STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

Dr.Vinod Hosur,
Professor, Civil Engg.Dept.,
Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgaum
Overview of Structural Dynamics

Structure – Members, joints, strength, stiffness, ductility

Structure–Action (Forces)–Response (Stresses, Displacements)

Forces :Static – Gravity, Dynamic – Time Varying, Lateral ( Wind, seismic)
(Harmonic, Random)

Structural Dynamics – Response of structure (deflection, drift, stresses) due to

application of dynamic forces.

Force (Stiffness,k) Displacements

c/s prop. (A,I) (EI/L, AE/L) ( Variation)

Stresses (Elastic constants, E,μ) Strains

 Δ
Total
Horizontal
Load

Forces : Non deterministic , lateral , reversible

Displacements : Large, inelastic, fatigue

Stresses : inelastic, stress reversal,
Large SF and BM in columns and beam-col. joints
• Dynamic Response – Natural frequencies, modes
• Structural parameters affecting Dynamic Response:
o Natural frequency (ωn)
o Excitation frequency (ω)
o Damping (ξ)
o Frequency ratio (η = ω/ ωn)
 HARMONIC VIBRATION

D.O.F : The number of independent coordinates required to

specify configuration of vibrating system in space at any
instant of time.
 Structure - Model
y(t) y(t)

y y y
F(t) m F(t) m m

y(t)
k/2 k/2 k c
m F(t)
k

Conventional Single SDOF Lumped Mathematical Model

Story Structure SDOF Mass System for SDOF
 The physical system needs to be represented as an analytical or
mathematical model with conceptual idealisation and simplifying
assumptions.

The idealisations can be broadly classified as,

(i) Idealisation of material such as homogeneity, isotropy and idealisation

of structural behaviour such as linearly elastic, elastic and nonlinear.
(ii) Idealisation of mass to be concentrated at the geometric centre and
idealisation of loading to be constant, impulsive or periodic.
(iii) Idealisation of the geometry of the structure such as idealisation of
continuous system as equivalent discrete systems, idealisation of one
dimensional structural elements into beams, bars and two dimensional
structural elements into plates, shells.

Often it becomes necessary to reduce the infinite number of degrees of

freedom of a physical continuous system to a discrete number through the
idealisation.
ANALYTICAL MODEL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEM
The model consists of three elements, namely the mass element (m), spring element
(k) and the damping element(c). The degree of freedom is the independent displacement
component (generalised co-ordinate) describing the position of the mass at any instant of
time.
i. The mass element signifies the mass and the inertial characteristics of the structural
mass (inertia force, ).
ii. The spring element signifies the potential energy of and the stiffness characteristics
(elastic restoring force, k x) of the structural system.
iii. The damping element signifies the energy dissipation characteristics (damping force,
) of the structural system. The damping in the system is generally represented as
the equivalent viscous damping.
iv. The external force is represented by the excitation force, F(t) which is obviously a
function of time.
Where, x is the displacement, the velocity and the
acceleration of mass.
 Concept of equivalent spring (stiffness, ke): Generally in the realistic structure,
multiple stiffness elements exist. When such multiple stiffness elements are to be
combined, the equivalent spring ( stiffness, ke ) is computed as,
k1 x
x

P P

k1 k2

k2

x = x1 + x2 P1 = P 2 = P
x1 = x2 = x

The mass may be imagined to be given a displacement to know whether the

springs are in series or in parallel. If all the springs displace by the same amount,
then the springs are in parallel if not, they are in series.
 K K

m m
800N/mm 600N/mm
K 500N/mm M=30kN

800N/mm 700N/mm
m

L/2 L/2

Rigid mass 100 kg/m.

K

m
5m

EI K
4m 4m
L/2 L/2

m
For equilibrium (using D’Alembert’s principle),

Idealisation Free body diagram

 Displacement of the un-damped single degree of freedom (sdof)
system

Equation of motion,

The general solution, x = A cos ωnt + B sin ωnt

Rigid Floor of wt. W = 200kN

E = 2.0 × 105 N/mm2

3.657m
IY(col) = 7.617 × 106 mm4

IX(col) = 34.16 × 106 mm4

A brace = 506.5 mm2

6.1 m L brace = 7.11m

Rigid Floor of wt. W = 200kN 6.1m

3.657m X
9.12m

9.12 m
In X-Direction:

K = 2×(Kbrace + Kcol) = 22.486 × 103 N/mm

In Y-Direction

K = 2×Kcol = 6.944 × 103 N/mm

Natural frequency,
 Free damped single degree of freedom (sdof) system

a. Idealisation b. Free body diagram

The equation of motion is,

The solution

Characteristic Eqn

Solution to Characteristic Eqn

 The general solution,

Amplitude,

Critically damped system

Over damped system

x (t) Under damped system

t
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

Dr.Vinod Hosur,
Professor, Civil Engg.Dept.,
Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgaum
RESPONSE OF A SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM (SDOF) SYSTEM
TO HARMONIC LOADING

e
m

e m

Stroke

c k c k
 3.5 ζ=0.15

3.0

Dynamic magnification factor

ζ=0.20
2.5

ζ=0.25
2.0
ζ=0.30

ζ=0.35
1.5
ζ=0.40

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Frequency ratio,η

η (resonant frequency ratio) = ω / ωn ,

ζ (damping ratio) = c / 2mωn
 The transmissibility
F(t)
u(t)

k c
us(t)
FT(t)
 ζ=0.15
3.5

3.0
ζ=0.20

2.5
ζ=0.25
Transmissibility
2.0 ζ=0.30
ζ=0.35
1.5 ζ=0.40

1.0

0.5

1/2
η=2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Frequency ratio

η (resonant frequency ratio) = ω / ωn

,
ζ (damping ratio) = c / 2mωn
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

Dr.Vinod Hosur,
Professor, Civil Engg.Dept.,
Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgaum
 MULTI DEGREE OF FREEDOM (MDOF) SYSTEM

The theory of multi degree of freedom system is applicable to all

kinds of structural systems whether discrete or continuous systems
represented as discrete. Dynamic response is in more generalised
form and realistic, if the structures are idealised as multi degree of
freedom system. The structure represented by the sdof model does
not discribe it adequately, most of the time.
To transform the building structure into a discrete number of degree
of freedom with lumped masses at the floor level, following
assumptions are necessary. i) The entire mass of the building is
concentrated at the floor levels. ii) The axial forces do not
contribute significantly for the deformation of structures and hence
the stiffness iii) The floors with slabs and beams are infinitely rigid
as compared to the columns and remain horizontal without rotation.
Equations of Motion (Free
Vibration)
Solution

With the solution in the form,

x(t) = {φ} sin (ωt-α),
the equation of motion reduces to the following eigen value
problem.
{[K] – ω2[M]}{ φ } ={0}.
For the non trivial solution, determinant of
([K] – ω2[M]) =0,
known to be a characteristic equation (an eigen value problem) in
degree, n, with n eigen values ω2 (ω, being the natural frequency).
Associated with each eigen value, ω2, there will be an eigen vector
known to be the mode shape which is a characteristic deflected
shape, { φ }.
It is to be noted that the modes corresponding to the different natural
frequencies satisfy the following orthogonality conditions.

It is known from the elementary mechanics, that if the line of action of

the force and the displacement are orthogonal to each other, the work done is
zero since the component of displacement in the direction of force is zero.
Therfore, the modal orthogonality property implies that the work done by the
inertia forces pertaining to nth mode in going through the displacements
pertaining to rth mode is zero.
Normal mode method :

Normal modes have the important property of making the system

matrices (especially the stiffness matrix) diagonal, i.e. separating the
degrees of freedom so that they can be treated as a series of single degrees
of freedom. Such uncoupled system of equations is much easier to deal with
than a coupled system. Calculation of normal modes, however, requires the
use of eigenvalues, ω2 and eigenvectors { φ }.

Normalisation (Transformation to modal co-ordinates) of system matrices,

x(t) = [φ] {z(t)} where, x(t) is the vector of displacement of individual
masses, {z(t)}, the vector of displacement at global co-ordinates and [φ], the
transformation matrix.

x(t) = [φ] {z(t)}

Normalisation of mass matrix, [M]normalised = [φ]T [M] [φ]

Normalisation of stiffness matrix, [K]normalised = [φ]T [K] [φ]
Normalisation of force matrix, [F(t)]normalised = [φ]T [F(t)]