Synchronous Generator Transient Analysis

(a) Short circuit armature current oscillogram

Pre-short circuit line voltage = 54V
Steady short circuit current = 3.4 A
Generator speed = 1500 rpm
Number of generator pole pairs =2

Short circuit armature current oscillogram

(b) Field current oscillogram
Steady state field current = 0.2A

(c) Open circuit armature voltage waveform

(d) Slip test
Minimum phase current = 4.8 A
Maximum phase current = 5A
Minimum line voltage = 42V
Maximum line voltage = 44V
Generator speed = 1475 rpm

Phase voltage waveform

 CALCULATIONS

(1)
Step1: Obtain the half the magnitude of the peak to peak value of the short circuit current
wave form and graph draw.
Using the data from the graph calculate 𝑋𝑑 and 𝑋𝑑′′ values.

Time(ms) 𝐼𝑎,𝑃𝑘- 𝑃𝑘 𝐼𝑎,𝑃𝑘 log scale

10 29 1.1614
30 22 1.0414
50 19 0.9777
70 16 0.9031
90 14 0.8451
110 13 0.8129
130 13 0.8129
150 12 0.7782
170 11 0.7404
190 11 0.7404
210 11 0.7404
230 11 0.7404
250 11 0.7404
270 11 0.7404
290 11 0.7404
310 11 0.7404

Using the data from the graph,

A = antilog (1.2) = 15.849

B = antilog (0.74) = 5.495

Reactance of the generator

√2Vs
xd =
B
√2×54
xd = = 8.024Ω
√ 5.495
3×

Sub-transient reactance
√2Vs
xd" =
A
√2×54
xd" = = 2.782Ω
√ 15.849
3×
 Ia,Pk (Log scale) vs Time Graph

Time(ms) 𝐼𝑎,𝑃𝑘 log scale

10 1.1614
30 1.0414
50 0.9777
70 0.9031
90 0.8451
110 0.8129
130 0.8129
150 0.7782
170 0.7404
190 0.7404
210 0.7404
230 0.7404
250 0.7404
270 0.7404
290 0.7404
310 0.7404
 Ia,Pk (Log scale) vs Time Graph

1.4

1.2

ΔX
0.8
log ( Ia,pk)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (ms)
Step2: Using the above graph calculate ΔX values for different times

Time (ms) ΔX
10 8.9590
20 7.0938
30 5.4694
40 4.9759
50 4.0545
60 3.2142
70 2.4479
80 2.0904
90 1.7490
100 1.4229
110 1.1115
120 0.8142
130 0.6705
140 0.5302
150 0.3660
160 0.2590
170 0.1280
180 0.1022
190 0.0254

Using the data from the graph,

C = 2.1
1
xd′ =
1 C
xd + √2Vs

√2Vs
xd′ =
A+C
√2×54
xd′ = = 2.4564 Ω
√3×(15.849+2.1)

C/e = 2.1/e = 0.77

D = 124ms
Td′ = D = 124ms
 ΔX vs Time Graph

Time (ms) ΔX
10 8.9590
20 7.0938
30 5.4694
40 4.9759
50 4.0545
60 3.2142
70 2.4479
80 2.0904
90 1.7490
100 1.4229
110 1.1115
120 0.8142
130 0.6705
140 0.5302
150 0.3660
160 0.2590
170 0.1280
180 0.1022
190 0.0254
 ΔX vs Time Graph

12

10

6
ΔX

ΔY

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

-2
Time (ms)
Step3: Using the above graph obtained the ΔY values at different times

Time(ms) ΔY ΔY log scale

10 6.7 0.8261
20 5.4 0.7324
30 4.04 0.6064
40 3.2 0.5051
50 2.3 0.3617
60 1.8 0.2553
70 1.28 0.1072

Using the data from the graph,

E = 0.96
E/e = 0.3532
F = 52ms
Td" = F = 52ms

Calculate the open circuit transient and sub -transient time constants
′ x 8.024
Td0 = Td′ xd′ = 124 × 2.4564 = 405.05ms
d

" x′d 2.4564

Td0 = Td" = 52 × = 45.91ms
x"d 2.782
ΔY (Log scale) vs Time Graph

Time(ms) ΔY log scale

10 0.8261
20 0.7324
30 0.6064
40 0.5051
50 0.3617
60 0.2553
70 0.1072
 ΔY (Log scale) vs Time Graph

1.2

0.8
log (ΔY)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (ms)
Step4: The armature time constant Ta can be obtained by taking a plot of envelop mean with
time

Time(ms) 𝐼𝑎,𝑃𝑘- 𝑃𝑘
10 29
30 22
50 19
70 16
90 14
110 13
130 13
150 12
170 11
190 11
210 11
230 11
250 11
270 11
290 11
310 11

We can obtain G and H values from the graph,

Using that we can determine the value Ta,

G = 21 A
G/e = 7.7255 A
H = 309ms
Ta = H = 309ms
 Ia, pk-pk Vs Time Graph

Time(ms) Ia, pk-pk

10 29
30 22
50 19
70 16
90 14
110 13
130 13
150 12
170 11
190 11
210 11
230 11
250 11
270 11
290 11
310 11
 Ia, pk-pk Vs Time Graph

35

30

25

20
Ia pk-pk

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (ms)
 (2) Field current variation following a sudden three phase short circuit at the armature is given
by,

(xd − xd′ ) −t⁄T′ Tkd −t⁄T" Tkd −t⁄T

If = If0 + If0 ′ [e d − (1 −
"
)e d − e a cos(ωt)]
xd Td Ta

By substituting the values we get from the practical and assuming no dampers,

(8.024 − 2.456) −t −t
If = 0.2 + 0.2 × [e0.124 − e0.052 ]
2.456
−t −t
If = 0.2 + 0.4534 [e0.124 − e0.052 ]
Field current (A)

Time(s)

(3) Armature voltage on sudden open circuit from a steady short circuit,

−t −t
(xd − x′d ) ⁄T′ (x′d − x"d ) ⁄T"
Va = √2Vs cos(ωt + θ0 ) − √2Vs e d0 cos(ωt + θ0 ) − √2Vs e d0 cos(ωt + θ0 )
x"d xd

θ=0
(8.024 − 2.456) −t⁄
Va = √2 x31.177cos(2πx50t) − √2x31.177 e 0.405 cos(2πx50t)
2.782
(2.456 − 2.782) −t⁄
− √2x31.177 e 0.045 cos(2πx50t)
2.782

−t⁄ −t⁄
Va = 44.09 cos(314.16t) − 88.24e 0.405 cos(314.16t) + 5.17e 0.045 cos(314.16t)
Armature Voltage (V)

Time(s)

(4) From the slip test,

(𝑉𝑎,𝑃𝑘−𝑃𝑘 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 44
𝑥𝑑 = (𝐼𝑎,𝑃𝑘−𝑃𝑘 )𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 4.8 = 9.167Ω

(𝑉 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 42
𝑥𝑄 = (𝐼 𝑎,𝑃𝑘−𝑃𝑘)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 8.4Ω
𝑎,𝑃𝑘−𝑃𝑘 5
 DISCUSSION
(01) Compare the parameter values computed using the short circuit current oscillogram, open
circuit voltage oscillogram and the slip test.

Test Parameter Value

Xd 8.024Ω
X’d 2.456Ω
X”d 2.782Ω
Short circuit
T’d 124ms
current
T”d 52ms
oscillogram
T’do 405.05ms
T”do 45.91ms
Ta 309ms
Xd 9.167Ω
Slip test
Xq 8.4Ω

We can see significant difference between the values obtained from the two test. There are
several possible reasons for this difference. The main reason is we need to get a symmetrical
short circuit waveform but the waveform we got is not 100% symmetrical. Other possible
reasons are reading errors, measuring instrument errors and errors when drawing graphs. In
this practical all the graphs are drawn using values calculated in previous graphs. Due to this
errors may be multiplied by several times in later steps so significant error added to the
values. Because of those reasons the accuracy of the parameters are less.

(02) Compare the agreement of theoretical and observed oscillogram of short circuit field current
and open circuit line voltage.

Both theoretical and observed short circuit field current graphs have same shape except
practical graph take more time to step in to the steady state. This is due to the reason that in
theoretical graph we neglect damper effect. So this damper effect make a huge impact on the
short circuit field current graph.
When comparing open circuit line voltage graphs there is no significant difference between
the waveforms except the voltage peak values.
(03) Discuss the features of short circuit oscillogram of phase and field currents.

From the graph we can clearly identify three regions as shown in above graph. They are sub
transient period, transient period and steady state period.
The period of time during which both the damper winding and the field winding carry induced
current is called “sub transient period”.
The period of time, following the sub transient period during which the field winding is
continued with induced current is called “transient period”.
The state, following complete decaying of induced current (in the damper winding and the field
winding both) called “steady state period”.
DC offset component is another feature of waveform that cause the waveform to become
unsymmetrical.

(04) Discuss the important of short circuit study.

Using short circuit analysis we can find parameters such as sub transient reactance, transient
reactance, and synchronous reactance of the generator. These parameters govern the magnitude
of the short circuit current and the oscillation and damping of the current waveform. Therefore
to apply necessary protection schemes in a synchronous generator such as breakers we need to
know those parameters.