Equipment Sizing
Equipment Sizing
Equipment Sizing
EQUIPMENT SIZING
Dr. M. Fadhil A. Wahab
Dr. Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
What to design ??
Consider the following block diagram.
9 For shell‐and‐tube heat exchangers, tubes are typically ¾‐in. O.D.,
16 ft long, and on 1‐in. triangular spacing. A 1‐ft I.D. shell can
accommodate 300 ft2 tubes outside area, 2‐ft: 1330 ft2, 3‐ft: 3200 ft2.
9 The tube side is for corrosive, fouling, scaling, hazardous, high T &
P, and expensive fluids. The shell side is for more viscous, cleaner,
lower flow rate, evaporating and condensing fluids.
Reference: W.D. Seider, J.D. Seider, D.R. Lewin, Product and Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis
and Evaluation, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2010.
Pumping action‐ cause increase the elevation, velocity and
pressure of a fluid.
Main purpose to provide energy to move liquids from one place
to another.
Common application is to increase the pressure of liquid.
Power Requirement
F is molar flow rate; v is molar volume; P is pressure
Due to smaller liquid molar volume, pump requires less power
than compressor for the same molar flow rate and increase in P.
Normally the outlet T of liquid increase only slightly.
To increase a pressure of a stream, pump a liquid rather than
compress a gas, unless refrigeration is needed.
(Note: to condense a gas through refrigeration and then pump
the condensate are expensive)
Pump Characteristics
¾ Capacity (Q) in gal/min (gpm) [conversion, 1ft3= 7.48 gal]
¾ Pump head (H) in ft or m.
⎛V P ⎞ ⎛V
2
P ⎞ 2
H =⎜ +z +
d
⎟ −⎜ +z +
d
⎟
s s
⎝ 2g ρ g ⎠ ⎝ 2g
d
d
ρ g⎠ s
Subscripts d and s refer to discharge and suction, respectively.
Heuristics
9 For heads up to 3200 ft (multiple stages) and flow rates in the
range 10 to 5000 gpm, use centrifugal pump.
9 For high heads up to 20000 ft and flow rate up to 500 gpm, use
reciprocating pump.
9 Less common are axial pumps for heads up to 40 ft for flow rates
in the range of 20 to 100000 gpm and rotary pumps for heads up
to 3000 ft for flow rate in the range 1 to 1500 gpm.
9 For liquid water,
Head of 3000 ft correspond to ΔP of 1300 psi,
Head of 20000 ft correspond to ΔP of 8680 psi.
Heuristics (cont’d)
For liquid flow, we need to include the following when
determining the required pumping head.
A pipeline pressure drop of 2 psi/100ft of pipe
A control valve pressure drop of at least 10 psi
A pressure drop of 4 psi per 10‐ft rise in elevation
Estimate the theoretical horsepower (THp) for pumping liquid
using,
Reference: W.D. Seider, J.D. Seider, D.R. Lewin, Product and Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis
and Evaluation, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2010.
Compressor: to increase the velocity and/or pressure of gases.
Presence of liquid can damage the compressor blades.
Centrifugal, positive displacement and momentum transfer.
If exit T exceeds 375 oF, a multistage compressor with intercoolers
must be employed.
Expander or expansion turbine: used in place of valve to recover
power as pressure is decreased.
The gas T is reduced, check for possible condensation avoid impeller
erosion.
Often chilling of gas is more important than the power recovery.
For high P liquid, the power recovery through turbine is not
economical.
⎛ T ⎞ ⎡⎛ P ⎞ ⎤
a
Thp = SCFM − 1⎥
⎝ 8130a ⎠ ⎢⎣⎜⎝ P ⎟⎠
1 2
1⎦
¾ THp (adiabatic) for compressing a gas.
¾ SCFM= std cubic ft per min at 60oF and 1 atm
¾ T1 inlet gas T in oR
¾ P1 and P2 are inlet and outlet P (absolute)
¾ a=(k‐1)/k where k=Cp/Cv is specific heat ratio
¾ T2 is estimated as,
⎛P⎞
a
T =T ⎜ ⎟ 2
⎝ P⎠
2 1
1
¾ Determine the tower operating conditions (T,P), and the type of
condenser.
¾ Determine the equilibrium number of stages and reflux required.
¾ Select an appropriate contacting method (plates or packing).
¾ Determine the number of actual plates or packing height required,
as well as the locations of feed and product.
¾ Determine the tower diameter.
¾ Determine other factors that may influence tower operation.
Distillation Tower Operating Conditions
¾ Proximity of critical conditions should be avoided.
¾ Typical operating P is 1 to 415 psia (29 bar).
¾ For vacuum operation P > 5 mmHg.
¾ Normally total condenser is used (except for low boiling
components and where vapor distillate is desired).
¾ Preliminary material balance to estimate the distillate and bottom
product compositions.
Algorithm: Tower Pressure & Condenser Type
Assume cooling water available at 90oF
PD : Dist P
PB: Bottom P
PB=PD+10 psia
Reference: W.D. Seider, J.D. Seider, D.R. Lewin, Product and Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis
and Evaluation, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2010.
Other Things to Consider
¾ If top stream contains both condensable and non‐
condensable components, the condenser is designed to
produce both vapor distillate and liquid distillate.
¾ The PD is calculated at 120oF for the condensable components
in liquid distillate.
¾ For vacuum operation, the vapor distillate is sent to vacuum
pump.
¾ If refrigerant is used, always consider placing water‐cooled
partial condenser ahead of it (to reduce coolant requirement).
Design of Distillation Tower
What to design ?? V
Consider the following scenarios:
R=L/D
¾ At total reflux ratio L
9 Minimum no. of stages PD D
9 High utility cost
¾ At minimum reflux ratio
9 Infinite no. of stages
9 Low utility cost
Fenske‐Underwood‐Gilliland (FUG) Method
Valid for single feed, distillate and bottoms, i.e. Ordinary
Distillation.
To estimate:
¾ Reflux ratio
¾ No. of equilibrium stages & feed location.
Quite accurate for ideal mixtures of narrow boiling range.
Not for non‐ideal mixtures, azeotropes and mixtures of wide‐
boiling range (need to use rigorous model).
9 Step 1: Use Fenske Equation to determine minimum number of
equilibrium stages (i.e. at total reflux, D=0, R=∞)
⎡⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎤
Log ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
LK HK
⎣ ⎝ b ⎠⎝ d ⎠ ⎦
N = LK HK
min
log α LK , HK
d and b are component molar flowrates at distillate and bottom
respectively. HK (heavy key), LK (light key), α is relative volatility
9 Step 2: Also use Fenske Equation to determine the distribution of
non‐key component between distillate and bottom (d/b) streams
at total reflux. Good estimate for the distribution (d/b) at finite
reflux conditions.
⎡⎛ d NK ⎞⎛ bHK ⎞⎤
Log ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ bNK ⎠⎝ d HK ⎠⎦
N min =
log α NK , HK
¾ Step 3: Using Underwood Equation to determine minimum reflux
ratio (Rmin) that correspond to infinite number of equilibrium
stages (N=∞).
α i xiF
1− q = ∑
αi −θ
Solve Ө by trial and error. Note: αHK (equals 1) < Ө < αLK.
αx
Rmin + 1 = ∑ i iD
αi −θ
Refer C.J. Geankoplis textbook for detail calculations.
¾ Step 4: Using Gilliland correlation to estimate the actual number of
equilibrium stages (N) at a specified ratio of R/Rmin. Note: R =
1.1~1.5 Rmin.
¾ Step 5: Estimate the feed location by using Fenske Equation.
Calculate NR,min for rectifying section (between feed and distillate)
and NS,min for stripping section (between feed and bottom).
Assume that, NR,min/NS,min =NR/NS; also N=NR+NS.
⎡⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎤
Log ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
LK HK
Log ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
LK HK
⎣ ⎝ f ⎠⎝ d ⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝ b ⎠⎝ f ⎠ ⎦
= =
LK HK LK HK
N N
log α log α
R, min S , min
LK , HK LK , HK
¾ Alternatively, use Erbar‐Maddox correlation and Kirkbride equation
(refer to Geankoplis text book).
Kremser Shortcut Method for Absorption and Stripping
• For column with one feed, one absorbent or stripping agent, and
two product streams.
• To estimate minimum absorbent (Lmin) or stripping agent (Vmin)
flow rate, and the number of equilibrium stages N.
• Instead of relative volatility α, this method uses Ae=L/KV for
absorption and Se=KV/L for stripping.
Absorption Tower
¾ Minimum absorbent molar flow rate
Lmin = K KVin (1 − φ AK )
K K is K - value of key component computed at average T and P,
(1 − φ AK ) is fraction of key component in gas to be absorbed
Typical actual absorbent rate L,
L = 1.5L min
To calculate number of equilibrium stages N, use
A −1 L
φ = eK
Where, A =
A −1 N +1 eK
AK
eK
KV K
Stripping Tower
Min stripping agent molar flow rate
Lin
Vmin = (1 − φS K )
KK
K K is K - value of key component computed at average T and P
(1 − φS K ) is fraction of key component in the feed liquid to be stripped
Typical actual stripping agent rate V,
V = 1.5V min
To calculate number of equilibrium stages N, use
S −1 KV
φ = eK
Where, S =
K
S −1 N +1
SK eK
eK
L
Plate Efficiency and HETP
¾ Plate efficiency (Eo) to convert Nequilibrium (equilibrium stages) to
actual trays (Nactual).
N
N actual
= equilibrium
E o
¾ Height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) Height
equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) to convert Nequilibrium to
packed height.
Column Height (ft) =
(Nactual ‐ 1) x (Tray Spacing)
+ Height of sump below bottom tray
+ Disengagement height above top tray
Note:
For structural reasons, tower height must not
exceed 200 ft. If calculated height exceeding
200 ft, consider using tower in series.
Height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP)
Values of HETP are usually derived from experimental data for a
particular type and size of packing.
Packing vendors/manufacturers can provide HETP values.
Typical values of :
9 For modern random packing: 2 ft
9 For structured packing: 1 ft
HETP as a function of nominal diameter of random packings, and
specific surface area as recommended by Kister (1992).
Why Tower Diameter ?
Tower diameter is calculated to avoid flooding (i.e. liquid began to
fill the tower and leave with vapor at top).
The diameter depends on,
9 Flowrates of vapor and liquid.
9 Properties of vapor and liquid.
Diameter of Tray Tower
Tower inside diameter,
1
⎡ ⎤ 2
⎢ ⎥
4G
D =⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛ ⎞ ⎥
T
( )
A
⎢ fU π ⎜ 1 − d
⎟ρ ⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎦
f G
⎣ A T
Flooding velocity,
1
⎛ρ −ρ ⎞ 2
U = C⎜ ⎟
L G
⎝ ρ ⎠
f
G
G = mass flow rate of gas L = mass flow rate of liquid
f = fraction of flooding velocity = 0.75 to 0.85
Ad = downcomer area AT = tower inside cross - sectional area
ρ G = density of gas ρ L = density of liquid
Also,
Ad
= 0.1 if FLG ≤ 0.1
AT
= 0. 1 +
( FLG − 0.1)
if 0.1 ≤ FLG ≤ 1.0
9
= 0.2 if FLG ≥ 1.0
C = capacity parameter = CSB FST FF FHA
Tower inside diameter,
1
⎡ 4G ⎤ 2
D =⎢ ⎥
T
⎣ ( fU )πρ ⎦
f G
For flooding velocity, use
U 2f FP ⎛ ρ G ⎞
Y= ⎜ ⎟ f {ρ L } f {μ L }
g ⎜⎝ ρ H 2O ( l ) ⎟⎠
Density function,
⎛ ρ H 2O ( L ) ⎞ ⎛ ρ H 2O ( L ) ⎞
2
f {ρ L } = −0.8787 + 2.6776⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ − 0.6313⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ρL ⎠ ⎝ ρL ⎠
valid for density ratios from 0.65 to 1.4
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Pergamon Press, 1985.
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2006/07
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Principles: Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
2010.