “B”. For example, let’s
assume that loop “A” is inoperative on the No. 1 engine. When the OVHT/FIRE test is performed with both
OVHT DET switches in “A,” all overheat and fire warning lights illuminate normally except for the
ENG 1 OVERHEAT and the No. 1 fire warning switch. The FAULT light also illuminates reaffirming that a
fault condition exists on the “A” loop, No. 1 engine. The picture above indicates which lights will be
illuminated/extinguished during an OVHT/FIRE test with an inoperative “A” loop, No. 1 engine. Notice the
ENG 2 OVERHEAT and No. 2 fire warning switch are illuminated indicating loop “A” No. 2 engine is good.
SMKN 10 KAB TANGERANG
PT. METRO BATAVIA
Directorate of Operational
Slide 58 of 57
Extinguisher Test
When the extinguisher test switch is positioned to 1 or 2, circuit continuity is tested from the engine and
APU fire extinguisher bottle squibs to the respective fire warning switch.
All three green extinguisher test lights will illuminate indicating a successful test.
The following is what occurs when the extinguisher test switch is positioned to 1 and 2:
Positioned to 1 –
Circuit continuity is tested on the No. 1 squib for both the left and right fire extinguisher bottles. Circuit
continuity is also tested for the squib on the APU fire extinguisher bottle.
Positioned to 2:
Circuit continuity is tested on the No. 2 squib for both the left and right fire extinguisher bottles. Circuit
continuity is tested again for the squib on the APU fire extinguisher bottle.