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    of 4

    © 2017 IJEDR | Volume 5, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

    Survey on Different types of reconfigurable Patch


    Antenna for Wireless Applications
    1
    K. Mahendran, 2G. Manikannan
    1,2
    Assistant Professor, CK College of Engineering and Technology, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu

    Abstract — With the rapid advancement in wireless communication, reconfigurable antenna is gaining greater attention.
    Reconfigurable antenna have more advantages when compared with the conventional antenna. Reconfigurable antenna
    provide diversity feature of frequency, polarization and radiation pattern which is used in various applications. To achieve
    high bandwidth and high gain in wireless applications, reconfigurable Microstrip patch antennas are used. Different
    reconfigurable Microstrip patch antennas are analyzed and summarized in this paper.

    Keywords — Microstrip patch antenna, Reconfigurable antenna

    I. INTRODUCTION
    Microstrip patch antennas are printed directly onto a circuit board it becoming more useful. It is more popular due to its compact
    size, low cost, light weight, etc. It has an inherent characteristics such as light weight, low Profile, low cost, mechanically robust,
    compatibility with Integrated circuits and very versatile in terms of resonance Frequency. . Microstrip antenna has high bandwidth
    and gain.[5]. In high performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, and missile applications, microstrip antennas are widely used.
    Presently there are many other government and commercial applications such as mobile, radio and wireless communications
    where microstrip patch antennas are being given preference.

    A. Reconfigurable antenna
    Reconfigurable antenna is an antenna which is capable of reconfiguring its characteristics such as frequency, radiation pattern and
    polarization to adapt the environment. In recent years the reconfigurable antennas are attaining great attention especially in
    wireless communication systems due to its ability to reduce front end system and also allow pre-filtering at the receiver side. The
    reconfigurable antennas also contain many other features like low cost, multipurpose functions, and size miniaturization.
    Microstrip antenna has been used as a platform to design reconfigurable antenna. The requirement of increase bandwidth, gain
    performance can be achieved by reconfigurable antenna. The basic working principle of this reconfigurable antenna is achieved
    by switching the status of an RF switch (ON or OFF mode) affects the current distribution of the antenna. Switching components
    such as PIN diodes, varactor diodes, MEMs switches, and optoelectronic switches are normally used to achieve reconfigurable
    antenna.

    B. Reconfiguration
    Reconfiguration of antenna has classified into four categories.
    Frequency reconfiguration– change of frequency ant different band. By tuning the RF current in the circuit, reconfiguration is
    done.[5]
    Polarization reconfiguration - Radiating structure that can change its Polarization like horizontal polarization, vertical
    polarization, left hand and right hand side polarization. [4]
    Radiation pattern reconfiguration - Radiating structure able to tune radiating pattern that is called Radiation Pattern
    reconfiguration.[5]
    Gain reconfiguration Radiating Structure able to enhance the gain called Gain RA.

    II. SWITCHING COMPONENTS


    PIN Diodes – basic switching components used to alter the RF current flow in the circuit. It has the advantages that low cost, easy
    to fabricate, fast switching response, and reliable. PIN diode has only one drawback that it has high DC bias current. A detailed
    discussion about various configurability and survey of various reconfigurable antennas are discussed in the upcoming sections of
    the paper.
    Varactor Diodes – it has the advantage that the current flow through varactor diode is small when compared to PIN diode. The
    drawback is that varactor diodes are nonlinear and low dynamic range.

    MEMs – it has a greater advantage that low power loss and insertion loss. The drawback is that slow switching speed and has
    complex fabrication.

    IJEDR1703144 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 1025


    © 2017 IJEDR | Volume 5, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

    III. SURVEY ON RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA

    1. Pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna using MEMS.


    The antenna constructed by a rectangle patch and two U shape patches. This can be connected with RF MEMS and radiated
    with four patterns as shown in figure 2. The four patterns have operated at same frequency and used with radar and satellite.
    The switch is used to change the states of antenna, metal strips and air gaps are used rather than OFF and ON switches. In this
    antenna four directions are redirect with same frequency and coverage ranges of E and H plane. [8]

    2. Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip patch antenna using PIN Diode


    The frequency reconfigurable patch antenna using passive component like PIN diode that help to achieve frequency
    reconfiguration. PIN diode is placed at feed line. In addition, when passive components are switched ON than achieved one
    frequency and when switched OFF than achieved another frequency. So using this method achieves the different frequency on
    single antenna using PIN diode. [6]

    3. Frequency reconfigurable microstrip rectangular patch antenna Using stubs


    The frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna is connected to a feed line and two electronic switches. The design used with
    stubs are open, shorted and balanced stubs (three stubs). It attains with good Omni directional radiation. The antenna based on
    FR4 epoxy substrate with rectangular patched by a micro strip line. In the three types of stubs open stubs are not resulting with
    fully omni directional pattern, shorted stubs improved with radiation omni directional, and balanced stubs are attain with better
    omni directional pattern with balanced stubs and also the feed line are increased with electronic switches.

    4. Frequency reconfigurable micro strip antennas using VARACTOR diodes


    The design of a compact, single feed, dual polarized and electronically reconfigurable micro strip antenna are evaluated with the
    dual frequency. The dual frequencies are extended with arms of hexagonal slot. The slots are integrated with varactor diode to
    tune the frequency. The processes are applied with reverse bias. Hexagonal slot are exited with two distinct resonant modes of
    orthogonal polarization planes. That polarization is operated with dual frequency. Then the resonant mode are standard with
    micro strip feed line increase the resonant mode of dual frequency passive antenna. It also increases the size reduction of antenna.
    It attains with high frequency, gain, directivity and bandwidth.

    IV. APPLICATIONS

    A. Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for MIMO System


    MIMO systems are work as transmitter and receiver means multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The use of such type of antennas
    increases significantly the capacity by allowing the selection between different pattern and polarization configurations.
    Reconfigurable antenna arrays are the best solution for MIMO systems to maintain good communication links.

    B. Reconfigurable monopole antennas for WLAN\WIMAX application


    A simple reconfigurable monopole antenna with application of WLAN\WIMAX. The antenna compared with three patch strips
    tripe band monopole antennas operate with different frequency. Then the frequency are established using the software studio
    and fabricated on FR4 epoxy substrate. Antenna comprise with copper strip that are contribute to three resonance frequency.
    Copper strip are design with quarter wavelength of operating frequency. The triple band o strip antennas are connected with two
    switches of ON and OFF state that are ignored with reconfigurable antenna. The characteristics of antenna are required with
    application triple band frequency that are simulated and increase with return loss, low profile, compact, small size and good
    performance of application bands. [1]

    C. Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for a Cognitive Radio Application


    A cognitive radio system used to communicate efficiently across a channel by altering its frequency of operation based on the
    constant monitoring of the spectrum. This system is able to continuously monitor gaps in the finite frequency spectrum occupied
    by other wireless systems, and then dynamically alter its transmit/receive characteristics to operate within these unused frequency
    bands, thereby minimizing interference with other wireless systems and maximizing throughput. So solve this problem used
    reconfigurable. And frequency reconfigurable achieved by patch antenna within switching. [5][2]

    D. Reconfigurable Antennas for Satellite Applications


    The need for dynamic space applications has use of reconfigurable antennas for satellite communication. In this system, it is
    necessary to reconfigure the antenna radiation pattern to give out a new coverage zone, limit fading in rainy areas, and maintain
    high data rate at all possible frequency bands of operation elements. So achieved the frequency tuning which is suitable for
    cognitive radio applications. [7][3]

    V. CONCLUSION

    Different reconfigurable antennas are used in various wireless applications such as cognitive radio, space, satellite
    communication and mobile radio etc. Here different reconfiguration techniques are studied and explained different antennas for

    IJEDR1703144 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 1026


    © 2017 IJEDR | Volume 5, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

    different applications. Reconfigurable antennas are more efficient than all other antenna techniques because single antenna can be
    operated with different modes. It is suitable for single antenna with multi-use applications or users to use. It provides more
    efficient communication with minimum cost.

    REFERENCES
    [1] F. Yang and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “A reconfigurable patch antenna using switchable slots for circular polarization diversity,”
    IEEE Microw.Wireless Comp. Lett., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 2002.
    [2] J.T. Aberle et. al.‚ ’’Automatically tuning antenna for software-defined and cognitive radio “Proceedings of Software
    Defined Radio 2005 conference, Orange County, CA, November 2005
    [3] Christos G Christodoulou, Youssef Tawk , Steven A Lane and Scott R Erwin," Reconfigurable antennas for wireless and
    space applications ", Proceedings of the IEEE Vol 100 No .7, July 2012
    [4] Xue-Xia Yang,Atef Z. Elsherbeni,"A Polarization Reconfigurable Patch Antenna With Loop Slots On The Ground Plane",
    IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 11, 2012
    [5] Huda A. Majid, Mohamad Kamal Abdul Rahim, Mohamad Rijal Hamid, Noor Asniza Murad And Mohd Faizal Ismail
    “Frequency-Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch-Slot Antenna ” IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propogation Letters, Vol.12,
    2013
    [6] Nurulazlina Ramli*, Mohd Tarmizi Ali, Azita Laily Yusof, Suzilawati Muhamud-Kayat, And Hafiza Alias “Aperture-
    Coupled Frequency-Reconfigurable Stacked Patch Microstrip Antenna (FRSPMA) Integrated With PIN Diode Switch”
    Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 39, 237–254, 2013.
    [7] Chao Sun, Huili Zheng, Lingfei Zhang, And Ying Liu, "A Compact Frequency-Reconfigurable Patch Antenna For Beidou
    (COMPASS) Navigation System", IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13, 2014
    [8] Zi-Xian Yang, Hong-Chun Yang, Jing-Song Hong, "Bandwidth Enhancement Of A Polarization Reconfigurable Patch
    Antenna With Stair-Slots On The Ground", IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 13, 2014

    AUTHOR(S) BIOGRAPHY

    Mr. K. Mahendran is working as an Asst. Professor in CK College of Engineering & Technology, Cuddalore. He completed his
    B.E – ECE in Kamban Engineering College, Thiruvannamalai and M.E – Communication Systems in Mailam Engineering
    College, Mailam. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. under Antenna design in Annamalai University. His research areas are
    Antenna design, Image & Video processing, and Optical Communication etc. He has published more than 10 journals in IEEE
    conferences..

    Mr. G. Manikannan is working as an Asst. Professor in CK College of Engineering & Technology, Cuddalore. He completed
    his B.E – ECE in Sri Aravindar College of Engineering & Technology, Puducherry and M.E in Sri Manakula Vinayagar Institute
    of Technology, Puducherry. His research areas are VLSI Design, Embedded Systems, etc. He has published more than 10 journals
    in IEEE Transactions and Scopus Indexed Journals.

    IJEDR1703144 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 1027


    © 2017 IJEDR | Volume 5, Issue 3 | ISSN: 2321-9939

    IJEDR1703144 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (www.ijedr.org) 1028

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