Model Project 1

EFFECTIVENESS OF MAHATMA GANDHI
NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE

SCHEME (MGNREGS) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO POLPULLY PANCHAYATH
A Project report submitted to the University of Calicut in partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of commerce
PROJECT REPORT
BY
GREESHMA B
REG.NO.CHANMCM004
Under the supervision and guidance of
ASWATHY P.J
(Assistant Professor of commerce)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, CHITTUR
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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Adequate employment generation is essential to generate income for the poor in the
economy. In India, since 1980; government has introduced many employment generation
programmes to eradicate poverty and unemployment. All these programmes were inadequate
and piecemeal in their approach. Therefore, the programmes failed to make any major change
on the problems of poverty and unemployment.
With globalization and liberation of the economy, it is always feared that the incidence of
poverty and unemployment will increase substantially. In this context, the implementation of
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act by UPA government is the most appropriate
course of action. This flagship programme of UPA government is revolutionary in its promise
of inclusive growth and Right to work. The act was passed in September 2005 and was
implemented in 200 most backward districts of the country since February 2006.
NREGA is renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Programme (MGNREGA) on 2nd October 2009. The Act gives legal guarantee for at least
100 days of employment in a financial year to a rural household. The act mandates that
anyone who applies at the Panchayath for a job card must be given within 15 days. Job card
is a license and a pan card of the wage worker’s family with a record of days of work and
wages received during the year.
The process of obtaining employment involves that the application for work the date and
receipt are crucial to trigger the demand for work. The receipt is also the basic record for
claiming unemployment allowance if the work is not provided within 15 days. The
MGNREGA of 2005 covered 200 districts is the Phase I district and in 2006-2007 this was
extended to cover 130 additional districts known as the Phase II districts.
The Task Force constituted by the Ministry of Rural Development under the Chairmanship
of Adviser (RD), Planning Commission, selected three variables for computing the index of
backwardness, namely (i) agricultural productivity per worker, (ii) agricultural wage rate and
(iii) SC/ST population. In Phase I, MGNREGA was introduced in 200 of the most backward
districts of the country, identified by the Planning Commission in consultation with the
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Ministry of Rural Development and the respective State Governments. In Phase II, during
2007-08, MGNREGA was implemented in another 130 districts. In Phase III, the Programme
was extended to the remaining 285 rural districts of India from April 1, 2008. The
MGNREGA contains guidelines on preferred works to be taken up. Out of the nine types of
works prescribed by the MGNREGA, seven relate to water conservation and management.
However, the states are free to evolve their own specific preferred works but within the
framework of broad guidelines.
This Act is the most significant legislation of our times in many ways. For the first time, the
power elite recognize the people’s right to fight endemic hunger and poverty with dignity,
accepting that their labour will be the foundation for infrastructure and economic growth. The
rural communities have been given not just a development programme but a regime of rights.
The MGNREGA can give people an opportunity to make the entire system truly transparent
and accountable. Properly supported, people’s struggles for basic entitlements can, in turn,
become the strongest political initiatives to strengthen our democratic fabric. Independent
India has to acknowledge the critical role the MGNREGA has played in providing a measure
of inclusive growth. It has given people a right to work to re-establish the dignity of labour,
to ensure people’s economic and democratic rights and entitlements, to create labour
intensive infrastructure and asset, and to build the human resources base of our country. Thus
the Act gives hope to those who had all but lost their hope. It has a clear focus on the poorest
of poor. It seeks to reach out to those in need of livelihood security. It gives employment,
income, livelihood, and a chance to live a life of self respect and dignity. The government has
referred to it as an “Act of the people, by the people and for the people”.
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Table1.1 Milestones of Indian Journey towards MGNREGA (1952- 2009)
Date Main Provisions of Bills/Acts
1952 Community Development Programme (CDP)

1960-61 Rural Manpower (RMP)
1971-72 Crash Scheme for Rural employment (CRSE)
1972 Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme (PIREP)
1973-76 Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labour Scheme (MFAL),
Drought-prone Area Programme (DPAP)
1974 Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA)
1975 Twenty –Point Programme (TPP)
1977 Food for Work Programme (FWP) and Antyodaya Programme
1979 Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)
1980 The National Rural Employment Programme (NREP),
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
1983 Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP),
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas
(DWCRA)
1989-94 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Employment Assurance Scheme
(EAS), Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), Nehru Rozgar
Yojana (NRY)
1999-2000 The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was merged with JGSY was
made a rural infrastructure programme, Swarnajayanthi Gram
Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY),
Pradan Manthri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY).
2001 The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
2004 National Food for Work (NFFWP)
7th September 2005 Notification of NREGA
2nd February, 2006 NREGA introduced in 200 districts
2007 NREGA Phase II- Extended to additional 130 Districts.
1st April 2008 NREGA Phase III-Extended to cover all districts of India
2nd October 2009 NREGA renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
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1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The study emphasis on the “Effectiveness of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) with special reference to Polpully Grama Panchayath”. The
study shows how this program benefited to poor livings that depend on this wage oriented
program.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
According to Mahatma Gandhi, our father of nation, “The soul of India is vested in villages”
in his famous quoting which clearly specifies the need and importance of social
empowerment. Here development program like MGNREGS occupies a significant role in
rural development. MGNREGS is considered as the world’s largest massive public
investment programme. The aim of the scheme is to enhance the livelihood security of
households in rural areas of the country by providing 100 days of guaranteed wage
employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do
unskilled manual work. Some researchers found that MGNREGS is useful to the rural poor.
By keeping all these factors in mind, it is felt to conduct a study on the present topic.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To identify the level of awareness of MGNREGS programme among beneficiaries.

2. To access the effectiveness of the programme as perceived by its beneficiaries.
1.4 PERIOD OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted for a period of 21 days from 20th April to 10th May 2015.
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1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.5.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The study is descriptive in nature. Descriptive studies are more than just a collection of data;
that involves measurements, classifications, analysis, comparison and interpretation. It tells
about what exists at present by determining the nature and degree of existing conditions.
1.5.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population for the study is the workers of MGNREGS program on 13 Wards of Polpully
panchayath. The population, therefore, comprises all the workers who have worked under
MGNREGS program on polpully panchayath.
1.5.3 SAMPLING FRAME
For the purpose of the study among 13 Wards under polpully panchayath, only one Ward is
selected. Here MGNREGS workers of “Nedumpura” (10th ward) are selected.
1.5.4 SAMPLING UNITS
Sampling units consists of 100 MGNREGS workers under “Nedumpura” (10th ward) of
polpully panchayath.
1.5.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Random sampling technique or probability sampling technique is used for collecting samples
under the study.
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1.6 SOURCES OF DATA
1.6.1 PRIMARY DATA
Primary data is collected directly from workers of MGNREGS program by using Interview
schedule.
1.6.2 SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data is collected from Websites, Newspapers and Publication.
1.7 TOOLS OF DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for
pattern of relationships that exist among data groups. One – Way ANOVA and MANOVA
are used for the analysis of data in this study.
1.7.1 One – Way ANOVA
The One – Way ANOVA is used to determine whether there are any significant
differences among the means of three or more independent groups (populations). It is a way
to test the equality of three or more means at one time by using variances. Here, it is used to
test the variation in the mean scores on the Level of Awareness of MGNREGS program
among Beneficiaries on four dimensions based on three independent variables such as Age,
Income group, Main occupation.
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1.7.2 MANOVA
The MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of variance) is a type of Multivariate

analysis used to analyse data that involve more than one dependent variable at a time
MANOVA allows us to test the hypothesis regarding the effect of one or more independent
variables on two or more dependent variables. It may be noted that some variables may not
be significantly different among groups when considered individually, but become significant
when considered along with other variables. In this study, the MANOVA model is used to
test the variation of the mean scores of the responses of the beneficiaries on effectiveness of
MGNREGS program based on Age, Income group and Main occupation.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1. The attitude of the workers change from time to time.
2. The workers were not able to provide enough information because of illiteracy.
3. Some of the workers did not answer clearly and they did not feel free.
4. Selected samples are limited hence findings cannot be generalized.
5. Respondents are biased so collected information’s may not be exact or true.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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CHATHUKULAM AND GIREESAN (2007) in his study on the impact of MGNREGS in
37 Gram Panchayath in two districts – Wayanad and Palakkad – in the state of Kerala point
out the active involvement of Local Self Government (LSGs) in programme planning and
implementation. Several micro level institutions have been formed at the Panchayath level for
the smooth functioning of MGNREGS; but their sustainability has not been ensured.
Although the registration of workers and issuance of job cards was accomplished, there have
been lapses in providing employment to the registered workers. There is impressive
participation of women not only as workers but also as supervisors. Flood control, renovation
of traditional water bodies, Micro-irrigation works and water conservation and harvesting are
the major areas of intervention in MGNREGS, with lower priority given to rural connectivity.
MGNREGS activities are not integrated with other developmental programmes. Although
many workers are eligible for unemployment allowances, they were not paid these
allowances. According to this study, in spite of the many problems resulting from
MGNREGS work being executed during agricultural seasons, this scheme has been largely
beneficial for socially and financially backward population Groups.
MATHUR (2007) is of the view that MGNREGA is the first tangible commitment to the
poor that they can expect to earn a living wage without loss of dignity and demand this as a
right. The large numbers of unlettered households have made the effort to come forward to
register; migration has reduced in several villages in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa
and Rajasthan; wages less than the minimum wage were raised in many states; the
participation of women increased significantly even in the districts of Rajasthan and eastern
UP; unemployment allowances were sought and actually paid in Madhya Pradesh and Orissa;
the maintenance of muster rolls has become a feature in several districts. The most
remarkable change is that a process for the empowerment of the poor is emerging around
MGNREGA with NGOs and activists discovering in it a vehicle for meaningful
interventions.
RAO (2007) described the MGNREGS as insurance for poor household. Because if the
Grama Panchayath fails to provide jobs within the stipulated time period the job applicants
are entitled to receive unemployment allowances. So in either way they are earning money
and it has been able to improve the safety nets of the poor and consequently they are being
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included in the mainstream of the society without deprivation. With its legal framework and
rights-based approach, MGNREGA provides employment to those who demand it. This is the
largest ever public employment program visualized in human history. The successful
implementation of MGNREGS can improve the safety nets and eliminating hardcore poor.
DREZE (2008) found that in Jharkhand, one of the worst performing states in MGNREGA,
it was observed that “the transition to a rights- based framework has led to a major decline in
labour exploitation on rural public works. Wages are higher than they used to be, delays in
wage payment are shorter, productivity norms are more reasonable, and complaints of
worksite harassment are rare. MGNREGA is a valuable and valued opportunity for the rural
poor, and particularly for women, to earn a living wage in a dignified manner”.
JANDU (2008) is of the view that the majority of the women workers under MGNREGA
programme said that such employment has brought a significant change in their communities
and in their own lives; the MGNREGA wages are higher than the market wages and it has
improved their spending capacity. Women are able to use their earnings for household food
and consumption needs, healthcare and education of children. More important, earlier they
“used to be dependent on their husbands for any expenses”, but now with some cash in their
hands, women have greater degree of economic independence and self- confidence, “feel
empowered”, as they are also earning members of the family.
MEHROTRA (2008) states that NREGA ensures, on demand, 100 days of employment in a
year to a household at a minimum wage. The NREGS is based on the twin principles of
universality and self-selection. The Act places enforceable obligation on the state and gives
bargaining power to rural laborers. As a legal Right to Work, the NREGS contrasts with
previous employment generation schemes in several respects. First and the foremost, it
bestows entitlements to workers – in the form of providing work for those who demand
within a time frame (15days of applying for work) at a guaranteed wage, which was not the
case with earlier public works programmes. Second, the universal nature of the programme
eliminates targeting errors. Third, the process of implementation and community involvement
(in the form of social audits) is expected to reduce corruption and malpractices which formed
a major weakness in earlier programmes. And finally, the guarantees enshrined in the Act are
expected to ensure its implementation a binding responsibility of the government.
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SAINATH (2008) has opined that MGNREGA has brought a big shift in the attitude of the
people. It has impacted on the social structure of the villages. We have never seen land
owning upper caste groups working in the farms of SC/ST households. A paradigm shift
could be observed with the advent of MGNREGA. The land owning class now comes and
works in the farms of dalits. People are reported to have said that they will all work together
as a group and not on a caste basis. It is a common sight in many of the states that petty shop
owners, stone cutters, people of different caste groups and land owners of different types
(marginal, small and big) participate and work together under NREGA.
NREGA (2005) mentioned that it is an Act which provides for the enhancement of livelihood
security of the households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days
of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household whose adult
members volunteer to do/ unskilled manual work and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto. Every person who has done the work given to him under the scheme shall
be entitled to receive Wages at the wage rate for each day of work. If authority is failed to
provide employment within 15 days of demand , the unemployment allowance payable to, the
household of an applicant jointly shall be sanctioned and disbursed by the Programme Officer
or such local authority (including the Panchayath at the district, intermediate or village level)
as the state government may, by notification, authorize in this behalf. If the Programme
Officer is not in a position to disburse the unemployment allowance in time or at all for any
reason beyond his control, he shall report the matter to District Programme Coordinator and
announce such reasons in a notice to be displayed on his notice board and the notice board of
the Gram Panchayath and such other conspicuous places as he may deem necessary.
PANKAJ AND TANKHA (2009) observed that in most of the states there have been very
high levels of participation by women in MGNREGS works. Nondiscriminatory wages;
assured minimum wages which are more than market wages for women; the dignity that
comes with the work since it is seen as working for the government rather than for a landlord
or contractor; employment at the doorstep: and certain women-specific facilitation like the
Kudumbasree in Kerala, female mate in Rajasthan, SHGs in Andhra Pradesh are seen as
factors that contributed to higher participation of women in MGNREGS. However, there are
certain factors which inhibit participation women in MGNREGS and these include local
social and cultural norms which run against women’s wage work, inadequate worksite
facilities like childcare, gender insensitivity of the nature of work, work measurement and
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schedule of rates, and in some cases, exclusion of single women in the definition of
‘household’.
RANIA ANTONOPOULOS (2009) said that a well-designed employment guarantee

programme can, under favorable circumstances, promote job creation, gender equality and
pro-poor development. The MGNREGA has great potential for increasing the volume of
employment among the rural unemployed and underemployed. It provides ample
opportunities for creating rural public assets, which has been largely neglected. It helps to
enhance the purchasing power of rural households, thereby contributing to poverty
alleviation. It also has the capacity to tap the hitherto under- utilized labour of women in
developing rural India. By providing equal wages to both men and women, MGNREGA
upholds the social position and integrity of women and thus promotes gender equality.
KUMAR, SUNA AND PRATAP (2010) responding to people’s protest about poverty
Through introduction of a right based approach for poverty alleviation in the form of
provision of rural employment guarantee in the constitutional system of India suggest that the
MGNREGA has inaugurated a remarkable process for the empowerment of the poor. The Act
is particularly a tool of empowerment for the most vulnerable sections of the village
communities as they are also victims of social exclusion and political marginalization.
Secondly, it has stimulated mobilization of the poor for livelihood within the legitimate frame
work of governance. Thirdly, MGNREGA has made a dent on poverty by both-increasing
employment opportunities and raising the wage rate. And fourthly, it has strengthened the
process of participatory democracy through economic decentralization and by giving
significant roles to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), the rural poor classes, communities
and the civil society groups.
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CHAPTER 3
PANCHAYATH PROFILE
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POLPULLY GRAMA PANCHAYATH
Name of the Panchayath : Polpully

Name of the District : Palakkad
Name of the Thaluk : Palakkad
Name of the Block : Chittur
Area : 20.04sq.km
Local body code : G091308
No of Wards : 13
Population : 16500
Male : 8029
Female : 8471
Population Density : 758
Sex Ratio : 1055
Literacy Rate : 84.73%
Literacy Rate (Male) : 91.04%
Literacy Rate (Female) : 78.84%
Polpully Grama Panchayath was the first Bujath Panchayath in India. At the time period
when Malabar Panchayath was divided into Panayur and Polpully. First President of Panayur
Panchayath was Sri. Vellandi and that of Polpully was Illathkalam Sri. Sukumar. Panayur and
Polpully merged together and formed Polpully Panchayath in the year 1961. Up to 1-1-1964
Polpully Panchayath was governed by an administrator.
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CHAPTER 4
THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
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4.1 NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT, 2005
An Act to provide for the enhancement of livelihood security of the households in rural areas
of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in
every financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled
manual work and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto is called the National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA-2005). MGNREGS is described by
various names such as ‘flagship programme’, ‘first ever scheme that guarantees wage
employment at an unprecedented scale’, ‘mother of all development programme’, ‘demand
driven and people centered programme’, ‘boon to rural poor’, life line to the marginalized
and landless’, ‘largest employment programme in the history’ etc
4.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN MGNREGS:
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires-
• “Adult’ means a person who has completed his eighteenth years of age;
• “Applicant” means the head of a household or any of its other adult members who has
applied for employment under the scheme;
• “Block” means a community development area within a district comprising a Group of

Grama Panchayath.
• “Central Council” means the Central Employment Guarantee Council constituted.
• “District Programme Coordinator” means an officer of the state government Designated for
implementation of the scheme in a district;
• “Household” means the members of a family related to each other by blood, Marriage or
adoption and normally residing together and sharing meals or holding a common ration
card;
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•“Implementing agency” includes any department of the central government or a state
government; a Zila Parishad, panchayath at intermediate level, Grama panchayath or any
local authority or government undertaking or nongovernmental organization authorized
by the central government or the state government to undertake the implementation of
any work taken up under a scheme.
• “Minimum wage” in relation to any area, means the minimum wage fixed by the state
government under section 3 of the Minimum Wage Act, 1948 for agricultural laboures
as applicable in that area;
• “National Fund” means the National Employment Guarantee Fund (NEGF) established.
• “Notification” means a notification published in the Official Gazette;
• “Preferred work’ means any work which is taken up for implementation on a Priority basis
under a scheme;
• “Prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
• “Programme Officer” means an officer appointed under sub-section (1) of Section 15 for
implementing the scheme;
• “Project” means any work taken up under a scheme for the purpose of providing
employment to the applicants;
• “Rural area” means any area in a state except those areas covered by any urban local body
or a cantonment board established or constituted under any law for the time being in force;
• “Scheme” means the scheme notified by the state government;
• “State Council” means the State Employment Guarantee Council constituted;
• “Unskilled manual work” means any physical work which any adult person is capable of
doing without any skill or special training.
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4.3 OBJECTIVES OF MGNREGS:
The primary objective of the act is to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing
at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household
whose adult member volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
The other objectives are following:

1. Directing the colossus amount of wage towards creating productive and durable assets
of irrigation, drought proofing, land and water conservation, horticulture and
connectivity to general prosperous livelihood support system.
2. To benefit the community by providing employment, raising agricultural productivity

and increasing natural resources base, particularly water. The process envisaged to
attain the objectives would result in strengthening the grassroots processes of
democracy and infusing transparency and accountability in governance.
3. Strong social safety net for the vulnerable groups especially women, scheduled tribe
and scheduled caste by providing a fall-back employment source through the process
of right based legislation, when other employment alternatives are scarce or
inadequate.
4. Growth engine for sustainable development of an agricultural economy. Through the

process of providing employment on works that address causes of chronic poverty
such as drought, deforestation and soil erosion, the act seeks to strengthen the natural
resources base of rural livelihood and create durable assets in rural areas. Effectively
implemented, MGNREGA has the potential to transform the geography of poverty.
5. Empowerment of rural poor through the process of a rights-based law.
6. New ways of doing business, as a model of governance reform anchored on the

principle of transparency and grass root democracy. Thus, MGNREGA foster
conditions for inclusive growth ranging from basic wage security and recharging rural
economy to a transformative empowerment process of democracy.
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7. Effecting greater transparency and accountability in governance.
The ‘right to work’ is a ‘directive principle’ in Indian Constitution which was

formalized through the enactment of NREGA (2005). It is seen as a mechanism of income
transfer, infrastructure development and promoting rural production and consumption
markets – a multifarious strategy indeed. MGNREGA has found priority policy attention in
India’s 11th five year plan (2007-12) under a broader objective of ‘Bharat Nirman’ aiming
for resurgence in rural areas. Some consider MGNREGA a natural response to non-inclusive
growth that occurred during reform process of last two decades. The format of MGNREGA
and its nationwide implementation was a result of persistence by civil society and activities
which is a common mechanism to influence policy in India. The aim of MGNREGS is to
“foster conditions for inclusive growth ranging from basic wage security and recharging rural
economy to a transformative empowerment process of democracy.
MGNREGS is unique, being large in size, intended to cover long periods, disburse huge
funds and he dynamically responsive to climatic and rainfall conditions and above all open to
any adult intending to work for wage often lower than local casual wages. Since self-
targeting is inherent to scheme, besides chronic poverty manifest for example in food
inadequacy, it also intends to mitigate idiosyncratic risk and shocks faced by households due
to being differently-abled or death of earning member. MGNREGS can attract the
unemployed or underemployed rural youth; because of immediate cash availability and 100
days of assured work which functions as a short-term relief objective. Indian policy appear
confident that MGNREGS can be important normally, even in the absence of price or income
shocks and that it can smoothen seasonal fluctuations in labour demand and, therefore, wage
rate in rural areas where rainfall patterns and insufficient irrigation preclude year-round crop
cultivation. Other objectives include, generation of productive assets, empowering rural
women, reducing rural-urban migration, fostering social equity and environmental protection.
It may thus be inferred that MGNREGA is just not a welfare initiative. It is a development
effort that can take the Indian economy to a new trajectory. It has three distinct goals-
protective, preventive and promotive. Protective goal seek to provide relief from deprivation;
preventive to avert deprivation; and promotional to improve real income and capabilities.
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It protects the rural poor from vulnerabilities by providing them demand based
employment. It prevents risks associated with agricultural investment and forced migration of
the rural poor. It brings in buoyancy in rural economy via increased consumption demand.
All these pertain to suggest that MGNREGA can Act as a growth engine by expanding rural
resource base and integrating the rural economy with the rest.
Thus, what is considered to be crucial is the empowerment of the poor through the
provision of a right-based law, which would act as a strong safety net in the lack of
alternative employment opportunities for poor people. The other key attributes of this scheme
are time bound guarantee, labour-intensive work, decentralized participatory planning,
women empowerment, work site facilities and above all, transparency and accountability
through the provision of social audits and right to information.
Thus, MGNREGS has four main objectives; to reduce poverty, to encourage

sustainable development in the agrarian economy, to promote empowerment and to promote
grass root democracy. Some civil society experts even claim that the MGNREGS is truly a
historic opportunity for dramatic socio- economic transformation in rural India. The
MGNREGS, which promises the largest ever employment programme in human history, has
the potential to provide a “big push” in India’s regions of distress. It is a revolutionary,
because it is the first right based rural development policy for ever.
4.4 FEATURES OF THE NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT

GUARANTEE SCHEME
1. Adult members of a rural household may apply for employment if they are willing to
do unskilled manual work.
2. Such a household will have to apply for registration to the local Grama panchayath in
writing or orally.
3. The Grama panchayath after due verification will issue a job card to the household as
a whole. The job card will bear the photograph of all adult members of household
willing to work under MGNREGS. The job card with photograph is free of cost.
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4. A job card holding household may submit a written application for employment to the
Grama panchayath stating the time and duration when work is sought. The application
for work must be for at least fourteen days of continuous work.
5. The Grama panchayath will issue a dated receipt of the written application for
employment against which fifteen day guarantee to provide operates.
6. Employment will be given within 15 days of submitting the application for work or
from the date when work is sought by an employment seeker.
7. If employment is not provided within 15 days, a daily unemployment allowance in

cash has to be paid. Liability of payment of unemployment allowance is on the states.
8. At least one-third of persons to whom work is allotted have to be women.
9. Wages are to be paid according to minimum wages as prescribed under the Minimum
Wages Act 1948 for agricultural labourers in the state, unless the centre notifies a
minimum wage rate which in any case shall not be less than Rs.60 per day.
10. Disbursement of wages has to be done on a weekly basis and not beyond a fornight.
11. Panchayath Raj Institution (PRI) has a principal role in planning and implementation.
12. Each district has to prepare a shelf of projects. The shelf of projects has to be prepared on
the basis of priority assigned by the Grama sabha. At least 50 per cent of works have to
be allotted to Grama panchayath for execution. A ratio of 60:40 between wages and
materials has to be maintained. Contractors and use of labour displacing machinery is
prohibited.
13. Work should ordinarily be provided within a 5km radius of the village or else extra
wages of 10 per cent are payable.
14. Worksite facilities such as crèche, drinking water, shade have to be provided.
15. Social Audit has to be done by the Gram Sabha.
16. Grievance redressal mechanisms have to be put in place for ensuring a responsive
implementation process.
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17. All accounts and records relating to the scheme are to be made available to any person
desirous of obtaining a copy of such records on demand and after paying a specified
fee.
18. The focus of the scheme shall be on the following works in their order of priority:
1.1 Water conservation and water harvesting;

1.2 Drought proofing (including afforestation and tree plantation);
1.3 Irrigation canals including micro and minor irrigation works;
1.4 Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by households belonging to the
scheduled Castes and scheduled tribes or to land of beneficiaries of land reforms
or that of the beneficiaries under the Indira Awas Yojana of the government of India;
1.5 Renovation of traditional water bodies including desilting of tanks;
1.6 Land development;
1.7 Flood control and protection works including drainage in water logged areas;
1.8 Rural connectivity to provide all-weather access; and
1.9 Any other work which may be notified by the central government in consultation with
the state government.
19. Creation of durable assets and strengthening the livelihood resource base of the rural
poor shall be an important objective of the scheme;
20. The works taken up under the scheme shall be in rural areas;
21. The state council shall prepare a list of preferred works for different areas based on
their ability to create durable assets.
22. The scheme shall be subject to appropriate arrangements as may be laid down by the
state government under the rules issued by it for proper maintenance of the public
assets created under the scheme.
23. Under no circumstances shall the labourers be paid less than the wage rate.
24
24. When wages are directly linked with the quantity of work, the wage shall be paid
according to the schedule of rate fixed by the state government for different types of
work every year, in consultation with the state council;
25. The schedule of rates of wages for unskilled labourers shall be so fixed that a person
working for seven hours would normally earn a wage equal to the wage rate;
26. The cost of material components of projects including the wages of the skilled and
semi-skilled workers taken up under the scheme shall not exceed forty per cent of the
total project costs.
27. It shall be open to the programme officer and Grama panchayath to direct person who
applied for employment under the scheme to do work any type permissible under it.
28. The scheme shall not permit engaging any contractor for implementation of the
projects under it;
29. As far as practicable, a task funded under the scheme shall be performed by using
manual labour and tools;
30. Every scheme shall contain adequate provision for ensuring transparency and
accountability at all level of implementation;
31. Provisions for regular inspection and supervision of works taken up under the scheme
shall be made to ensure proper quality of work as well as to ensure that the total
wages paid for the completion of the work is commensurate with the quality and
quantity of work done;
32. The District Program Coordinator, the Programme Officer and the Grama panchayath
implementing the scheme shall prepare annually a report containing the facts and
figures and achievements relating to the implementation of the scheme within his or
its jurisdiction and a copy of the same shall be made available to the public on
demand and on payment of such fee as may be specified in the scheme;
25
33. All accounts and records relating to the scheme shall be made available for public
scrutiny and any person desirous of obtaining a copy or relevant extracts there from
may be provided such copies or extracts on demand and after paying such fee as may
be specified in the scheme;
34. A copy of the muster rolls of each scheme or project under a scheme shall be made
available in the offices of the Grama panchayath and the Programme officer for
inspection;
35. Any person interested after paying such fee as may be specified in the scheme.
4.5 FUNDING PATTERN OF THE SCHEME:
The programme will be implemented as a centrally sponsored scheme as cost sharing

basis between the centre and the administration.
The central government bears the costs on the following items:

1. The entire cost of wages of unskilled manual workers;
2. Seventy five per cent of the cost of material and wages of skilled and semiskilled
Workers
3. Administrative expenses as may be determined by the central government, this will
include inter alia, the salary and the allowances of the programme officer and
his supporting staff and work-site facilities;
4. Expenses of the National Employment Guarantee Council;
The state government bears the costs on the following items;

1. Twenty five per cent of the cost of material and wages of skilled and unskilled
workers;
2. Unemployment allowances payable in case the state government cannot provide wage
employment on time
3. Administrative expense of the State Employment Guarantee Council
4. Administrative expenses towards salary of the officials at district and state levels
appointed under MGNREGS;
26
Government of India will release its share of fund to District Programme Coordinator.
Corresponding Administration’s share to the district will be released by the commissioner for
Rural Development and Local Self Government to the District Programme Coordinator.
4.6 CONDITIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT AND MINIMUM ENTITLEMENT OF

LABOURERS:
1. The adult members of every household who

a) Reside in any rural area; and
b) Are willing to do unskilled manual work,
may submit their names, age and the address of the household to the Grama
Panchayath at the village level (hereafter in this schedule referred to as the
Grama panchayath) in the jurisdiction of which they reside for registration
of their household for issuance of a job card.
2. It shall be the duty of the Grama panchayath to register the household, after making
such enquiry as it deems fit and issue a job card containing such details of adult
members of the household affixing their photographs, as may be specified by the state
government in the scheme.
3. The registration made under paragraph 2 shall be for such period as may be laid in the
scheme, but in any case not less than five years, and may be renewed from time to
time.
4. Every adult member of a registered household whose name appears in the job card
shall be entitled to apply for unskilled manual work under the scheme.
5. All registered persons belonging to shall be entitled to employment in accordance

with the scheme made under the provision of this act, for any days as each applicant
may request, subject to maximum of one hundred days per household in a given
financial year.
27
6. The Programme Officer shall ensure that every applicant referred to in paragraph 5
shall be provided unskilled, manual work in accordance with the provisions of the
scheme within fifteen days of receipt of an application or from the date he seeks work
in case of advance application, whichever is later: provided that priority shall be given
to women in such a way that at least one third of the beneficiaries shall be women
who have registered and requested for work under this act.
7. Application for work must be for at least fourteen days of continuous work.
8. There shall no limit on the number of days of employment for which a person may
apply, or on the number of days of employment actually provided to him subject to
the aggregate entitlement of the household.
9. Application for work may be submitted in writing either to the Grama panchayath or
to the Programme Officer, as may be specified in the scheme.
10. The Grama Panchayath and Programme Officer, as the case may be, shall be bound to
accept valid applications and to issue a dated receipt to the applicant. Group
application may also be submitted.
11. Applicants who are provided with work shall be so intimated in writing, by means of
a letter sent to him at the address given in the job card and by a public notice
displayed at the office of the panchayath at the district, intermediate or village level.
12. As far as possible, employment shall be provided within a radius of five kilometer of
the village where the applicant resides at the time of applying.
13. A new work under the scheme shall be commenced only if
a) At least fifty labourers become available for such work; and
b) The labourers cannot be absorbed in the ongoing work:
The provided that this condition shall not be applicable for new works, as determined
by the state government, in hilly areas and in respect of afforestation.
28
14. In case the employment is provided outside such radius, it must be provided within
the block, and the labourers shall be paid ten per cent of the wage rate as extra wages
to meet additional transportation and living expenses.
15. A period of employment shall ordinarily be at least fourteen days continuously with
not more than six days in a week.
16. In all cases where unemployment allowance is paid or due to be paid, the Programme
Officer shall inform the District Programme Coordination (DPC) in writing the
reasons why it was not possible for him to provide employment or cause to provide
employment to the applicants.
17. The DPC shall in his Annual report to the state council explain as to why
employment could not be provided in cases where payments of unemployment
allowances are involved.
18. Provision shall be made in the scheme for advance applications, that is an application
which may be submitted in advance of the date from which employment is sought.
19. Provision shall be made in the scheme for submission of multiple applications by the
same person provided that the corresponding periods for which employment is sought
do not overlap.
20. The Grama panchayath shall prepare and maintain or cause to be prepared and
maintained such registers, vouchers and other documents in such form and in such
manner as may be specified in the scheme containing particulars of job cards and
passbooks issued, name, age and address of the head of the household and the adult
members of the household registered with the Grama panchayath.
21. The Grama panchayath shall send list or lists of the names and addresses of
households and their adult members registered with it and supply such other
information to the concerned Programme Officer at such periods and in such form as
may be specified in the scheme.
29
22. A list of persons who are provided with the work shall be displayed on the notice
board of the Grama panchayath and at the office of the Programme Officer and at
such other places as the Programme Officer may deem necessary and the list shall be
open for inspection by the state government and any person interested.
23. If the Grama panchayath is satisfied at any time that a person has registered with it by
furnishing false information, it may direct the Programme Officer to direct his name
to be struck off from the register and direct the applicant to return the job card
provided that no such action under this paragraph shall be directed unless the
applicant has been given an opportunity of being heard in the presence of two
independent persons.
24. If any personal injury is caused to any person employed under the scheme by accident
arising out of and in the course of his employment, he shall be entitled to free of
charge such medical treatment as is admissible under the scheme.
25. Where hospitalization of the injured worker is necessary, the state government shall
arrange for such hospitalization including accommodation, treatment, medicines and
payment of daily allowance not less than half of the wage rate required to be paid had
the injured been engaged in the work.
26. If a person employed under a scheme dies or becomes permanently disabled by

accident arising out of and in the course of employment, he shall be paid by the
implementing agency an Exgratia payment at the rate of twenty five thousand rupees
or such amount as may be notified by the central government and the amount shall be
paid to the legal he is of the deceased or the disabled as the case may be.
27. The facilities of safe drinking water, shade for children and periods of rest, first aid
box with adequate material for emergency treatment for minor injuries and other
health hazards connected with the work being performed shall be provided at the
worksite.
30
28. In case the number of children below the age six years accompanying the women’s
working at any site is five or more, provisions shall be made to depute one of such
women worker to look after such children.
29. The person deputed under paragraph 28 shall be paid wage rate.
30. In case the payment of wages is not made within the period specified under the
scheme, the labourers shall be entitled to receive payment of compensation as per the
provision of the Payment of Wage Act, 1936.
31. The wage under a scheme may be paid either wholly in cash or in cash and kind
provided that at least one fourth of the wage shall be paid in cash only.
32. The state government may prescribe that a portion of wages in cash may be paid to
the labourers on a daily basis during the period of employment.
33. If any personal injury is caused by accident to a child accompanying any person who
is employed under a scheme such person shall be entitled to free of charge such
medical treatment for the child as may be specified in the scheme and in case of death
or disablement through an extra payment as may be determined by the state
government.
34. In case of every employment under the scheme, there shall be no discrimination solely
on the ground of gender and the provision of the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 (25
of 1976) shall be complied with.
31
4.7 IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING AUTHORITIES OF THE SCHEME:
4.7.1 CENTRAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE COUNCIL (CEGC):
The central government constitutes a council to be called the Central Employment

Guarantee Council to discharge the functions, and perform the duties, assigned to it by or
under this Act. The headquarters of the central council is at Delhi. It consists of the following
members to be appointed by the central government, namely;- a chairperson, not more than
such number of representatives of the central ministries including the Planning Commission
not below, not more than such number of representatives of the state government as may be
determined by the central government, not more than fifteen non-official members
representing Panchayati Raj
Institutions, organization of workers and disadvantaged groups, such number of
representatives of the states as the central government may, by rules, determine in this behalf,
a member secretary not below the rank of joint secretary to the Government of India.
4.7.1.1 FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF CENTRAL COUNCIL:
A. The Central Council shall perform and discharge the following functions and
duties namely:
1. Establish a central evaluation and monitoring system;
2. Advice the central government on all matters concerning the implementation of this
Act;
3. Review the monitoring and redressal mechanism from time to time and recommend
improvement required;
4. Promote the widest possible dissemination of information about the schemes made
under this Act;
5. Monitoring the implementation of this Act
6. Preparation of annual reports to be laid before Parliament by the central government
on the implementation of this Act
7. Any other duty or function as may be assigned to it by the central government.
B. The Central Council shall have the power to undertake evaluation of the various schemes
made under this Act and for that purpose collect or cause to be collected statistics
pertaining to the rural economy and the implementation of the schemes.
32
4.7.2 STATE EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE COUNCIL (SEGC):
For the purposes of regular monitoring and reviewing the implementation of this
scheme at the state level, every state government shall constitute a State Council to be known
as the ….. (name of the state) State Employment Guarantee Council with a chairperson and
such number of official members as may be determined by the state government from
Panchayati Raj Institutions, organizations of workers and disadvantaged groups. The terms
and conditions subject to which the chairperson and members of the State Council may be
appointed and the time, place and procedure of the meetings (including the quorum at such
meetings) of the State Council shall be such as may be prescribed by the state government.
The State Council shall have the power to undertake an evaluation of the schemes operating
in the state and for that purpose to collect or cause to be collected statistics pertaining to the
rural economy and the implementation of the scheme and Programmes in the state.
4.7.2.1 THE DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL:
1. Advising the state government on all matters concerning the scheme and its
implementation in the state;
2. Determining the preferred work;
3. Reviewing the monitoring and redressal mechanism from time to time and
recommending improvements;
4. Promoting the widest possible dissemination of information about this Act and the
scheme under it;
5. Monitoring the implementation of this Act and the scheme in the state and
coordinating such implementation with the central council;
6. Preparing the annual report to be laid before the state legislature by the state
government.
7. Any other duty or function as may be assigned to it by the central council or the state
government.
33
4.8 PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES FOR PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE SCHEMES:
4.8.1 GRAMA SABHA
The Grama Sabha is the grass root level institution to ensure community participation for
implementation of the scheme. The Grama Sabha shall select the works to be taken up under
the scheme. It shall monitor, supervise, and undertake the social audit of the implementation
of the scheme. The Grama Sabha shall be a forum for sharing information about the scheme
so that people may come forth for registration as well as for verification of applicants and for
reporting each aspect of the implementation of the scheme.
4.8.2 GRAMA PANCHAYATH:
The Grama Panchayath shall be responsible for identification of the projects in the
Grama Panchayath area to be taken up under a scheme as per the recommendations of the
Grama Sabha and the Ward Sabha and for executing and supervising such works. A Grama
Panchayath may take up any project under a scheme within the area of the Grama Panchayath
as may be sanctioned by the Programme Officer. Every Grama Panchayath shall, after
considering the recommendations of the Grama Sabha and the Ward Sabha’s, prepare a
development plan and maintain a shelf of possible works to be taken up under the scheme as
and when demand for work arises. It shall forward its proposals for the development project
including the order of priority between different works to the Programme Officer for scrutiny
and preliminary approval prior to the commencement of the year in which it is proposed to be
executed. The Programme Officer shall allot at least fifty per cent of the works of in terms of
its cost under a scheme to be implemented through the Grama Panchayath. The Programme
Officer shall supply each Gram Panchayath with the muster rolls for the works sanctioned to
be executed by it; and a list of employment opportunities available elsewhere to the residents
of the Grama Panchayath. The Grama Panchayath shall allocate employment opportunities
among the applicants and ask them to report for work. The works taken up by a Grama
Panchayath under a scheme shall meet the required technical standards and measurements.
The Panchayath at district, intermediate and village level shall be the principal authorities for
planning and implementation of the schemes made under this Act.
34
4.8.2.1 DUTIES OF GRAMA PANCHAYATH
1. Preparation and approval of Annual plan, flowing from the District perspective plan.
2. Preparation of prioritized list of works with likely cost/ estimate.
3. Preparation of calendar of programme for their own work.
4. Identification and categorization of number and nature of employment opportunities.
5. Matching of opportunities with those who demand for labour
6. Receipt of applications for registration.
7. Identification and verification of applications and registration of job seekers.
8. Issue of job card.
9. Intimation to applicant allotting dates of work and worksite.
10. Publication of list of works, calendar of programmes and list of job seekers etc.
11. Execution of 50 per cent works on cost terms.
12. Supervision and monitoring.
13. Disbursement of wages.
14. Maintenance of Records/Muster roll/Household job card/ Individual employment
details etc.
15. Payment of unemployment allowances.
4.8.3 BLOCK PANCHAYATH
The Block panchayath will be responsible for planning at the Block level monitoring and
supervision of scheme at panchayath level. It has to approve the Block level plan for
forwarding it to the District Programme Coordinator. It has also the responsibility of
executing 30 per cent of works on cost terms.
4.8.4 DISTRICT PANCHAYATH
The District panchayath will be responsible for approving the District perspective plan under
the scheme, monitoring and supervising the Employment Guarantee Scheme at the District.
District panchayath will also have also the responsibility of executing 20 percent of works on
cost terms.
35
4.8.5 PROGRAMME OFFICER:
At every Panchayath at intermediate level, the state government shall appoint a person
who is not below the rank of Block Development Officer with such qualifications and
experience as may be determined by the state government as Programme Officer at the
Panchayath at intermediate level. The Programme Officer shall assist the Panchayath at
intermediate level in discharging its functions under this Act and any scheme made there
under. The programme Officer shall be responsible for matching the demand for employment
with the employment opportunities arising from projects in the area under his jurisdiction.
The Programme Officer shall prepare a plan for the Block under his jurisdiction by
consolidating the project proposals
prepared by the gram Panchayath and the proposal received from intermediate Panchayath.
The Programme Officers shall function under the direction, control and superintendence of
the District Programme Coordinator. The state government may, by order, direct that all or
any of the functions of a Programme officer shall be discharged by the Grama Panchayath or
a local authority.
4.8.5.1 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROGRAMME OFFICER:
1. Monitoring of projects taken up by the Grama panchayath and other implementing

agencies within the Block.
2. Sanctioning and ensuring payment of unemployment allowances to the eligible
households.
3. Ensuring prompt and fair payment of wage to all labourer employed under a
programme of the scheme within the Block.
4. Ensuring that regular social audits of the works within the jurisdiction of the Grama
panchayath are carried out by the Grama sabha and that prompt action is taken on the
objections raised in the social audit.
5. Dealing promptly with all complaints that arise in connection with the implementation
of the scheme within the block.
6. Any other work as may be assigned to him by the District Programme Coordinator or
the state government.
36
4.8.6 DISTRICT PROGRAMME COORDINATOR:
The Chief Executive Officer of the District Panchayath or the collector of the district or
any other district level officer of appropriate rank as the state government may decide shall
be designated as the District Programme Coordinator for the implementation of the scheme in
the district. He is responsible for the implementation of the scheme in the district in
accordance with the provisions of this Act and the rules made there under. The District
Programme Coordinator shall prepare in the month of December every year a labour budget
for the next financial year containing the details of anticipated demand for unskilled manual
work in the district and the plan for engagement of labourers in the works covered under the
scheme and submit it to the District panchayath.
4.8.6.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE DISTRICT PROGRAMME COORDINATOR:
1. To assist the District panchayath in discharging its functions under this Act and any
scheme made there under;
2. To consolidate the plans prepared by the Blocks and project proposal received from
other implementing agencies for inclusion in the shelf of project to be approved by the
panchayath at district level;
3. To accord necessary sanction and administrative clearance wherever necessary.
4. To coordinate with the programme officers functioning within his jurisdiction and the
implementing agencies to ensure that the applicants are provided employment as per
their entitlements under this Act;
5. To review, monitor and supervise the performance of the Program Officers;
6. To conduct periodic inspection of the works in progress; and
7. To redress the grievances of the applicants.
37
4.9 MGNREGS IN KERALA
This scheme could have been welcomed enthusiastically as a boon to Kerala in the
background of the realities related to poverty, low work participation of women,
unemployment and the concerns over ecology and water resources and agriculture. In Kerala,
the program was initiated in February 2006 in the rural areas of two districts- Palakkad and
Wayanad. The programme came extended to Kasaragod and Idukki by February 2007 in
second phase and to the remaining 10 districts by January 2009 in third phase. This
programme came to be known as a Kerala State Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. The
Government of Kerala has issued detailed guidelines for implementing MGNREGS. The
responsibility has been assigned primarily to Local Self Government. In Kerala there are
elected Village Councils (Grama panchayath) for an average population of thirty thousand.
The agglomeration of few neighbouring Grama Panchayath (GP) is called a Block
Panchayath. For each revenue district, there is an elected District Council (District
panchayath). Thus there is a three-tier system of local self governments, each one with
specific functions and responsibilities. The implementation of scheme through panchayath in
close association with the Kudumbasree system has been one of the defining features of
MGNREGS implementation in the state. Kerala has one of the highest unemployment rates in
the country. But most of the unemployed are educated. Thus MGNREGS has only limited
application in trackling the problem of unemployment among the poor of Kerala. The salient
features of the MGNREGS in Kerala are;
1. Implementation of MGNREGS through Grama Panchayath.

2. Communicating the distinctive features of the scheme to the various stakeholders,
especially to panchayath leaders.
3. Involvement of Kudumbasree network of poor women in a big way.
4. Focus on total resource management in forest areas, river basins and watershed areas
as the state has very little public land.
5. Designing processes and programmes to see that MGNREGS fits into the
administrative operating system now existing in Panchayath.
6. Institution of consistent and coherent information and accountability systems and
participatory processes to ensure transparency.
7. Aiming of zero corruption in implementing MGNREGS.
38
4.10 IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM OF MGNREGS IN KERALA:
The Kerala Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (KREGS) introduced in June 2006, even
though the scheme was formally inaugurated on 2nd of February, 2002 in Pattambi in
Palakkad district. The state government constituted a State Employment Guarantee Council
with a chairperson to advise the state government on all matters concerning the scheme and
its implementation, determine preferred work, review the monitoring and redressal
mechanisms, promote dissemination of information about this Act and scheme and prepare
annual report to be laid before the State Legislature. The Rural Development Department is
the nodal agency for implementing the Act. The Rural Development Commissioner is the
nodal Officer for implementation of MGNREGA at the state level. At the district level, the
District Collector is the nodal officer. A District Project Officer with necessary staff is
appointed to assist the District Collector. The District Programme Coordinator shall
constitute a committee at the District Level with the following members for the smooth
implementation of the scheme. District Programme Coordinator as its chairman and Joint
Programme Coordinator as its Convener. The other members of committee are Project
Officer DRDA, Deputy Director of Panchayath, District Labour Officer, Principal
Agriculture Officer, District Soil Conservation Officer, District Mission Coordinator
Kudumbashree, Divisional Forest Officers, Lead District Manager, Tribal Development
Officer/ P.O ITDP, Assistant Development Commissioner, Assistant Project Officer(SM),
and any such other officials decided by the District Programme Coordinator.
At the Block Panchayath level, a Block Programme Officer in the rank of Block Panchayath
Secretary has been appointed to coordinate the scheme at the three levels of Panchayath and
its implementation. At the gram Panchayath level, an overseer/Assistant Engineer and an
Accountant-cum-computer operator are appointed to assist the Gram Panchayath and its
Secretary. The Programme will be implemented through the Panchayathi Raj Institutions
(PRI’s) namely Grama Panchayath, Block Panchayath and District Panchayath in the ratio
50:30:20. The Gram Sabha is the statutorily mandated institutional mechanism for
community participation. The Act authorizes the Gram Sabha to recommend works to be
taken up under the scheme, to monitor and supervise these works and to conduct social audits
of the implementation. Pratap Singh (2009),Grama Sabha has to play a very crucial role in
implementing MGNREGS, especially in three important stages in the process of MGNREGS
39
viz., i) preparation of shelf of projects; ii) appraisal of shelf of projects; and iii) conducting of
social audit. These activities are very essential for the effective implementation of
MGNREGS, which necessarily warrant convening the meeting of the Grama Sabha. There
are instances where Grama Sabha meeting were not convened in certain areas of the district
in certain states.
The Gram Panchayath is responsible for all other works related to planning and
implementation. The Block Panchayath is responsible for planning at the block level, and for
monitoring and supervision. District Panchayath is responsible for finalizing the district plans
for MGNREGA, which is comprehensive plan of action for the scheme for the district, and its
monitoring and supervision. As per the MGNREGS, a perspective plan has to be made and
should be discussed and approved with modifications suggested by Gram Sabha at the Gram,
Block and district Panchayath level. The annual plan is worked out from this perspective
plan. The demand for work, the nature and time of work and preference is decided by those
who are likely to seek employment. A number of micro level organizations are involved in
the formulation and implementation of MGNREGA programme at the Panchayath level
which are given a central role in the planning and implementation of MGNREGA and are the
sole agencies responsible for implementation of local development projects under the scheme
in Kerala. The Panchayath Governing Council, which has been strengthened by the
decentralized planning introduced in Kerala since 1996 has a pivotal role to play in the
smooth functioning of MGNREGA. It is the Grama Panchayath that takes a leading role in
publicizing the novel programme among people. At the Panchayath level, MGNREGS was
given publicity by means of processions, distribution of pamphlets, awareness classes and
Grama Sabhas. Kudumbashree is a women’s organization working under a state level poverty
alleviation programme. It reaches to all households in the Panchayath through Neighbour
Hood Groups (NHGs). In each ward the NHGs are grouped in to an Area Development
Society (ADS). At the Panchayath level the Kudumbashree activities are managed by the
Community Development Society (CDS), elected from among the ADS. Involvement of
Kudumbashree is one of the most important aspects that make the programme in Kerala
unique. Planning starts from NHG and it moves up to the Panchayath governing body. The
process of implementation begins from Panchayath and ADS becomes the lowest tier to
mobilize workers and supervise the work at which they are entrusted with the role of
supervision, distribution of implements, marking of attendance in NMR, etc.
40
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
41
Table 5.1 Sample Profile
Cumulative
Categories Frequency
frequency
Lessthan/=37 23 23
38 to 45 32 55
Age
46 to 55 25 80
Greaterthan/=56 20 100
APL 60 60
Income group
BPL 40 100
SC/ST 23 23
Community OBC 57 80
OTHERS 20 100
Agriculture Labour 48 48
Non Agriculture Labour 10 58
Main occupation
Own farming 27 85
Livestock farming 15 100
Source: Primary Data
Table 5.1 exhibits the profile of the sample respondents (beneficiaries) selected for the study.
The majority of the respondents (57 per cent) belong to the age group of 38 to 55. Majority of
the respondents belongs to the income group of APL (60 per cent).Majority of the
respondents are belongs to the community of OBC (57 percent).Majority of the respondents
belongs to the occupation of agriculture labour (48 per cent).
42
5.1 Level of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries
5.1.1 One- Way ANOVA on Level of Awareness of Beneficiaries based on
Age
The levels of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries are

expressed on four different dimensions they are work features, Worksite facilities, Wages,
Work rules. The Beneficiaries have expressed their Awareness level on all these Dimensions
using 5-point scale. With a view to verifying whether there is any difference in these
expressed opinion among the Beneficiaries in the different Age group, analysis of variance-
the one way ANOVA is done and the results are presented below along with the hypothesis.
Table 5.2 Descriptive statistics
Work Worksite
Age N Wages Work rules
features facilities
Mean
Lessthan/=37 23 4.22 4.22 3.98 3.94
38 to 45 32 4.34 4.11 4.05 4.23
46 to 55 25 4.44 4.20 4.31 4.32
Greaterthan/=56 20 4.00 3.50 4.06 3.97
The hypotheses can be stated as follows:
H0: There is no variation in the mean scores obtained for the variables related to the
Level of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries based on Age.
H1: There is variation in the mean scores obtained for the variables related to the
Level of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries based on Age.
43
Table 5.3 ANOVA Table
Sum of Mean
df F Sig.
Squares Square
Between 2.394 3 .798 3.631 0.016**
Groups
Work features
Within Groups 21.100 96 .220
Total 23.494 99
Between 7.007 3 2.336 8.863 0.000**
Worksite Groups
facilities Within Groups 25.300 96 .264
Total 32.307 99
Between 1.537 3 .512 1.282 0.285
Groups
Wages
Total 39.887 99
Between 2.562 3 .854 3.586 0.017**
Groups
Work rules
Total 25.422 99
**Significant at 5 per cent level of significance
The result of the One way ANOVA for the variables “Work features, Worksite facilities,
Work rules” based on Age gives F values of 3.631, 8.863 and 3.586 respectively, which are
significant at 5 per cent level (p=0.016,0.000,0.017<0.05).Hence, the null hypothesis is
rejected. This implies that there is a significant difference in the mean scores obtained on the
level of awareness on Work features based on Age of respondents the Age group between 46
to 55 have higher mean (4.44), on level of awareness on worksite facilities the age group
lessthan/=37 have higher mean (4.22) and on level of awareness on work rules the Age group
between 46 to 55 have higher mean (4.32). In the case of Wages based on four categories of
Age, the corresponding F value of 1.282 is found to be not significant at 5 per cent level
(p=0.285>0.05).Hence, the null hypothesis is not rejected. This implies that there is no
significant difference in the mean scores obtained for Wages based on four categories of Age.
To conclude, while the Awareness of Beneficiaries differ significantly as to Work features,
Worksite facilities, Work rules based on Age, their Awareness level is found to be similar in
the case of Wages.
44
5.1.2 One-Way ANOVA on Level of Awareness of Beneficiaries based on
Income group
The levels of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries are expressed on four
different dimensions they are Work features, Worksite facilities, Wages, Work rules. The
Beneficiaries have expressed their Awareness level on all these Dimensions using 5-point
scale. With a view to verifying whether there is any difference in these expressed opinion
among the Beneficiaries in the different Income group, analysis of variance-the one way
ANOVA is done and the results are presented below along with the hypothesis.

Income Work Worksite
N Wages Work rule
group features facilities
Mean
APL 60 4.27 4.06 4.02 4.16
BPL 10 4.27 3.76 4.23 4.10
Source: primary Data
The hypothesis can be stated as follows:
H0: There is no variation in the mean scores obtained for the variables related to the Level
of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries based on Income group.
H1: There is variation in the mean scores obtained for the variables related to the Level of
Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries based on Income group.
45
Sum of Mean
df F Sig.
Squares Square
Between Groups .000 1 .000 .002 0.967
Work features Within Groups 23.494 98 .240
Total 23.494 99
Between Groups 2.200 1 2.200 7.162 0.009**
Worksite facilities Within Groups 30.106 98 .307
Total 32.307 99
Between Groups 1.105 1 1.105 2.793 0.098
Wages Within Groups 38.782 98 .396
Total 39.887 99
Between Groups .076 1 .076 .295 0.588
Work rules Within Groups 25.346 98 .259
Total 25.422 99
The result of the One way ANOVA for the variable “ Worksite facilities” based on the two
categories of Income group gives F value of 7.162 which is significant at 5 per cent level of
significance (p=0.009<0.05). Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected. This implies that there is
significant difference in the mean scores obtained on the level of awareness on worksite
facilities based on Income group of respondents. The higher mean for APL (4.06) in
comparison to BPL (3.76) implies that the level of awareness on worksite facilities is higher
among respondents belong to APL category. In the case of other variables as Work features,
Wages and Work rules based on the two categories of Income group, the corresponding F
value of .002, 2.793, .295 are found to be not significant at 5 per cent level (p=0.967, 0.098,
0.588>0.05).Hence, the null hypothesis is not rejected .This implies that there is no
significant difference in the mean scores obtained on level of awareness as to Work features,
Wages, Work rules based on two categories of Income group. To conclude Level of
Awareness of Beneficiaries differ significantly as to Worksite facilities based on Income
group, their Awareness Level is found to be similar in the case of other variables like Work
features, Wages, Work rules.
46
5.1.3 One- way ANOVA on Level of Awareness of Beneficiaries based on
Main occupation
The levels of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries are

expressed on four different dimensions they are Work features, Worksite facilities, Wages,
Work rules. The Beneficiaries have expressed their Awareness level on all these Dimensions
using 5-point scale. With a view to verifying whether there is any difference in these
expressed opinion among the Beneficiaries in the different Main occupation, analysis of
variance-the one way ANOVA is done and the results are presented below along with the
hypothesis.

Work Worksite
Main occupation N Wages Work rule
features facilities
Mean
Agriculture labour 48 4.48 3.97 4.41 4.33
Non Agriculture
labour 10 4.10 3.67 3.78 3.87
Own farming 27 4.02 3.94 3.66 3.92
Livestock farming 15 4.16 4.02 4.13 4.09
The hypothesis can be stated as follows:
H0: There is no variation in the mean scores obtained for the variables related to the Level
of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries based on Main occupation.
H1: There is variation in the mean scores obtained for the variables related to the Level of
Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries based on Main occupation.
47
Sum of Mean
df F Sig.
Squares Square
Between 4.293 3 1.431 7.154 0.000**
Groups
Work features
Total 23.494 99
Between .898 3 .299 .915 0.437
Groups
Worksite facilities
Total 32.307 99
Between 11.018 3 3.673 12.212 0.000**
Groups
Wages
Total 39.887 99
Between 3.756 3 1.252 5.547 0.001**
Groups
Work rules
Total 25.422 99
The result of the One way ANOVA for the variables “Work features, Wages, Work rules”
based on Main occupation gives F values of 7.154, 12.212, 5.547 respectively, which are
significant at 5 per cent level (p=0.000, 0.000, 0.001<0.05). Hence, the null hypothesis is
rejected. This implies that there is significant difference in the mean scores obtained on the
level of awareness on Work features, wages and work rule based on main occupation of
respondents. The higher mean is for Agriculture labour as to work features, wage and work
rules (4.48, 4.41 and 4.33) implies that the level of awareness on three dimensions is higher
among respondents belonging to the said groups. In the case of Worksite facilities based on
main occupation, the corresponding F value of .915 is found to be not significant at 5 per
cent level (p=0.437>0.05). Hence, the null hypothesis is not rejected. This implies that there
is no difference in the mean score obtained for Worksite facilities based on main occupation.
To conclude, while the Awareness Level of Beneficiaries differ significantly as to Work
features, Wages, Work rules based on Main occupation, their Awareness level is found to be
similar in the case of Worksite facilities.
48
5.2 Effectiveness of MGNREGS Program as Perceived by its Beneficiaries
The Effectiveness of MGNREGS program as perceived by its Beneficiaries on four

dimensions based on Age, Income group and Main occupation. To explain the possible
variations in the mean scores of these four dimensions based on Age, Income group and Main
occupation under study, a MANOVA is proposed to be used. The effectiveness is accessed
from four dimensions.
MANOVA is used here to test the following Hypotheses:
H0: There is no significant variation in the mean scores for the set of variables on
effectiveness of MGNREGS program as perceived by its Beneficiaries based
on Age, Income group and Main occupation.
H1: There is significant variation in the mean scores for the set of variables on
effectiveness of MGNREGS program as perceived by its Beneficiaries based
on Age, Income group and Main occupation.
The output of MANOVA is presented in Multivariate Test Table, Table of between –

subject’s effects of variables and Estimated Marginal means Table.
49
Table 5.2.1 MANOVA for Analyzing Variance in Effectiveness of
MGNREGS Program as Perceived by its Beneficiaries
based on Age, Income group and Main occupation
Table 5.8 Multivariate Tests
Multivariate Tests
Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig.
Pillai's Trace .473 4.264 12.000 273.000 0.000**
Wilks' Lambda .561 4.804 12.000 235.763 0.000**
Age
Hotelling's Trace .724 5.286 12.000 263.000 0.000**
b
Roy's Largest Root .630 14.338 4.000 91.000 0.000**
a
Pillai's Trace .137 3.517 4.000 89.000 0.010**
a
Income Wilks' Lambda .863 3.517 4.000 89.000 0.010**
group a
Hotelling's Trace .158 3.517 4.000 89.000 0.010**
Roy's Largest Root .158 3.517a 4.000 89.000 0.010**
Pillai's Trace .413 3.629 12.000 273.000 0.000**
Main Wilks' Lambda .629 3.762 12.000 235.763 0.000**
occupation Hotelling's Trace .525 3.836 12.000 263.000 0.000**
b
Roy's Largest Root .365 8.293 4.000 91.000 0.000**
**significant at 5 per cent level of significance
50
Table 5.9 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Type I Sum Mean
Source Dependent Variable df F Sig.
of Squares Square
Economic aspect 4.768 3 1.589 4.872 0.003**
Social aspect 4.721 3 1.574 4.418 0.006**
Age Work related aspect 2.009 3 .670 2.457 0.068
Authority 3.550 3 1.183 3.347 0.022**
related aspect
Economic aspect .649 1 .649 1.990 0.162
Income Social aspect .398 1 .398 1.117 0.293
group Work related aspect .906 1 .906 3.323 0.072
Authority related aspect .558 1 .558 1.578 0.212
Economic aspect 5.935 3 1.978 6.065 0.001**
Main Social aspect 6.700 3 2.233 6.270 0.001**
occupation Work related aspect 5.875 3 1.958 7.185 0.000**
Authority related aspect 9.249 3 3.083 8.720 0.000**
**significant at 5 per cent level of significance
Table 5.10 Estimated Marginal Mean

Grand Mean
95% Confidence Interval
Dependent Variable Mean Std. Error
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Economic aspect 3.913 .074 3.766 4.060
Social aspect 3.903 .078 3.749 4.057
Work related aspect 3.334 .068 3.199 3.469
Authority related aspect 3.914 .077 3.761 4.068
Source: Primary data
51
Table 5.11 Age
Age
95% Confidence Interval
Dependent Variable Age Mean Std. Error Lower
Upper Bound
Bound
Lessthan/=37 3.707 .136 3.437 3.977
38 to 45 3.940 .144 3.654 4.226
Economic aspect
46 to 55 4.238 .142 3.956 4.519
Greaterthan/=56 3.767 .156 3.457 4.078
Lessthan/=37 3.683 .142 3.401 3.965
38 to 45 3.907 .150 3.608 4.205
Social aspect
46 to 55 4.209 .148 3.915 4.503
Greaterthan/=56 3.812 .163 3.488 4.136
Lessthan/=37 3.197 .124 2.950 3.444
Work related 38 to 45 3.330 .132 3.069 3.591
aspect 46 to 55 3.580 .130 3.323 3.837
Greaterthan/=56 3.229 .143 2.945 3.513
Lessthan/=37 3.737 .142 3.456 4.018
Authority 38 to 45 3.965 .150 3.667 4.262
related aspect 46 to 55 4.187 .148 3.894 4.480
Greaterthan/=56 3.769 .163 3.446 4.092
52
Table 5.12 Income group
Income group
Income 95% Confidence Interval
Dependent Variable Mean Std. Error
group Lower Bound Upper Bound
APL 3.957 .094 3.770 4.144
Economic aspect
BPL 3.869 .131 3.609 4.129
APL 3.980 .098 3.785 4.175
Social aspect
BPL 3.825 .137 3.553 4.097
Work related APL 3.345 .086 3.174 3.515
aspect BPL 3.323 .120 3.086 3.561
Authority related APL 3.992 .098 3.798 4.187
aspect BPL 3.836 .136 3.565 4.107
53
Table 5.13 Main Occupations
Main occupations
95% Confidence
Interval
Dependent Variable Main occupation Mean Std. Error
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
Agriculture labour 4.267 .085 4.097 4.436
Non agriculture labour 3.750 .242 3.269 4.230
Economic aspect
Own farming 3.643 .119 3.406 3.880
Livestock farming 3.993 .159 3.677 4.309
Social aspect
Own farming 3.582 .125 3.335 3.829
Work related aspect
Own farming 3.008 .109 2.792 3.224
Authority related Non agriculture labour 3.800 .252 3.299 4.300
aspect Own farming 3.542 .124 3.296 3.789
Source: Primary data
54
The estimated marginal means and MANOVA Tables 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12 and 5.13
indicate that the mean scores of the four variables on effectiveness of MGNREGS program
perceived by Beneficiaries, taken together vary over the Age, Income group and Main
occupation. The statistical significance of the variation of the means confirms this. Moreover,
the MANOVA characterized by powerful pillai’s trace test is significant at 5 percent level of
significance (value of F 4.264 with P=0.000<0.05). But when the four variables based on
Age and Main occupation are taken independently except Income group, variation can also be
found statistically in the test of between- subject effects (P<0.05). As per Grand mean, the
authority related aspect (3.914) and economic aspect (3.913) having higher mean scores.
Considering Age, the mean score of beneficiaries’ perception towards the effectiveness of
MGNREGS program belonging to the Age group of 46 to 55 are high among the three
variables selected being 4.238, 4.209 and 4.18).Similarly, the analysis based on Main
occupation of Beneficiaries with their perception towards effectiveness of MGNREGS, the
beneficiaries among Agriculture labour are having higher mean compared to other groups
being 4.267, 4.252, 3.640 and 4.330. Besides, pillai’s trace test is also significant at 5 per
cent level of significance which indicates the means score variation is statistically significant
at 5 per cent level of significance (F value 3.629 with P= 0.000<0.05). While considering all
the four factors as a whole, the factors such as Economic aspect, Social aspect, Work related
aspect, Authority related aspect are found to play great role in beneficiaries perception
towards the effectiveness of MGNREGS program as their mean values are 3.913, 3.903,
3.334 and 3.914 respectively.
55
CHAPTER 6
FINDINGS, RECOMMENTATION AND
CONCLUSION
56
6.1 FINDINGS
6.1.1 SAMPLE PROFILE OF BENEFICIARIES
The study is based on female married respondents having their own house. Majority (57 per
cent) of the sample respondents belong to the age group of 38 to 55. Considering the
respondents as to their Income group, 60 per cent of them belong to APL category in addition
Majority (57 per cent) of the Beneficiaries belongs to the community of OBC. The Main
occupation wise classification shows that 48 per cent belongs to agriculture labourers. It is
also found that 10 per cent of the respondents were having knowledge on MGNREGS
program from their own Grama panchayath Offices.
6.1.2 LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF MGNREGS PROGRAM AMONG
BENEFICIARIES
1. Considering the four dimensions on level of awareness of MGNREGS program based

on Age, the statistical variation in the mean scores of the responses of the selected
beneficiaries in all the four dimensions are tested with One-way ANOVA and the
value of F of three dimensions such as “Work features, Worksite facilities and Work
rules” are found statistically significant at 5 per cent level of significance (value of
P<0.05 in these cases).In case of Work features and Work rules, level of awareness of
MGNREGS program among beneficiaries are found to be high on Age group range
from 46 to 55 and in case of Worksite facilities the level of awareness, it is high on
Age group lessthan/=37.
57
on Income group. The statistical variation in the mean scores of the responses of the
selected beneficiaries about the Income group in all four dimensions is tested with
One-way ANOVA and the value of F of one dimension such as Worksite facilities is
found statistically significant at 5 per cent level of significance (value of P<0.05 in
these case).In the case of Worksite facilities the level of awareness of MGNREGS
program among beneficiaries based on Income group of respondents, APL category
have high level of awareness than BPL category.

on Main occupation, the statistical variation in the mean scores of the responses of the
selected beneficiaries about the Main occupation in all four dimensions is tested with
One-way ANOVA and the value of F of three dimensions such as Work features,
Wages and Work rules are statistically significant at 5 per cent level of significance
(value of P<0.05 in these cases). In the case of Work features, Wages and Work rules,
the level of awareness of MGNREGS program among beneficiaries based on Main
occupation of respondents, Agriculture labour have high level of awareness than
others.
58
6.1.3 EFFECTIVENESS OF MGNREGS PROGRAM AS PERCEIVED BY ITS
BENEFICIARIES
By analyzing the effectiveness of MGNREGS program as perceived by its beneficiaries on

four dimensions based on Age, Income group and Main occupation, it is observed from the
output of MANOVA model after taking all the aspects on the effectiveness of MGNREGS
program, only two aspects such as Authority related aspect and Economic aspect is more
effective (Grand 3.914 and 3.913). But Age wise consideration, the beneficiaries’ perception
towards effectiveness of MGNREGS program belonging to the Age group of 48 to 55 is high
in three dimensions. Considering the Main occupation of beneficiaries, the perceptions
towards effectiveness of MGNREGS program among Agriculture labour are found to be high
in all the four dimensions. This is validated by observing the powerful pillai’s Trace in the
MANOVA model and it is statistically significant F value with P<0.05.
59
6.2 RECOMMENDATION
1. The study recommends that the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme be continued. MGNREGS is a valuable and valued opportunity for
the rural poor and particularly for women to earn a living wage in a dignified manner.
The MGNREGS has great potential for increasing the volume of employment among
the rural unemployed and underemployed.
2. It is also recommend that the work under MGNREGS be expanded.
3. Awareness campaign for participants regarding the main objectives and intents of the
MGNREGS scheme should be organized at Grama panchayath level.
4. The study recommends to improving the basic amenities in the working place.
5. Social Audit is one of the most effective tools in rectifying and minimizing some of
the errors, bottlenecks and hindrances. So due care has to be taken in social audit to
include all beneficiaries.
6. Awareness regarding the Grievance redressal mechanism available under this scheme
should be provided to the beneficiaries.
60
CONCLUSION
The study is an overall attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of MGNREGS in polpully

panchayath. The study reveals that there are number of factors like Economic aspect, Social
aspect, Work related aspect, Authority related aspects that may affect the effectiveness of
MGNREGS. Up to certain extent, implementation of MGNREGS is effective in polpully
panchayath. The level awareness of MGNREGS program among beneficiaries based on four
factors such as Work features, Worksite facilities, Wages and Work rules are satisfactory to
some extent.
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.Google search.com
www.Wikipedia.com
www.nrega.nic.in
62
APPENDIX
63
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
EFFECTIVENESS OF MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL

EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME (MGNREGS) WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO POLPULLY PANCHAYATH
A. PERSONAL INFORMATION OF BENEFICIARY
1. Age : ………………years
2. Gender : Male Female
3. Marital status : Married Unmarried
4. Income group : APL BPL
5. Community : SC/ST OBC OTHERS
6. Main occupation : Agriculture labour

Non Agriculture labour
Own farming
Small shop
Livestock farming
Tailoring
7. Type of House : Own House Rented
B. MGNREGS DETAILS
8. From where did you come to know about MGNREGS
Grama panchayath Media Poster Neighbours
64
9. Level of Awareness of MGNREGS program among Beneficiaries
Please put a tick mark on the appropriate answers
Very high = 5 High = 4 Average = 3 Poor = 2 Very poor = 1
9.1 WORK FEATURES 5 4 3 2 1

9.1.1 Registration process
9.1.2 Issue of Job card
9.1.3 Selection of work
9.1.4 Execution of work
9.1.5 Nature of work
9.1.6 Time duration of work
9.2 WORKSITE FACILITIES 5 4 3 2 1
9.2.1 Safe Drinking water
9.2.2 First Aid
9.2.3 Shelter
9.3 WAGES 5 4 3 2 1
9.3.1 Procedure of payment
9.3.2 Minimum wages per day per Household
9.3.3 Unemployment Allowance per day per Worker
9.3.4 Disbursement of wages has to be done on a weekly basis and
beyond a for night
9.4 WORK RULES 5 4 3 2 1
9.4.1 Right to get job within 15 days of application
9.4.2 Social Audit must be conduct
9.4.3 Scheme create Durable goods
9.4.4 Contractors are not permit under this scheme
9.4.5 Task under the scheme shall be performed by using manual labour
and not machine
9.4.6 Provisions for regular inspection and supervision of work
9.4.7 Employment shall be provided within a radius of 5km of the
radius
9.4.8 10% of extra wage rate if employment is provided outside 5km
9.4.9 Application for work must be for at least 14 days of continuous
work
9.4.10 Period of employment is not more than 6 days in a week
9.4.11 Medical treatment at free of charge for injury
9.4.12 Compensation to accident
9.4.13 No gender discrimination
9.4.14 Equal remuneration for both men and women
9.4.15 Grievance redressal is possible under this scheme
9.4.16 At least 1/3rd of persons to whom work is allotted have to be
women
9.4.17 Exgratia payment for death and disability is given
65
10. Effectiveness of MGNREGS program as perceived by its Beneficiaries
Please put a tick mark on the appropriate answers
Strongly agree = 5 Agree = 4 Neutral = 3 Disagree = 2 strongly disagree = 1
10.1 ECONOMIC ASPECT 5 4 3 2 1

10.1.1 MGNREGS helps to improve Bargaining power
10.1.2 MGNREGS is very useful to reduce Indebtedness
10.1.3 Do you think income level of the beneficiary has increased
under this scheme
10.1.4 Whether a women receive equal wages on par with men
10.1.5 Do you think this scheme has made income generation from
all the adult members of your family who are fit to work
10.1.6 Do you earn higher wages than before the implementation of
the scheme
10.1.7 Do you think income can be generated throughout the year
because of the scheme
10.1.8 I am satisfied with the present wage rate under the scheme
10.2 SOCIAL ASPECT 5 4 3 2 1
10.2.1 MGNREGS helps to enhance Food security
10.2.2 MGNREGS facilitates to improve Standard of living
10.2.3 Do you think with the implementation of the scheme,
participation of women has increased in the decision making
of the family with regard to expenditure and savings
10.2.4 Does participation in MGNREGS influence the individual
development and growth of a women
10.2.5 Do you think women have more voice in the society because
of the scheme
10.2.6 Has participation in MGNREGS increased a women's
interaction with other members of her group and community
10.2.7 Does participation in MGNREGS increase a women's
awareness and knowledge
10.2.8 MGNREGS provide employment to all registered and
qualified members of your family
10.2.9 Does participation in MGNREGS increase a women's
participation in meetings of Gram panchayath , Gram
sabhas and political activities
10.3 WORK RELATED ASPECT 5 4 3 2 1
10.3.1 I am highly satisfied with the present working environment
10.3.2 Whether you are consulted while choosing the worksite
under MGNREGS
10.3.3 I agree that there is no any kind of harassment at worksite
against women members
10.3.4 Do you think the implementation of scheme more
employment is available
10.3.5 I am satisfied with the minimum number of employment
days provided to the household
66
10.3.6 I think that instead of household, individual should be the
unit for providing job guarantee
10.3.7 I am satisfied with the equality in workers participation
under the scheme
10.3.8 Do you think old age people should be given another work
than working manual work
10.3.9 Do you think physically challenged people should also be
encouraged under scheme by giving different work instead
of manual work
10.3.10 I believe that MGNREGS helps to arrest out-migration of
unskilled, landless labour force from the rural areas to urban
areas by ensuring up to 100 days of wage employment
within their native jurisdiction
10.3.11 I believe that MGNREGS is very helpful during Lean and
distress season
10.3.12 Do you think that there is a difficulty in working
continuously in water bodies
10.3.13 There is a difficulty in working in a hot weather condition
10.3.14 Do you think that tools provided under this scheme is not
good
10.3.15 Whether you perform over work load under this scheme
10.3.16 Do you think that there is a difficulty in using pickaxe or
lifting heavy stone during the work especially for women
10.3.17 I am satisfied with worksite facilities provided by the
scheme
10.3.18 I am satisfied with working hours under this scheme
10.3.19 I am satisfied with the mode of payment of wages
10.4 AUTHORITY RELATED ASPECT 5 4 3 2 1
10.4.1 Do you want separate Gram sabha meeting for selecting
worksites under the scheme
10.4.2 Gram panchayath provide work within 15 days of seeking
employment
10.4.3 Gram panchayath communicate information about works
and activities under MGNREGS at correct time
10.4.4 Do you agree that proper verification of all applicants by
Gram panchayath was done before issuing of job card
67

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EFFECTIVENESS OF MAHATMA GANDHI

NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE

A Project report submitted to the University of Calicut in partial fulfillment of

Under the supervision and guidance of

(Assistant Professor of commerce)

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, CHITTUR

NREGA is renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

1952 Community Development Programme (CDP)

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To identify the level of awareness of MGNREGS programme among beneficiaries.

1.4 PERIOD OF THE STUDY

1.5.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

1.5.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

1.5.3 SAMPLING FRAME

1.5.4 SAMPLING UNITS

1.5.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

1.6.1 PRIMARY DATA

1.6.2 SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data is collected from Websites, Newspapers and Publication.

1.7 TOOLS OF DATA ANALYSIS

1.7.1 One – Way ANOVA

The MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of variance) is a type of Multivariate

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1. The attitude of the workers change from time to time.

4. Selected samples are limited hence findings cannot be generalized.

5. Respondents are biased so collected information’s may not be exact or true.

RANIA ANTONOPOULOS (2009) said that a well-designed employment guarantee

Name of the Panchayath : Polpully

4.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN MGNREGS:

In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires-

• “Block” means a community development area within a district comprising a Group of

• “Central Council” means the Central Employment Guarantee Council constituted.

• “Notification” means a notification published in the Official Gazette;

• “Prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;

• “Scheme” means the scheme notified by the state government;

• “State Council” means the State Employment Guarantee Council constituted;

The other objectives are following:

2. To benefit the community by providing employment, raising agricultural productivity

4. Growth engine for sustainable development of an agricultural economy. Through the

5. Empowerment of rural poor through the process of a rights-based law.

6. New ways of doing business, as a model of governance reform anchored on the

The ‘right to work’ is a ‘directive principle’ in Indian Constitution which was

Thus, MGNREGS has four main objectives; to reduce poverty, to encourage

4.4 FEATURES OF THE NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT

7. If employment is not provided within 15 days, a daily unemployment allowance in

8. At least one-third of persons to whom work is allotted have to be women.

15. Social Audit has to be done by the Gram Sabha.

1.1 Water conservation and water harvesting;

4.5 FUNDING PATTERN OF THE SCHEME:

The programme will be implemented as a centrally sponsored scheme as cost sharing

The central government bears the costs on the following items:

The state government bears the costs on the following items;

4.6 CONDITIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT AND MINIMUM ENTITLEMENT OF

1. The adult members of every household who

5. All registered persons belonging to shall be entitled to employment in accordance

26. If a person employed under a scheme dies or becomes permanently disabled by

4.7.1 CENTRAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE COUNCIL (CEGC):

The central government constitutes a council to be called the Central Employment