Nuclear Weapons Production in the US, 1941-2011

By Holger Terp, The Danish Peace Academy

The nuclear military-industrial complex in the US, as far as I know, has not been de-
scribed in Denmark.

Nuclear policy in Denmark has since 1945 engaged in general with nuclear physics, 1
and nuclear weapons problems - such as their deployment and the different percep-
tions of how this policy has affected everybody's safety. 2

But there is nobody in this country who has described the mines, where the raw ma-
terials for nuclear weapons production are, the factories that manufactured nuclear
weapons, the councils which took and still make the decisions in secret, the nuclear ex-
periments, and their human, environmental and economic costs.
1 Issaacson, Walter: Einstein : Hans liv og univers. Gyldendal, 2006. - 742 pp. : ill.
2 National Security Archive: How Many and Where Were the Nukes? What the US. Government No
Longer Wants You to Know about Nuclear Weapons During the Cold War. National Security Archive Elec-
tronic Briefing Book No. 197, 2006.
National Security Archive:US. Strategic Nuclear Policy: A Video History, 1945-2004 : Sandia Labs Historical
Video Documents History of US. Strategic Nuclear Policy, 2011.
Air Force Special Film Project 416, "Power of Decision". Produced by Air Photographic and Charting Ser-
vice. Circa 1958, For Official Use Only. Source: Digital copy prepared by National Archives and Records
Administration Motion Pictures Unit, Record Group 342, Department of the Air Force.
Wittner, Lawrence S.: The Struggle Against the Bomb, I-III. Stanford University Press, 1993, 1997 & 2003.

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I got the idea for the project about a year ago and there is much yet to be done.

The following is a taste of a very extensive and complex history that is very likely to be
commented on and debated. There is additional documentation on this subject in the
Peace Academy. Virtually all the documentation, source material and references are
naturally in English. The exception here is
the American journalist and author Walter
Isaacsons's brick piece Einstein biography,
showing the nuclear political development
up to 1955 - as seen with Einstein's glasses.

The Ministry of Defense and the Depart-

ment of Energy is responsible for the devel-
opment of nuclear weapons in US. out of a
desire for a partial civilian control of the de-
velopment and the policy. It all began with
the Office of Scientific Research and Devel-
opment (OSRD)3, and the Manhattan Pro-
ject during World War II4, virtually the sole
story in this context that is described in
Danish because of the participation of the
nuclear physicist Niels Bohr5.

During the Cold War there were two main

directions in the development of nuclear
weapons. The first was to give them larger and larger explosive force, more bang for
6

their buck - in the hope that a nuclear war between the superpowers would never ma-
terialize and, secondly, to make these weapons so tiny that they could be used on the
battlefield - in the hope that the damage could be limited to an acceptable level. The
3 National Archives: Records of the Office of Scientific Research and Development [OSRD] (Record
Group 227) 1939-50 (Bulk 1939-47).
- http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/227.html
Stewart, Irvin: Organizing scientific research for war; the administrative history of the Office of
Scientific Research and Development (1948) - 388 pp.
- http://www.archive.org/details/organizingscient00stew
4 The National Historic Landmarks Program: World War II and the American Home Front. National Park
Service, 2007. - 198 pp. - http://www.nps.gov/nhl/themes/HomefrontStudy.pdf
5 Henningsen, Svend: Atompolitik 1939-1945. In:: Festskrift udgivet af Københavns Universitet, 1971 pp.
7-254.
Ashley W. Oughterson, Henry L. Barnett,George V. LeRoy, Jack D. Rosenbaum, Averill A. Liebow, B. Aubrey
Schneider, and E. Cuylar Hammond: Medical Effects of Atomic Bombs : The Report of the Joint Com-
mission for the Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bomb in Japan; Volume VI. / Army Institute of
Pathology: published (July 6, 1951).
Bohr, Niels: Essays 1958-62 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge. - New York : Interscience
Publishers, 1963. - 122 pp. - http://www.archive.org/details/essays19581962at010046mbp
Smyth, Henry De Wolf: Atomic energy for military purposes; the official report on the development of
the atomic bomb under the auspices of the United States Government, 1940-1945. - Princeton, Prin-
ceton University Press, 1945. - 298 pp.
6 Beyond the United Kingdom: Trends in the Other Nuclear Armed States / Ian Kearns
Discussion Paper 1 of the BASIC Trident Commission An independent, cross-party commission to examine
UK nuclear weapons policy. British American Security Information Council (BASIC) 2011. - 40 pp.
Nuclear Weapon Archive : Complete List of All US. Nuclear Weapons, 2006.

2
latter way of thinking permeates the current American thinking on modernization of
the country's nuclear weapons, such as is expressed through the Doctrine for Joint
Nuclear Operations from 2005 onwards7, for as Ambassador Linton F. Brooks said it
2005: "Older nuclear weapons systems do not have "new precision-guided technologies
as our conventional systems have the full benefit of." He added, older nuclear weapons
"[are] not geared for small attacks or flexibility in command, control and attacks."8

In the latter part of the Cold War - and later - a number of international climate sci-
entists made the plausible claim that even a limited nuclear war would cause a global
ultimate environmental9 destruction.10

The military structure

Overall, the military defense consists of, led by the president and the Joint Chiefs of
Staff11 the following departments:

• Army12
• Navy13
7 Kristensen, Hans M.: Global Strike : A Chronology of the Pentagon’s New Offensive Strike Plan.
- Washington DC : Federation of American Scientists, 2006. - 250 pp.
USSTRATCOM: Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations. 2005. - 96 pp.
Nuclear Brief February 2, 2006: Pentagon Cancels Controversial Nuclear Doctrine
'The Pentagon has formally cancelled a controversial revision of Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations after
the doctrine was exposed last year in an article in Arms Control Today in September 2005 and the Wash-
ington Post. The revised draft included for the first time descriptions of preemptive use of US nuclear
weapons, and caused the Senate Armed Services Committee to ask for a briefing, and 16 lawmakers to
protest to President Bush'.
CRS: U.S. Nuclear Weapons: Changes in Policy and Force Structure. / Amy F. Woolf. 2002. - 49 pp.
8 Gilmore, Gerry J.: QDR to Address Transformation of US. Nuclear Arsenal. American Forces Press
Service, April 5, 2005.
Building Budgetary Transparency and Accountability for the US Nuclear Weapons Program / Stephen
I. Schwartz. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies September 8, 2011. - 12 pp.
9 Linking Legacies: Connecting the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Production Processes to Their En-
vironmental Consequences. The U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Management,
1997. - 229 pp.
10 The Encyclopedia of Earth, Nuclear Winter Lead Author: Alan Robock. 2008, Cutler J. Cleveland, Ed.
(Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environ -
ment), herunder New studies of climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflict from Alan Robock, in-
cluding links to new studies published in 2007.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment: Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass
Destruction, OTA-BP-ISC-115 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1993).
- 265 pp. - http://www.fas.org/ota/reports/9344.pdf
11 Sample histories: Schnabel, James F. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff
and National Policy 1945–1947. Volume I. Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, The Joint Staff, 1996.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy: History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Volume VIII, 1961-
1964 Willard S. Poole. Office of Joint History. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Washington, DC, 2011. - 380 pp.
12 Summary Report on the U.S. Army Environmental Center’s Native American Graves Protection
and Repatriation Act Compliance Project. Section 6 Summary Investigations, Prepared for the U.S.
Army Environmental Center, Environmental Compliance Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland /
U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis. Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management
of Archaeological Collections. U.S. Army NAGPRA Compliance Project. 1996. 179 pp. ; Technical Report
No. 98) - http://aec.army.mil/usaec/cultural/section6.pdf
13 Department of the Navy Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 Budget Estimates: Justification of Estimates. February

3
 • Air Force14
• Marine Corps
• National Guard
• Federal Civil Defense Administration, now the US Department of Homeland
Security
• The Coast Guard
and the US. Nuclear Security and Enterprise, US. Special Operations Forces as well
as various civilian and military intelligence agencies. Only the navy and the air force 15
is in possession of conventional nuclear weapons.16

After the Vietnam War, conscription was abolished in the United States.

The president has, in cooperation with Congress, the right to declare war 17 - and, it is
believed, also the right to decide the use of nuclear weapons. For good reasons, no pro-
posals on this is in the US. Constitution and the literature on this topic are for policy
reasons, very sparse or masked. Also the Defense Production Act of 1950 contains
three major sections. The first authorizes the President to require businesses to sign
contracts or fulfill orders deemed necessary for national defense. The second
authorizes the President to establish mechanisms (such as regulations, orders or
agencies) to allocate materials, services and facilities to promote the national defense.
The third section authorizes the President to control the civilian economy so that
sscarce and/or critical materials necessary to the national defense effort are available
for defense needs. The Act also authorizes the President to requisition property, force
industry to expand production and the supply of basic resources, impose wage and
price controls, settle labor disputes, control consumer and real estate credit, establish
contractual priorities, and allocate raw materials to aid the national defenseThe law
on atomic energy is from 1954.18

The military command for nuclear war is called the Nuclear Command and Control

2010. - 196 pp. - http://www.finance.hq.navy.mil/fmb/11pres/wpn_book.pdf

14 Acquisition Management in the United States Air Force and its Predecessors. / Lawrence R.
Benson. Air Force History Support Office, 1997. - 60 pp. ; Air Force History and Museums Program. 1997)
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a433213.pdf
The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945-1960. / Jacob Neufeld.
- Washington DC : US Air Force History, 1990. - 424 pp. - http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a439957.pdf
Locating Air Force Base Sites History’s Legacy. / Frederick J. Shaw. Editor. - Washington DC : US Air
Force History and Museums Program, 2004. - 228 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a476351.pdf
15 The Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, 1947-1965 / George M. Watson, Jr..
- Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History, 1993. - 389 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a433203.pdf
16 NNSA, Y-12 Complete Dismantlement of W70 Components : Last Cold War US. Army nuclear weapon
dismantled from US. nuclear weapons stockpile.
- http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/w70dismantle102111
Report of the Secretary of Defense Task Force on DoD Nuclear Weapons Management. Phase I:: The
Air Force’s Nuclear Mission. September 2008. - 92 pp.
- http://www.defense.gov/pubs/phase_i_report_sept_10.pdf
17 Fisher, Louis: When Wars Begin: Misleading Statements by Presidents. Presidential Studies Quarterly
40, no. 1 (March) 171. 2010. Center for the Study of the Presidency.
18 Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (as amended). - 181 pp. - http://epw.senate.gov/atomic54.pdf

4
System.19 This consists in particular of the National Military Command Center, the
US. Strategic Command Global Operations Center, and Site-R or Raven Rock Moun-
tain Complex, and mobile units in Operation Looking Glass, such as the E-4B Na-
tional Airborne Operations Center, the E-6B Airborne Command Post, and the Mobile
Consolidated Command Center.

Located in the Pentagon, houses the the National Military Command Center the Na-
tional Command Authority, its logistics and communications center, including the hot
Moscow-Washington line. The National Command Authority is a term used by the
Defense Department to refer to the ultimate lawful source of military orders. The
command consists of the president (as commander) and the minister of defense jointly
or of their appropriate deputy successor, ie vice president and vice defense minister.

The US. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) is one of the ten commands in the
DOD. The command which employs more than 2,700 people, representing all military
branches, including the Ministry of civilians and contractors and oversees the com-
mand's operationally focused global strategic operations.20

19 CRS: Nuclear Command and Control: Current Programs and Issues May 3, 2006 - 40 pp.
The Nuclear Matters Handbook : Expanded and Revised Version / Office of the Assistant Secretary of
Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs, 2011.- 350 pp.
20 GAO: Military Transformation : Additional Actions Needed by US. Strategic Command to Strengthen
Implementation of Its Many Missions and New Organization, 2006. - 71 pp.

5
6
Archives

Nuclear History at the National Security Archive, including the

National Security Archive : U.S Nuclear History. Nuclear Arms and Politics
in the Missile Age, 1955 – 1968.
- http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/nh/
'U.S. Nuclear History: Nuclear Arms and Politics in the Missile Age, 1955-1968 docu-
ments one of the most formidable military buildups of the nuclear era. It begins with
1955, when the U.S. Air Force acquired its first B-52 bomber, massively destructive
thermonuclear weapons entered the weapons stockpile in large numbers, and Presid-
ent Eisenhower declared the production of operational intercontinental ballistic mis-
siles (ICBMs) the highest national priority. During the following years, the United
States produced and deployed a potentially devastating array of Atlas, Titan 21, and
Minuteman ICBMs and Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), all
poised for rapid retaliation or first-strike in a crisis. In addition to its own rapid nucle-
ar expansion, the United States also deployed thousands of nuclear missiles in West-
ern Europe during the 1960s to uphold alliance commitments with European powers.
This collection concludes with 1968, when a new phase in nuclear history was ap-
proaching; with the Soviets reaching strategic parity, the White House began making
arms control negotiations a priority, and the Air Force successfully tested multiple in-
dependently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) to enhance the destructive reach of
ballistic missiles.'22
According to the Locating Air Force Base Sites History’s Legacy, 'By the late 1950s,
each air materiel area, headquartered at a specific base, managed a set of weapon sys-
tems or components after it had completed an ARDC testing cycle. Locations of manu-
facturers influenced AMC assignments of weapon systems to certain AMC bases. The
San Antonio Air Materiel Area (AMA) at Kelly AFB, Texas, was responsible for B–36s
and later B–58s as well as F–102 and F–106 interceptors. All of these aircraft were
products of the Convair Corporation which maintained a large production facility at
nearby Fort Worth. Oklahoma City AMA at Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, managed B–47
and B–52 bombers and the KC–97 and KC–135 tankers that refueled them. Many of
these Boeing aircraft were built at a large plant in Wichita in the adjacent state of
Kansas. The Sacramento AMA at McClellan AFB in California handled F–80s and
later F–104s, products of Lockheed, and F–86s and later F–100s, produced by North
American. Both Lockheed and North American maintained production facilities in
California. The Warner Robins AMA at Robins AFB in Georgia handled the C–130s
that another Lockheed plant produced in the same state, and Middletown AMA (later,
Olmsted AFB) in Pennsylvania administered helicopter systems partly because it was
not too far from the Sikorsky and Vertol factories that produced the H–19 and H–21.
The San Bernardino AMA at Norton AFB in California administered the C–124 and
C–133 systems in the 1950s, aircraft produced by the Douglas Aircraft Corporation
located in the same state. San Bernardino also assumed responsibility for ballistic
missiles such as Thor, Atlas, and Titan by 1960. In early 1959, AMC selected Ogden
21 Titan II Missile Site Coordinates - http://asuwlink.uwyo.edu/~jimkirk/titan2.html
22 The classification rules are found among other things in Aftergood, Steven Reducing Government
Secrecy: Finding What Works, Yale Law & Policy Review, 2009.
Restricted Data Declassification Decisions 1946 to the Present. US. Department of Energy. Office of
Health, Safety and Security. Office of Classification, 2001. - 169 pp.

7
(later, Hill AFB) in Utah to manage Snark and Minuteman, partly because the Her-
cules and Thiokol plants that manufactured some of the missiles’ rocket engines were
located in the same state. Griffiss AFB, New York, home of the Rome AMC, special-
ized in Air Force electronics like the kind used in early warning radar. Rome was loc-
ated in an area known for its electronics industry and nearby universities (Cornell,
Rochester, and Syracuse) whose research resources were readily available.' 23

The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

Historical American government organization established 1947 as a continuation of

the Manhattan Project24. The Commission was responsible for U.S. nuclear weapons
tests25 in the early part of the cold war - including those in the proving grounds in the
Pacific and Nevada,26 and overtook responsibly for the newly proposed Manhattan
Project Signature Facilities, including the plutonium factories the Hanford Engineer
Works and the Savannah River Site until the administration of them were privatized..
DOE’s Manhattan Project Signature Facilities are 'those defined as “nationally signi-
ficant historic properties that best convey and interpret the scale and importance of
the Manhattan Project, and provide the core for the Department’s ability to success-
fully interpret, whether in situ or through museum or other interpretive setting, its
Manhattan Project mission of developing atomic bombs during World War II.”. 27
23 Locating Air Force Base Sites History’s Legacy. / Frederick J. Shaw. Editor.
- Washington DC : US Air Force History and Museums Program, 2004. - p. 86.
24 National Archives: Records of the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] (Record Group 326) 1923-75.
The New World: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Volume I, 1939-1946. / Richard
G. Hewlett, Oscar E. Anderson, Jr.. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1972. - 824 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4597121-bHOE2p/
Atomic Shield, 1947–1952: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Volume II / Richard
C. Hewlett and Francis Duncan. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962 ; 1969. - 768 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4582828-c0Mpnp/
Atoms for Peace and War, 1953-1961. Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission. A History of the
United States Atomic Energy Commission, Volume III. / Richard G. Hewlett and Jack M. Holl.
- Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. xxx, 696 pp. ; California Studies in the History of Science,
vol. 4.)
25 The Atomic Cafe 1982 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOUtZOqgSG8
26 Draft Site-Wide Environmental Impact Statement for the Continued Operation of the Department of
Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada National Security Site and Off-Site Loca-
tions in the State of Nevada, 2009?
Abstract: This Site-Wide Environmental Impact Statement ... analyzes the potential environmental impacts of
proposed alternatives for continued management and Operation of the Nevada National Security Site
(NNSS) (formerly known as the Nevada Test Site) and other US. Department of Energy/National Nuclear
Security Administration managed sites in Nevada, including the Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL) on
Nellis Air Force Base in North Las Vegas, the North Las Vegas Facility (NLVF), the Tonopah Test Range
(TTR), and environmental restoration areas on the US. Air Force Nevada Test and Training Range.
United States Geologic Survey / Dennis N. Grasso: Nevada Test Site: Geologic Surface Effects of Under-
ground Nuclear Testing: Buckboard Mesa, Climax Stock, Dome Mountain, Frenchman Flat, Raini-
er/Aqueduct Mesa, and Shoshone Mountain, Nevada Test Site, Nevada, 2003. - 1 p.
Nuclear Weapons Testing at the Nevada Test Site: The First Decade. / John C. Hopkins and Barbara
Killian. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 2011. - 662 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552638.pdf
27 Advisory Council on Historic Preservation: ACHP Supports Department of Energy Policy Statement
on Historic Hanford Nuclear Reactor, March 10, 2008 - 2 pp.
- http://www.achp.gov/docs/ReactorRelease.pdf

8
This organization was split as Nuclear Regulatory Commission with the commercial
nuclear industry responsibility allocated and the Energy Research and Development
Administration which administered energy research, development of nuclear weapons
and naval reactor programs in 1975. 28 These bodies merged in 1977 to the U.S.
Department of Energy.

Former AEC sites. This refers here to the high security installations built by the
Atomic Energy Commission after World War II to store and maintain nuclear
weapons. These are:

Barksdale AFB Kirtland AFB Nellis A FB

Bossier AFB Lackland AFB Rushhmore AFS
Caribou AF'S Lake Mead AFB Stoney Brook AFS
Deep Creek AFS Loring AFB Travis AFB
Ellsworth AFB Manzano AFB Westover AFB
Fairchild AFB Medina AFB

Manhattan Project Sites, Draft Special Resource Study/Environmental Assessment. National Park
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2009. - 216 pp.
- http://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=482&projectId=14946&documentID=30977
28 Department of Energy: Naval Reactors. 2004. - 76 pp.

9
10
Department of Energy

The U.S. Energy Department was created in 1977 by a merger of Nuclear Regulatory
Commission and the the Energy Research and Development Administration. A lot of
research, development, maintenance, cleanup and the cost to the U.S. Nuclear
Weapons industrial complex is administered by the Department of Energy among oth-
er things through the National Nuclear Security Administration, created in 2000.29 It
should also be mentioned in passing that that "the U.S. defense and military are with
80% of the government's total energy as the largest consumer of energy. Including mil-
itary vessels such as navy fleets, aircraft, vehicles and buildings 75% of energy con-
sumption', writes the Danish Foreign Ministry website' environmental and energy.
"The National Nuclear Security Administration also administers nuclear weapons
laboratories organized by the Ministry of Energy National Laboratories, for example:

29 GAO: Modernizing the Nuclear Security Enterprise: The National Nuclear Security Administration's
Proposed Acquisition Strategy Needs Further Clarification and Assessment, September 20, 2011.
'DOE)-- proposed in March 2010 a new acquisition strategy that includes consolidating the management and
operating (M&O) contracts for two of its eight sites--the Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12) in Ten-
nessee and the Pantex Plant in Texas.'
DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. 1993. - 142 pp.
'The Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating
contractors in providing operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessary
fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of nuclear physics and reactor theory. The
handbook includes information on atomic and nuclear physics; neutron characteristics; reactor theory and
nuclear parameters; and the theory of reactor Operation. This information will provide personnel with a
foundation for understanding the scientific principles that are associated with various DOE nuclear facility
operations and maintenance.'

11
•Argonne National Laboratory Morgantown, West Virginia; Pittsburgh,
•Ames Laboratory Pennsylvania; and Sugar Land, Texas
•Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory •National Renewable Energy Laboratory
•Brookhaven National Laboratory •Oak Ridge National Laboratory
•Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory •Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
•General Electric Vallecitos Nuclear Cen- •Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant
ter •Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
•Idaho National Laboratory •Sandia National Laboratories, Al-
•Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engin- buquerque, New Mexico and Livermore,
eering Center California
•Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory •Savannah River National Laboratory or
•Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Savannah River Site
•Lawrence Livermore National Laborato- •Separations Process Research Unit
ry •SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
•Los Alamos National Laboratory •Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
•National Energy Technology Laboratory Facility
in Albany, Oregon; Fairbanks, Alaska;

A complete list of the Ministry's laboratory appears from of its current budget proposal
for 2012.30The Ministry of Energy's overall responsibility and economics associated
with nuclear weapons appears from the current budget proposal for 2012. 31

30 Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer: FY 2012, Laboratory Tables Preliminary. Con-
gressional Budget Request, February 2012. - 133 pp.
See also: Master Government List of Federally Funded R&D Centers (FFRDCs).
- http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ffrdclist/, and
Historical Notes: Decertifications, closures and renaming, and other associated notes
- http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/ffrdclist/historic.cfm
Western States Legal Foundation, Nevada Desert Experience: The Nevada Test Site: Desert Annex of the
Nuclear Weapons Laboratories. Information Bulletin Summer 2005 update. - 14 pp.
31 Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Office: FY 2012 Congressional Budget Request,
National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of the Administrator, Weapons Activities, Defense
Nuclear Nonproliferation, Naval Reactors. February 2011, Volume 1. - 562 pp.
Se også Nuclear Security Spending: Assessing Costs, Examining Priorities / Stephen I. Schwartz with
Deepti Choubey. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009. - 78 pp.

12
Los Alamos National Laboratory

Part of America's nuclear industrial complex under the Department of Energy.32

32 Fogbank: Lost Knowledge Regained. Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009.
Los Alamos Historical Document Retrieval and Assessment (LAHDRA) Project. - http://www.lahdra.org/
Draft Final Report of the Los Alamos Historical Document Retrieval and Assessment (LAHDRA)
Project. (June 2009) - 558 pp.
ChemRisk review of off-site releases at Los Alamos National Laboratory. January 27, 1999.
'IRVINE, CA – McLaren/Hart’s ChemRisk service group announced it began a 3-year, $4.2 million effort to re -
view historical documents about off-site releases of hazardous chemicals and radionuclides from Los
Alamos National Laboratory operations dating back to the 1940s. Working for the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), an independent team from ChemRisk and subcontractor Shonka Re-
search Associates will further remove the secrecy that has obscured many operations a the facility since
the development of the first atomic bomb. A comprehensive summary of historical operations will be pre-
pared, as will a list of materials that were likely released to off-site areas. ChemRisk expects to be able to
bring about public release of documents important to the assessment of potential off-site health effects,
most of which have long been classified.
Characterizing operations undertaken since 1943 will involve the review of millions of documents on paper
and microfilm, interviewing active and retired workers, and identifying the materials that were used in
ways that likely led to off-site releases. Materials that were used will be prioritized based on toxicity,
quantities that were present, the nature of the operations they were used in, and any evidence of off-site

13
The laboratory was founded during World War II in 1943 as a secret, centralized facil-
ity to coordinate scientific research in different universities under the Manhattan Pro-
ject that developed the the first American atomic bombs. Among the nuclear physicists
who worked in Los Alemos were: Niels Bohr, Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer33
and Edward Teller.34

transport and public exposure. Based on the information gathered during this project, CDC will evaluate
whether any identified releases warrant more detailed study because of potential public exposures. CDC
is currently conducting more advanced stages of similar studies at the Idaho National Engineering and
Environmental Laboratory and the Savannah River site in South Carolina.
Much has been written about operations at the secret city during World War II, but relatively little has been
publicly released concerning the multitude of operations at the laboratory since. The missions of the
laboratory have grown considerably over the years to include thermonuclear weapon design, high explos-
ives and ordnance development and testing, nuclear reactor and accelerator research and development,
fusion research, waste disposal and incineration, and other chemical, biological, and energy related stud -
ies.'
Discussion: Nuclear Dumps by the Riverside: Threats to the Savannah River from Radioactive
Contamination at the Savannah River Site. / Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D., Michele Boyd. Institute for Energy
and Environmental Research, Takoma Park, Maryland, 2004. - 77 pp.
- http://www.ieer.org/reports/srs/fullrpt.pdf
33 The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II: A Collection of Primary Sources. National Security
Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162. Edited by William Burr. 2007.
- http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/index.htm
Up For Sale:Bidding for Management of the Nuclear Weapons Labs : Western States Legal Foundation
Special Report. Fall 2004. - Oakland, CA: Western States Legal Foundation, - 34 pp.
United States Atomic Energy Commission, Personnel Security Board: In The Matter Of J. Robert
Oppenheimer. Autobiography pp. 11-19. Government Printing Office, (1954). - 1008 pp.
- http://www.archive.org/details/unitedstatesatom007206mbp
34 Mcnamara, Laura Agnes: Ways of Knowing About Weapons: the cold war's end at the Los Alamos
National Laboratory. Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy, Anthropology. The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. May,
2001. - 297 pp.

14
Oak Ridge, National Laboratory
American city in the state of Tennessee, where the Army Corps of Engineers estab-
lished three different plants for the production of enriched uranium, then called the
Clinton Engineer Works, in 194335, as part of the Manhattan Project. 36. Now under
the Ministry of Energy named East Tennessee Technology Park. 37 Up to and including
35 The metal fabrication program for the Clinton Engineer Works and the Hanford Engineer Works.
Including the Dummy Slug Program and the Unbonded Slug Program - Project 1553. Du Pont de
Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Wilmington, DE (United States). Engineering Dept., 1945 - 300 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10158630
Status of Upcoming SEC Petitions / LaVon B. Rutherford, CHP. National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health Division of Compensation Analysis and Support. 2011. - 6 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/pres/secstat0811bw.pdf
United States Army in World War II – The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States . /
Lenore Fine and Jesse A. Remington. - Washington, D. C.: Center of Military History, 1972. - 747 pp
36 National Archives: Records of the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] (Record Group 326) 1923-75
Chamberlain, Owen: Physicist at Los Alamos, Berkeley professor, 1950-1989, and Nobel Laureate : oral
history transcript / 2000. Bancroft Library. History of Science and Technology Program; Bancroft Library.
Regional Oral History Office. - http://www.archive.org/details/physlosalamos00chamrich
37 Carl Malamud on behalf of the US. Congress: Continuing Security Concerns at Los Alamos National
Laboratory (2007. US. House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee
on Oversight and Investigations, Tuesday, January 30, 2007.
- http://www.archive.org/details/gov.house.energycommerce.013007.oi.hrg.lanl)

15
1964, all enriched uranium in the U.S. was used for the nuclear weapons or of the U.S.
Navy. The area, which according to the Nuclear Wastelands p. 226 is heavily polluted
is therefore subject to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contin-
gency Plan. 38

Peace Movements:: Coalition to Demilitarize the University of California is a cur-

rent American peace group founded in 2002 to provide a framework for cooperation
between the campus and local organizations working to challenge California's Univer-
sity's commitment to design, research, testing and production of nuclear weapons at
Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

38 US. Department of Energy, Office of Environment: Safety, and Health. Independent investigation of
the East Tennessee Technology Park. Vol. 1: Past environment, safety, and health practices. October
2000. - http://www.archive.org/details/IndependentInvestigationOfTheEastTennesseeTechnologyPark
Davis, Adam : What's In Your Glovebox? The Costs of Plutonium Exposure at Los Alamos National Labor-
atory.
http://www.archive.org/details/WhatsInYourGloveboxTheCostsOfPlutoniumExposureAtLosAlamosNational
DOE National Laboratory restructuring : hearing before the Subcommittee on Basic Research of the Com-
mittee on Science, US. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on H.R.
884 to authorize retirement incentives for certain employees of the national laboratories and H.R. 2301 to
designate an enclosed area of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee as the "Mar-
ilyn Lloyd Environmental, Life and Social Sciences Complex." (1996).
The Oak Ridge Health Agreement Studies, 1999:
Final Report of the Oak Ridge Health Agreement Steering Panel
Final Report for Iodine 131 Releases
Final Report for PCB Releases
Final Mercury Releases
Final Mercury Releases, Appendices
Final Uranium Releases Report.
Final Report for Screening Evaluation
Final Report for Radionuclides Releases from White Oak Creek
Final Report for Radionuclides Releases from White Oak Creek, Appendices
Robinson, George O: The Oak Ridge story; the saga of a people who share in history.
- Kingsport, Tenn., Southern Publishers, 1950. - 222 pp.

16
Working groups in the Ministry of Energy recommends the development of new nucle-
ar weapons and modernization of nuclear weapons factories such as Pantex and Kan-
sas City plants.

17
Current and historic U.S. nuclear weapons factories appears from Ministry of Energy,
Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Act of 2000; List of Covered Fa-
cilities,39 including:

1) Atomic weapons employer facilities

2) Department of Energy facilities
3) Beryllium vendors.

39 Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Act of 2000: List of Covered Facilities.
Government Accountability Office (GAO): Energy Employees Compensation: Even with Needed Improve-
ments in Case Processing, Program Structure May Result in Inconsistent Benefit Outcomes, 2004. - 44
pp. - http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04516.pdf
GAO: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, Committee on
the Judiciary, House of Representatives: Energy Employees Compensation-Many Claims Have Been
Processed, but Action is Needed to Expedite Processing of Claims Requiring Radiation Exposure Estim-
ates, 2004. - 45 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/misc/gao2004.pdf

18
Pentagon, US Department of Defense

U.S. Department of Defense, former Ministry of War.40

The building which the Ministry is in a pentagram or pentagonal. 41

The Pentagon report on the Vietnam War / Report of the Office of the Secretary of De-
fense Vietnam Task Force, published in 1971 and in its entirety in 2011. The ministry
develops a new generation of nukes around January 2003, for example, earth
penetrating weapons. Pentagon recommends the use of torture, has the primary re-
sponsibility for rebuilding Iraq and more Information Operations Roadmap's.

See also: Aerospace Defense Command ; Air Force Satellite Communications System ;
Airborne Alert; Area 51, Nevada ; Area-Wide Missile Defense System ; ARPANET ;
Army Security Service ;
Bases and other overseas military presence Program ;
CENTCOM (the US. Central Command) ; Chemical Weapons Stockpile Destruction
Program ; CIFA Counterintelligence Field Activity ; Combat Operation Centre ; Comi-
sion to Asses US National Security Space Management and Organization ; Counter
Communications System ; CREEL ;
DAPANET ; DAPRA ; DEFCON ; Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office ; Defense
Base Closure and Realignment Commission42 ; Defense Contract Management
Agency ; Defense HUMINT Management Office ; Defense Environmental Restoration
Program ; Defense Mapping Agency ; Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ; De-
fense Nuclear Agency ; Defense Policy Board ; Defense Science Board ; Defense Secur-
ity Cooperation Agency ; Defense Support Program ; Defense Technology Security Ad-
ministration ; Defense Threat Reduction Agency 43 ; Deployments for Training Program
; DEW-line44 ; DIA;
40 Barringer, Felicity: Pentagon is Pressing to Bypass Environmental Laws for War Games and Arms
Testing. - http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/28/politics/28exempt.html?th=&pagewanted=print&position=
CRS: The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11.
GAO: Defense Acquisitions : Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs, March 2006
Mollenhoff, Clark R.: The Pentagon : Policies, Profits and Plunder.
- New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1967. - 450 pp.
Program Acquisition Costs by Weapon System : Department of Defense Budget for Fiscal Year 2007,
February 2006.
41 The Pentagon:: The First Fifty Years. / Alfred Goldberg. Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of
Defense, 1992 - 197 pp.
42 Department of Defense: Report to the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission: Depart-
ment of the Air Force: Analysis and Recommendations. BRAC 2005 (Volume V, Part 1 of 2). May
2005. - 432 pp. - http://www.defense.gov/brac/pdf/VAirForce-o.pdf
43 Responding to War, Terrorism, and WMD Proliferation: History of DTRA, 1998-2008 / Adams, Bianka
J. Harahan, Joseph P.. DTRA History Series, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, US Department of De-
fense, 2008. - 163 pp.
44 The Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line: A Bibliography and Documentary Resource List. Prepared
for the Arctic Institute of North America / P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Ph.D., Matthew J. Farish, Ph.D.,
Jennifer Arthur-Lackenbauer, M.Sc.. 2005. - 125 pp. - http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/aina/DEWLineBib.pdf
Joint Chiefs of Staff Historical Division: Chronology of JCS Involvement in North American Air Defense,
1946-1975. 1975. - 126 pp.
- http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/joint_staff/jointStaff_jointOperations/271.pdf
The relative influence of distant and local (DEW-line) PCB sources in the Canadian Arctic. / Stow JP,
Sova J, Reimer KJ. Sci Total Environ. 2005 Apr 15;342(1-3):107-18.

19
e bomb ; DSCS (I, II, III) EUCOM ;
Federal Procurement Data Center ; Formerly Used Defense Sites (528 Sites and 1935
Documents match your request) ; Forward Based Systems ;
Global Information Grid ; GPS ;
HAARP ; Humanitarian Assistance Program ;
Information Operation Cell ;
Joint Chiefs of Staff ; Joint UAV Overarching Integrated Product Team ; Joint UAV
Center of Excellence ;
Military Airlift Command ; Military Sealift Command ; Milsatcom ; Milsatcom Joint
Programs Office ; Milstar (Blok II) ; Missile Defense Agency ; MITRA ; MX ; National
Command Authority ;
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ; National Guard ; National Missile Defense
System ; National Reconnaissance Office ; National Security Agency ; Naval Oceano-
graphic Office (NAVO) ; Naval Security Group ; Naval Small Craft Instruction and
Technical Training School ; US. Naval Base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba ; Navy's Ocean
Surveillance Information System ; Net Evaluation Subcommittee ; NOrth American
Air Defense Command ; North Atlantic Radio System ; Northern Command (North-
com) ; NRO ; Nuclear Emergency Search Team ;
Office of Forces Transformation ; Office of Public Safety ; OMEGA ; ONR ; OSS ;
PACOM (the Pacific Command) ;
Reliable Replacement Warhead45 ;
SAC ; SATCOM ; Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office ; STRATCOM ;
SPACECOM ; Thule46 ;
US Southern Command.

'Soil PCB contamination has been delineated at 18 of 21 Distant Early Warning Line (DEW-line) stations
being cleaned up by the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND).'
45 Medalia, Jonathan: Nuclear Warheads: The Reliable Replacement Warhead Program and the Life Ex-
tension Program, CRS. 2007. - 51 pp.
Medalia, Jonathan: The Reliable Replacement Warhead Program: Background and Current Develop-
ments. CRS, 2009 - 49 pp.
46 On Weapons Plutonium in the Arctic Environment (Thule, Greenland). / Mats Eriksson. Risø National
Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. 2002. - 150 pp. 'This thesis concerns a nuclear accident that occurred in
the Thule (Pituffik) area, NW Greenland in 1968, called the Thule accident. Results are based on different
analytical techniques, i.e. gamma spectrometry, alpha spectrometry, ICPMS, SEM with EDX and different
sediment models, i.e. (CRS, CIC). The scope of the thesis is the study of hot particles. Studies on these
have shown several interesting features, e.g. that they carry most of the activity dispersed from the
accident, moreover, they have been very useful in the determination of the source term for the Thule
accident debris.'
Wikipedia: 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Thule_Air_Base_B-52_crash
This article has references to the Danish nuclear policy debate.

20
 Peace Keeper train wagon used to transport MX missiles

See also: CIA; Countervailing Strategy of Defense deep strike; Department of

Homeland Security ; depleted uranium; Deterrence; devices; Direct Commercial Sales
Program; draw downs, Darleen Druyun, Economic Support Fund; Ministry of Energy,
FBI, first strike, flexible response, the Food for Peace; Foreign Assistance Act;
Foreign Military Financing Program, Foreign Military Interaction Program; Foreign
Military Sales Credit Program, Foreign Military Sales Program ; advance storage;
amplification agreements; GAO, Joint Strike Fighter; Mutual Assured Destruction ;
Military Assistance program; Military Reserve Fund, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration ; Nuclear Posture Review, Plan Colombia Support Program; Total
Information Awareness; Tricare

21
Nuclear Weapons Complex

The public and private companies which in interaction with politicians researches, de-
velops and manufactures nuclear weapons. Defense and Energy Ministry has shared
responsibility for the country's nuclear activities within described in a Memorandum
of Understanding from 1983 between the two ministries. The National Agency for
Nuclear Safety is responsible for stock to be 'secure a credible U.S. nuclear deterrent
without full-scale nuclear explosions. The Nuclear Posture Program is a comprehens-
ive program that includes activities related to monitoring, evaluation, maintenance,
refurbishment, construction and operation of stocks and, new research, development
and approval of certification.47
47 Transforming the US. Strategic Posture and Weapons Complex for Transition to a Nuclear
Weapons-Free World. Prepared by the Nuclear Weapons Complex Consolidation (NWCC) Policy Net-
work, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC, Nuclear Watch New Mexico, Santa Fe, NM,
Tri-Valley CAREs, Livermore, CA, Just Peace of Texas, Amarillo, TX, Physicians for Social Responsibility
(Greater Kansas City Chapter). With contributions from Project On Government Oversight, Washington,
DC. Lead Author Robert L. Civiak. Contributing authors Christopher Paine, Natural Resources Defense
Council, Peter Stockton and Ingrid Drake, Project On Government Oversight, Jay Coghlan, Nuclear
Watch New Mexico, Marylia Kelley, Tri-Valley CAREs. April 2009. - 157 pp.
Basic Terminology of the Nuclear Posture Review
· Strategic Nuclear Forces (Strategic Weapon Systems): Strategic nuclear platforms with their associated
strategic nuclear weapons. - Strategic nuclear platforms: (retained in the NPR)
§ 14 SSBNs
§ 500 MMIII

22
With a science and technology budget, which currently stands at around U.S. $ 12 bil-
lion a year, the U.S. defense complex the world's largest investor in military re-
search.48

The nuclear weapons complex is made up by the Department of Energy's weapons

laboratories, factories and plants that perform this task: development, manufacture or
production, repair, modification, support or services relating to nuclear weapons, in-
cluding uranium49 plant Fernald Feed Materials Production Center, Ohio, Kansas City plant
is part of Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, California University, Los Alamos national Laboratory, the Nevada
test area, Pantex plant in Texas, Sandia national Laboratories, Albuquerque, New
Mexico, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina and the Y-12
national Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the neutron bomb factory Mound
Laboratories, Miamisburg, Ohio, formerly the Dayton Project, the Paducah Gaseous
Diffusion Plant, Kentucky, Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Ohio, Rocky Flats
plant, Denver, Colorado, Waste50 Isolation Pilot plant, Carlsbad, New Mexico.
§ 76 B-52s & 21 B-2s
- Strategic nuclear platform reductions:
§ 50 Peacekeeper missiles
§ 4 Trident submarines
§ All B-1s (nuclear re-role requirement eliminated)
· Strategic Nuclear Weapon: A nuclear warhead and its necessary arming, fuzing and firing components ne-
cessary to produce a nuclear yield that can be loaded on a strategic platform.
· Nuclear Warhead: A device that contains the nuclear or thermonuclear system.
· Strategic Active Stockpile: Operationally Deployed Weapons, the responsive force and logistic spares.
- Operationally Deployed Weapons: Strategic nuclear weapons that are on operational ballistic missiles or on
bombers or in bomber base weapon storage areas (logistic spares in bomber weapon storage areas
would not be counted). Operationally Deployed Weapons are for immediate and unexpected threats.
- Responsive Force: Strategic nuclear weapons available for uploading on existing strategic nuclear plat-
forms. (Note: Some weapons may be in inactive stockpile.)
- Logistic Spares: Strategic nuclear weapons required to meet Operationally Deployed
Strategic Nuclear Weapons maintenance requirements.
· Strategic Inactive Stockpile: Strategic nuclear warheads reserved for DOE’s Quality
Assurance and Reliability Testing (QART) and Reliability Replacement requirements. These warheads have
certain limited life components removed, but are otherwise maintained to the same standards as
weapons in the active stockpile.
- Quality Assurance and Reliability Testing (QART): Nuclear warheads retained in the inactive stockpile to re -
place weapons in the active stockpile withdrawn for DOE’s surveillance program.
- Reliability Replacement: Nuclear warheads retained in the inactive stockpile to replace similar weapons in
the stockpile that suffer a catastrophic failure.
· Total Strategic Stockpile: The summation of the strategic active stockpile and strategic inactive stockpile
The following are not part of the stockpile.
· Retired Warheads: Warheads no longer required for military use and are not part of the active and inactive
stockpiles. These warheads are awaiting dismantlement by DOE.
· Dismantlement: The physical separation of high explosives from special nuclear material. Usually critical
nuclear components are retained and non-nuclear components are placed in a demilitarization program.
48 Beyond the bomb : Twenty years after the end of the cold war scientists and the military still need each
other. Nature Volume:477, pp. 369.
49 Transuranic elements in the environment : a summary of environmental research on transuranium
radionuclides funded by the US. Department of Energy through calendar year 1979. United States. Dept.
of Energy. Office of Health and Environmental Research; Hanson, Wayne C. - [Oak Ridge, TN] : Technical
Information Center/US. Dept. of Energy ; Springfield, Va. 1980. - 764 pp.
50 Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants / Committee on
Technologies for Cleanup of Subsurface Contaminants in the DOE Weapons Complex, National
Research Council. National Academies Press,1996. - 304 pp.

23
Berylliosis, or Chronic Beryllium Disease

Beylliosis, or chronic beryllium disease (CBD), is a chronic allergic-type lung response

and chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium and its compounds,
particularly the oxide, and produces scarring of the lung tissue. The lung condition
may take years (average 10 to 15) to develop symptoms. 51

'Until late 1947, it was not known that cases of chronic disease had occurred in the
Ohio production plants, but evidence then accumulated rapidly that such cases existed
among both employees and residents in the vicinity of the Lorain plant. One case de-
veloped symptoms in 1944. and died in 1946 with a diagnosis of Boeck's sarcoid (AEC,
1948b), a granulomatous lung disease that resembles berylliosis in some respects. The
physician who reviewed the history of that case in the fall of 1947 changed the dia-
gnosis to berylliosis, in view of what had been learned about the disease in other parts
of the country. The AEC field investigating team, with the knowledge and encourage-
ment of the Brush Beryllium Company,began to canvass the local physicians and
gather information about these cases. 'By July 1948 it was known that at least five
cases of chronic disease had developed among former employees of the plant and that
eight cases were known among nearby residents who had no history of occupational
exposure.' In 1948, the first of many cases among workers' wives was diagnosed. These
women were exposed to the toxic metal dust while washing their husband's work
clothes.'52

'The use and handling (preparation) of the metal and its compounds, however, have
caused an appreciable number of dramatic illnessess, and, therefore, the injurious
CRS: Radioactive Waste Streams:Waste Classification for Disposal / Anthony Andrews. 2006. - 41 pp. -
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32163.pdf
Ritchie, J.C. & Ritchie, C.A.. Bibliography of Publications of 137Caesium Studies Related to Erosion
and Sediment deposition1. United States Department of Agriculture Botanical Consultant. Agricultural
Research Service. (2005). - http://hydrolab.arsusda.gov/cesium/Cesium137bib.htm.
233
Uranium Downblending and Disposition Project: Technology Readiness Assessment. / Herbert G.
Sutter, Team Lead et al . Prepared by the Office of Waste Processing. Office of Engineering and Technology.
U.S. Department of Energy. 2008. - 64 pp.
51 Toxicological Profile for Beryllium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health
Service. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2002. - 290 pp.
- http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp4.pdf
52 Origins of the Standards for Control of Beryllium Disease (1947-1949) / Merril Eisenbud. Institute of
Environmental Medicine. New York University Medical Center. Enviromental Research, Vol. 27, No. 1,
February 1982.
Beryllium and Air Pollution : An annotated bibliography / Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Air Polution Technical Information Center. Research Triangle Park, N. C., U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Air Pollution Control Office . - Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1971- 75 pp. Online at EPA.
Bibliography on Beryllium Health Problems, 1951. American Ceramic Society Bulletin
Bibliography on the Toxicology of Beryllium, 1957.
This bibliography on the toxicology of beryllium includes references from the medical literature between 1942
and 1956.
The Environmental Working Group: Chemical Industry Archives:
- http://www.chemicalindustryarchives.org/dirtysecrets/beryllium/1.asp
Beryllium-Related Industries / John Martyny, Lisa A. Maier, Lee S. Newman. Undated.
- http://toxicology.ws/Greenberg/Chapter%2044%20-%20Beryllium-Related%20Industries.pdf
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): Case Studies in Environmental Medicine.
Beryllium Toxicity, 2008. - 50 pp.

24
effects of contact with and absorption of these substances are matters of deep concern.
Much information concerning the toxicity of beryllium has been collected, but the
nature and extent of the hazard associated with its use under a wide variety of
conditions are still controversial,'53 but 'efficacy is unknown for interventions after
early identification of beryllium sensitization and disease-such as removal from
exposure or early treatment. In this context, the main justification of screening is
scientific investigation of risk factors and of natural history. Understanding of risk
factors can lead to effective primary prevention. Understanding of natural history of
beryllium sensitization, perhaps in concert with genetic risk factors, can lead to
consideration of intervention trials and appropriate policy for secondary prevention.' 54

'26. In its Welcome to Brush Wellman Elmore, Ohio Contractor Orientation Manual"
Brush Wellman acknowledged it knew that historically, two percent of the Brush
Wellman employees had developed Chronic Beryllium Disease.' 55

'“We absolutely could have and should have informed the employees about this
sooner.”
— Susan Houghton, Lab SpokeswomanFebruary 8, 2008 — At Lawrence Livermore
Labs in California, as many as 178 GSE Construction workers may have been exposed
to the known carcinogen beryllium, a toxic metal that can cause lung cancer and
chronic beryllium disease. '56

The Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program

The program, under the Ministry of Labour, provides compensation and health bene-
fits to the U.S. Department of Energy nuclear weapons workers (employees, former
employees, contractors and subcontractors) as well as, compensation to certain surviv-
ors if the worker has already died. In September 2011, the program had identified
52,407 civilians who lost their health (including 23 851 who developed cancer) from ex-
posure to radiation57 and toxic substances while producing nuclear weapons for the
53 Toxic Hazards of Beryllium Propellant Operations : Critique of Current Safety Practices / Cholak, J.,
Kehoe, Robert A., Schafer, L. J. . The Kettering Laboratory of the Dept of Preventive Medicine and Indus-
trial Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1964. - 53 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/450928.pdf
'Particular emphasis is given to potential hazards arising from plant operations and test firings.'
54 Risks of beryllium disease related to work processes at a metal, alloy, and oxide production plant /
Kathleen Kreiss, Margaret M Mroz, Boguang Zhen, Herbert Wiedemann, Barbara Barna. Occupational
and Environmental Medicine Division, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine,
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA. Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
1997 August; 54(8): 605–612.
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1128986/pdf/oenvmed00092-0077.pdf
Residual radioactivity in the vicinity of formerly utilized MED/AEC sites / F. F. Haywood and W. A.
Goldsmith. Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, undated. - 14 pp.
55 - http://www.chemicalindustryarchives.org/dirtysecrets/beryllium/pdfs/doc-l.pdf#page=6
56 Beryllium Exposure Warning Arrives Too Late for Contract Workers at Livermore Lab.
- http://chronicberylliumdisease.com/news/nw_020808_contract_workers_livermore_lab.htm
57 Medical effects of ionizing radiation: nuclear weapons effects / COL John R. Mercier. Military Medical
Operations. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 2008. - 59 pp.
Medical Management of Radiological Casualties Handbook. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research
Institute, 2010. - 57 pp. - http://www.usuhs.mil/afrri/outreach/pdf/3edmmrchandbook.pdf
Deadly Radiation Hazards USA Database: U.S. Radiation Sites. / Louise Franklin-Ramirez and John

25
U.S.58

Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, October 5, 1990

The Congress passed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA or the Act) 59,
42 U.S.C. § 2210 note, providing for compassionate payments to individuals who
contracted certain cancers and other serious diseases as a result of their exposure to
radiation released during above-ground nuclear weapons tests or as a result of their
exposure to radiation during employment in underground uranium mines. 60 The 1990
Act provided fixed payments in the following amounts: $50,000 to individuals residing
or working "downwind" of The Nevada Test Site; $75,000 for workers participating in
above-ground nuclear weapons tests; and $100,000 for uranium miners.
On November 2, 2002, then President Bush signed the Justice Department's FY2002
Authorization bill, which contains several provisions amending the Radiation Expos-
ure Compensation Act (RECA). The changes include revisions to the downwinder and
on site participant categories, as well as uranium workers. 'One of the revisions re-
inserts a portion of Mohave County, Arizona that was inadvertently eliminated when
RECA was amended in July 2000. The change also clarifies the requirement that lung
cancer must be "primary" for all claimant categories. '61

Steinbach. the Visual Information Project . - http://prop1.org/prop1/radiated/states.htm

58 US Labor Department : Office of Workers' Compensation Programs: EEOICP Program Statistics
http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/OWCP/OWCP20111160.htm
59 Civil Division United States Department of Justice: Radiation Exposure Compensation Act Trust Fund.
FY 2012 Performance Budget Congressional Budget Submission. Undated. - 6 pp.
- http://www.justice.gov/jmd/2012justification/pdf/fy12-reca-justification.pdf
GAO: Radiation Exposure Compensation Act: Program Status, 2007. - 17 pp.
- http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d071037r.pdf
GAO: Radiation Exposure Compensation Act: Program Status, 2005. - 13 pp.
- http://www.gao.gov/assets/100/93622.pdf
Unfinished Business: Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) for Post-1971 U.S. Uranium
Underground Miners. / Madsen GE, Dawson SE.. J Health Soc Policy. 2004;19(4):45-59.
See also:Pubmed
Committee to Assess the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Pro-
gram, National Research Council: Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Expos-
ure Screening and Education Program. National Academic Press, 2005. - 430 pp.
- http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11279
GAO: Radiation Exposure Compensation: Funding to Pay Claims May Be Inadequate to Meet Projec -
ted Needs, 2003. - 33 pp. -http://www.gao.gov/assets/240/237836.pdf
60 Generic Environmental Impact Statement for In-Situ Leach Uranium Milling Facilities: Chapters 1–4
(NUREG-1910, Volume 1) . Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management Pro-
grams and Generic Environmental Impact Statement for In-Situ Leach Uranium Milling Facilities:
Chapters 5–12 and Appendices A–G (NUREG-1910, Volume 2). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
and Land Quality Division, Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, 2010. - 1302 pp.
- http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1910/v2/ and,
2009. pp. - http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1910/v1/
61 - http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2002/November/02_civ_646.htm

26
RECA Covered Areas:- http://www.justice.gov/civil/common/reca.html

'Uranium Worker States: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, North Dakota,
Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Downwind, Counties
and other: in the State of Utah, the counties of Beaver, Garfield, Iron, Kane, Millard,
Piute, San Juan, Sevier, Washington, and Wayne; in the State of Nevada, the counties
of Eureka, Lander, Lincoln, Nye, White Pine, and that portion of Clark County that
consists of townships 13 through 16 at ranges 63 through 71; and in the State of
Arizona, the counties of Apache, Coconino, Gila, Navajo, Yavapai, and that part of
Arizona that is north of the Grand Canyon.'

Epidemiological studies at a former nuclear weapons plant

'We outline methods for integrating epidemiologic and industrial hygiene data systems
for the purpose of exposure estimation, exposure surveillance, worker notification, and
occupational medicine practice. We present examples of these methods from our work
at the Rocky Flats Plant--a former nuclear weapons facility that fabricated plutonium
triggers for nuclear weapons and is now being decontaminated and decommissioned.

The weapons production processes exposed workers to plutonium, gamma photons,

neutrons, beryllium, asbestos, and several hazardous chemical agents, including chlor-

27
inated hydrocarbons and heavy metals. We developed a job exposure matrix (JEM) for
estimating exposures to 10 chemical agents in 20 buildings for 120 different job cat-
egories over a production history spanning 34 years. With the JEM, we estimated life-
time chemical exposures for about 12,000 of the 16,000 former production workers.'62

62 Integrating workplace exposure databases for occupational medicine services and epidemiologic
studies at a former nuclear weapons facility / Ruttenber AJ, McCrea JS, Wade TD, Schonbeck MF, La-
Montagne AD, Van Dyke MV, Martyny JW. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 2001 Feb;16(2):192-200.

28
American Natural Resources

US. Defense Logistics Agency: Federal

Strategic and Critical Materials In-
ventory63, including: ferrochromium,
ferromanganese, germanium, cobalt,
chromium, iridium, tin, tungsten ores
and concentrates, and zinc. Oil64, in-
cluding the Alaska Oil Pipeline - Deep-
water Horizon oil spill, 2010; Prudhoe
Bay oil spill, 2006. Rare earth metals.
Rhenium. Salt, including the Salmon
Site or Tatum Salt Dome65 in Lamar
County, Mississippi, U.S.. Mining Da-
tabase: Uranium66 and the Uranium
Location Database.

63 Strategic and Critical Materials Operations Report To Congress : Operations under the Strategic and
Critical Materials Stockpiling Act during the Period October 2009 through September 2010. Under
Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics. January 2011. - 75 pp.
64 Anthony Sampson. The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped. New
York: Viking Press, 1975.
65 The Salmon Test Site was the location for two nuclear and two methane-oxygen gas explosion tests con-
ducted deep underground in the Tatum Salt Dome. The tests were part of a program designed to detect,
identify, and locate underground nuclear explosions Drilling for the "Salmon" event began in April 1963.
The Salmon test shot was fired on October 22, 1964. Post-shot activities were completed by June 30,
1965. After the Salmon post-shot activities were completed, the Sterling shot was detonated in the Sal-
mon cavity on December 3, 1966. In March 1968, Sterling cavity reentry drilling, surveying, and coring
was begun. The facilities were shut down and the site was placed on standby status on April 12, 1968.
In November 1968, the cavity was prepared for the non-nuclear experiment called "Diode Tube." The shot
was fired on February 1, 1969; post-shot activities were completed and the Operation ended in June
1969. Another non-nuclear event, called "Humid Water" took place in 1970. The cavity was prepared in
February 1970 and the shot was fired on April 19, 1970. The site was decommissioned on June 29, 1972.
66 Uranium Location Database Compilation. EPA: Office of Radiation & Indoor Air Radiation Protection
Division, 2006. - 26 pp. - http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/tenorm/402-r-05-009.pdf

29
Tritium

Heavy hydrogen. Tritium has two neutrons, one proton and one electron, where
hydrogen usually has only one proton as a nucleus and one electron - is used in
hydrogen bombs to enhance fission, a nuclear weapon primary explosion (it can also be
used in fission bombs). Tritium was inter alia in the U.S. produced in Oak Ridge and
the Savannah River Site, and used in Pinellas Factory, Largo, Florida.67

67 Bergeron, Kenneth D.: Tritium on Ice: The Dangerous New Alliance of Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear
Power. MIT Press, 2004 - 246 pp.
Doney, Scott C.; Williams, P (1992). "Bomb Tritium in the Deep North Atlantic". Oceanography 5: 169–
170.
NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Tritium, Radioactive
- http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/download.txt
Oversight hearing on tritium production : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the
Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session,
November 15, 1995 (1996). - http://www.archive.org/details/oversighthearingo1996unit
Pinellas Plant - Site Description / Marquis P. Orr, Paul J. Demopoulos, and Brian P. Gleckler.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2011. - 41 pp.
Review of Risks from Tritium. Report of the independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation on behalf of
the Health Protection Agency, 2007 - ISBN: 978-0-85951-610-5

30
 Beryllium

Greek: Beryllium68 compounds are produced in Japan,

Russia and the United States and is mainly used to manu-
facture military aircraft disc brakes, components for nuc-
lear reactors69 and nuclear weapons, navigation systems,
rocket fuel and mirrors. World production of beryllium in
2010 was about 300 tons.70 Proven reserves were 16,000
tons, mostly in the USA, and estimated world resources
were about 80,000 tons. Thin sheets of beryllium is used
in nuclear weapons design as the outer layer of plutonium
component of thermonuclear bombs core, positioned to
surround the fissile materials. These layers of beryllium
are "pushers" for the implosion of plutonium-239, and they
are also neutron reflectors, like those is used in beryllium-
moderated nuclear reactors. Beryllium oxide is used to make products such as ceram-
ics, gyroscopes, military vehicles, armor, and electrical insulators. Alloys containing
beryllium are also used in production of precision instruments, aircraft engines and
electrical connections.

68 Sample bibliographies: Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information. Cameron
Station. Alexandria. Virginia: Beryllium. A Survey of the Literature, January-March 1962. An Annotated
Bibliography / Compiled by Jack B. Goldmann. Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, 1962. - 123 pp
Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information. Cameron Station. Alexandria.
Virginia: Beryllium: An Annotated Bibliography July - September 1962. Supplement II / Compiled by
Jack B. Goldmann. Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, 1963. - 66 pp
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/404466.pdf
Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information. Cameron Station. Alexandria.
Virginia: Beryllium: An Annotated Bibliography October - December 1962. Supplement III / Compiled
by Jack B. Goldmann. Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, 1963. - 60 pp
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/438176.pdf
' Citations are arranged alphabetically by author under the broad subject headings of Alloys; Analysis;
Applications; Bibliographies; Compounds; Corrosion; Fabrication Techniques; Joining; Mineralogy;
Oxides; Powder Metallurgy;and Casting; Processing, Properties and Miscellaneous.
Beryllium Pollution (a bibliography with abstracts). Report for 1964-oct 76. National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA, 1976. - 109 pp.
Fabrication of Beryllium: A Bibliography, 1960. Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Div., United Aircraft Corp.,
Middletown, Conn.
Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Beryllium. National Materials Advisory Board, Division of
Engineering, National Research Council, 1971. - 93 pp.
69 DOE: Nuclear Reactors Built, Being Built, or Planned: 2003 In the United States, 2003. - 71 pp.
- http://www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/BLUEBOOK2003.pdf
70 Tritium. The MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia. 2011- 40 pp.
- http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/tritium.pdf

31
Uranium71

Western Uranium Locations From the EPA Uranium Location Database

71 U.S. Energy Information Administration: 2010 Domestic Uranium Production Report, 2010. - 14 pp.
- http://www.eia.gov/uranium/production/annual/pdf/dupr.pdf

32
In 1958 alone, 850 underground mines and 200 US open pit mines were producing uranium .72 According to
Abandoned Mine Lands, and its Abandoned Uranium Mines, ''The uranium mining industry
began in the 1940s primarily to produce uranium for weapons and later for nuclear fuel.
Although there are about 4,000 mines with documented production, a database compiled by
EPA, with information provided by other federal, state, and tribal agencies, includes 15,000
mine locations with uranium occurrence in 14 western states. Most of those locations are
found in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and Wyoming, with about 75% of those on
federal and tribal lands'73 and according to the U.S. Department of Labor, Facilities associated with the
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act are

1. Uranium Mill in Monument Valley, from May 1989 through February 1990 and September
1992 through May 1994
2. Uranium Mill in Tuba City, from January 1985 through February 1986 and January 1988
through April 1990
3. Climax Uranium Mill from December 1988 through August 1994
4. Uranium Mill in Gunnison, Colo., September 1991 through December 1995
5. Uranium Mill in Maybell, Colo., from May 1995 through September 1998
6. Uranium Mill in Naturita, Colo., May 1994 through November 1994 and June 1996 through
September 1998
7. New Uranium Mill in Rifle, Colo., September 1988 through September 1989 and April 1992
through October 1996
8. Old Uranium Mill in Rifle, Colo., September 1988 through September 1989 and April 1992
through October 1996
9. Uranium Mill No. 1 in Slick Rock (East), Colo., in 1995 and 1996
10. Uranium Mill No. 2 in Slick Rock (West), Colo., in 1995 and 1996
11. Uranium Mill in Lowman, Idaho, in 1992 and from 1994 to the present
12. Uranium Mill in Ambrosia Lake, N.M., from July 1987 through April 1989 and October
1992 through July 1995
13. Uranium Mill and Disposal Cell in Lakeview, Ore., from 1986 through 1989
14. Uranium Mill in Falls City, Texas, from January 1992 through June 1994
15. Uranium Mill in Mexican Hat, Utah, from July 1987 through October 1987 and September
1992 through February 1995
16. Uranium Mill in Riverton, from May 1988 through September 1990
17. Uranium Mill in Converse County (Spook Site), Wyo., from April 1989 through September
1989
18. Uranium Mill in Durango, Colo., already covered for 1948 through 1953, now also is
covered for October 1986 through May 1991
19. Vitro Manufacturing in Canonsburg, Pa., already covered as a beryllium vendor facility for
1948, and as an Atomic Weapons Employer facility for 1942 through 1959 (with residual ra-
diation coverage for 1958 through 1985), now also is covered for 1983 through 1985 and for
1996
20. Uranium Mill in Monticello, already covered for 1948 through 1960, now also is covered for
remediation performed by DOE and DOE contractors under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act for 1983 through 2000

72 See also World Distribution of Uranium Deposits (UDEPO) with Uranium Deposit Classification
2009 Edition. International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna International Centre, 2009. - 126 pp.
- http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TE_1629_web.pdf
73 Cleaning Up: Abandoned Hardrock & Noncoal Mines in the West : A Partnership Report. The West-
ern Governors’ Association and the National Mining Association. Undated, 25 pp.
- http://www.westgov.org/wga/publicat/miningre.pdf

33
Plutonium

Plutonium is the 94th (toxic) element in the periodic system, and has the chemical
symbol Pu, which is produced by uranium in nuclear reactors. One pound of the drug
would theoretically could provide every person on earth lung cancer. Is a necessary
part in producing nuclear weapons. 74 Plutonium was first produced in 1940, and only
later, it was found in nature however, only in a marginal amount.

Between 1944 and 1994, the Department of Energy estimates that the United States
produced and acquired a total of 111.4 tonnes of plutonium, writes the researcher
Robert Alvarez and the world's stockpiles of plutonium is growing

Close to Tokyo are there plutonium articles in the sea match U.S. nuclear explosions
between 1946 and 1958 at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, writes the Danish daily
Berlingske Tidende, 08/06/2004.

During the Cold War exposed the U.S. government thousands of human guinea pigs
with radioactive pollutants, including 18 Americans who had plutonium injected dir-
ectly into their bloodstream. In a school in Massachusetts, 73 disabled children were
fed with oatmeal irradiated with radioactive isotopes.

MOX, Mixed Oxide Fuel

Mixed oxide fuel = connection between oxygen and another element, here a mixture
which includes natural uranium, processed uranium and depleted uranium and
weapons grade plutonium. Nuclear waste from nuclear weapons is reused as fuel for
74 Annotated Bibliography of Literature relating to wind transport of plutonium-contaminated soils at
the Nevada Test Site / N. Lancaster, R.Bamford. Quatemary Sciences Center Desert Research Institute,
University and Community College System of Nevada prepared for Nevada Operations Office US. De -
partment of Energy Las Vegas, Nevada, December 1993. - 49 pp.
Alvarez, Robert Plutonium Wastes from the US. Nuclear Weapons Complex.
- Washington DC : - Institute for Policy Studies, 2010. - 16 pp.
The Amount of Plutonium and Highly-Enriched Uranium Needed for Pure Fission Nuclear Weapons /
Thomas B. Cochran and Christopher E. Paine. - Washington, DC : Natural Resources Defense Council.
Inc. 20005. - 26 pp.
GAO: Securing US. Nuclear Materials: DOE Needs to Take Action to Safely Consolidate Plutonium.
July 2005. - http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-05-665.
Global Stocks of Nuclear Explosive Materials.
http://www.isis-online.org/global_stocks/end2003/tableofcontents.html
National Academy Of Sciences: Management And Disposition Of Excess Weapons Plutonium (1994).
Ritzaus Bureau: Still plutonium in Thule. / Stadig plutonium i Thule. In: Politiken, 06/01/2006.
Stemming the plutonium tide : limiting the accumulation of excess weapon-usable nuclear materials : hear-
ing before the Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations, and Human Rights of
the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second ses-
sion, March 23, 1994 (1994).
http://www.archive.org/details/stemmingplutoniu00unit
Weapons Plutonium in Los Alamos Soil and Waste: Environmental, Health, and Security Implications.
Brice Smith, Ph.D. ; Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D. November 29, 2005
Welsome, Eileen: The Plutonium Files : America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War. 1999.

34
rector production of nuclear power.75.

See also: Belgonucléaire SA: Dessel, Cadarache, Hanford Site; Marcoule; mineral
chemistry ; mineralogy; ; Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility,76 ; nuclear technology
; Savannah River Site ; Sellafield ; Tarapur , Tokai-Mura.

75 DOE: Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility, 2011. - 9 pp.

76 The Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel Fabrication Facility Project / McConaghy, John M., Johnson, James V.),
Bradley, Terry L., Li, Chin T., Meisenheimer, James K., Tsai, Nien C., 2001.
- http://www.iasmirt.org/SMiRT16/K1254.PDF

35
36
Hanford Engineer Works or Hanford Nuclear Reservation

American facilities to process plutonium for weapons use near the Richland and
Columbia River in the Washington State. Started during WWII by the U.S. govern-
ment as part of the Manhattan Project who invented and developed the first atomic
bombs. Later, during the Cold War, the project was expanded to include nine nuclear
reactors and five large-scale plutonium reprocessing and MOX plants. 77 Today the
area is heavily polluted.78
77 Surveillance of Hearing Loss Among Older Construction and Trade Workers at Department of
Energy Nuclear Sites / John Dement, Knut Ringen, Laura Welch, Eula Bingham, and Patricia Quinn.
American Journal of Industrial Medicine 48:348–358 (2005).
'Medical screening programs at three Departments of Energy (DOE) nuclear weapons facilities (Hanford
Nuclear Reservation, Oak Ridge, and the Savannah River Site) have included audiometric testing since
approximately 1996. This report summarizes hearing evaluations through March 31, 2003.'
'Hearing thresholds among DOE workers were much higher than observed in a comparison population of
industrial workers with low noise exposures. Overall, 59.7% of workers examined were found to have
material hearing impairment by NIOSH criteria. Age, duration of construction work, smoking [sic], and
self-reported noise exposure increased the risk of hearing loss.'
78 U.S. nuclear storage is »one of the most polluted places on Earth« : A report from the U.S. National
Audit Office call the state of 177 underground tanks with chemical and radioactive waste from nuclear
weapons production for uncertain. 67 of the tanks leaking already. Kalika Bro-Jorgensen In the Danish
weekly: The Engineer, Tuesday July, 15th. 2008.
- http://ing.dk/artikel/89712-amerikansk-atomlager-er-et-af-de-mest-forurenede-steder-paa-jorden

37
Contractors: Entire area: Fluor Daniel (1994 -.); Westinghouse Hanford (1987-1994),
General Electric Company (1946-1965); EI Du Pont de Nemours & Company (1943 to
1946). Reactor operations: UNC Nuclear Industries (1973-1987); United Nuclear In-
dustries (1967-1973); Douglas United Nuclear (1965-1967). Chemical Processing:
Rockwell Hanford Company (1977-1987), Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company (1967-
1977); Isochem, Incorporated (1965-1967).79

Washington Closure Hanford manages

the $2.3 billion River Corridor Closure
Project for the DOE’s Richland
Operations Office. The company is re-
sponsible for protecting the Columbia
River by cleaning up 555 waste sites,
demolishing 329 buildings, placing two
plutonium production reactors and one
nuclear facility in interim safe storage,
and operating the Environmental
Restoration Disposal Facility.

Peace Movements: Hanford Challenge.

The Hanford Downwinders Litigation
website

Disposal of plutonium-contaminated wastes, 1960s

GAO: Report to the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, Committee on Appropriations, House
of Representatives : Nuclear Waste : DOE Lacks Critical Information Needed to Assess Its Tank Man-
agement Strategy at Hanford, 2008. - 51 pp. - http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08793.pdf
GAO: Nuclear Waste: Department of Energy’s Hanford Tank Waste Project— Schedule, Cost, and
Management Issues. 1998.- 36 pp. - http://www.ricllc.com/gao9913.pdf
GAO: Report to the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, Committee on Appropriations, House
of Representatives : Hanford Waste Treatment Plant : Department of Energy Needs to Strengthen Con-
trols over Contractor Payments and Project Assets, 2008. - 48 pp. -
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07888.pdf
Hanford Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 2009 (Including Some Early 2010 Information). /
Editors: TM Poston, JP Duncan, RL Dirkes. September 2010. Prepared for the U.S. Department of
Energy by personnel from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 393 pp.
- http://hanford-site.pnnl.gov/envreport/2009/index.htm
US Dept of Energy: Accelerating Hanford Cleanup.- http://www.archive.org/details/acc300
US Dept of Energy: Five Decades of Hanford Plutonium Production (1997).
'A documentary featuring the history of plutonium production at Hanford. Film footage, photographs, and
animation is used to highlight key facilities and to explain how plutonium is produced'.
Hanford: the Real Story. Michael Fox, Ph.D.
'Dr. Fox, a consultant with Westinghouse Hanford Co., has worked at Hanford for 22 years. Doctors for Dis-
aster Preparedness 17th Annual Meeting 1999- Seattle, WA'.
- http://www.archive.org/details/HanfordTheRealStory.MichaelFoxPh.d
79 The Hanford Thyroid Disease Study.''HTDS is a study of thyroid disease among people who were ex-
posed to radioactive iodine (iodine-131) from the Hanford Nuclear Site in Washington State. The expos -
ures occurred from 1944 through 1957. The question of the study was, "Did exposure to iodine-131 from
Hanford result in increased incidence of thyroid disease?" Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center released the Final Report in June 2002'.- 614 pp.

38
Kansas City Plant

American nuclear weapons plant in Kansas City in the state with the same name. The
Kansas plant is part of the U.S. Department of Energy's nuclear weapons industrial
complex run by the multinational arms factory Honywell. The company assembles the
conventional nuclear weapons parts. The factory is located in a heavily polluted indus-
trial area on the outskirts of town, cooperates the Pantex plant in Texas, where the fi -
nal assembly of warheads takes place.80

80 Environmental Assessment for the Modernization of Facilities and Infrastructure for the Non-Nuc-
lear Production Activities Conducted at the Kansas City Plant. DOE/EA – 1592, April 21, 2008.
US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Inspector General: Vapor Intrusion Health Risks at Ban-
nister Federal Complex Not a Concern for Buildings 50 and 52, Unknown for Other Buildings.
2011. - 22 pp.
U.S Nuke Parts Site Nearly Half Done. Global Security Newswire Tuesday, Oct. 18, 2011
'One year after work began, construction is roughly 45 percent complete for a facility in Kansas City, Mo.,
that will produce non-nuclear parts for the US. strategic arsenal, the Kansas City Star reported on
Monday.
The 1.57 million square foot complex is set to replace the Bannister Federal Complex plant, which opened in
1949. Work on the new Kansas City facility is projected to finish in November 2012. The $1 billion plant,
expected to be fully operational in 2014, is being built by private developer CenterPoint Zimmer LLC, for
Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies.
That company has an agreement with the US. National Nuclear Security Administration to produce 85
percent of the non-nuclear pieces in an atomic warhead. The replacement complex, which will include five
concrete structures, is expected to operate until at least 2042, according to one federal estimate.'
Wittner, Lawrence S.: Kansas City Here It Comes: A New Nuclear Weapons Plant!. In: The Time Line of
the Danish Peace Academy, 09/05/2011.

39
Pantex Plant

The Pantex Plant near Amarillo, Texas began operations in 1942. During the Second
World War, its main function was to load conventional ordnance 81, bombs and shells
with explosive materials. This factory was decommissioned in 1945.

In 1949, the government sold the plant to Texas Technological College (now Texas
Tech University) for one dollar. The army required the site in 1951 at the request of
the Atomic Energy Commission, so that the AEC could build a facility to assemble and
disassemble nuclear weapons. Procter and Gamble was the operating contractor. The
Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Company, contracted to rehabilitate the facility, took
over operating the plant in 1956 when Procter and Gamble declined to renew its five-
year contract. In 1963, the AEC assumed full control of the site. In 1984, and again in
1989, several thousand additional acres were leased from Texas Tech as a security
buffer.

Pantex has been the main facility to put together nuclear weapons components into
the final product, having assembled almost all of the over 60,000 nuclear weapons pro-
duced in the United States. It has also been responsible for dissembling nuclear
weapons, but the exact number involved is not clear because the lines between as-
sembly and disassemble are blurred. The US Department of Energy has implied that
some 50,000 nuclear weapons were permanently disassembly between 1945 and 1992
at Pantex, but in 1993, the DOE admitted that probably only 10,000 to 15,000 were ac-
tually permanently disassembled (emphasis added). Pantex has facilities for fabricat-
ing the non-nuclear high explosives that compress the plutonium trigger of a nuclear
weapon. When a weapon is disassembled, the high explosive is removed to avoid an ac-
cidental detonation. The high explosives are burned in the open air in an area known
as the burning ground.
81 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989). Draft /
Dean A. Doerrfeld, M.A. Principal Investigator, Kathryn Dixon, B.A., Dean A. Doerrfeld, M.A., Christine
Heidenrich, M.A., and Rebecca Gatewood, M.H.P. R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. for Naval
Facilities Engineering Command. Washington Navy Yard, DC and United States Air Force Center for
Environmental Excellence. Brooks City-Base Texas, 2008. - 200 pp.
- http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf

40
Pantex has released both radioactive and non-radioactive hazardous materials into
the environment.82 DOE reports only 134 cubic meters of low-level radioactive waste is
buried at Pantex. This relatively small volume is explained by the fact that the plant
ships most of its waste to other facilities in the US.

One of the main environmental concerns arising from Pantex is the potential contam-
ination of the Ogallala Aquifer which is about 150 meters deep in the area of Pantex.
To date, no contamination has been detected in the aquifer. However, a number of cru-
cial water systems at Pantex have been contaminated, (emphasis added) and some
evidence points to possible future contamination of the Ogallala
82 Oak Ridge Associated Universities: Pantex Plant – Site Description, 2006. - 18 pp.

41
Pantex has on-site, a continuous system of ‘perched’aquifers, comprising shallow, local
zones of water. In 1993, the DOE reported that ground water sampling in one of the
perched aquifers indicated the presence of various solvents, heavy metals, and high
explosives, but the Department maintained that perched aquifers are "distinctly sep-
arate" from the Ogallala. However, a 1993 study found that "all recharging ground wa-
ter that is perched" will eventually migrate "downward to the Ogallala aquifer"; and
residents near the plant use this aquifer for drinking water and agriculture, although
it is not used for these purposes on-site. Furthermore, a 1988 DOE study found that
the release of waste chemicals to unlined waste pits from 1954 to 1980 posed a risk of
migration into ground water, which would contaminate aquifers used for local water
supplies. The study ranked this chemical contamination risk at Pantex among the
greatest hazards in the overall US nuclear weapons complex. The chemicals involved
include toluene, acetone, tetrahydrofurane, methanol, dimethylformamide, methyl
ethyl ketone, and ethanol.

There is also evidence of uranium releases into the environment at Pantex. According
to a 1985 DOE report, uranium in vegetation samples at Pantex exceed background by

42
70 times, and uranium concentrations in the kidneys of jackrabbits on the site were
four to six times greater than background.

Pantex officially stopped assembling nuclear weapons in the early 1990s. However, it
continues to maintain existing weapons systems, and also dismantles them. In some
cases, dissembled weapons may be refurbished and reassembled for subsequent de-
ployment. Currently, activity at Pantex is centered on the dismantlement of nuclear
weapons and the storage of plutonium pits.

Plutonium pits from dismantled warheads are accumulating rapidly at Pantex. In

times past these pits were sent to the DOE’s Rocky Flats Plant near Denver Colorado
for reworking into new warheads.83 Now that the mission at the Rocky Flats site has
changed from production to clean-up, the pits are being stored at Pantex for what the
DOE has called an "interim period". Since the long-term disposition of plutonium has
yet to be firmly decided, the interim storage of thousands of plutonium pits at Pantex
could stretch into the decades. As Pantex has not been designed as a plutonium stor-
age facility, this practice as mandated by the DOE is highly dubious. 84

Examples of environmental contamination at Pantex plant in Texas in connection with

the production of nuclear weapons during the Cold War, quoted from Nuclear Waste-
lands pp. 236-237:

• Radionuclides85 (radioactive substances) in soil: alpha and beta decay of plutoni-

um, tritium, thorium, uranium
• Metal contamination in soil and water: beryllium, lead, chromium, copper, sil-
ver
• Inorganic compounds in soil and water: barium (used primarily for drying), cy-
anides - including hydrogen cyanide, hydrofluoric and sulfuric
• Volatile organic compounds or organic solvents in the soil: acetone, benzene, di-
methylformamide, ethyl acetate (flammable chemical of connection between
acetic acid and ethanol), chloroform (here, presumably used as a cleaning agent
(see also: radiolysis of chloroform in the intense radiation pulse from a nuclear
explosion) ), methylene chloride (glue), methyl ethyl ketone (eg used as cellulose
thinners), methylisobutyl ketone, carbon tetrachloride or carbon tetrachloride
(also fire-extinguishing agent), tetrahydrofuran (mainly used for PVC), toluene
(used as glue and manufacture of the explosive TNT) , Trichloroethylene (clean-
ing agent to clean and degrease metal parts)
• Volatile organic compounds precipitated in the groundwater, including the
Ogallala aquifer: acetone, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate, chloroform,
methylene chloride, methyl-ethylketon, methylisobutyl, ketones, alcohols, ben-
zene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, tri-
83 Amarillo Railroad Museum, Inc:: Department of Energy Nuclear Weapons Transport Cars.
http://amarillorailmuseum.com/white_train.html
84 Source: Nuclear Wastelands: A Global Guide to Nuclear Weapons Production and It’s Health and
Environmental Effects, Arjun Makhijani et al (eds.), The MIT Press, 1995.
85 ITRC (Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council). 2006. Real-Time Measurement of Radionuclides in
Soil: Technology and Case Studies. RAD-4. - Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory
Council, Real-Time Radionuclide Team. - http:www.itrcweb.org.

43
 chlorethylene
• Various soil contamination: acetic acid, benzene, dioxins, polychlorinated bi-
phenyls and TNT

Pinellas Plant, Largo, Florida

Part of U.S. nuclear weapons industrial complex.

The Pinellas plant facilities consist of approximately 70,195 square feet under roof in
an area of 40.4 hectares (99.9 acres). General Electric Corporation built the original
facility in 1956.

The Atomic Energy Commission, bought the facility in June 1957 and awarded a 25-
year operating contract to GE that lasted until May 31, 1992. The Pinellas Plant, as it
was named, continued to be used to engineer, develop, and manufacture components,
such as neutron generators, to support the U.S. nuclear weapons program. DOE ex-
panded the Pinellas Plant mission to produce multiple electronic and support compon-
ents for other DOE programs. The expanded mission included the design, develop-
ment, and manufacture of special electronic and mechanical nuclear weapons compon-
ents, such as neutron-generating devices, neutron detectors, and associated product
testers. Other work involved electronic, ceramic, and high-vacuum technology. Spe-

44
cifically, the expanded mission included the manufacture of thermal and long-life am-
bient temperature batteries, specialized shock-absorbing foam supports, ferroelectric-
and glass-ceramic encapsulation materials, and Radioisotopically-powered Thermo-
electric Generators.
Extensive environmental contamination with various heavy metals. 86

Portsmouth Gasdiffusion Plant

The Portsmouth Gasdiffusion Plant, located in Piketon, Ohio, began operations in

1954 as part of the U.S. government's development program for the production of
highly enriched uranium to fuel military reactors and components for nuclear
weapons production.87
The primary form of uranium enrichment was gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflour-
id, to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235 from the heavier non-fissionable iso-
tope, U-238. Production ceased in 1991. During the nearly 60 years of operation, clean-
ing, maintenance and replacement of process equipment in situ generated spent
solvents and other contaminants, which was disposed in landfills and in storage
buildings.88 To date, contamination is found at various locations at the plant, including
86 Pinellas Plant - Site Description / Marquis P. Orr, Paul J. Demopoulos, and Brian P. Gleckler.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2011. - 41 pp.
Pinellas Plant Environmental Baseline Report. Lockheed Martin Specialty Components, Inc.. Environmental,
Safety and Health Division for The US Department of Energy. Pinellas Area Office, 1997. - 363 pp.
Status of Upcoming SEC Petitions / LaVon B. Rutherford, CHP. National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health Division of Compensation Analysis and Support. 2011. - 6 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/pres/secstat0811bw.pdf
87 United States Department of Energy. Environmental Information Center: Information Repository Index
for the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant. 2008.- 50 pp.
88 DOE, Office of Oversight, Environment, Safety and Health: Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant

45
process buildings, past the cooling towers, landfills, sewage ponds and in other build-
ings. There is also groundwater plumes from landfills. Contractors: USEC 2001 -., Los
Alamos Technical Associates and Parallax Portsmouth 2005-2009 (cleanup); Theta
Pro2Serve Management Company in 2005 -2009 (cleanup); Bechtel Jacobs Company
1998-2005 (cleanup), Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. 1995 -1998, Martin Mari-
etta Energy Systems 1986-1995; Goodyear Atomic Corporation 1954-1986. Contract-
ors: design, construction and operation of the Depleted Uranium Hexaflouride
Conversion Project:: Uranium Disposition Services 2002 -.

Savannah River Site

American plutonium, tritium and

heavy water89 factory located in the
state of South Carolina created
early in a Cold War, 1950, now
under the U.S. Department of
Energy. Information about the
company is still concealed or
masked as classified information.90

The Savannah River Site91 located

in the Sandhills region of South
Carolina and covers an area of 800
square kilometers. In the southern
half of the area is a group of
buildings with reflective white
rooftops. The nearby Savannah
The Tritium plant from 2007
River and its tributary rivers gave
water for nuclear reactors and to this end, two artificial lakes "L" Lake and two ponds
created. Meandering river channel and its floodplain, dominated by gray-brown
sediments. When the river is so close to the nuclear field, and because the underlying
geological materials (sand, clay, gravel and limestone) are permeable, is a
comprehensive and ongoing environmental monitoring and remediation efforts needed
to reduce potential contamination of local water sources.
Volume 1: Past Environment, Safety, and Health Practices, 2000. - 99 pp.
89 Savannah River Site Cold War Historic Property Documentation. Narrative and Photography 400/d
area – heavy water production, Aiken County, South Carolina / Report prepared by: New South
Associates, Mary Beth Reed and Mark T. Swanson. 2008. - 236 pp.
- http://nationalregister.sc.gov/SurveyReports/HC02002.pdf
90 Preservation and Dissemination of the Hardcopy Documentation Portion of the NCSP Nuclear Crit-
icality Bibliographic Database / B. L. Koponen, D. Heinrichs. May 20, 2009. Topical Meeting of the ANS
Nuclear Criticality Safety Division. Richland, WA, United States September 13, 2009 through September 17.
- 7 pp.
91 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Misinterpreted dosimetry records resulting in
an underestimate of Page 1 of 4 missed dose in SRS dose reconstructions. 2003. - 4 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/pers/oc-per-001-r0.pdf
Richardson D, Wing S. Mortality among workers at the Savannah River Site. American Journal of
Industrial Medicine. 2007; 50(12):881-891.
Richardson D, Wing S. Leukemia mortality among workers at the Savannah River Site. American
Journal of Epidemiology. 2007; 166(9):1015-22.

46
The radioactive production was inter alia from the Operation Greenhouse in 1951,
used in hydrogen bombs.

47
Current peace and environmental movements:

Atlanta WAND - www.atlantawand.org,

Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League - www.bredl.org,
Carolina Peace Resource Center - www.carolinapeace.org,
Nuclear Watch South - www.nonukesyall.org

48
Yucca Mountain Underground Laboratory
Underground American research and final repository for nuclear waste which was loc-
ated in test sites in Nevada during the DOE Office for Civilian Radioactive Waste
Management92. "Yucca Mountain has been chosen as the site of the Ministry geological
repository designed to store and dispose of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste.
Once constructed, the location will be the nation's first geologic repository for disposal
of this type of radioactive waste", the Ministry announced in Yucca Mountain: The
Most Studied Real Estate on the Planet. The plant was abandoned in 2010

92 GAO: DOE Nuclear Waste : Better Information Needed on Waste Storage at DOE Sites as a Result
of Yucca Mountain Shutdown. 2011. - 40 pp.
Underground exploration and testing at Yucca Mountain : A report to Congress and the Secretary of En-
ergy (1993).

49
Nuclear Weapons Tests

Greek: All military and scientific experiments with

nuclear weapons, their hardware and software. A
total of 1030 American and 24 British nuclear
weapons tests were performed in 55 operations in
USA.93 Apart from a few recitation of the number of
nuclear weapons tests and their chronology is there
because of military and political causes virtually no
technical literature on this subject. All of these
experiments are classified or masked as is the case
with the few downgraded technical reports that have
been released in connection with atomic veterans'
claims. Some of the classification rules on nuclear ex-
periments appears in : Control of Nuclear Weapon
Data. U.S. DOE: National Nuclear Security Adminis-
tration, Office of Nuclear Weapon Surety and Quality,
2011. Similarly, non nuclear tests in connection with
nuclear tests - such as safety tests - are not the subject of much attention. 94 Has there
been two or more blasts on the same day they are as a rule recorded as one experi-
ment. This reduces the apparent extent of the problem.
93 Geoscience Australia: Nuclear Explosions database - http://www.ga.gov.au/oracle/nuclear-explosion.jsp
94 Annewandter, Robert: Diploma Thesis. Modelling Pressure Response and Propagation of the Con-
centration Front of Tracers indicating Underground Nuclear Explosions induced by Barometric
Pumping - A Double Porosity Approach. Department of Physics Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and
Natural Sciences. University of Hamburg. 2007.- 141 pp.
- http://www.znf.uni-hamburg.de/diplomAnnewandter.pdf

50
The nuclear weapons club members have made nuclear weapons tests, called hotspots
in the USA: Alamogordo Trinity Site and Carlsbad, New Mexico test sites and in Hat-
tiesburg, Mississippi and Nevada as well as in the Pacific, including Johnston Island,
Christmas Island (Kiribati), Marshall Islands, including Bikini, Eniwetok and Ron-
gelap Atoll, 95 Micronesia.
France in Algeria: Ekker and Reggan in the Sahara desert, in French Polynesia:
Fangatau and Muroroa.
Britain: At the Emu Field, Maralinga 96, Montebello Islands and Woomera in Australia
and at Christmas Island.
Kharan desert in Pakistan, Lop Nur in China, Pokhran in India ,in the Indian ocean
Prince Edward Islands (Israel and South Africa), in P'unggyeri in North Korea, and in
Semipalatinsk and Novaya Zemlya in the Soviet Union, Russia..

Partial test ban with the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty from 1963. 97 All nuclear
weapons tests are now under international law, prohibited by the Comprehensive Nuc-
lear-Test-Ban Treaty, 1996.98

95 A Report on the People of Rongelap and Utirik Relative to Medical Aspects of the March 1, 1954
Incident Injury, Examination, and Treatment / Presented by The Special Joint Committee Concerning
Rongelap and Utirik Atolls (Public Law No. 4C-33) to the Fifth Congress of Micronesia, First Regular
Session. February 1973. - 299 pp.
US. Government: Marshall Islands Nuclear Weapons Tests - Bikini, Rongelap, Enewetak, Utrok,
Eugelab Atolls, First Hydrogen Bomb - Crossroads, Ivy, Mike Tests, Radiation, Health and
Environmental Effects (CD-ROM).
Commission on Life Sciences: Radiological Assessments for the Resettlement of Rongelap in the
Republic of the Marshall Islands, National Academic Press, (1994) .
http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2352&page=98
Compensation for the People of Rongelap and Utirik. A Report By The Special Joint Committee
Concerning Rongelap and. Utirik Atolls to the Fifth Congress of Micronesia. Second Regular Session,
February 28, 19?4 - 97 pp.
Castle Bravo nuclear test, 1954 compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston, 2005.
Database of radiological incidents and related events--Johnston's Archive
http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1954USA1.html
Martini Gotjé interviewed on Waiheke Radio (July 17, 2010). - http://www.archive.org/details/MartiniGotj
Memorandum of understanding by and between the republic of the Marshall Islands, the Rongeiap
atoll local government council, the United States department of energy office of environment,
safety and health and the united states department of the interior, office of territorial and
international affairs: Memorandum made for the Rongelap resettlement project, 1992. - 13 pp.
Thyroid Absorbed Dose for People at Rongelap, Utirik, and Sifo on March 1,1954 : A Report / Edward T.
Lessard, Robert P. Miltenberger, Robert A. Conard, Stephen V. Musolino, Janikiram R. Naidu, Anant
Moorthy, and Carl J. Schopfer / Prepared for Roger Ray, Nevada Operations Office United States Depart -
ment of Energy Safety and Environmental Protection Division Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton,
Long Island, New York, Undated. - 84 pp.
- https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16365783-cRMUbg/16365783.pdf
Thyroid function in a group of former workers from a nuclear weapons research and development
facility. / Cadorette, Maureen Farrell, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 2006. 271 pp.
- http://gradworks.umi.com/31/97/3197122.html
96 Rehabilitation of the Maralinga and Emu Testing Sites (Australia) 2003 / Report by the Maralinga
Rehabilitation Technical Advisory Committee Commonwealth Government, Department of Education,
Science and Training, 2003. - 456 pp.
97 Bekendtgørelse af traktat om forbud mod kernevåbenforsøg i atmosfæren, det ydre rum og under
vandet.
98 Medalia, Jonathan: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Background and Current Develop-
ments. CRS, 2011. - 54 pp.

51
See also: U.S. Citizen Alert Water Sampling Program; CTBTO (the Preparatory Com-
mission for the Organization for the Comprehensive Ban on Nuclear Tests ; U.S. Ad
Hoc Committee on Underwater Atomic Weapons Testing, 1947-1954; U.S. National
Association of Atomic Veterans; experimental thermonuclear device; Exercise Desert
Rock 1951; U.S. Families in the Offsite Human Surveillance Program; guinea pigs; in-
frasound monitoring stations; Joint Verification Experiment, nuclear nomads ; nuclear
pacifism ; U.S. Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) Program; Operation Hurricane
(Australia) ; Palau ; Project Gnome 1961 ; Project Rulison 1969 ; Project Sedan 1962 ;
radioactivity99 ; US Standby Air Surveillance Network ; US Standby Milk Surveillance
99 Allison, Pam Radiation Monitoring at Pantex: A Review of the Bureau of Radiation Control Environ-
mental Data 1993-2003, Peace Farm, 2005.
Anspaugh, Lynn R.: Radiation Dose to the Population of the Continental United States from the Inges-
tion of Food Contaminated with Radionuclides from Nuclear Tests at the Nevada Test Site. Final
Report Report to the National Cancer Institute. - Salt Lake City, UT : Lynn R. Anspaugh, Consulting, 2000.
- 68 pp.
Armed Forces Special Weapons Project ; Joint Crossroads Committee: Radiological Defense. Volume I-III.
The Principles of Military Defense against Atomic Weapons (1951).
- http://www.archive.org/details/radiologicaldefe02arme
Department of Defense: Report on Search for Human Radiation Experiment Records 1944-1994, 1997.
I-III. - 101+60+92 pp.
Appendix I Results of DoD Human Radiation Experiment Records Search - 390 pp.
Appendix II Information Sources - 89 pp.
Appendix III Acronyms and Abbreviations/ Appendix IV Radiation Terms

52
Network100 ; Sustainable Stockpile Stewardship ; Tonopah Test Range: An Outdoor
Laboratory Facility 1964 ; Trinity101 ; the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)102.

http://www.defense.gov/pubs/dodhre/
Mason, Len., "The National Police Gazette.," in Special Collections, Item #1141,
http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/omeka/exhibits/show/atomic/danger/item/1141
(accessed January 10, 2012).
DOE: Radiological Effluents Released from US. Continental Tests, 1961 Through 1992. / C R Schoen-
gold, M E DeMarre, E M Kirkwood. 1996.- 304 pp. ' This report documents all continental tests from
September 15, 1961, through September 23, 1992, from which radioactive effluents were released. The
report includes both updated information previously published in the publicly available May 1990 report,
DOE/NV-317, Radiological Effluents Released from Announced US. Continental Tests 1961 through
1988, and effluent release information on formerly unannounced tests.'
http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_317.pdf
100Offsite Environmental Monitoring Report: Radiation Monitoring Around United States Nuclear
Test Areas, Calendar Year 1993 / Deb J. Chaloud, Don M. Daigler, Max G. Davis, Bruce B. Dicey,Scott
H. Faller, Chris A. Fontana, Ken R. Giles, Polly A. Huff,Anita A. Mullen, Anne C. Neale, Frank Novielli,
Mark Sells, and the Nuclear Radiation Assessment Division United States Environmental Protection
Agency. 1996. - 177 pp.
101Bainbridge, K. T.: Trinity. Los Alamos National Laboratory & United States Energy Research and Devel-
opment Administration, 1976. - 94 pp.
Bradshaw, Jessica: Witnesses of Trinity: The first atomic bomb, July 16, 1945, New Mexico (2003).
- http://www.archive.org/details/witnessesoftrini2003jess
White Sands Missile Range Public Affairs Office: Trinity Site: 1945-1995. a National Historic Landmark.
White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. 1995.
- http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/trinity/index.shtml
102Gusterson, Hugh: The shared sins of Soviet and US. nuclear testing [birth abnormalities after nuclear
tests] Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists | 29 September 2009.

53
US Pacific Proving Grounds103

The sites in the Marshall Islands, including Bikini, Johnston Island and a few other
places in the Pacific, used by the U.S. to conduct nuclear tests in the period 1946-1962,
including Operation Crossroads (1946), Operation Sandstone (1948), Operation
Greenhouse (1951), Operation Ivy (1952), Operation Castle (1954,) Operation Redwing
(1956), Operation hardtack I (1958), and Operation Dominic (1962).

The U.S. nuclear testing program in the Marshall Islands has caused severe damage
in Enewetak and Bikini, contaminated other northern atolls, and caused cancer and
other diseases among hundreds of Marshall Islanders, including inter alia birth abnor-
malities in the Marshall Islands is documented.104

103Nuclear Testing Program in the Marshall Islands : Hearing before the Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources United States Senate one hundred ninth Congress first session on Effects of US.
Nuclear Testing Program in the Marshall Islands July 19, 2005. GPO, 2005. - 116 pp.
Summary Site Profile for the Pacific Proving Ground / Cheryl Y. Smith and Lori J. Arent. National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health: 2006. - 18 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/ppgr0.pdf
104Yamada, Seiji: Cancer, reproductive abnormalities, and diabetes in Micronesia: the effect of nuclear
testing. Pacific Health Dialog Vol 11. No. 2. 2004 pp. 216-221.

54
Known American Nuclear Weapons Tests 105

Operation Anvil Operation Julin

Operation Aqueduct Operation Latchkey
Operation Arbor Operation Mandrel
Operation Argus Operation Musketeer
Operation Bedrock Operation Newsreel
Operation Bowline Operation Niblick
Operation Buster Operation Nougat
Operation Castle Operation Phalanx
Operation Charioteer Operation Plumbbob
Operation Cornerstone Operation Praetorian
Operation Cresset Operation Project 56
Operation Crossroads Operation Project 57
Operation Crosstie Operation Project 58
Operation Dominic Operation Project 58A
Operation Emery Operation Quicksilver
Operation Fishbowl Operation Ranger
Operation Flintlock Operation Redwing
Operation Fulcrum Operation Roller Coaster
Operation Fusileer Operation Sandstone
Operation Greenhouse Operation Sculpin
Operation Grenadier Operation Storax
Operation Grommet Operation Sunbeam
Operation Guardian Operation Teapot
Operation Hardtack I Operation Toggle
Operation Hardtack II Operation Touchstone
Operation Ivy Operation Tumbler-Snapper
Operation Jangle Operation Upshot - Knothole
105The human cost of nuclear weapons tests is inter alia described in the following publications:
Anspaugh LR. Radiation dose to the population on the continental United States from the ingestion of
food contaminated with radionuclides from high-yield weapons tests conducted in US, UK, and
USSR between 1952 and 1963. National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Report on the Feasibility of a Study of the Health
Consequences to the American Population from Nuclear Weapons Tests Conducted by the US and Other
Nations. 2000;H:29. - www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/fallout/
Department of Defense: Report on Search for Human Radiation Experiment Records 1944-1994, 1997.
I-III. - 101+60+92 pp.
Appendix I Results of DoD Human Radiation Experiment Records Search - 390 pp.
Appendix II Information Sources - 89 pp.
Appendix III Acronyms and Abbreviations/ Appendix IV Radiation Terms.
Operation Tumbler-Snapper 1952 : United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests. Nuclear Test Per-
sonnel Review./ Jean Ponton, Carl Maag, Mary Francis Barrett, Robert Shepanek. - Washington, DC: De -
fense Nuclear Agency. 1982. - 222 pp.
Report on the Health Consequences to the American Population from Nuclear Weapons Tests
Conducted by the United States and Other Nations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & the
National Cancer Institute, 2001.
See also: Lookout Mountain Laboratory:The 280 mm Gun at the Nevada Proving Ground, 1953.
http://www.archive.org/details/The280mmGunattheNevadaProvingGround1953
Lookout Mountain Laboratory: Operation Upshot-Knothole, 1953.
- http://www.archive.org/details/OperationUPSHOT_KNOTHOLE1953

55
Operation Whetstone Operations Tinderbox
Operation Wigwam

This list could also include the Green Run tests106, research experiment into the atmospheric
diffusion of radioactive gases and the 254 RaLa experiments which were conducted between
September 1944 and March 1962. LANL conducted 254 radioactive barium-lanthanum (RaLa)
implosion experiments Sept. 1944-March 1962, in order to test implosion designs for nuclear
weapons, an inward burst of energy, as a triggering mechanism for an atomic blast. Thousand curies
of La, were involved in each experiment which was conducted in Technical Area 10, Bayo Canyon.
And Operation Hudson Harbor, September-October 1951, which was part of the Radiation Warfare
Program - radioactive barium-lanthanum (RaLa) implosion experiments Sept. 1944-March 1962.

The RaLa experiments

On November 23, 1993, a General Accounting Office report implied that the Air Force and the Los
Alamos Laboratory exploded three simulated nuclear devices at Los Alamos to produce radioactive
clouds and fallout for the Air Force to track.107

Secretary of Defense Les Aspin today asked the Secretaries of the Military Services and the director
of the“Defense Nuclear Agency to undertake a comprehensive review of all files and data bases
dating back to the 1940's that may contain information on radiation testing on humans. 108 Office of
Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), December 30, 1993.
106Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Tennessee: An Aerial Survey of Radioactivity Associated With
Atomic Energy Plants. April 1949 (ORNL-341). F. J. Davis et al.
- https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16385508-XHRcc4/16385508.pdf ,republished 1992. - 166 pp.
- https://www.etde.org/etdeweb/servlets/purl/10104048-AL8pwO/webviewable/10104048.pdf
107 GAO: Nuclear Health and Safety : Examples of Post World War II Radiation Releases at US Nuclear
Sites, 1993. - 24 pp.
- http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet8/brief8/tab_h/br8h6b.txt
According to GAO 'AEC conducted radiation warfare tests at its sites in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Dugway,
Utah, to develop an air-dropped radioactive munition.' - http://www.gao.gov/products/RCED-94-51FS
GAO: Nuclear Health and Safety : Consensus on Acceptable Radiation Risk to the Public Is Lacking. 1994. -
36 pp.- http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat2/152798.pdf , and
- http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/pm03/pm3trnsb.txt
Did Dugway conduct over 600 radiation tests? Officials remain taciturn, but newly released papers reveal
massive project. / Lee Davidson. Deseret News Sunday, April 10, 1994.
- http://www.project-112shad-fdn.com/rad1.htm
'The information became available three months after congressional probers working for the U.S. General
Accounting Office first revealed six other radiation weapons tests at Dugway Proving Ground that
dropped cluster bombs to scatter radioactive material packed inside. Documents also suggest the
program may have continued years beyond the tests in the 1949-1952 period for which information was
released by the U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command. '
108 DOE Openness: Human Radiation Experiments:Finding Aids. Records relating to RaLa, iodine-131,
and cesium-137 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Oak Ridge Operations Office: a guide to
record series of the department of energy and its contractors.
- http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/ohre/new/findingaids/epidemiologic/oakridge3/index.html
The Bayo Canyon/radioactive lanthanum (RaLa) program. / Dummer, J.E. ; Taschner, J.C. ; Courtright,
C.C. . Los Almos National Laboratory, 1996. - 108 pp.
- http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/osti/M9601101.pdf
'Environmental analysis of the Bayo Canyon (TA-10) Site, Los Alamos, New Mexico: Fallout forecasting:
1945-1962A: perspective on atmospheric nuclear tests in Nevada: Fact Book, Revision 2. Los Alamos
National Laboratory's Hydrogeologic Studies of the Pajarito Plateau: A Synthesis of Hydrogeologic Work-
plan Activities (1998--2004)[Tennessee Health Studies Agreement] Releases of contaminants from Oak
Ridge facilities and risks to public health oratory'

56
Radioactive Contamination in the U.S. as a Result of Atmospheric
Nuclear Weapons Tests

57
Examples of Nuclear Weapons Tests

Alaska

Project Chariot was part of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Plowshare program,
established to test peaceful uses of nuclear explosions. The purpose of this project was
to create a deep water port for shipping coal, oil and other natural resources believed
to exist along this part of Alaska's coast. In 1962, did the U.S. Geological Survey an
analysis to determine the spread of radioactive material from an underground nuclear
explosion. Later in 1962, before the nuclear explosive was detonated, was Project
Chariot canceled..
Three underground nuclear weapons tests at the Amchitka Island, 1965-1971.109
109 Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation II:Background on Amchitka, 2005. - 18
pp.
Hydrogeologic assessment of the Amchitka Island nuclear test site Alaska with magnetotellurics /
Martyn Unsworth, Wolfgang Soyer, Volkan Tuncer, Anna Wagner, og David Barnes. Geophysics,vol. 72,
no. 3 May-June 2007; p. b47–b57.
Formerly used Defense Sites in the Norton Sound Region: Location, History of Use, Contaminants
Present, And Status of Clean-Up Efforts. Prepared for Alaska Community Action on Toxics / Mimi Hogan,
Sandra Christopherson and Ann Rothe. 2006. - 47 pp.

58
Information about the Operation is still concealed or masked as classified information,
but Greeepeace concludes 'The Cannikin nuclear test site on Amchitka, the site of the
largest underground nuclear test in US. history is leaking long-lived transuranic ra-
dioactivity into the Bering Sea via White Alice Creek. Two biological samples taken by
Greenpeace researchers from White Alice Creek downgradient from Cannikin revealed
the presence of americium-241, a beta decay product of plutonium-241. Americium-241
in the environmental samples indicates the presence of plutonium isotopes in the
groundwater-surface water system at Amchitka. One of the two stream samples con-
tained plutonium-239/-240. The plutonium-239 used to trigger the Cannikin fusion ex-
plosion (possibly 9-11 pounds of plutonium-239 2) was co-produced with plutonium-
240 and plutonium-241 in a nuclear reactor designed to create weaponsgrade plutoni-
um'.

•Proejct Long Shot, 1965

•Milrow 1969
•Cannikin 1971

Operation Crossroads 1946

A series of two U.S. nuclear weapons tests at Bikini in the Pacific led by the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission. The first experiment after the Trinity experiment in July
1945. Information about the Operation is still concealed or masked as classified in-
formation:

Miller, Pam: Nuclear Flashback: Report of a Greenpeace Scientific Expedition to Amchitka Island, Alaska –
Site of the Largest Underground Nuclear Test in US. History. Greenpeace, 1996 - 33 pp.
Nevada Environmental Restoration Project: Subsurface Completion Report for Amchitka Underground
Nuclear Test Sites: Long Shot, Milrow, and Cannikin, 2006. - 63 pp.
United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992. US. Department of Energy Nevada
Operations Office, DOE/NV--209-REV 15, December 2000.

59
'Letter of Transmittal...
The Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D. C.
Subject: Final Report, JCS Evaluation Board
Gentlemen:
Your Board, appointed to evaluate the Bikini Atoll Atomic Bomb tests, has the honor
to transmit to you its final report.
In accordance with our Directive this report is classified as a TOP SECRET. In order
that the Joint Chiefs of Staff may make this report public, the Board has prepared a
revision from which certain matter has been deleted. Prior to the publication of this
revision it will be necessary that classified factual material be deleted by the Joint
Chiefs of Staff., states the preface to the Evaluation of the Atomic Bomb as a Military
Weapon - The Final Report of the Joints Chiefs of Staff Evaluation Board for
Operation Crossroads, 30 June 1947 The purpose of the experiments was to
investigate the effect of nuclear weapons on naval ships. 110.
The nuclear weapons tests included

ABLE explode at an altitude of 158 meters the first July

BAKER exploded 27 meters below the water surface on 25th. July.

The next U.S. nuclear weapons tests were Operation Sandstone..

110 First Pictures Atomic Blast!, 1946/07/08 (1946).

'The dramatic film history of the atom bomb test at Bikini! Pictures of the actual bomb drop! Blasted ships
and the terrible destructive force of the world's fourth atom bomb! Universal Newsreel, in cooperation with
the Army and Navy, presents the motion picture drama, 'Operation Crossroads.' This film record of the hi-
storical event shows in dramatic detail the various phases of the epochal experiment, from takeoff to the
awful blast that destroyed or damaged more than half the ships in Bikini Lagoon." scenes of Admiral Willi-
am H. Blandy commanding Operation Crossroads at Bikini Lagoon, test animals put on ships, sheep is
sheared, Secretary of Navy Forrestal speaks on deck of ship (sound distorted), crews leave, Bikini fleet
ready, A-bomb loaded on B-29 Dave's Dream, plane takes off, bomb doors open, men put on protective
goggles; "The bomb's away! It's falling ... " then explosion, "motion picture spectacle of all time" and anot -
her view of the explosion. (complete newsreel)'.
http://www.archive.org/details/1946-07-08_First_Pictures_Atomic_Blast
Mortality of Veteran Participants in the Crossroads Nuclear Test / J. Christopher Johnson, Susan Thaul,
William F. Page, and Harriet Crawford, Editors; Committee on the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test, Institute
of Medicine. 1996.
United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992.
US. Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, DOE/NV--209-REV 15, December 2000.
National Park Service : The Archeology of the Atomic Bomb - A Submerged Cultural Resources
Assessment of the Sunken Fleet of Operation Crossroads at Bikini and Kwajalein Atoll Lagoons
(1991). - http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/swcrc/37/contents.htm
Operation Crossroads (Part I) (1946).
http://www.archive.org/details/Operatio1946
Operations Crossroads Underway, 1946/07/01 (1946).
http://www.archive.org/details/1946-07-01_Operations_Crossroads_Underway
US. Army Air Forces: Special Delivery (1946) - 'Airplanes and missions of the US. Army Air Forces, emp-
hasizing Operation Crossroads'. - http://www.archive.org/details/SpecialD1946
United States. Joint Task Force One; Shurcliff, William A.: Bombs at Bikini; the official report of Operation
Crossroads (1947).
http://www.archive.org/details/bombsatbikinioff00unit
United States. Joint Task Force One: Operation Crossroads, the official pictorial record (1946).
http://www.archive.org/details/operationcrossro00unit

60
Operation Ivy 1952

Map of Elugelab before and after the November 1st., 1952

Series of two American hydrogen and nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific in the first
part of the Cold War. Information about the Operation is still concealed or masked as
classified information.

61
"The island of Elugelab is missing!" President Eisenhower heard this short report on
the Mike shot in Operation Ivy from Gordon Dean, Chairman of the Atomic Energy
Commission. Mike was the first full-scale hydrogen explosive device to be tested, yet
was only a scientific test of a thermofusion implosion device concept. Mike was not a
deliverable weapon.111

The island where the device was detonated was vaporized. The hole Mike left was big
enough to accommodate 14 Pentagon-size buildings and deep enough to hold 17 story
building under water, in a crater one mile in diameter and approximately 175 feet
deep. Mike's yield was an incredible 10.4 megatons, signaling the proof-tested expan-
sion of the nuclear explosive technology concepts from nuclear fission to thermofusion.
Thermofusion is the same process that occurs in the core of the sun.

This test, however, was not the first test of a liquid thermonuclear explosive. The first
test ever conducted into the fusion principle occurred during Operation Greenhouse at
Eniwetok in 1951, with the 225 kiloton George test. Another test of hydrogen in the
center of a nuclear weapon before Mike was during the Greenhouse Item test at Eni-
wetok, proving a critical stockpiling yield efficiency concept, called "boosting."' Mike
was followed on November 15, 1952 by the King shot, the largest all-fission device ever
tested by the United States. It was a uranium super oralloy Mark 18 prototype implo-
sion core in a Mark 6D casing, with an advanced warhead that enabled it to produce
500 kilotons of equivalent TNT explosive energy.

The tests came after Operation Tumbler-Snapper and before Operation Upshots-
Knothole. Archives: National Archives: Records of the Defense Threat Reduction
Agency (Record Group 374), 1943-73.

The nuclear weapons tests included

• Mike November 1st., Elugelab Island, Eniwetok 10.4 to 12 megatons - the first
hydrogen bomb
• King November 16th., Airburst 2,000 feet North of Runit Island, Eniwetok 500
kilotons

111 Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Navy Personnel at Operation Ivy. Science Applications, Inc..
1983. - 78 pp. - http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/relatedpub/DNATR8298.pdf
Hacker, Barton C.: Elements of controversy: the Atomic Energy Commission and radiation safety in
nuclear weapons testing, 1947-1974. University of California Press, 1994 - 614 pp.
Hansen, Chuck: The Swords of Armageddon : US. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945.
United States Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory, Air Photographic Charting Service, Hollywood, Califor-
nia: Operation IVY (1952). - http://www.archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952

62
Operation Castle 1954

American hydrogen bomb test at Bikini in

the Pacific in the first part of the Cold War
with the aim to test aircraft based hydro-
gen bombs and design effects. Information
about the Operation is still concealed as
classified information..

'The Bravo detonation in the Castle series

was unexpected at 15 megatons, the largest
of the U.S. atmospheric test explosions
ever'.

The Japanese fishing boat Daigo Fukuryu

Maru was heavily contaminated by radio-
active fallout from the trial. The nuclear
garbage movement after the Bravo thermo-
nuclear test. It is the worst pollution in
U.S. nuclear history. The numbers corres-
pond to the estimated total (cumulative)
dose contour or contours (rad).112

Gamma ray doses are from the time of arrival to 96 hours (4 days) after the detona -
tion, outside on land. Glasstone and Dolan mention this because data from the sea
were not collected in this test. The Bravo's fallout and contours to the north of the is -
lands is uncertain and other fallout patterns from the same test attributed to the high
levels measured on Rongelap as a "hotspot" of the kind that is measured downwind of
the sea in later experiments.

The operation came after Operation Upshots-Knothole and was replaced by Operation
Teapot. Archive: National Archives: Records of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency,
(Record Group 374), 1943-73.

The nuclear weapons tests included

Bravo, February 28, Bikini, 15 megatons

Romeo, March 26, Bikini, 11 megatons
Koon, April 6, Bikini, 110 kilotons
Union, April 25, Bikini, 6.9 megatons
Yankee, May 4, Bikini, 13.5 megatons
Nectar, May 13, Enewetak, 1.69 megatons

112Source: Samuel Glasstone og Phillip J. Dolan, editors: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3. ed.
-Washington D C.: DOD og DOE, 1977) pp. 437.

63
Protests

Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists

Professional historic American peace group formed in 1946 by the physicists Albert
Einstein and Leo Szilard with the purpose to warn politicians and the public about the
dangers of development of nuclear weapons and also to promote the peaceful uses of
atomic energy.

The Emergency Committee was set up in the wake of Leo Szilard appeal from July
1945 to the then U.S. President Harry S.. Truman, against use of the atomic bomb on
moral grounds; an appeal signed by 70 scientists who all worked on the Manhattan
Project, where most of them knew not what they were creating at the time. 113 After the
war, they created the Federation of Atomic Scientists and the still existing journal
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, who, with Einstein's words:

'They (the scientists) knew that the democratic determination of this nation’s policy on
atomic energy must ultimately rest on understanding by its citizens. "America’s de-
cision will not be made over a table in the United Nations. Our representatives in New
York, in Paris, or in Moscow depend ultimately on decisions made in the village
square. To the village square we must carry the facts of atomic energy. From there
must come America’s voice. '114

The organizations protests against atmospheric nuclear weapons tests contributed to

the test ban agreement in 1963. Among those active in the organization which oper-
ated until 1950 include Hans Bethe, Selig Hecht, Thorfinn Hogness, Philip M. Morse,
Linus Pauling, Lily Payson, Joseph H. Schaffner, Michael Straight, Leo Szilard, Har-
old Urey and Victor F. Weisskopf. Archive: University of Chicago, Special Collections.

See also: American Association of Scientific Workers ; Association of Manhattan Pro-

ject Scientists ; Association of Oak Ridge Engineers and Scientists, 1945-1952 ; Associ-
ation of Oak Ridge Scientists ; Association of Scientists for Atomic Education, 1947 ;
Federation of American Scientists ; Independent Citizens' Committee of the Arts, Sci-
ences and Professions ; National Committee of Atomic Scientists ; National Committee
on Atomic Information, 1946-1947 ; nuclear pacifism ; UN Atomic Energy
Commission ; UN Emergency Committee of the Atomic Scientists ; Union of Con-
cerned Scientists115 ; World Movement for World Federal Government.

113Leo Szilard Papers, Mandeville Special Collections Library, The UCSD Libraries, University of California,
San Diego, 2005. - 81 pp.
114New York Time Magazine, June 23, 1946 and A Statement of Purpose by the Emergency Committee
of Atomic Scientists.
115The NRC and Nuclear Power Plant Safety in 2010 : A Brighter Spotlight Needed / David Lochbaum.
Union of Concerned Scientists. 2011. - 64 pp.

64
65
U.S. Nuclear Weapons

Today, the United States has approximately 2,150 operational warheads and 2,850 in
stock, called Enduring Stockpile, totaling 5,000. The proposed Finance Act for 2011
emergency response and management stated (Appendix D p. 2) that the planned pro-
duction complex will be able to support a stock of 3000-3500 warheads, a level of 1500-
2000 warheads in the current stock. But it could not give a timetable or strategy for
such reductions.116

The United States as of Sept. 1 2011 officially had 1,790 deployed strategic nuclear
warheads, while Russia had fielded 1,566 long-range weapons, according to details

116Nuclear Security Administration: Stockpile Stewardship and Management Plan for fiscal 2012.

66
from a semiannual information swap mandated under a strategic nuclear arms control
treaty between the two countries.

The United States had 822 ICBMs, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and nuclear
bombers deployed at the time of the exchange, the State Department said in a fact
sheet released last week. Russia wielded 516 such launch-ready delivery vehicles. The
count of U.S. bombers and ballistic missile firing platforms totaled 1,043, including
fielded and reserve systems. Russia reported holding 871 bombers and missile firing
platforms.

The United States as of Sept. 1 2011 possessed 448 launch-ready ICBMs and 324 addi-
tional ballistic missiles in reserve, according to details made public on Thursday on
the nation's nuclear-weapon delivery systems.
The U.S. fleet of deployed land-based ballistic missiles was comprised solely of
Minuteman 3 ICBMs, according to data released by the State Department. The coun-
try held 266 more Minuteman 3 missiles in storage with 58 launch units for the re-
serve weapons. In addition, the nation had 58 Peacekeeper ICBMs in storage with 51
firing units. Separately, the United States possessed six test launch platforms for
Minuteman 3 ICBMs and one for the Peacekeeper missiles.
The country had 249 launch-ready Trident 2 submarine-carried ballistic missiles and
161 more of the weapons in storage. Eighty-seven additional Trident 2 launch units
were available in reserve.
The nation fielded 11 B-2, 39 B-52G and 75 B-52H nuclear bombers, and it had nine
B-2 aircraft and 16 B-52H planes in storage. In addition, it held two B-2 and two B-
52H test aircraft (U.S. State Department press release, Dec. 1) 117.

A qualified assessment of the number of current U.S. nuclear weapons is : The U.S.
Nuclear Forces, 2011 / Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris in the Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientist 2011 67: 66. According to The Internet and the Bomb: A Research
Guide to Policy and Information about Nuclear Weapons, the private nuclear weapons
industry includes the following firms:

Aerojet - http://www.aerojet.com/
MX and Minuteman rocket motors.118 The current US force consists of 450 Minutem-
an-III missiles in missile silos 119 around F.E. Warren AFB, Wyoming; Malmstrom
AFB, Montana; and Minot AFB, North Dakota.
117 New START Treaty Aggregate Numbers of Strategic Offensive Arms. December 1, 2011- 2 pp. Bur-
eau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC
- http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/178270.pdf
118 Rocket Fuel in Drinking Water: New data show widespread nationwide contamination. Environmental
Working Group (http://www.ewg.org), 2003. - 41 pp. ' Perchlorate, the explosive main ingredient of rocket
and missile fuel, contaminates drinking water supplies, groundwater or soil in hundreds of locations in at
least 43 states, according to Environmental Working Group’s updated analysis of government data.
EWG’s analysis of the latest scientific studies, which show harmful health effects from minute doses,
argues that a national standard for perchlorate in drinking water should be no higher than one-tenth the
level the US. Environmental Protection Agency currently recommends as safe.'
119 Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the One Thousand Missile Silos of the United States. Progressive
Foundation, Nukewatch, Edited by Samuel H. Day, Jr., with a preface by Philip Berrigan 1988. - 96 pp.
'Maps and photographs of the 1,000 intercontinental nuclear missiles and 100 launch control centers of the
U.S. Strategic Air Command, scattered across seven Midwestern and Great Lakes States.'

67
Battelle National Security Division - http://www.battelle.org/natsec/natsec.html
Bechtel Hanford, Inc. (A division of Bechtel National, Inc.) - http://www.bhi-erc.com/
Effective October 1, 2007, the US Department of Energy awarded Bechtel partnership
LLNS LLC the contract to operate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Bechtel
has a presence, through various partnerships, of the bulk of the US nuclear weapons
facilities, including Los Alamos National Laboratory (design and pit production),
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (design), Savannah River Site (nuclear ma-
terials), Hanford Site (nuclear materials), Pantex Plant (assembly/disassembly), Y-12
National Security Complex (nuclear materials), and the Nevada Test Site (subcritical
testing). Bechtel is also under contract for the new A1B reactor, a nuclear reactor be-
ing designed for use by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and
propulsion for the Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers The environmental restoration
contractor at Hanford. A major focus of the program is protecting the Columbia River
by cleaning contamination in Hanford's 100 Area, an approximate 20-mile stretch of
land along the river, where nine nuclear reactors operated from World War II through
the late 1980'pp.

Bechtel Nevada - http://www.bechtel.com/nvtest.htm

Operators of the DOE Nevada Test Site.

Boeing - http://www.boeing.com/
Prime contractor on the B-1B, B-52, Minuteman missile and ALCM. On 15 December
1996, announcement was made that an agreement had been reached to merge McDon-
nell Douglas with Boeing. Earlier in 1996, Boeing had bought the Aerospace & Defen-
se division from Rockwell, the original prime contractor of the B-1B.
Boeing Defense and Space Group
http://www.boeing.com/dsg/def.html

EG&G - http://egginc.com/
A former major DOE contractor that traces its roots to the Manhatttan Project. Its hi-
story page recounts its involvement

Fluor Daniel Hanford - http://www.hanford.gov/contrctr/fdh.htm

68
 General Dynamic's Electric Boat division operates a hull fabrication plant here, where large Navy vessels
are assembled. The 169-acre shoreline facility is a former Naval Air Station, closed in the 1970'pp. Soon
after closure, Electric Boat took over the site, and employed as many as 5,700 people here in the 1980'pp.
Current employment is around 1,500. Quonset Point is an assembly site for nuclear submarines. The
partially built vessels are barged to Electric Boat's main facility in Groton, Connecticut.
Source: CLUI Land Use Database.

General Dynamics Electric Boat Division120 - http://www.gdeb.com and Bath Iron

Works. Maker of the Trident (Ohio class) submarine.

General Electric Corporation - http://www.ge.com/aircraftengines/index.htm

Makers of aircraft engines for the B-1B, B-2, F-16 and F-117.

Hughes Missile Systems Company - http://www.hughesmissiles.com/

Makers of the Tomahawk SLCM and the ACM. A subsidiary of General Motors. The
defense operations of Hughes Electronics (Hughes Aircraft) are to merge with Rayt-
heon and become Raytheon Hughes Systems.

Kaman Sciences Corporation - http://www.kiac.com

120General Dynamics, Electric Boat Division, Groton, Connecticut. / National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health. - [Atlanta, Ga.?] : US. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ;
[Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service, distributor, 1998] - 45 pp.
HETA 87-348-2011 / National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. - [Atlanta, Ga.?] : US. Dept. of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ; [Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service,
distributor, 1990] - 100 pp.

69
Major DOD nuclear weapons consultant.

Lockheed Martin Corporation - http://www.lmco.com/

Current U.S. arms factory, a part of the U.S. military-industrial complex and the nuc-
lear weapons industrial complex founded in 1926.
Current corporate structure is from 1995. Employees: about 125.000. Turnover 2010
about 300 billion The company has plants in Clarksburg, West Virginia, Fort Worth,
Texas, Greenville, South Carolina, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Marietta, Georgia,
Meridian, Mississippi, Palmdale121, California and San Antonio, Texas.
Lockheed Martin is the world's largest arms factory and. manufactures and sells the
Aegis Combat System, the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, the Joint Strike
Fighter (F35) F-22, F-16 war planes, C-130J military transport aircraft and Atlas,
Titan and Athena rockets, the Trident II (D5) submarine-based ballistic missile
produced in collaboration with Alliant Tech Systems. Furthermore produces Lockheed
Martin satellites for NASA and the military and has extensive supplies of military
information and command systems for the U.S. Star Wars project, such as GPS,
Milstar and Milsatcom. Among Lockheed Martin managed companies include Idaho
121Air Force Plant 42. Palmdale, California. Administrative Record Index. Prepared and Maintained by:
U.S. Department of the Air Force. Aeronautical Systems Center. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. 2007. - 19
pp.- http://www.wpafb.af.mil/asc/environmental/index.asp

70
National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Pinellas Park Factory, Florida, Y-12 plant K-25 Site and the Sandia
Nuclear Weapons Laboratory.
Lockheed Martin Energy Systems - http://www.ornl.gov/mmes.html
Operators of the Sandia Laboratories, INEEL, Oak Ridge Y-12 and K-25, and ORNL.

Lockheed Marine Missiles and Space - http://www.lmsc.lockheed.com/

Makers of Trident SLBMs for the Navy.

Lockheed "Skunk Works"

http://www.lmsw.external.lmco.com/lmsw/text/index.html
Developers of the U-2, SR-71 and F-117 aircraft.

Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Company - http://www.mhe.com/

Operators of the Pantex Plant.

McDonnell-Douglas - http://www.mdc.com/
To merge with Boeing. Makers of the F-15E aircraft.

71
Northrop-Grumman Corporation122
http://www.northgrum.com/

Pratt & Whitney - http://www.pwfl.com/

Makers of F-15E and F-16 aircraft engines.

Raytheon - http://www.raytheon.com
Makers of nuclear weapons-related radars and early warning devices (e.g., PAVE
PAWS, BMEWS, Cobra Dane, Cobra Judy). On 6 January 1997, Raytheon announced
a buyout of Texas Instruments' Defense Systems and Electronics Group. On 16 Janu-
ary 1997, Ratheon announced that it would buy Hughes Electronics Corporation de-
fense operations (Hughes Aircraft) from General Motors.

Rockwell International123 (B-1B, Minuteman) - http://www.rockwell.com/

Rockwell sold its Aerospace & Defense to Boeing in 1996.

SAIC - http://www.saic.com/
Major DOD and DOE nuclear weapons consultant and contractor.

122The Limitations of Wellhead Treatment : Bethpage and Massapequa, Long Island, New York / Lenny
Siegel. The Center for Public Environmental Oversight, July, 2011 - 4 pp.
123National Archives: Records of the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] (Record Group 326) 1923-75.

72
Thiokol - http://www.thiokol.com
Products made by the aerospace divi-
sions of RMI and Thiokol include mo-
tors used in Subroc, the Pershing mis-
sile, the Peacekeeper missile, Poseidon
missile, Minuteman missile, and the
Trident I and Trident II missiles.
Thiokol produces powerplants for nu-
merous US. military missile systems,
including AIM-9 Sidewinder, AGM-88
HARM, AGM-65 Maverick, AGM-69
SRAM, and AIR-2 Genie..

Westinghouse
- http://www.westinghouse.com/
Makers of submarine nuclear reactors
and DOE Hanford contractor.

Trident II
Trident124

Latin: Name of the U.S. and the British, nuclear submarines and their nuclear mis-
siles..

Nuclear weapons in the U.S. Navy arsenal are deployed through ballistic missiles,
submarines and aircraft. The U.S. Trident submarines is planned and built from the
fiscal year the 1974. Manufacturers inter alia are the weapons factories Electric Boat
Division, General Dynamics and Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co.. The Navy's oth-
er nuclear weapons are B61 nuclear bomb. B61 is a thermonuclear bomb thrown from
F/A-18 Hornet and the Super Hornet fighter-bomber. According to Margaret Thatcher
Foundation's , Margaret Thatcher's files as Prime Minister, 1981 'Finally, there is a
revealing political discussion of Trident dated 10 Feb 1981. The new Defence Secret-
ary, John Nott, notes his belief that fully two thirds of the Conservative Party and the
Cabinet itself were opposed to the purchase of Trident and that "(e)ven the Chiefs of
124 Ainslie, John: Trident : Britain's weapon of mass destruction. Scottish CND, 1999. - 32 pp.
The British nuclear deterrent after the cold war / Nicholas K.J. Witney. "Prepared for the United States Air
Force." 1995. - 141 pp. - http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a295566.pdf
Campbell, Duncan: Secret Society I, BBC 1987.
http://www.archive.org/details/SecretSociety-Part1SecretConstitution
[In this freedom of information tour de force Campbell exposes the secret decision to buy US. Trident nucle ar
submarines as well as laying bare the cabinet level dirty tricks campaign against CND and its general
secretary Bruce Kent. Margaret Thatcher, James Callaghan, the British Atlantic Committee, The ultra-right
Coalition for Peace Through Security and the cabinet secretary come in for sharp criticism for keeping key
decisions secret from MP'pp. ]
CONTRACTS from the United States Department of Defense, herunder.
CONTRACTS from the United States Department of Defense. December 20, 2005.
CONTRACTS from the United States Department of Defense. January 12, 2006.
US. Space Command: The Military Arm of Corporate Globalization.
http://www.archive.org/details/PhilosopherSeed-BruceGagnon570
Hoon Geoffrey: Trident Missile's Costs. January 18, 2005.

73
Staff were not unanimous". Whether they favoured a cheaper system, or none at all, is
unclear, though comments elsewhere suggest that the real problem for the politicians
was uncertainty as to their ability to manage public opinion with unilateralism rising
in popularity. The Foreign Secretary, Lord Carrington, responded bluntly to Nott's re-
flection: "(He) said that he also was in no doubt about the decision. Failure to acquire
Trident would have left the French as the only nuclear power in Europe. This would
be intolerable."'125 The first Trident submarine, USS Ohio (SSGN 726), became opera-
tional in November 1981.

The submarines contains up to 192 intercontinental (ICBM) with MIRV capability;

nuclear warheads of 100 kilotons. The U.S. Trident submarines have one base in
Kitsap. Naval Base Kitsap is a naval base located on the Kitsap Peninsula in Wash-
ington State. This was created in 2004 by merging the former Naval Station Bremer-
ton with a Navy submarine base in Bangor. 126 In 1973 the Navy selected Bangor base
as home port for the first squadron of Ohio-class Trident submarines. February 1,
1977 the base was officially activated.

Naval Base Kitsap includes the Strategic Weapons Facility Pacific, providing mainten-
ance, spare parts and storage for Trident ballistic missiles atomic warheads. This Tri-
dent submarine base is the only U.S. nuclear submarine base for the Pacific, while the
125 Margaret Thatcher Foundation: Margaret Thatcher's files as Prime Minister, 1981, 2011.
- http://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/1981_PREM19.asp
126 Plan for new Navy wharf at Bangor fires up nuke debate : Is the nuclear-sub fleet a "Cold War relic"
or a modern deterrent? The Pentagon nears a decision on building a $715 million munitions wharf on
Hood Canal. / Kyung M. Song, Seattle Times Washington bureau, January 8, 2012.
- http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2017193326_navywharf09m.html
'Now the Navy wants a $715 million second munitions wharf to accommodate upgrade work on the missiles.
The Pentagon is scheduled to issue its final environmental-impact statement early this year, one of the
last major hurdles before the four-year construction can begin in July.'

74
Trident base at Kings Bay, Georgia Naval Submarine Support or Base Kings Bay, cov-
ers the Atlantic basin. The U.S. Trident SSGN submarines are multiple tasks, optim-
ized for both tactical attacks and support for special operations.

See also: BAe Systems Submarine Solutions ; Coalition to Stop Trident ; the UK Naval
Base at Faslane ; US Naval Submarine Base New London, Connecticut ; US Nuclear
Regional Maintenance Department ; TRIDENT II Fire Control Omnibus Contract.;
Trident Ploughshares.

75
American Nuclear Weapons Plants

Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program Sites

Known historical and current beryllium companies and nuclear weapons plants in the
USA. The database includes data from the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program, the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program, the
Formerly Used Defense Sites Program and Science.gov, where much of the
descriptions of the companies are. The recorded data can be incomplete due to lack of
knowledge, classification or masking of information.127
127Cunningham, Larry D.: Beryllium.
DOD: Map Book of Major Military Installations, 1955-1982.
Atlas/State Data Abstract ,1984-.
- Washington Headquarters Services (DOD) Dc Directorate for Information Operations and Reports.
Samples: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a279656.pdf , and http://dodreports.com/ada341587
From 1955 to 1982, the Department of Defense (DOD) published the Map Book of Major Military
Installations. The 1984 edition was expanded to include selected U.S. Territories and Possessions, and

76
By the end of FY1999, DOD had identified a total of 23,060 sites on current and
former military facilities that require cleanup under the Comprehensive Environment-
al Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, the Defense Environmental
Restoration Program, including a total of 4,885 sites on BRAC facilities that require
cleanup. Also the DOE reports that there are a total of 113 sites where the past pro-
duction of atomic materials used to construct nuclear weapons led to severe
contamination in need of environmental remediation.128

PDF navigation: "Previous View" (alt-back arrow)

the 1986 edition added selected foreign countries.

DOE: Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Act of 2000; List of Covered Facilities, 2001.-
14 pp..See also: Data collection, processing, validation, and verification / Deborah L. Martin et al.
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance
Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites. 2011. - 146 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
DOE: Report to Congress - Updated Appendices to the Status of Environmental Management Initiat-
ives to Accelerate the Reduction of Environmental Risks and Challenges Posed by the Legacy of
the Cold War. 2010. - 55 pp.
- http://www.em.doe.gov/pdfs/Final%20signed%20NDAA%20Report%206-21-2010.pdf
Dose Reconstruction Cases by Nuclear Weapons Production Facility as of January 15, 2004.
GAO: Formerly Used Defense Sites: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Needs to Improve Its Process for
Reviewing Completed Cleanup Remedies to Ensure Continued Protection. 2009. - 80 pp.
Report on Residual Radioactive and Beryllium Contamination at Atomic Weapons Employer Facilities
and Beryllium Vendor Facilities / Prepared by: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Office of Compensation Analysis and Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, - 8 pp.
United States Environmental Protection Agency: Solid Waste and Emergency Response : National
Biennial RCRA Hazardous Waste Report (Based on 1991 Data), 1994. - 105 pp. 'This document contains
a list of treatment, storage and disposal facilities, as identified by EPA's Biennial Report ... There are
3,845 treatment, storage and disposal facilities on this list.'
128 CRS: Defense Cleanup and Environmental Programs: Authorization and Appropriations for FY2001. /
David M. Bearden. 2001. - 23 pp.
- http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1584/m1/1/high_res_d/RL30554_2001Jan17.pdf

77
•AK Clear Air Force Station, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Site II 129,
Anderson vicinity, Atomic Weapons Employer, AWE

•AL Army Ballistic Missile Agency130 Huntsville AWE - The Army Ballistic Missile
129 Historic American Engineering Record: Clear Air Force Station, Ballistic Missile Early Warning Sys-
tem Site II, One mile west of mile marker 293.5 on Parks Highway, 5 miles southwest of Anderson,
Anderson vicinity, AK. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division - 80 pp.
- http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/AK0486/
130 Statement of Maj. Gen. J. B. Medaris Commanding General, United States Army Ordinance Mis -
sile Command.
Astronautics and Space Exploration: Hearings before the Select Committee on Astronautics and

78
Agency was the agency formed to develop the US Army's first intermediate range bal-
listic missile. It was established at the Redstone Arsenal on February 1, 1956 and
commanded by Major General John B. Medaris (who also was a member of the Guided
Missiles and Astronautics Intelligence Committee) with Doctor Wernher von Braun.
In the March, 1958 ABMA was placed under the new Army Ordnance Missile Com-
mand along with Redstone Arsenal, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, White Sands Prov-
ing Ground or the White Sands Missile Range and the Army Rocket and Guided
Missile Agency. Now the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command.

Space Exploration. Eighty-fifth Congress second session. ON H. R. 11881. April 15,16, 17, 18, 21, 22,
23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 80, May 1, 5, 7, 8 And 12, 1958. Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Astro -
nautics and Space Exploration. US Government Printing Office Washington : 1958. - 1542 pp; especially
p 137-182.
Aeronautics and astronautics; an American chronology of science and technology in the exploration of
space, 1915-1960 (1961). - http://www.archive.org/details/aeronauticsastro61unit
A new command : the life of Bruce Medaris, Major General, USA, retired. / Gordon L Harris
- Plainfield, N.J. : Logos International, 1976. - 313 pp.
Space and Security: A Reference Handbook. / Peter L. Hays. ABC-CLIO, 2011 - 289 pp
NASA and the Space Industry / Joan Lisa Bromberg. JHU Press, 2000 - 264 pp.
Defense Plant Conversion and Leading Sector: Industrial Development in the Postwar South: The
Slow Take-off of the Space Program in New Orleans. / Conrad L. Rein, University of New Orleans.
Business and Economic History, Volume 22, No. 2, Winter 1999
- http://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v028n2/p0223-p0234.pdf

79
Officials of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (1956)Hermann Oberth (forefront) with officials of the Army
Ballistic Missile Agency at Huntsville, Alabama in 1956. Left to right: Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger (seated); Major
General H.N. Toftoy, Commanding Officer and person responsible for "Project Paperclip," which took scien-
tists and engineers out of Germany after World War II to design rockets for American military use. Many of
the scientists later helped to design the Saturn V rocket that took the Apollo 11 astronauts to the Moon. Dr.
Eberhard Rees, Deputy Director, Development Operations80 Division Wernher von Braun, Director, Develop-
ment Operations Division.- http://www.archive.org/details/GPN-2002-000038
•AL Propulsion and Structural
Test Facility, the George C. Marshall
Space Flight Center Huntsville AWE -
The site was built in 1957 by the Army
Ballistic Missile Agency and was the
primary center responsible for the de-
velopment of large vehicles and rocket
propulsion systems. The Saturn Fam-
ily of launch vehicles was developed
here under the direction of Wernher
von Braun.

•AL Redstone Arsenal131 Huntsville AWE - Originally a chemical weapons manufac-

turing facility for World War II, the arsenal became the focal point of the Army’s rock-
et and space projects, including development of the first U.S. ballistic missiles and
131 US Army: Comprehensive Energy and Water Master Plan. Redstone Arsenal. 2009. - 89 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a514920.pdf
Archaeological Collections Summary for Redstone Arsenal. Mandatory Center of Expertise for the
Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections, 1995. - 71 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a363811.pdf
Army Contracting Command-Redstone Arsenal's Management of Undefinitized Contractual Actions
Could be Improved. Department of Defense Inspector General, 2011. - 58 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA548888&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
US Army: Lexington facility of Lexington-Bluegrass army depot closure, realignment to Tobyhanna,
Letterkenny, Bluegrass facility of Lexington-Bluegrass, Anniston army depots and Redstone arsenal :
environmental impact statement, 1991.

81
space launch vehicles in the 1950s.
The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) was established in February of 1956. The
Army chose RSA as a suitable location to consolidate its newly formed rocket program
due to the large areas of open land, empty buildings and abundant access opportunit -
ies to transportation infrastructure. The foundation of the ABMA came from the
Guided Missile Development Division of RSA’s Ordnance Missile Laboratories. During
the 1950s, the Army missile team at RSA pioneered many of the US accomplishments
in space exploration.
On October 21, 1959, President Eisenhower
ordered components of the military’s space
program to be transferred to NASA. In July of
1960 a substantial amount of ABMA facilities
was leased to NASA to become the George C.
Marshall Space Flight Center. RSA lost all
space-related missions as a result of this
transformation. Today, the aviation and mis-
sile experts at RSA research, develop, test, re-
pair, and maintain high technology weapons.
Some of the development projects included the
Redstone ballistic missile which was a high-ac-
curacy, liquid-propelled, surface-to-surface
missile developed under the direction of Dr.
von Braun. The Redstone engine was a modi-
fied and improved version of the Air Force's
Navaho cruise missile engine of the late
forties, the Nike B132 (or the Nike Hercules)
and others. The Surface-to-Surface missiles
was the Honest John,133 which was manufactured by the Douglas Airplane Company
of Santa Monica, California, and the Little John, Hawk, MGM-18 Lacrosse developed
by the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University, the Cornell
Aeronautical Laboratory and from 1955, the Glenn L. Martin Company was awarded
contracts to participate in research and development and production, and Corporal
Type III.

132 Nike Missile Manual Collection.1951-1987 Golden Gate National Recreation Area Park Archives and
Records Center. 2004. - 37 pp.
- http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/upload/35286fa-Nike-Missile-Manuals-with-table.pdf
'From Nike Missile Site SF 88L, Fort Barry. Nike missile technical and maintenance manuals from Nike Site
88L, Fort Barry. Includes both Nike-Hercules and Nike-Ajax missiles, as well as manuals for associated
equipment and systems.'
133 See also: Canadian nuclear weapons: the untold story of Canada's Cold War arsenal. / John
Clearwater. - Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1998 - 309 pp.
U.S. nuclear weapons in Canada. / John Clearwater.
- Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1999. - 298 pp

82
•AL Southern Research Institute Sylacauga DOE
1955-1958; 1962; 1976 - The Southern Research Institute
was involved in several AEC projects. During the period
from November 10, 1955 through June 1, 1958, it was li-
censed to receive source material from National Lead
Company of Ohio (Fernald) for research on the properties
of uranium-liquid metal fuel elements. The Institute per-
formed hot tensile tests on uranium metal and was
authorized to receive 300 pounds of normal uranium from
NLO. Records also indicate that it handled test quantities
of radioactive metals for NLO in 1976.
•AL Speedring Experimental & Tool Company 134
Cullman BE - 1971-2011 - Speedring has performed work
using beryllium for Rocky Flats, Sandia National
Laboratory, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and
Oak Ridge National Laboratory. There was another
Speedring facilities in Detroit, MI.
•AL Tennessee Valley Authority135 or Uranium Recovery Pilot Plant and
Laboratory Muscle Shoals AWE - 1951-1955 - At its National Fertilizer Develop-
ment Center, the TVA performed research and development on uranium recovery un-
der formal agreement with the AEC. The work involved the extraction of uranium dur-
ing the production of fertilizer from leached zone phosphate ore. According to R. H.
Bailes136 'The preliminary work on the phosphoric acidion exchange process was with
acid from the Anaconda Copper Mining Company Plant at Anaconda, Montana. Since
this acid contained vanadium as well as uranium, the process which was developed in-
cluded adsorption of both metals and separation by selective elution. The vanadium
was eluted first by reduction with sulfur dioxide,and then the uranium was eluted
with dilute sodium chloride solution.
A pilot plant was built at the Pittsburg laboratory, and the process was tested for sev-
eral months on Anaconda acid. Because of the success of the Pittsburg pilot plant, a
larger pilot plant was built in Florida by the U. S. Phosphoric Products Corporation
The observation that uranium is strongly complexed by phosphate suggested that al-
kyl phosphates might exhibit similarly strong complexing action. This study of various
alkyl orthophosphoric acids as uranium extractants marked the beginning of the
solvent extraction program. Mono- and dibutyl phosphoric acids were shown to be
uranium complexers by the University of California Radiation Laboratory and by
workers at Hanford. Pilot plants to test this process were built by Mathieson Chemical
Company, Pasadena, Texas, U. S. Phosphoric Products Company, Tampa,Florida, and
International Mineral and Chemical Company, Barton, Florida. Production plants
have since been built by U. S, Phosphoric Products Company, International Minerals
and Chemical Company and Virginia-Carolina Chemical Company.'

134 Source Test Report EPA Test NO.: 71-CI-22: Speedring, Inc. Cullman, Alabama. Environmental
Engineering, Inc. 2324 Southwest 34 Street Gainesville, Florida. - Undated. - 58 pp.
135 Technical Basis Document: Basis for the Development of an Exposure Matrix for Tennessee
Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama, Period of Operation: 1951–1955 / Jeri L. Anderson.
NIOSH Dose Reconstruction Project. 2004. - 10 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/tva.pdf
136 Topical Report DOW-162. / R. H. Bailes. Pittsburg CA, The Dow Chemical Company, 1957. - 37 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4341555-F3jWKW/4341555.pdf

83
"Part B of the EEOICPA provides federal compensation and medical benefits to
workers who have been diagnosed with cancer and whose illness was caused by
exposure to radiation while working directly for a designated Atomic Weapons
Employer at a covered facility during a covered time period. The covered time period
for the TVA's National Fertilizer Development Center is 1951 through 1955. Covered
time periods for the Southern Research Institute are 1955 through 1958, 1962, 1976
and the residual radiation periods of 1959 through 1961, 1963 through 1975 and 1977
through October 2009.'

• AZ137 Anderson Uranium Property138 Yavapai County DOE – 1970-.

137 Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records, Law and Research Library: Arizona Memory
Project. - http://azmemory.lib.az.us/index.php
Arizona Water Quality Center, University of Arizona / Arizona State University: Preliminary Evaluation of
Metal Contamination Sources in the Colorado River from Measurement of Lead and Uranium Iso -
topic Ratios. / Charles Sanchez and John Chesley 2008. - 25 pp.
- http://www.grandcanyontrust.org/documents/gc_uranium_UApaper.pdf
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources: Arizona’s Metallic Resources Trends and Op-
portunities 2007. / Nyal J. Niemuth. - http://mines.az.gov/Publications/ofr07-24.pdf
Record of Decision Signed January 9, 2012: Public Land Order 7787; Withdrawal of Public and National
Forest System Lands in the Grand Canyon Watershed, Arizona. Final EIS Released October 26,
2011, Vol I-II, U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Arizona Strip District Office.
St. George, Utah. 2011. - http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/mining/timeout/feis.html
including Arizona State Office, Abandoned Mine Land Work Plan Period: FY2007 – FY2013
138 Mineral Resources of the Anderson Uranium Property, Yavapai County, Arizona, USA, 43-101
Technical Report Prepared for Global Uranium Corporation. April 30, 2010. - 147 pp.

84
• AZ Artillery Creek Uranium Mine139 Mohave County. DOE 1957-. - 'The Artillery
Peak Property lies within the Date Creek Basin, which is a region well known for
significant uranium occurrence. Uranium exploration has been occurring in the
Artillery Peak region since the 1950’s by a number of exploration and mining entities.
Radioactivity was first discovered in the Date Creek Basin area by the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission in 1955 when a regional airborne radiometric survey was flown
over the area. The Artillery Peak Property was first acquired by Jacquays Mining and
first drilled in 1957.'

139 Artillery Peak Uranium Exploration Project Mohave County, Arizona, Technical Report. / Karen
Wenrich. 2010. - 133 pp. - http://stockguru.com/lt/AEFI/43-101American_EnergyFields8b.pdf
Universal Uranium Begins Phase I Drill Program At Artillery Peak, September 27, 2007
'Vancouver, British Columbia, September 27, 2007 -- Universal Uranium Ltd. (TSX-V: UUL) is pleased to an -
nounce that drilling has commenced on its 100% owned Artillery Peak Property in Mohave County, Ari -
zona. The Phase I drill program will consist of 41 holes totaling approximately 15,700 feet of drilling and
has been designed to bring the current historical resource on the property to 43-101 compliance and ex-
pand the known mineralization in the area.
Universal Uranium acquired the Artillery Peak property on February 21, 2006. The property consists of 86
lode mining claims totaling 1,777 acres and is located 112 miles northwest of Phoenix, Arizona. '

85
• AZ American Smelting and Refining Company 140 Tucson DOE/BE - American
Smelting and Refining Company, now ASARCO, owned the Taylor Springs Site.

• AZ Cato Sells Uranium-Vanadium Mi-nes141 Monument Valley Apache County,

Arizona DOE - In 1950, Cato Sells, a Navajo businessman, obtained three tracts
(claims) adjacent to the Vanadium Corporation of America's 1943 Monument No.2
lease in northeastern Apache County, Arizona. This lease was originally mined for
vanadium and was now also being mined for both uranium and vanadium. Explora-
tion drilling by the Atomic Energy Commission located ore bodies on Cato Sells'
tracts.

140 American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) Bankruptcy Settlement EPA Funded Sites and
Communities. - http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/cleanup/cercla/asarco/community.html
141 The Exploration and Production History of the Cato Sells Uranium-Vanadium Mines, Monument
Valley, Apache County, Arizona. / William L. Chenoweth. Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report
CR-11-F. 2011. - 16 pp.

86
• AZ EZ mine142 Mohave County

• AZ Orphan Lode Mine143 DOE - Uranium was discovered in the ore and mined
from 1953 to 1972. Uranium content in ore shipments was as much as 4.9 percent and
approached 80 percent in individual samples. The patented land was acquired by
National Park Systems in 1963, but extraction rights were retained by the operator
until August 1988.

142 Denison Mines Corp. –EZ1 and EZ2 Breccia Pipes. Technical Report NI 43-101. Scott Wilson Roscoe
Postle Associates Inc. – June 24, 2009. - 88 p.
143 The Orphan Lode Mine, Grand Canyon, Arizona : a case history of a mineralized, collapse-breccia
pipe. / William L Chenoweth - [Denver, CO] : U.S. Geological Survey, 1986.

87
AZ Ore144 Buying Station at Globe145 Globe DOE - 1955-1957 - The ore buying sta-
tion at Globe purchased uranium ore for the AEC. American Smelting and Refining
Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Globe station on behalf of the AEC from
July 1955 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the management and oper-
ating contractor for the site in February 1956. The uranium ores processed at the
Tuba City mill146 came largely from sites in Arizona: the Orphan Lode mine within the
Grand Canyon National Park, mines in the Cameron area and adjacent areas, mines
in the Monument Valley district, and ores purchased by the AEC at the Tuba City ore
buying station and at other AEC ore buying stations1, including the Globe ore buying
station, Gila County, Arizona.147 Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Com-
pany (1955-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1957).
• AZ Pinenut Uranium Mine148 Mohave County. DOE - The Pinenut Mine site is
located on the Kanab Plateau, approximately 40 miles southwest of the town of
Fredonia. In 1986, Energy Fuels Nuclear began developing the surface facilities at the
Pinenut mine site.
• AZ Sun Valley Uranium Mine149 DOE 1954-1956 - The mine was started in 1954
during a period of intense uranium exploration in the area. An inclined shaft was sunk
144 Bureau of Mines / Minerals yearbook metals and minerals (except fuels) 1952. Year 1952, Volume I
(1955). United States Government Printing Office, 1955.
145 Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Southwestern Copper
Belt of Arizona. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Radiation
Protection Division, 1999. 124 pp. - http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/tenorm/402-r-99-002.pdf
U.S. Historic mining photos by state. - http://www.miningartifacts.org/Mining-Photo-Index.html
146 'Navajo UMTRA entered into Cooperative Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to as-
sist/participate in the remedial actions activities of four Navajo UMTRA sites pursuant to the Uranium Mill
Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (UMTRCA). These sites are located in Tuba City, AZ; Monument
Valley, AZ; Mexican Hat, UT; and Shiprock, NM.'
Source: - http://www.aml.navajo-nsn.gov/UMTRA_Files/UMTRA_Page.html
147 The Alliance: More on mining, 2009.
148 Discussion: Economic Impact of Uranium Mining in Northern Arizona / American Clean Energy Re-
sources Trust, 2009. - 48 pp. - http://acertgroup.com/Economic_Impact.pdf
149 Mineral-resource potential of the Paria Plateau Wilderness Study Area, Coconino County, Ari -
zona. U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Land Assessment. 1982. - 13 pp.

88
on a Shinarump outcrop to develop a small ore deposit. Several hundred tons of
uranium ore averaging 0.28 percent U308 was shipped before the shaft was filled with
mud from a flash flood. Later, a vertical shaft was sunk but there was no further
production.

Tailings from a uranium mine and mill, currently undergoing clean-up as part of the Uranium Mill Tailings
Remediation Act Project. The site covers approximately 105 acres, and is located on part of the Bennett-
Freeze District land, bordering on the Navajo Nation and lands of the Hopi Tribe.The Tuba City mill was
built in 1955-56 by Rare Metals Corporation of America and included limited employee housing at the site.
The Rare Metals Corporation merged with the El Paso Natural Gas Company in 1962 and operated the mill
until 1966.

89

Houses abandoned due to extreme radiation levels near the Tuba City Disposal Site.
•AZ Tuba City Landfill Site150 1940s-?

•AZ Tuba City Uranium Mill DOE 1956-1966 - During its 10 years of operations,
the Tuba City mill processed about 800,000 tons of uranium ore.

150 DOE: 2010 Annual Site Inspection and Monitoring Report for Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation
Control Act Title I Disposal Sites—Tuba City, Arizona, Disposal Site. 2011. - 16 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Tuba/air_tub.pdf
Johnson, R.H., and Wirt, L., 2009, Geochemical analyses of rock, sediment, and water from the region
in and around the Tuba City Landfill, Tuba City, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
2009–1020, 44 pp. - http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1020/downloads/OF09-1020.pdf

90
• AZ US Army Yuma Proving Ground151 La Paz County and Yuma County AWE -
The Kofa Firing Range, located in the Kofa Region, is the largest artillery range in the
United States. A licensed Depleted Uranium (DU) firing area is found within the
range. Tests of DU. Metals that have been mined in the area include antimony,
151 Final range wide environmental impact statement : U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground. Yuma and
La Paz Counties, Arizona. Prepared for U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground. 2001. - 191 pp.

91
beryllium, copper, gold, lead, manganese, mercury, selenium, silver, titanium,
uranium, and zinc.

The second stage motor of a Trident 1 C-4 rocket motor was tested at Air Force Research Laboratory
Detachment 7 at Edwards Air Force Base July 8. The AFRL testing was part of the Missile Defense Agency’s
Aging and Surveillance Program and confirmed that the nearly 30-year-old motors remain viable for future
MDA missions. (Air Force photo by Ron Fair)

•CA Air Force Research Laboratory Edwards AFB AWE - In the late 1940s,
during the time of the United States Air Force formation, the facility was selected as a
rocket test site. The first test stands were activated in 1952. The Rocket Engine Test
Laboratory personnel conducted "test and evaluation" of rocket sled engines as well as
rocket engines for the Douglas THOR, and other systems.
•CA Arthur D. Little Co.152 San Francisco AWE - 1948-1956 - Under contract to the
Atomic Energy Commission from 1948-1956, A.D. Little researched the separation and
recovery of uranium from various ores. Specific work included the recovery of uranium
and vanadium from alkaline carbonate leach solutions from domestic ores.

152 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; Jones to File; Subject: Elimination Report A.D. Little; May 21, 1986.-
17 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Arthur_D_Little_Co_-_CA_01/CA_01-1.pdf

92
•CA Atomics International153 Canoga Park BE - 1955-1966 - The Atomics Interna-
tional Division of North American Aviation is a statutory beryllium vendor under the
Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program. Atomics Internation-
al worked with beryllium and radioactive materials under contract with the AEC at
numerous locations. These locations include, but are not necessarily limited to, Area
IV of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, portions of the Downey facility, the Vanowen
Building at the Canoga facility and the De Soto facility.

153 Radiation Survey of the Downey Facility, May 7, 2001. - 103 pp.
- http://www.etec.energy.gov/library/D&D_page/RS-00019_(Downey).pdf

93
•CA Burris Park Field Station154 Kingsburg AWE - Site owned and operated by
Univ. of CA conducted experiments on decontamination of soils containing Strontium-
90.
•CA California Research Corp.155 Richmond - 1948-1949 - Using small amounts of
plutonium and uranium, the California Research Corporation, a subsidiary of
Standard Oil of California, performed experiments to investigate the use of continuous
chelation as a means of separating plutonium and zirconium from uranium. The
California Research Corporation performed the work as a subcontractor to the Kellex
Corporation which was under contract to the AEC to investigate waste recovery
methods.

154 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; Levine to the File; Subject: Elimination Recommendation; May 7,
1987. - 3 pp.
UC Berkeley Letter, Peterson to Jackson; Subject: Radiation Safety Committee Report; March 4, 1981.
Attachment: UC Berkeley Memorandum; Peterson to Radiation Safety Committee; Subject: Survey of
Burris Park Site; March 2, 1981. 4 pp.
155 Arms and the physicist / Herbert Frank York. Springer, 1995 - 294 pp.
Finding Aid for the Willard F. Libby Papers. / Dan Luckenbill. The Regents of the University of California.
2004 - 53 pp.
Sample report: Development of Radiation Resistant Oils. Report No. 11. / J. G. Carroll, R. 0. Bolt, S. R.
Calish. June 16, 1958. California Research Corporation. Richmond, California.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4303646-Ux3VLi/4303646.pdf
Karafantis, Layne Rochelle, "Weapons labs and city growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975"
(2010). UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones. Paper 228.
- http://digitalcommons.library.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/228
Women’s Foundation of California: Communities Confronting Toxins in the Bay Area. Undated. 8 pp. -
http://www.womensfoundca.org/

94
•CA Canoga Avenue Facility156 Los Angeles County DOE - 1955-1960 - Under an
operating contract with the Atomic Energy Commission, North American Aviation
performed research and development into the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. This
work was previously performed at North American Aviation's Downey Facility, but
was moved to Canoga Avenue at the very end of 1955. Principal work performed
included design, development and radio chemistry.
156 Area IV of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the Canoga Avenue Facility, the Downey Facility,
and the De Soto Avenue Facility (sometimes referred to as Energy Technology Engineering Center
[ETEC] or Atomics International) – Occupational External Dose / Leo G. Faust and Eugene W. Potter.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2010. - 20 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/atomicsi6-r2.pdf
Rocketdyne Archives - http://www.rocketdynearchives.com/canoga.html
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9: Site Inspection Report Energy Technology Engineering
Center/Area IV. Sind Hills, California .September 2003. - 96 pp.
- http://epa.gov/Region9/superfund/santasusana/references/ref-21.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00151: Canoga Avenue Facility, Los Angeles, CA. / Robert Coblentz, Christopher Miles, Edward Scalsky.
2010. - 98 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/canoga/cafer-151-r2.pdf

95
The North American Aviation Corporation AGM-28 Hound Dog was a supersonic, jet
propelled, air-launched cruise missile. 1960-?. Rockwell International's defense and
space divisions (including the North American Aviation divisions Autonetics and
Rocketdyne) were sold to Boeing in December 1996.
•CA Ceradyne, Inc. Costa Mesa BE - 1987; 1990-1996 - Ceradyne sold beryllium-
graphite composite materials to the Y-12 plant in Oak Ridge in 1987 and between
1990 and 1996. Pre-Iraq, O’Gara Hess (later bought by Armor Holdings) and Ceradyne
were the two major firms in specializing in the armoring business. 157
•CA Ceradyne, Inc. Santa Ana BE- 1977-1988 - Ceradyne provided beryllium parts
to the Y-12 plant.
•CA City Tool & Die Manufacturing Santa Clara BE - 1985-2001 - City Tool is a
precision machine shop that provided services to Sandia National Laboratory,
California. The work involved machining beryllium-copper materials.

157 Spring 2009. Industry Study. Land Combat Systems Industry. National Defense University,The In-
dustrial College of the Armed Forces,Washington,DC. 2009. Note 13.

96
•CA Crocker Laboratory University of California Davis AWE
•CA De Soto Avenue Facility158 Los Angeles County DOE - 1959-1995 - In 1959, the
Atomics International Division of North American Aviation moved to its new facility
on De Soto Avenue. AEC/DOE work conducted at this location included engineering
design, construction, and nuclear fuel fabrication. The facility also had a radiochem-
istry laboratory and a gamma irradiation facility. The fuel fabrication facility was
used to produce a variety of different fuel elements for test reactors. AEC-sponsored
work involving the manufacture of beryllium-containing parts also took place at this
site. Fuel fabrication was terminated in 1984, however small scale laboratory research
work on gamma irradiation and analysis of radioactive samples continued until 1995.
A DOE-owned mass spectrometer at this location was removed from the premises and
sent to the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in 1995. Contractors: The Boeing
Company (1996-1998); Rockwell International (1973-1996); North American Rockwell
(1967-1973): North American Aviation (1959-1967).

158 Area IV of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the Canoga Avenue Facility, the Downey Facility,
and the De Soto Avenue Facility (sometimes referred to as Energy Technology Engineering Center
[ETEC] or Atomics International) – Occupational External Dose / Leo G. Faust and Eugene W. Potter.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2010. - 20 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/atomicsi6-r2.pdf

97
•CA Dow Chemical Co.159 Walnut Creek AWE - 1947-1957 - The Dow Operation
involved process studies and experimental investigations on different uranium ores
and thorium-bearing ores, including pilot-scale solvent extraction of uranium from
phosphoric acid.
•CA Douglas Airplane Company Santa
Monica DOE - Douglas moved from producing
air-to-air rockets and missiles to entire missile
systems under the 1956 Nike program and be-
coming the main contractor of the Skybolt air-
launched ballistic missile program and the Thor
ballistic missile program. Now: McDonnell
Douglas.

159 DOE: Letter; Jones to Wallo; Final Elimination Reports and Site Summaries; July 28, 1987. - 1 p.
'Eliminated - Radiation levels below criteria '

98
 Source: Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California - Central Los Angeles Area
- http://www.airfields-freeman.com/CA/Airfields_CA_LA_C.htm

•CA Downey Facility160 Los Angeles County DOE - 1948-1955 - Under an operating
contract with the Atomic Energy Commission, North American Aviation operated a 2
MeV Van De Graaff accelerator at Downey. In addition, the AEC funded a four-watt
Water Boiler Neutron Source Reactor at the Downey facility. Start up for the reactor
was in April of 1952. This small research reactor was moved to Area IV of the Santa
Susana Field Laboratory in 1955. Personnel and operations from Downey moved to
the new Canoga Avenue facility in late 1955.
•CA EDM Exotics161 Hayward BE - 1990-1997 - EDM Exotics provided machine shop
services to Sandia National Laboratory, California, working with beryllium-copper
materials.

160 Area IV of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the Canoga Avenue Facility, the Downey Facility,
and the De Soto Avenue Facility (sometimes referred to as Energy Technology Engineering Center
[ETEC] or Atomics International) – Occupational External Dose / Leo G. Faust and Eugene W. Potter.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2010. - 20 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/atomicsi6-r2.pdf
161 Doe Illness Claim Center In Bay Area In March, Today at Berkeley Lab, Friday, February 14, 2003.
'Current and former U.S. Department of Energy workers and contractors interested in filing claims for
medical assistance for illnesses due to radiation, silica or beryllium exposure at work will have an
opportunity next month to get their questions answered. Several facilities in this area have been
designated by DOE as locations for prospective worker claims -- Berkeley Lab, Lawrence Livermore and
Sandia National Laboratories, and Stanford Linear and Accelerator Center. Additionally, 17 beryllium
vendor facilities were recently added to the covered facilities list. These include City Tool and Die
Manufacturing in Santa Clara, C.L. Hann Industries in San Jose, EDM Exotics in Hayward, Electrofusion
and Poltech Precision in Fremont, Hafer Tool in Oakland, Hexcel Products in Berkeley, Jerry Carroll
Machining in San Carlos, Pleasanton Tool and Manufacturing, Robin Materials in Mountain View, Ron
Witherspoon, Inc., in Campbell, and Tapemation in Scotts Valley.'

99
•CA Edwards Air Force Base162 AWE - In 1959, elements of the Power Plant Laboratory
at Dayton, Ohio, were relocated to the Edwards Rocket Engine Test Facility also called the
Air Force Research Laboratory. Also in 1959, the first tethered, vertical launch tests of the
Minuteman I rocket were conducted in underground test silos. Shortly after these
tests, the Minuteman I rocket was completed. During the 1960s, the need for
continued operations and development of both future space and ballistic missile
launch systems was signified by the re-designation of the site as the Air Force Rocket
Propulsion Laboratory in 1953. 'The Department of Defense has recently
demonstrated a renewed interest in propulsion technology development with the es-
tablishment of the National Aerospace Initiative. More recently, the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration is undergoing a transformation to realign the or-
ganization, focusing on the Vision for Space Exploration. These initiatives provide a
clear indication that a very capable ground-test stand at Edwards Air Force Base will
be beneficial to support the testing of future access-to-space vehicles. To meet the de-
mand of full integration testing of rocket-powered vehicles, the NASA Dryden Flight
Research Center, the Air Force Flight Test Center, and the Air Force Research Labor-
atory have combined their resources in an effort to restore and upgrade the original X-
162 NASA: Rehabilitation of the Rocket Vehicle Integration Test Stand at Edwards Air Force Base.
Daniel S. Jones, Ronald J. Ray and Paul Phillips. 2005. - 58 pp.
- http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050199761_2005201770.pdf

100
15 Rocket Engine Test Facility to become the new Rocket Vehicle Integration Test
Stand.'163
•CA Electro Circuits, Inc. Pasadena AWE - 1952-1953 - Electro Circuits used
uranium metal to conduct tests aimed at determining the usefulness of ultrasonics in
the detection of pipe in ingots.
•CA Electrofusion Corporation Fremont BE - 1986-2002 - Electrofusion
Corporation provided beryllium products to Sandia National Laboratory, California.
Electrofusion was acquired by Brush Wellman in 1990 and is currently part of the
Brush Wellman Engineered Products Division.

•CA Energy Technology Engineering Center164 Santa Susana DOE- 1955-1988 -

The Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL) was located in eastern Ventura County,
California, and borders Los Angeles County. The SSFL is divided into four
administrative and operational portions based on ownership and operations. Area IV
was devoted to nuclear operations. It is Area IV that is covered under EEOICPA as a
DOE facility. Coverage includes, but was not necessarily limited to the following
operations: The Energy Technology Engineering Center, the Nuclear Development
Field Laboratory (NDFL), and the Liquid Metal Engineering Center (LMEC).

163 Rehabilitation of the Rocket Vehicle Integration Test Stand at Edwards Air Force Base p. 7.
164 Energy Technology Engineering Center – Site Description. Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH,
2006. - 47 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/etec2.pdf
Report on Annual Groundwater Monitoring, 2010. Santa Susana Field Laboratory. Ventura County,
California, 2011. - 704 pp.
Site Inspection Report : Energy Technology Engineering Center/Area IV Sind Hills, California. 2003. -
96 pp

101
 A nuclear energy R&D facility owned by the Department of Energy, and operated by Rocketdyne/Boeing,
involved in applying nuclear technologies related to space flight, defense programs, and liquid metal
reactors, in addition to solar energy and remediation technologies. The DOE facility is located on 90 acres
within Rocketdyne's 2,700 acre rocket field test facility in the Simi Hills. Source: CLUI Land Use Database.

This also includes the Sodium Reactor Experiment Facility, the Kinetics Experiment
Water Boiler Facility, the Water Boiler Neutron source (which is also known as the
AE-6/L-85 Facility), the Organic Moderated Reactor, as well as facilities in Area IV
associated with the Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) Program; the
Sodium Graphite Reactor Critical Facility, the Shield Test Experiment/Shield Test
Irradiation Reactor Facility, the Advanced Epithermal Thorium Test Facility, the Hot
Lab Facility, the Fuel Storage Facility, the Radioactive Measurement Facility, the
Radioactive Material Handling Facility, the Van De Graaff Accelerator Facility and
the Radiation Instrument Calibration
Laboratory. Contractors: The Boeing
Company (1996-present); Rockwell
International (1973-1996); North
American Rockwell (1968-1973); North
American Aviation (1955-1967).

The ETEC is now closed and site

restoration is underway.

102
•CA General Atomics165 La Jolla AWE/BE/DOE - BE 1959-1969 - General Atomics
was one of a number of private contractors that processed unirradiated scrap for the
Atomic Energy Commission in the 1960s. In addition, the Hot Cell Facility was used
for numerous post-irradiation examinations of Department fuels, structural materials,
reactor dosimetry materials, and instrumentation. The Department-sponsored activit-
ies at the General Atomics Hot Cell Facility primarily supported the High Temperat-
ure Gas Cooled Reactor and the Reduced Enrichment Research Test Reactor pro-
grams. In December 1994, General Atomics notified the Nuclear Regulatory Commis-
sion and the State of California Department of Health Services of its intent to cease
operations in the Hot Cell Facility. General Atomics was also the operating contractor
for the AEC's Experimental Beryllium Oxide Reactor (EBOR). General Atomics manu-
factured EBOR fuel elements (UO2-BeO) on site and examined them in the site's hot
cell.

165 SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00064 : General Atomics / Cindy Bloom, Shelby L.
Gubin, Kenny Fleming, Robert Vogel, and Robert Hysong. 2006. - 23 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/genatom/genatomer.pdf

103
•CA General Electric Vallecitos Nuclear Center166 Vallecitos Pleasanton DOE -
1958-1978; 1981-1982 - In 1958, General Electric constructed four hot cells for post-
irradiation examination of uranium fuel and irradiated reactor components. The US.
Government's involvement (through the Atomic Energy Commission and later, the
Department of Energy) was limited to a single hot cell, Hot Cell No. 4. Between 1965
and 1967, Hot Cell No. 4 was decontaminated, equipped with a stainless steel liner to
contain plutonium, and dedicated to the study of mixed oxide fuel rods in support of
the AEC's fast breeder reactor development programs. In 1978, Hot Cell No. 4 was
placed on standby; it was used by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for six
months in 1981 and 1982.
• CA Glenn L. Martin Company Santa Ana AWE - Titan I and II ICBM (Intercon-
tinental Ballistic Missiles) producer. In 1961, the Martin Company merged with the
American-Marietta Corporation, a large sand and gravel mining company, forming the
Martin Marietta Corporation. Then, in 1995, Martin Marietta merged with aerospace
giant Lockheed to form the Lockheed Martin Corporation.
•CA Hafer Tool Oakland BE - 1965-1985 - Hafer Tool was a machine shop that
provided services to Sandia National Laboratory, California. Some of this work
involved the use of beryllium materials.
•CA C.L. Hann Industries San Jose BE - 1985-1994; 2000 - C.L. Hann Industries

166 Universal-International Newsreel: First Private Atom Power Plant Opens. (1957).
- http://www.archive.org/details/FirstPri1957

104
provided machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, California.

•CA Fairfield Air Force Station167, Travis AFC, CA AWE - National Nuclear
Weapons Stockpile Site. The Radioactive Burial Site is a fenced back-filled trench that
was part of the former Fairfield AFS at Travis AFB. Cleaning materials from the
maintenance of the nuclear components were buried in the trench. This is the only soil
site on Travis AFB with elevated radioactive readings. The Air Force will excavate the
waste materials and contaminated soil and send it to an off-base low level radioactive

167 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989),
2008. - 200 pp.
- http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf
Burial of radioactive waste in the USAF : USAF Radioisotope Committee. Wright-Pattehson AFB, Ohio,
1972. - 71 pp.
Five-Year Review Report: Fairchild Air Force Base. / CH2M HILL, Spokane, WA. - 2000- 93 pp.
- http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/fiveyear/f01-10006.pdf
In October 1953 the Air Depot facility was deactivated, and by 1956 the Wing had begun a conversion that
brought B-52 bombers and, later, KC-135 tankers to Fairchild. In September 1991, under Air Force reor-
ganization, the 92nd Bombardment Wing was redesignated the 92nd Wing, emphasizing a dual bombing
and refueling role. In June 1992, the 92nd Wing became part of the newly formed Air Combat Command
(ACC) and was redesignated the 92nd Bomb Wing. December 1993 marked the beginning of perhaps the
largest change and transition in the history of the base as the B-52s began transferring to another unit.
The KC-135s remained at Fairchild and were assigned to the Air Mobility Command (AMC). On July 1,
1994, the 92nd Bomb Wing was redesignated the 92nd Air Refueling Wing, and Fairchild AFB was trans -
ferred from ACC to AMC, thereby creating the largest air refueling wing in the USAF.

105
waste repository specifically designed to handle these materials.
•CA Hexcel Products, Inc. Berkeley AEC -1964-1965 - Hexcel produced a small
number of corrugated beryllium sheet panels for the AEC in the mid-1960s. The
finishing process involved vapor blasting and scrubbing of the beryllium panels with
steel wool and cleansing powder. Hexcel published the report Beryllium honeycomb in
1965.
•CA High Energy Rate Forging Facility168 Oxnard DOE - 1984-1997 - The De-
partment of Energy purchased this facility in 1984 for the purpose of producing for-
gings for weapons parts. It consists of 13.75 acres and 7 buildings. The DOE Rocky
Flats Plant managed the forging process and produced forgings at this location
through 1995. In 1994, DOE decided to close the facility upon completion of its de-
fense-related mission in 1996.
•CA Hunter Douglas Aluminum Corp.169 Riverside DOE - 1959-1963 - In 1959,
Hunter Douglas Aluminum extruded approximately 1600 pounds of solid uranium
stock for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald). In a subsequent subcontract, the
company fabricated uranium-zirconium billets for the GE Evendale Plant.

168 EEOICPA CIRCULAR NO. 10-01, October 28, 2009. SUBJECT: High Energy Rate Forging Facility is
a DOE facility.
'The HERF facility was used to perform forgings in the manufacture of non-nuclear weapons parts under the
direction of DOE’s Rocky Flats Plant. '
169 Ex-Workers of Lab to Be Paid for Illnesses: Los Angeles Hazards: Thousands who were employed at
Rocketdyne's Santa Susana facility and got sick are eligible for federal reparations./ Margaret Talev. Los
Angeles Times, July 12, 2001
'About 6,000 Rocketdyne employees or their survivors could be covered by the program. From the 1950s to
the 1980s, workers at what is now a division of Boeing Co. performed federal nuclear testing at the Santa
Susana lab near Simi Valley and at two sites in the San Fernando Valley.
Throughout California, thousands of other workers at 20 labs, some now defunct, could be eligible. Those
labs include Electro Circuits Inc. in Pasadena; the Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
at UCLA; Ceradyne Inc. in Santa Ana; Hunter Douglas Aluminum Corp. in Riverside; and the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory in Northern California.
Nationwide, at least 654,000 workers from 317 facilities could be covered. The program goes into effect July
31 and is expected to cost $2 billion in its first five years.'
DOE Letter; Wagoner to Frizzel; Subject Hunter Douglas Information; February 17, 1995. - 2 pp.
'DOE studied the..historical records of the former,Hunter Douglas Aluminum Plant,
site, and it determined that it did not have the authority to perform remedial action at the site. This conclusion
is dervied from the fact that the facility was licensed to handle nuclear,materials.

106
•CA The Hunters Point Naval Shipyard170 or the Treasure Island Naval Sta-
tion-Hunters Point Annex AWE 1945-1994 - The Hunters Point Naval Shipyard
also called San Francisco Naval Base, was established in 1869 as the first dry dock on
the Pacific Coast, in southeastern San Francisco, California, adjacent to San Francisco
Bay. In 1940, the Navy obtained ownership of the shipyard for ship building, repair
and maintenance activities.

170 Trouble in Paradise: Postwar History of San Francisco’s Hunters Point Neighborhood : An Honors
Thesis in Urban Studies, Stanford University / Submitted by Kelsey Finch. May 19, 2008. - 65 pp.
- http://www.stanford.edu/dept/URBS/programs/documents/kfinch_honorsthesis_compressed.pdf
Navy Proposed Plan for Parcel E-2. Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. City and County of San Francisco
Board of Supervisors. Land Use and Economic Development Committee Public Hearing. October 24,
2011 / Lara Urizar, Navy Remedial Project Manager. - 32 pp.
- http://www.bracpmo.navy.mil/base_docs/hps/documents/hps_landfill_data/CityOfSanFranciscoBOS_E-
2Presentation_24OCT2011.pdf

107
After World War II, activities shifted from ship repair to submarine servicing and
testing. The Navy operated Hunters Point Annex as a shipbuilding and repair facility
from 1941 until 1976. Between 1976 and 1986, the Navy leased most of the shipyard
to Triple A, a private ship-repair company. The shipyard was an annex of Naval
Station Treasure Island until 1974 when the Navy's Engineering Field Activity West
assumed the management of it.

108
In July of 1945 The Atomic Bomb known as Little Boy was shipped from Hunters
Point shipyard and eventually dropped on Japan, effectively ending WWII. The United
States National Radiological Defense Laboratory or the Radiological Defense Laborat-
ory at Hunters Point's decontamination center was established in 1946 for ships in-
volved in nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific.
On September 6, 1946, ships present at Bikini
Atoll during ‘Operation Crossroads,’ the testing
of a hydrogen bomb, arrived at this naval
shipyard. Radioactive paint was scraped from
ships into the Bay by shipyard workers. The de-
contamination project ceased in 1969. On Octo-
ber 5, 1994, the US Navy was sued by a coalition
of environmentalist, sports fishing, and public in-
terest groups who alleged that toxic discharges
from Hunters Point Naval Shipyard are contam-
inating the San Francisco Bay. The lawsuit filed against the Navy with the U.S.
District Court in San Francisco charges the Navy with 19,000 violations of the Clean
Water Act.
•CA Jerry Carroll Machining, Inc.171 San Carlos BE - 1985-1991 - Jerry Carroll
171 Doe Illness Claim Center In Bay Area In March, Today at Berkeley Lab, Friday, February 14, 2003.
'Current and former U.S. Department of Energy workers and contractors interested in filing claims for
medical assistance for illnesses due to radiation, silica or beryllium exposure at work will have an
opportunity next month to get their questions answered. Several facilities in this area have been
designated by DOE as locations for prospective worker claims -- Berkeley Lab, Lawrence Livermore and
Sandia National Laboratories, and Stanford Linear and Accelerator Center. Additionally, 17 beryllium
vendor facilities were recently added to the covered facilities list. These include City Tool and Die
Manufacturing in Santa Clara, C.L. Hann Industries in San Jose, EDM Exotics in Hayward, Electrofusion
and Poltech Precision in Fremont, Hafer Tool in Oakland, Hexcel Products in Berkeley, Jerry Carroll
Machining in San Carlos, Pleasanton Tool and Manufacturing, Robin Materials in Mountain View, Ron

109
Machining provided machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, California,
including the machining of beryllium-copper materials.

•CA Laboratory for Energy-Related Health Research 172 or Lehr Old Campus
Landfill Davis DOE - 1958-1989; 1991-. For over 30 years, LEHR was the site of
Witherspoon, Inc., in Campbell, and Tapemation in Scotts Valley.'
172 DOE Areas Remedial Investigation Report: LEHR Environmental Restoration / Waste Manage-
ment. Weiss Associates. - Emeryville, California. 2003. - 1027 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/LEHR/Remidial_Investigation_Report.pdf
Final Community Relations Plan Laboratory for Energy-Related Health Research Environmental Res-
toration Davis, California. - Sacramento, California: Dames & Moore, April 1995. - 102 pp.
Phase II Site Characterization Report for the LEHR Environmental Restoration University of California
at Davis. Volume I. / Dames & More. 1993. - 376 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/cercla/documents/lehr_docs/DOC_1.PDF
Laboratory for Energy-Related Health Research Final Release. (US. Department of Energy. [a/k/a Old
Campus Landfill (University of California, Davis)]. Public Health Assessment. Energy Section. Federal
Facilities Assessment Branch. Division of Health Assessment and Consultation. Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry, 2004. - 167 pp.
- http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/pha/LEHR061704-CA/LEHR4_26_04.pdf ,
Figures: - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/pha/LEHR061704-CA/LEHR4_26_04Figures.pdf
Price tag for UC Davis to clean up its contaminated pet waste site: $6 million to $100 million.
Share / Hudson Sangree. The Sacramento Bee. Monday, Nov. 14, 2011.
DOE Office of Legacy Management: Site Management and Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance
Plan for the U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory for Energy-Related Health Research Federal
Facility, Davis, California. 2005. - 29 pp.
Derivation of Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 Residual Radioactive Material Guidelines for the Laborat-
ory for Energy-Related Health Research, University of California, Davis / M. Nimmagadda and C Yu.
Environmental Assessment and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South
Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439. 1993 - 24 pp.

110
studies on the long-term health effects of low-level radiation 173 on laboratory animals.
Through the support of DOE's predecessor, the AEC, LEHR (also known in the earlier
years as the Radiobiology Laboratory) began in 1951 as a research project
investigating the biological effects of X-rays. A few years later, the Atomic Energy
Commission contracted with LEHR for what became a 33-year study that investigated
the health effects of internal exposure to low levels of strontium 90 and radium 226. In
a separate but related project, research animals were exposed to cobalt 60 radiation.
Research involving the use of small amounts of plutonium 241, thorium 228, and other
radioisotopes174 was also performed. Research at LEHR has focused on: understanding
better the effects of exposure to low-level radiation on the skeleton and its blood-
forming constituents; investigating the behavior of certain bone-seeking radioactive
materials; studying the beagle as an experimental animal model; exploring how low-
level radiation triggers and affects the formation of tumors and development of
leukemia; and, developing effective ways to use results gathered from animal studies
to assess risks to humans. LEHR closed in 1989 and has been in remediation mode
since 1991.
Watchdog: Davis South Campus Superfund Oversight Committee, formerly the
Environmental Protection Agency Technical Assistance Grant Citizens' Group for the
DOE/UCD Lehr Superfund Site on University of California, Davis Campus or Davis
South Campus Superfund Oversight Committee
•CA Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Los Angeles DOE -
1947-. - The Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences (LBES) was
established in 1947 on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles, to
provide biomedical and environmental support to nuclear testing activities. Today's
programs are in three areas: nuclear medicine, where the study of positron emission
tomography (PET) is applied to medical problems; biomolecular and cellular sciences,
which involves factors influencing gene expression, particularly with reference to early
molecular events in cancer induction; and environmental biology, which focuses on the
basic physiology of plants in arid ecosystems.

173 WISE Uranium Project: Bibliography: Cleanup of Radiation Sites (last updated 24 Sep. 2011).
- http://www.wise-uranium.org/udlit.html#UMT
174 Nuclear Energy in the Service of Biomedicine: The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s Radioisotope
Program, 1946–1950 / Angela N. H. Creager. Journal of the History of Biology (2006) 39:649–684.

111
•CA Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environmental Health San Francisco
DOE - 1951-1999 - The Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environmental Health
(LREH), established by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1951, is an institute for
research and training in cell biology. LREH is dedicated to fundamental research and
investigation of the ways in which radiation and other energy-related biomedical
insults affect cellular processes and lead to detrimental genetic and somatic
biomedical effects. Research studies are undertaken to investigate the mechanisms by
which perturbation and repair of cellular systems can affect the whole organism, cause
cancer in the present generation, and damage future generations. Research focuses
specifically on ways in which the organism can cope with such insults. As a research
unit in the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, the laboratory
closed in 1999.

112
•CA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley DOE - 1942-. - The
laboratory that eventually became the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was
founded in 1931 by Ernest Orlando Lawrence, winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in
physics for his invention of the cyclotron. Once the Manhattan Engineer District
(MED) was founded in 1942, the Berkeley Laboratory became part of the MED. As
part of the MED, scientists at Berkeley developed the electromagnetic enrichment
process that was installed and operated at the Y-12 plant in Oak Ridge from 1943-
1947. Scientists at Berkeley also discovered the transuranium elements, which include
plutonium, neptunium and americium. Work performed on behalf of LBL which took
place in Gilman Hall on the University of California campus is also considered part of
LBL.

•CA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory175 Livermore DOE - 1950-. - The

Atomic Energy Commission established the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
as a facility for nuclear weapons research. The Department of Energy (DOE) owns the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Main Site and Site 300; DOE and the Uni-
versity of California jointly operate the sites. The Main Site was initially used as a
flight training base and an engine overhaul facility. Transition from naval operations
to scientific research began in 1950, when the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) au-
thorized construction of a materials-testing accelerator site. The AEC established the
University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore Site (the predecessor of the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) as a facility for nuclear weapons research.
175 Karafantis, Layne Rochelle, "Weapons labs and city growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-
1975" (2010). UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones. Paper 228.
- http://digitalcommons.library.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/228

113
The DOE purchased Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Site 300 from local
ranchers in the 1950s for use as a remote high-explosives testing facility.
•CA Lebow Company Goleta BE - 1977-2002 - The Lebow Company produces ultra-
thin metal foils for Sandia National Laboratory, California, some of which contain
beryllium.

Mount Laguna Air Force Station is located atop Mount Laguna, with a steep drop into the Anza Borrego
desert. It was a DEW (defense early warning) site, watching for incoming missiles, and housed about 170
people until it was downsized in 1981. Now it is a multi-use satellite and radar communications site,
operated primarily by the FAA, out of Los Angeles Center. Source: CLUI Land Use Database.

•CA Mount Laguna Air Force Station176 AWE - 1952

176 Abandoned Mount Laguna Air Force Station and Radar Tower, 2011.
- http://www.flickr.com/photos/slworking/sets/72157605764602337/
Winkler, David F. & Webster, Julie L., Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War
Defense Radar Program. US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Champaign, IL
1997. - 202 pp. - http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA331231

114
•CA Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake177 Kern County AWE - China Lake
177 California State Military Department, The California State Military Museum: Preserving California's Milit-
ary Heritage:Historic California Posts: Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake (Inyokern Auxiliary Field,
Naval Air Facility, Inyokern; Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake; Naval Weapons Center, China

115
NAWS is the Navy's largest research development test and activity site. It was estab-
lished in 1943 as the Naval Ordnance Test Station. During WWII, non-nuclear explos-
ive components were developed on the installation in support of the Manhattan Pro-
ject that developed the atomic bomb.
From 1945 to 1948, the General Tire and Rubber Company of California operated the
Foothill Plant at Pasadena under a Bureau of Ordnance contract. The Company
provided NOTS with manufacturing, engineering, and procurement services.China
Lake’s participation in the Polaris program included propulsion and launch testing
and, more significantly, studies and analyses that were instrumental in defining the
final system concept and the nature of the sea-based deterrent.
Major China Lake programs now include RDT&E and support for Sidewinder, Spar-
row, and Phoenix air-to-air missiles; fuzes for the Standard Missile and a wide variety
of other surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles and free-fall weapons; Harpoon antisur-
face weapon system; Tomahawk cruise missile; Sidearm and HARM antiradiation-
missile programs; parachute systems and subsystems for aircrews and equipment;
avionics hardware and software and total-combat-system operational flight programs
(OFPs) for most Navy fighter and attack aircraft; and tactical electronic-warfare and
countermeasures systems.
• CA Paul Hardeman, Inc.178
Stanton DOE - The company engaged
primarily in the design, engineering,
construction and installation of missile
launching bases and related facilities
for the armed forces, and complex facil-
ities of various types for agencies and
commissions of the United States Gov-
ernment, and for the aircraft, petro-
leum, chemical and petro-chemical in-
dustries. According to the French
homepage Titan Launch facilities / Les
installations de lancement des Titan
II, 'A contract is made with C. H.
Leavell and Peter Kiewit & Sons on 13 June for the construction of shooting pad ($ 17
million). Another is made with B. B. McCormick, Inc. July 30 to work on the railways
($ 479,000) and other adjustments totaling $ 26.8 million with Paul Hardeman 179 and
Lake). - http://www.militarymuseum.org/NAFInyokern.html
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: Historic Aerospace Site: Naval Ordnance Test Station,
China Lake, California. Undated, - 12 pp.
- http://www.aiaa.org/Participate/Uploads/06-0296%20china%20lake.pdf
178 100 Companies and Their Subsidiary Corporations Listed According to Net Value of Military
Prime Contract Awards Fiscal Year 1963 (July 1962 - June 1963). Undated - 15 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA954761
Securities and Exchange Commission: News Digest, September 11, 1962.
- http://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1962/dig091162.pdf
Astronautics and aeronautics (1963). United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Scientific and Technical Information Office; United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Scientific and Technical Information Branch. 1964. - Washington, D.C. : Scientific and Technical
Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. - 546 pp.
- http://www.archive.org/details/astronauticsaero64unit
179 'To the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, December 29, 1961:

116
Morrison-Knudsen. Work on the pad 40 starting August 12 [1963].
According to the Superior Court of Delaware, New Castle United Aircraft Corporation,
plaintiff, v. Paul Hardeman, Inc., defendant on October 22, 1964 'The Titan II program
included a single prime contract for manufacturing, delivering, installing and validat-
ing 57 fixed Propellant Transfer Systems ("PTS") and 9 (later increased to 10) units of
mobile propellant transfer equipment at 4 general sites in California, Arizona, Kansas
and Arkansas. That contract included 9 (also increased to 10) waste propellant dispos-
al trailers for use with the fixed and mobile PTS facilities. A Propellant Transfer Sys -
tem is the device or means for handling, loading and unloading the propellant used in
the Titan II. The propellant consists of fuel and an oxidizer. At the 57 launch fa cilities,
the Propellant Transfer Systems were to be installed in silos, which are large
reinforced concrete underground chambers. These were to be constructed under the
terms of contracts other than the contract for the Propellant Transfer Systems. The
mobile PTS units, including the waste propellant disposal equipment, were to be
mounted on trailers and used in conjunction with the fixed propellant transfer facilit-
ies for transferring propellant to and from the missile propellant tanks and for dispos-
ing of waste propellant.'
•CA Pleasanton Tool and Manufacturing Pleasanton BE- 1989-2002 - Pleasanton
Tool provides machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, California.
•CA Poltech Precision Fremont BE - 1999 - Poltech Precision did machining work
for Sandia National Laboratory, California.
•CA Philco-Ford Corporation or Ford Aeronutronic Newport Beach BE - 1967-
1972 - The Aeronutronic Division of the Philco-Ford Corporation engaged in research
on beryllium manufacturing techniques for the AEC between 1967 and 1972. The
overriding goal of the program was to demonstrate the feasibility of shear spinning
technology for beryllium production.
•CA Robin Materials180 Mountain View BE - 1985-1997 - Robin Materials provided
metal materials to Sandia National Laboratory, California. This material included
beryllium-copper.

We refer to your letter of September 18, 1961, with enclosure, and subsequent correspondence, including
memorandum of December 14, 1961, submitted in your behalf by Pledger and Edgerton, protesting the
award of a subcontract to the carter pump company by the prime contractor, Paul Hardeman, inc., in
connection with the Titan II propellant transfer system program of the department of the air force. '
GAO: B-147220, December 29, 1961, 41 COMP. GEN. 424. - http://redbook.gao.gov/5/fl0022297.php
180 Public Health Chronicles: Beryllium’s Public Relations Problem: Protecting Workers When There Is No
Safe Exposure Level / David Michaels, Celeste Monforton. Public Health Reports / January–February
2008 / Volume 123 : 79. - http://www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/123_1/79-88.pdf

117
•CA Ron Witherspoon, Inc.181 Campbell BE - 1990-1995 - Ron Witherspoon, Inc.
produced beryllium springs for Sandia National Laboratory, California.

•CA Sandia National Laboratories Livermore Livermore DOE - Sandia National

Laboratory Livermore was established in 1956 to conduct research and development
in the interest of national security. The principal emphasis was on development and
engineering of the parts of nuclear weapons outside the warhead physics package. The
site was selected for its proximity to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to facil-
itate a close working relationship between the two laboratories. Contractors: Lookheed
Martin (1995-present); Martin Marietta (1993-1995); AT&T (1951-1993).

181 DOL-DOE Traveling Resource Center to Assist Current and Former Nuclear Weapons Workers in
Bay Area. - http://www.dol.gov/owcp/energy/regs/compliance/pressreleases/pr20031028.htm
'The Bay Area is home to several facilities designated by DOE as nuclear weapons producers: Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Sandia
National Laboratories in Livermore; and Stanford Linear and Accelerator Center in addition to the follow-
ing 12 beryllium vendor facilities. These facilities include: City Tool Die Mfg., Santa Clara; C.L. Hann In-
dustries, San Jose; EDM Exotics, Hayward; Electrofusion, Fremont; Hafer Tool, Oakland; Hexcel
Products, Berkeley; Jerry Carroll Machining, San Carlos; Pleasanton Tool and Manufacturing, Poltech
Precision, Fremont; Robin Materials, Mountain View; Ron Witherspoon, Inc., Campbell; and Tapemation,
Scotts Valley.'

118
•CA Sandia Laboratory Salton Sea Base182 Imperial County DOE - 1946-1961 -
The Salton Sea Test Base was used for a variety of activities such as military training
and weapons research, development, testing, and evaluation. The base was used by
numerous tenant and non-tenant military commands as well as by research divisions
of government agencies and private companies working on government projects. The
site was established in 1942 as an operational base for seaplanes during World War II.
Later, the Atomic Energy Commission renovated and expanded the base for aerody-
namic testing of weapons-delivery vehicles. From 1946 to 1961, Sandia National
Laboratory operated a testing program at the site. The remoteness of the area was
ideal for training and other operations. It is unclear from the documentation whether
this testing work involved the use of radioactive materials. (Sandia relocated their test
ranges to the Coyote Field in Albuquerque, and to the Tonopah Test Range in
Nevada). Over 1,100 missile tests have been performed there.

182 Nuke lab used Salton Sea base. Imperial Valley Press Online, October 22, 2005.
- http://articles.ivpressonline.com/2005-10-22/salton-sea_24210272
Official records from the Albuquerque, N.M.-based Sandia National Laboratory confirm the so-called Salton
Sea Test Base was used by the laboratory during its nuclear weapons program but that no fissionable
material was ever present.

119
The Navy shared it with Sandia, and continued to use it through the 1970's, though
there have been reports of military activities at the site as recently as the Gulf War.

•CA SF-88 Fort Barry183 Marin Headlands AWE 1954-1974 – Formerly Nike Missile

183 Nike Missile Manual Collection.1951-1987 Golden Gate National Recreation Area Park Archives and
Records Center. 2004. - 37 pp.
- http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/upload/35286fa-Nike-Missile-Manuals-with-table.pdf
'From Nike Missile Site SF 88L, Fort Barry.
Nike missile technical and maintenance manuals from Nike Site 88L, Fort Barry. Includes both Nike-Hercules
and Nike-Ajax missiles, as well as manuals for associated equipment and systems.'

120
launch site.

•CA Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Palo Alto DOE - 1962-. - The Stanford
Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is owned and operated by Stanford University
under contract with the Department of Energy. The Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center was established in 1962 as a research facility for high energy particle physics.
The Center's four major experimental facilities are the Linear Accelerator, the
Positron Electron Project Storage Ring, the Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric
Ring, and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Linear Collider.

121
•CA Stauffer Metals, Inc or Stauffer
Chemical Company184. Richmond AWE -
1961 - Stauffer performed electron beam
melting tests on uranium metal for the Na-
tional Lead of Ohio (Fernald). The com-
pany had performed similar tests for Han-
ford.

184 Electron beam melting of uranium / H. M. Eikenberry. Technical division, National Lead Company of
Ohio. 1963. - 29 pp. - http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4704067-VhfESH/4704067.pdf
'The electron beam furnace used in these tests was located in the Stauffer Metals Company's beryllium
laboratory in Richmond, California. A detailed description of the furnace (Figure 1) and the electron beam
process has been given by Smith, Hunt, and Hanks.'
Letter to AEC from JM Fitzpatrick, Stauffer Chemical Company. 1962. - 11 pp.
- http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0301/ML030170388.pdf
DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial
Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
Years later, chemical company lot still a toxic stew. / Ian Stewart. Richmond Confidential, November 9,

122
•CA Tapemation Scotts Valley BE- 1990-1995 - Tapemation is a machine shop that
provided services to Sandia National Laboratory, California. Several small jobs in-
volved the precision machining of beryllium-copper materials. 'Tapemation is a small,
woman-owned source for large precision machined parts and fabrications for High-
Technology requirements. We have supplied components to Aerospace, Aircraft, Elec-
tronic, Marine, Petroleum, Space Communication, NASA, U.S. Military Specifications.'

2009. - http://richmondconfidential.org/2009/11/09/years-later-chemical-company-lot-still-a-toxic-stew/

123
 Building 925 represents an important link in the design and development of nuclear weapons storage
facilities during the early Cold War period. It is one of only five alert nuclear weapons storage facilities of
this type built in the United States. Building 925 is a distinguished contributing element of the Armed Forces
Special Weapons Project Q Area at Travis Air Force Base, which has been recommended as a historic
district eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under criterion c.
Source: Library of Congress.

•CA Travis Air Force Base, Building No. 925185, W Street, Fairfield, Solano AWE -
In 1949, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) became the parent major command for
Travis AFB, turning it into a major long-range reconnaissance and intercontinental
bombing installation for the 9th Bomb Group/9th Bomb Wing. For the next nine years,
airlift operations became secondary while Travis served as home for SAC bombers
such as the B-29 Superfortress, B-36 Peacemaker, and eventually, the B-52 Stratofort-
ress. United States Army Nike surface-to-air missile sites 186 were constructed during
185 Library of Congress: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record: Travis
Air Force Base, Building No. 925, W Street, Fairfield, Solano, CA.
186 Pollution an enduring legacy at old missile sites. / Mead Gruver. Associated Press. October 10,
2009.
'The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is identifying and cleaning up dozens of former nuclear missile sites in
nine states. To date, the corps has spent $116 million at 44 former Atlas and Titan intercontinental ballistic
missile — or ICBM — sites and 19 former Nike anti-aircraft missile sites from the early Cold War. The
missile sites include 14 in Kansas, 10 in Nebraska, seven in Wyoming, seven in Colorado and two in Ok-
lahoma. California, New Mexico, New York and Texas have one contaminated site each. The problem is a
chemical called trichloroethylene, or TCE, which was used to keep missiles clean. The corps has evalu-
ated a total of 395 former ICBM and Nike missile sites since the Formerly Used Defense Sites, or FUDS,

124
1957-58 as Travis Air Force Base Defense Area
•CA University of California Berkeley AWE/DOE
• CA Utah Construction Company, Utah Construction and Mining Com-
pany187 or Utah International, Inc., San Francisco AWE - Utah Construction was
the lead contractor for the US Minuteman Missile hardened silos throughout the
United States. From 1974 part of General Electric.

Exterior view of south and east walls of Oxidizer Conditioning Structure (T-28D), looking northwest. This
structure was designed to condition nitrogen tetroxide, the oxidizer used in the Titan II's fuel system, to
specified temperatures. The taller structure to the rear is the Long-Term Oxidizer Silo (T-28B).
Source: Library of Congress.

program began in the early 1980s'.

187 Index of Utah Construction Company/ Utah International Collection 1900-1984. MS 100. Weber
State University. Stewart Library. Special Collections. / Processed by Michael Hunter. 2001. - 122 pp.
Register of Utah Construction Company/ Utah International Collection 1900-1984. MS 100. Weber
State University. Stewart Library. Special Collections. / Processed by Sarah Langsdon. 2001. - 97 pp.
- http://library.weber.edu/ucc/regindex/default.cfm

125
Exterior view of south wall of Oxidizer Conditioning Structure (T-28D), looking north. The taller structure
immediately to the rear in the upper left background is the Long-Term Oxidizer Silo (T-28B).
Source: Library of Congress.

LGM-25C Titan II

126
• CO Air Force Plant PJKS, Systems Integration Laboratory, Oxidizer Con-
ditioning Structure188 Lakewood vicinity, Jefferson AWE - Fabricator: Kaiser Steel
Corporation, Fabricating Division, Montebello, California. Titan missile propellant

systems testing, evaluation, handling, and storage, constructed.1960-1961.

•CO Climax Uranium Mill189 also called the former Grand Junction, Colorado,
Processing Site and Disposal Site or the Cheney Disposal Site190 Grand
Junction191 DOE – 1951-1970. - The mill processed both vanadium as well as urani-
um. According to The Energy Net, In the 1950s and 1960s, an estimated 300,000 tons
of uranium mill tailings from the Climax mill were used in construction as a sand sub-
stitute or for backfill material at various sites throughout the Grand Junction and
188 Air Force Plant PJKS, Systems Integration Laboratory (Air Force Plant PJKS, Systems Integration
Laboratory, Building T-28). Waterton Canyon Road and Colorado Highway 121. Lakewood Vicinity.
Jefferson County. Colorado. Undated. - 5 pp.
- http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/co/co0700/co0782/data/co0782data.pdf.
189 Inventory of the Climax Uranium Mill records, 1942-1976. Rocky Mountain Online Archive. 2006.
The Museum of Western Colorado, in Grand Junction, Colorado, transferred the Climax Uranium Mill records
to the American Heritage Center in 1991.
- http://ahc.uwyo.edu/usearchives/inventories/html/wyu-ah09832.html#d0e73.
GAO: Uranium Mill Tailings: Cleanup Continues, but Future Costs Are Uncertain. 1995. - 52 pp.
- http://www.gao.gov/archive/1996/rc96037.pdf
Nuclear Decommissioning - Grand Junction (Climax Uranium) Mill Site. Energy Information Administra-
tion Independent Statistics and Analysis. 2005.
Remedial actions at the former Climax Uranium Company uranium mill site, Grand Junction, Mesa
County, Colorado : final environmental impact statement / U.S. Department of Energy. 1986.- 28 pp.
190 Grand Junction, Colorado, Processing Site and Disposal Site. Fact Sheet. Undated, 4 pp.
191 See also the Grand Junction, Colorado, Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) Title I
Disposal Site.

127
Mesa County area. Uranium mill tailings were used on private residences, schools,
churches, and commercial locations (streets and sidewalks).

•CO Coors Porcelain Golden BE - 1947-1975 - Coors Porcelain performed beryllium

work for the Atomic Energy Commission. An early AEC document makes reference to
Coors Porcelain’s involvement in beryllium work during the period from 1947-1948.
Coors Porcelain had an earlier contract with the Clinton Engineer Works (now Oak
Ridge Reservation), but it is unclear whether beryllium was involved. From 1957
through 1964, the company worked as a subcontractor with Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory on Project Pluto, a project undertaken to determine the
feasibility of using heat from reactors as the energy source for ramjet engines. Coors
developed fuel elements from beryllium ceramics for the project, which began in 1957
and ended in 1964.

128
•CO Glenn L. Martin Company, Titan Missile Test Facilities Lakewood vicinity,
Jefferson AWE including Glenn L. Martin Company, Titan Missile Test Facilities,
CaptiveTest Stand D-3 and Glenn L. Martin Company, Titan Missile Test Facilities,
Captive Test Stand D-4

129
•CO Grand Junction Operations Office192 AWE/DOE – 1943-. - In 1943, the
Manhattan Engineer District purchased the Grand Junction site and constructed a
plant to produce uranium concentrate from "green sludge" delivered from plants at
Uravan and Durango Colorado. The purpose of this plant was to provide domestic
uranium for the Manhattan Project. The Grand Junction Office of the AEC was the
headquarters for the uranium procurement program from 1947-1970. One of the
principal functions of the GJO was the receipt, sampling, and analysis of uranium and
vanadium concentrates from the 32 ore processing operations in the western US. More
than 347 million pounds of uranium oxide and 28 million pounds of vanadium oxide
were received during the period from 1948-1971193.

192 HHS Designation of Additional Members of the Special Exposure Cohort under the Energy Employees
Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000: Designating a Class of Employees from
Grand Junction Operations Office Grand Junction, Colorado, 2011. - 5 pp.
SEC Petition Evaluation Report, Petition SEC-00175, 2011. - 99 pp
Status of Upcoming SEC Petitions / LaVon B. Rutherford, CHP. National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health Division of Compensation Analysis and Support. 2011. - 6 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/pres/secstat0811bw.pdf
193 Atomic Age Narrow Gauge : Uranium and the Rio Grande Southern Railroad / Stephen pp. Hart. Rio
Grande Southern Railroad Technical Information Page. Volume 4, No. 2 - January, 2002.

130
In 1951 the AEC built a concentrate sampling plant and assay laboratory in the Grand
Junction compound. This was operated by Ledoux company under a management and
operating contract. In addition, the AEC built two ore-testing pilot plants in its
compound in Grand Junction. These were, in effect, miniature processing plants in
which approximately 30,000 tons of ore from 40 different uranium mines were tested
between the years of 1953-1958 194. Furthermore, the AEC established a sampling and
assaying station for the receipt of uranium ores at Grand Junction.
Concentrates produced by mills were delivered in steel drums to Grand Junction
where they were received, weighed, sampled, and assayed as the basis for payment to
the mills under the terms of their respective contracts. On September 30, 2001 the
Department of Energy transferred ownership of the Grand Junction property to the
Riverview Technology Corporation. The DOE, however, continues to lease portions of
the site. Contractors: Lucius Pitkin Inc. (1956-1971) (ore buying station, sampling, and
assaying); National Lead Company (1954-1958) (pilot plant); American Cyanamid
Company (1953-1954) (pilot plant); American Smelting and Refining Company (1948-
1955) (ore buying station, sampling, and assaying); Ledoux and Company (1948)
(concentrate sampling); US. Vanadium Corporation (1943-1946) (uranium processing
mill).

194 Decommissioning of US. Uranium Production Facilities. Energy Information Administration, Office of
Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels. US. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1995. - 71 pp.

131
•CO Green Sludge Plant in Uravan Uravan AWE/DOE - 1943-1945 - The Manhat-
tan Engineer District (MED) obtained uranium from residues left over from the pro-
duction of vanadium. The resulting product made at these plants was called "green
sludge." It was further processed at Grand Junction. Two plants in Uravan, Colorado,
provided the MED with uranium extracted from green sludge. The green sludge plant
in Uravan owned by Union Carbide and operated by its subsidiary, the US. Vanadium
Company, is not covered under EEOICPA. This listing applies only to the MED-owned
plant, which was located on the north side of the San Miguel River. The US. Vana-
dium Company operated the MED-owned plant under a fixed fee contract during
World War II. The plant was shut down in 1945. Contractors: The US. Vanadium
Company, a subsidiary of the Union Carbide Corporation (1943-1945).

132
• CO Lowry Air Force Base AWE 1958-1994 - Titan I missiles. The Lowry Air
Force Base is a former US Air Force base located in the cities of Aurora and Denver,
Colorado. On March 13, 1958, the Air Force Ballistic Committee approved the selec-
tion of Lowry to be the first Titan I ICBM base. No doubt the close proximity of the
Martin Company's Titan missile production plant in Denver influenced the site selec-
tion. Construction of launchers and support facilities began on May 1, 1959.
The Operable Unit 2 or OU 2 195, also known as the landfill zone, is an approximate
74.5 acre parcel in the south-central portion of Lowry. The site is bounded by Alameda
Avenue on the south, Westerly Creek Flood Control Dam and associated wetlands to
the north, AMLI Apartment Complex to the west, and Westerly Creek to the east. The
landfill was historically used for the disposal of base-related waste and associated con-
195 OU 2 Post-closure Monitoring Report. Third Quarter 2009 and First Quarter 2010.
- http://www.lowryafbcleanup.com/lowryreference.html

133
struction debris primarily from training activities conducted at the former Lowry AFB.
Disposal occurred from approximately 1948 until 1986.
Deployments of the Titan I were also located at Beale Air Force Base in California,
Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota, Larson Air Force Base in Washington,
Mountain Home Air Force Base in Idaho and Vandenberg Air Force Base in Califor-
nia.

•CO Naturita Mill196 or the Vanadium Corporation of America Mill AWE - The
mission of the Naturita mill site was to provide uranium for the United States Govern-

196 DOE: Data Validation Package for the July and October 2008 Water Sampling at the Naturita
Processing and Disposal Sites,.2009. - 102 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Naturita/2008_S00708.pdf
DOE: Fact Sheet. Naturita, Colorado, Processing and Disposal Sites. Undated. - 4 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Naturita/Fact_Sheet-naturita.pdf

134
ment. The source of contamination was the residual tailings 197 that remained after the
milling process extracted the uranium. Rare Metals Company built the mill in 1930,
but it did not become operational until 1939 when Vanadium Corporation of America
acquired it and converted it for vanadium recovery. The mill was shut down at the end
of World War II but reopened in 1947.

It produced uranium concentrates that were shipped to the Atomic Energy

Commission until the mill was shut down in 1958. From 1961 until 1963, Vanadium
Corporation of America operated a uranium upgrader at the site. In 1967, Vanadium
Corporation of America merged with Foote Mineral Company, and ownership of the
site passed to Foote.

197 The long term stabilization of uranium mill tailings: Final report of a co-ordinated research project
2000–2004. - Vienna: IAEA, 2004. - 309 pp.
- http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1403_web.pdf

135
•CO Rocky Flats Plant198 Golden DOE - 1951-2006 - Rocky Flats was built in 1951
198 The Rocky Flats Stewardship Council formed in February 2006 to provide ongoing local government and
community oversight of the post-closure management of Rocky Flats, the former nuclear weapons plant
northwest of Denver.
Environmental Report for the Rocky Flats Plant. / Cirrincione, D.A. Erdmann, N.L. [eds.], 1992. - 358 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10116071-oPrcLc/native/10116071.pdf
A model for a comprehensive assessment of exposure and lifetime cancer incidence risk from
plutonium released from the Rocky Flats Plant, 1953-1989. / Rood AS, Grogan HA, Till JE. Health
Phys. 2002 Feb;82(2):182-212.
'Episodic releases included two major fires in 1957 and 1969 that breached the building air filtration systems,
and suspension of plutonium contaminated soil from the former 903 waste storage area during high
winds. Predicted air concentrations included contributions from site releases and resuspension from
contaminated soil. Inhalation was the only exposure pathway considered. Environmental measurements
suitable for model validation were lacking for the period when major site releases occurred (1953 to
1970). However, environmental media, such as soil and lake sediment, are natural accumulators and
provided evidence of past offsite releases. The geometric mean predicted-to-observed (P/O) ratio for soil
was 0.93 with a geometric standard deviation of 1.6. The model systematically underpredicted
concentrations near the 903 Area because large, nonrespirable particles that deposited close to the
source were not included in release estimates.'
Hazardous Waste Ground Water Task Force Ground Water Monitoring Evaluation, US Department Of
Energy - Rocky Flats Plant Golden Colorado. 1988. - 161 pp.
Particulate, Colloidal, and Dissolved-Phase Associations of Plutonium, Americium, and Uranium in
Water Samples from Well 1587 and Surface-Water Sites SW-51 and SW-53 at the Rocky Flats Plant,
Colorado. / R.A. Harnish, D.M. McKnight, J.R Ranville, V.C. Stephens, and W.H. Orem. U.S. Geological
Survey : Earth Science Information Services , 1996. - 43 pp.
- http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri964067

136
as a plutonium and uranium component manufacturing center. From 1952 to 1989,
the site's primary mission was to fabricate the "pit" that contains the heavy metals
and serves as the trigger device for nuclear warheads. Rocky Flats was also
responsible for recycling plutonium from scrap and plutonium retrieved from retired
nuclear warheads. The final products of this recycling included components and
assemblies manufactured from uranium, plutonium, beryllium, stainless steel, and
other metals. Production activities included metalworking, component fabrication and
assembly, chemical recovery and purification of plutonium, and associated quality
control functions.

Research and development in the fields of chemistry, physics, metallurgy, materials

technology, nuclear safety, and mechanical engineering were also conducted at the
site. In 1989, many of the site's nuclear component production functions were suspen-
ded after a safety review temporarily shut down plutonium operations. Following an
extensive review, which included considerable independent oversight, a few buildings
were authorized by the Secretary of Energy to resume limited plutonium operations:
to stabilize plutonium oxide and repackage plutonium for safe storage. In 1989, as a
result of the environmental contamination caused by production activities at the site.

Rocky Flats was placed on the Superfund National Priorities List. In January 1992,
nuclear component production was terminated and the site's primary mission changed

A Technically Useful History of the Critical Mass Laboratory at Rocky Flats / Dr. Robert E. Rothe, May
2005. - http://b-dig.iie.org.mx/BibDig/P05-0909/PDFFILES/PAPERS/472.pdf

137
from nuclear weapons production to environmental cleanup and restoration. 199
Contractors: Kaiser-Hill Company (1995-present); EG&G Rocky Flats, Inc. (1989-
1995); Rockwell International (1975-1989); Dow Chemical (1951-1975).

•CO Shattuck Chemical200 Denver AWE - 1950s; 1963 - Shattuck Chemical pre-
pared uranium compounds and uranium oxide in the late 1950s. (This was probably
done under a Source Materials License issued by the Atomic Energy Commission.)
Shattuck also processed refined uranium and produced natural uranium oxides on a
commercial basis for the private market, and in 1963, supplied a small quantity of
uranium to the Rocky Flats plant. The Shattuck facility was closed in 1984.
•CO University of Denver Research Institute Denver AWE/BE - 1963-1965 - The
University of Denver Research Institute is listed as a processor of radioactive
materials for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald). It appears that the University of
Denver handled test quantities of radioactive metal in February 1965. In 1963, a
199Democracy Now! Tuesday 04 May, 2004 (May 4, 2004).
'Recycling Plutonium: How the EPA is Disbursing Toxic and Radioactive Waste From the Lowry Landfill to
the Sewage System and onto CO Farmlands and Public Parks'. - http://www.archive.org/details/dn2004-
0504
200Neighbors hope to use former Shattuck Chemical land for garden / Matthew Rodriguez
YourHub.com, 01/24/2011. 'Buried in the $33 million cleanup of the radioactive Shattuck Chemical site in
Denver, along South Bannock Street, was a $250,000 settlement for ecological restoration'.
Cleanup fund for radioactive Shattuck Chemical site quadruples to $1 million / Mark Jaffe. The Denver
Post, 11/23/2009. - http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_13847754#ixzz1dseGorIz

138
University of Denver Research Institute researcher (F. Perkins) held an AEC contract
for work on intermediate-temperature oxidation of beryllides.
•CO Titan One Missile Complex 2A201 Aurora vicinity, Arapahoe AWE - The
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE), Hazardous
Materials and Waste Management Division, provides regulatory oversight of the
Formerly Used Defense Sites and Base Realignment and Closure programs in
Colorado, with assistance from the US Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 and
local governments.

•CO Uranium Mill in Durango202 Durango DOE - 1948-1953 - The AEC purchased
201 Final five-year review plan former Lowry Bombing and Gunnery Range Arapahoe County, Color-
ado. Prepared for: US. Army Corps of Engineers. Omaha District. Omaha, Nebraska / Prepared by: Shaw
Environmental, Inc., 2011. - 71 pp.
202 Collection M 008: Durango (Colo.) Uranium Mill Tailings Removal collection inventory. Years this
material was created: 1960-1990; bulk dates 1978-1989. Quantity: 2.2 linear shelf feet (in 5 document
cases), Fort Lewis College Foundation, Center of Southwest Studies account.
- http://swcenter.fortlewis.edu/inventory/Umtra.htm
Related collections at the Center of Southwest Studies:
I 073: Atomic bomb development records (RG 77) on microfilm (14 rolls of microfilm). Harrison-Bundy
files relating to the development of the atomic bomb, 1942-1946 (M1108, 9 rolls), and correspondence
("Top Secret") of the Manhattan Engineer District, 1942-1946 (M1109, 5 rolls).
DOE: Durango, Colorado, Disposal Site.2011. - 12 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Durango/air_dur.pdf
'Until 2008, DOE listed EPA's Maximum Concentration Limit (MCL) of 0.044 mg/L as groundwater standard
for uranium at the Durango disposal site (according to 40 CFR 192 Table 1, Subpart A).

139
the 147-acre uranium mill site in Durango, Colorado, in 1948 from the Vanadium
Corporation of America. The AEC leased the facility back to Vanadium that same
year, with an option to purchase the facility in 1953. Between 1948 and 1953, Vana -
dium operated the mill on behalf of the AEC.

The company exercised its purchase option in 1953, and thereafter, the mill was
operated as a privately owned facility. The company shut down and dismantled the
mill in March 1963. Contractor: The Vanadium Corporation of America (1948-1953).

In 2009, however, after the monitoring value had further increased to 0.065 mg/L and exceeded the EPA's
MCL for the third consecutive year, DOE rather used a site-specific groundwater standard of 0.077 mg/L
for uranium, explaining that "Site-specific groundwater standards represent the maximum observed
background concentrations reported in samples collected from wells completed in the bedrock aquifer
(LTSP, Table 5–4)".'

140
•CO Vanadium Corporation of America Naturita AWE/DOE

•CO Vanadium Corporation of America Uravan203 Uravan (a contraction of Urani-

um and vanadium) DOE - The 450-acre Uravan Uranium site began as a radium-
recovery plant in 1912. Its owners converted it for vanadium extraction. From the
1940s to 1984, the plant operated as a uranium- and vanadium- processing facility.
Operations at the 450-acre site left a large volume of wastes, contaminating air, soil
and ground water near the plant and the San Miguel River.
Contaminants included radioact-
ive products such as raffinates,
raffinate crystals and mill tail-
ings containing uranium and ra-
dium. Other chemicals in the
tailings and ground water were
heavy metals, such as lead, arsen-
ic, cadmium and vanadium.
•CT American Chain and
Cable Co204. Bridgeport AWE -
1944 - American Chain and Cable
worked under contract to the Du
203 EPA: About Uravan Uranium site... National Priorities List Construction Complete. 2002.

141
Pont Company to support the manufacture of uranium slugs during the Manhattan
Project. In 1944, the company swaged (reduced the diameter) of uranium rods at its
Bridgeport facility.

•CT American Brass Company Waterbury AWE - Formed in 1899 with the
consolidation of Ansonia Brass & Copper Company, Waterbury Brass Company, and
Coe Brass Manufacturing Company. Acquired in 1922 by Anaconda Mining Company
(of Montana), though it kept its name until it changed to Anaconda American Brass in
1960. The Anaconda Company merged with Atlantic Richfield in 1977, and then
became ARCO Metals.

204 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix V- American Chain and Cable Company,
2007. - 8 pp.

142
•CT Anaconda Co.205 Waterbury AWE - 1942; 1956-1959 - In 1942, the American
Brass Company produced the barriers used in the gaseous diffusion process. In the
late 1950s, under contract to Nuclear Metals Inc., the company extruded copper-clad
uranium billets into tubes at least two separate times for the Savannah River Site.
While the original plans called for work on 500 billets, only around 50 were actually
processed.
•CT Bridgeport Brass Co., Havens Lab.206 Bridgeport AWE - 1952-1962 -
Bridgeport Brass, at the Havens Laboratory in Connecticut and in Adrian, Michigan,
worked to improve the process for extruding uranium. Eventually this work was taken
over by Reactive Metals, which operated the AEC/DOE extrusion facility in Astabula,
Ohio. Bridgeport cut and stored uranium, and may have been involved in the rolling of
uranium. Some work of the Havens Laboratory was moved to Seymour, CT, in 1962, to
a facility that is now owned by Seymour Specialty Wire. From 1954-1961, the Bridge-
port Brass Company performed contract work for the AEC. Operations included pro-
duction of uranium fuel elements for the Hanford and Savannah River Plant reactors
and developmental extrusion work on thorium and depleted natural and slightly en-
riched uranium. After termination of AEC activities in 1961, most of this plant's func-
tions were transferred to Reactive Metals, Inc. (RMI) in Astabula, Ohio. Bridgeport
shipped one large extrusion press to RMI and all other equipment was dismantled and
scrapped. Since the time of the AEC work, the former Havens plant building has
205 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix G – Anaconda Co., 2007. - 7 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apg-r0.pdf
206 An Exposure Matrix for Bridgeport Brass: Havens Laboratory and Adrian Plant. / Robert Vogel,
Richard J. Traub, Jack J. Fix, Donald E. Bihl. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: 2005.
- 46 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/bbrass.pdf
DOE: Preliminary Radiological Survey of the Former Havens Plant of the Bridgeport Brass Company,
Bridgeport; Connecticut; May 1985. - 4 pp.
DOE: Elimination Report for Bridgeport Brass Company Havens Laboratory (Reactive Metals, Inc.)
Kossuth and Pulaski Streets, Bridgeport, Connecticut; Circa 1987.

143
apparently undergone extensive remodeling. The building is now owned by the city of
Bridgeport, and has been converted to use as Kolbe High School.

•CT Combustion Engineering Windsor AWE/DOE - 1965-1972 - Combustion

Engineering (CE) sent shipments of uranium to Fernald between 1965 and 1972 for
use in the nuclear weapons production process. Combustion Engineering performed
substantial work for the Atomic Energy Commission in other years as well, but this
work is not covered under EEOICPA because it was either non-nuclear or was not re -
lated to weapons production. Starting in the 1940s, this initial work at the site in-
volved non-nuclear components. In 1955, CE began to use highly enriched uranium for
its work in supporting the Naval Reactors Program. In the 1960s, CE obtained a li-
cense to fabricate fuel elements for power reactors.

144
•CT Connecticut Aircraft Nuclear Engine Lab.207 (CANEL) Middletown BE/DOE
1958-1966 - The Connecticut Aircraft Nuclear Engine Laboratory (CANEL) worked on
an Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) program to develop a nuclear reactor with which
to propel aircraft. Specifically, CANEL worked on developing high temperature
materials, fuel elements, and liquid metal components and coolants. CANEL consisted
of a hot laboratory facility, a nuclear physics laboratory, a fuel element laboratory, a
nuclear materials research and development laboratory, and other buildings. The AEC
Annual report for 1959 indicates that approximately $4 million in AEC equipment was
at CANEL. Plutonium, mixed fission products, and probably uranium were handled at
CANEL. A former ORNL employee who had worked at CANEL stated that beryllium
metal and oxide in a powdered form were also handled at CANEL. Although President
Kennedy canceled the aircraft nuclear propulsion program in 1961, AEC work appar-
ently continued at CANEL until 1965.
•CT Dorr Corp. or Dorr-Oliver Corp. Stamford DOE - 1954; 1963 - The Dorr Corp.
conducted waste handling tests on low-level radioactive material (ammonium
diuranate). This work was done as a subcontractor to National Lead of Ohio (Fernald).
•CT Fenn Machinery Co. Hartford AWE - 1950 - Fenn conducted swaging tests on
uranium rods to determine if the process could be used to produce properly shaped
rods for Hanford’s production reactors. Two tests, each lasting less than one day, were
conducted in June 1950.

207 National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP): SEC Petition Evaluation Report Pe-
tition SEC-00124: Connecticut Aircraft Nuclear Engine Laboratory. / James Mahathy. 2008. - 32 pp. -
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/canel/caneler.pdf

145
•CT H. D. Doolittle Machlett Laboratories 208 Springdale BE - 1947-1952 - Begin-
ning in the 1940s, Machlett Laboratories worked with beryllium in its commercial
business as a supplier of x-ray and electron vacuum tubes. Machlett produced also a
handful of brazed beryllium window assemblies in 1952 under an AEC contract.
•CT Navy Underwater Warfare Lab or the Naval Undersea Warfare Center,
Division Newport New London AWE
•CT New England Lime Co. Canaan AWE - 1963 - In 1963, the New England Lime
Co. (NELCO) conducted tests on “prill,” a magnesium 209-uranium waste product, to de-
termine the feasibility of recovering these materials for re-use in the nuclear weapons
production system. The prill came from the AEC’s Fernald facility. Six drums of prill
were sent from Fernald to NELCO for the test. The New England Lime Company also
provided magnesium and calcium to the Manhattan Engineer District and Atomic En-
ergy Commission from 1944-1956.

•CT Seymour Specialty Wire210 Seymour AWE/DOE - 1962-1964 - From 1962 to

208 Pehrson, E. W. / Minerals yearbook 1947. Year 1947 (1949). Gustavson, Samuel A.: Minor metals, pp.
1249-1264: 'Fabricators of beryllium metal and beryllium-aluminum alloys included the Machlett
Laboratories of Springdale, Conn., and the Aluminum Corp. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa.'
209 SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION: Magnesium Oxide 1309-48-4. / Prepared by
Technical Resources International, Inc. for NCI to support chemical nominations under contract no. N02-
CB-07007 (11/01). http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/Magnesiumoxide.pdf
210 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084

146
1964, the Bridgeport Brass Company performed contract work at the Seymour site for
the Atomic Energy Commission. This work involved developing an extrusion process
for natural uranium metal. After 1964, the work was consolidated at the Reactive
Metals site in Ohio. Operation of the Seymour site was later taken over by employees
and the facility eventually became the Seymour Specialty Wire Company.

• CT Sharpner's Pond ABM Site Boston AWE – The Safeguard Anti Ballistic
Missile System which was the replacement for the proposed Nike Zeus System. It was
activated and deactivated in a matter of months due to the ABM Treaty.
•CT Sperry Products, Inc. Danbury AWE - 1952-1953 - In 1952 and 1953, Sperry
developed processes for testing and examining uranium plates for the Sylvania Corp.,
a major AEC contractor.
•CT Torrington Co. Torrington AWE - 1951-1953 - The Torrington Company per-
formed small-scale swaging experiments on uranium rods in the early 1950s. Torring-
ton conducted this work for two companies: the Bridgeport Brass Company and Amer-
ican Machine and Foundry.
•CT United Nuclear Corporation AWE
• CT United Nuclear Corporation Naval Products Division formerly Douglas
United Nuclear, Inc Montville AWE - The UNC Naval facility was operated by Olin
Mathieson Chemical Corporation (April 1956 to May 31, 1961) and United Nuclear
Corporation (June 8, 1961 to April 22, 1976) in New Haven, CT. The site had been
used by United Nuclear Corporation to fabricate nuclear fuel components for the U.S.
Government, and it was decommissioned in 1976.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that
Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix CD – Seymour Specialty Wire Company, 2007. - 20
pp.- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apcd-r0.pdf

147
•DC National Bureau of Standards, Van Ness Street Washington AWE

•DC Naval Research Laboratory211 Washington AWE/DOE - Pioneering research

by NRL yielded the first separation of uranium isotopes by the liquid thermal
diffusion process, invented by NRL’s Philip Abelson. This process was one of the three
methods used by the Manhattan Project to obtain the enriched uranium necessary to
make the first atomic bombs. The uranium separation plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
was built in 1944 to the blueprints of NRL’s plant.
•DE Allied Chemical and Dye Corp. North Claymont AWE - early 1950s-late
1960s; Residual Radiation late 1960s-1977 - Allied Chemical and Dye Company was
involved in research and development and small pilot-scale operations on uranium
recovery from a phosphoric acid plant.

211 Naval Research Laboratory: The Little Book of Big Achievements. 2000.- 28 pp.
http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content_images/little_book.pdf

148
•DE E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and
Company 212 Wilmington AWE. In the
fall of 1942, design work began on the
facility in Wilmington while DuPont
personnel helped Army officials locate
a site. The team chose Hanford, loc-
ated along the Columbia River in
central Washington State, not only for
its proximity to hydroelectric power,
but also for its sparsely populated,
remote location. Having been accused
of profiteering after World War I 213,
DuPont charged only a $1 fee for its
work at Hanford and turned over to
the federal government all patent
rights that resulted from the work.
DuPont also owns the Grasselli La-
boratories in Cleveland Ohio and
owned the DuPont Explosives Plant
Site214 in the State of Washington..

212 National Archives: Records of the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] (Record Group 326) 1923-75.
213 Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., "World War One" Study of the International Armament Industry.
Merchants of Death / H.C. Engelbrecht and F.C. Hanighen.
'During the World War, Du Pont supplied 40 per cent. of the powder used by the Allies, and after 1917 its
orders from the United States government were enormous.'
- http://greatwar.nl/frames/default-merchants.html
Mehrotra, Ajay K., "Lawyers, Guns & Public Monies: The U.S. Treasury, World War One, and the
Administration of the Modern Fiscal State" (2010); Faculty Publications. Paper 30.)
- http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/30
Crozier, William: Ordnance and the world war; a contribution to the history of American prepared-
ness (1920). - 316 pp. - http://www.archive.org/details/ordnanceworldwar00crozrich
Dramatic Legal Fight for $45,000,000 of Du Pont Money. The New York Times, September 16, 1917.
214 Land Use Database - http://archive.clui.org/ludb/site/WA3266

149
•FL American Beryllium Co.215 Sarasota, Florida BE – 1961-1996

215 Beryllium spike raises fears in Tallevast area: Some Tallevast residents say they should have been
put up in hotels when the last buildings were dismantled Monday at the former American Beryllium Co. /
Christopher O'Donnell. HeraldTribune.com . Published: Wednesday, February 9, 2011 at 1:00 a.m.
TALLEVAST - Lockheed Martin assured neighbors there was no risk that hazardous dust would be released
when it dismantled buildings at the former American Beryllium Co. on Tallevast Road. But a recent spike
in a reading of beryllium in the air has residents fearing for their health and questioning why the company
did not temporarily relocate them to hotels as it did when it razed another building at the site in 2008.
Public health assessment former American Beryllium Company Tallevast, Manatee County, Florida . /
Prepared by: Florida Department of Health. Division of Environmental Health. Under Cooperative
Agreement with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry. 2008. - 136 pp.

150
 American Beryllium Company at 1600 Tallevast Rd. in Sarasota, Florida, 1969. The American Beryllium
Company manufactured ultra-precision machine parts from beryllium-containing metals at 1600 Tallevast
Road. Disposal of solvents, including trichloroethylene, resulted in groundwater contamination. In 1996, the
Lockheed Martin Corporation purchased American Beryllium and ceased operations.
Source: Florida Memory

- American Beryllium Company, later part of Loral Corporation, machined parts for Y-
12 and Rocky Flats. Loral Metals Technology operated American Beryllium Company
(ABC) as a precision machining/metalworking plant from 1961 to 1996.
•FL Armour Fertilizer Works216 Bartow DOE - 1951-1955 - Under contract with the
AEC, Armour operated a pilot plant which produced uranium from phosphoric acid.
•FL C.F. Industries, Inc.217 Bartow DOE – 1952-1955?- Bonnie Uranium Extraction
Plant. All chemical plant equipment and structures had been removed in 1962 by
International Minerals and Chemical Corporation and sold.

216 Preliminary survey of U.S. Steel Corporation - AGRI-Chemical (former Armour Fertilizer Works).
Bartow, Florida. Health and Safety Research Division. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, 1980. - 7 pp.
217 DOE: Formerly utilized sites remedial action program elimination report for CF Industries, Inc.
(the former International Minerals and Chemical Corporation) Barton, Florida. 1985. - 10 pp.

151
•FL Cecil Field218 or Naval Air Station Cecil Field Jacksonville AWE – 1952-1999
- Yellow Water Special ( Nuclear) Weapons Storage Facility Magazine. Cecil Field
consisted of four separate facilities, the Cecil Field Complex (Cecil Field), the Outlying
Field ("OLF") Whitehouse, the Yellow Water Weapons Department and the Pinecastle
[Pine Castle] Electronic Warfare Target Area / Warfare Range. The official mission of
NAS Cecil Field was to provide facilities, services, and material support for the
operation and maintenance of naval weapons, aircrafts, and other units of the
operating forces. Some of the tasks required to accomplish this mission included
operation of fuel storage facilities, provision of facilities and performance of aircraft
maintenance, and maintenance and operation of an engine repair facility and test cells
for designated turbojet engines.

218 Naval Air Station Cecil Field, undated. - 5 pp.

- http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/book_shelf/227_nascecil.pdf

152
•FL Eglin AFB219 Valparaiso, Okaloosa County AWE 1958 - Air Proving Ground
Command, 1944. Strategic Air Command 1958. According to the Eglin Air Force Base
History, 'in early 1946, the First Experimental Guided Missiles Group was activated
to develop the techniques for missile launching and handling; establish training pro-
grams; and monitor the development of a drone or pilotless aircraft capability to sup-
port the Atomic Energy Commission tests, Operation Crossroads, at Eniwetok
On December 1, 1957, the Air Force combined the Air Proving Ground Command and
the Air Force Armament Center to form the Air Proving Ground Center. The Center
built the highly instrumented Eglin Gulf Test Range and, for the next few years,
served as a major missile test center for weapons such as the BOMARC, Matador,
GAM-72 “Quail,” and GAM-77 “Hound Dog.”'

219 The 6555th Missile and Space Launches Through 1970. / Mark C. Cleary. 45th Space Wing History
Office. 1991. - 139 pp. - http://www.afspacemuseum.org/library/histories/6555.pdf

153
•FL Gardinier, Inc.220 Tampa DOE - 1951-1954; 1956-1961 - Under contract to the
AEC, Gardinier (under the name U. S. Phosphoric Products Corporation Of Florida)
operated a pilot plant from 1951 to 1954 which recovered uranium from phosphoric
acid. From 1956 to 1961, it produced uranium by recovery of U3O8 from phosphoric
acid. Maximum production was 60 tons of uranium concentrate per year. The uranium
was ultimately used in weapons production.

220 Bureau of Mines / Minerals yearbook metals and minerals (except fuels) 1955. Year 1955, Volume I
(1958) / Crawford, John E. Uranium, pp. 1213-1242
'As a byproduct of phosphatic fertilizer and chemical production, a small tonnage of uranium was recovered
from Florida phosphate rock. The processing units were operated by: Blockson Chemical Co., Joliet, Ill.;
International Minerals & Chemical Corp., Bartow, Fla.; and Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp., Nichols, Fla.
The U. S. Phosphoric Products Division, Tennessee Corp., was constructing a unit for obtaining uranium
as a byproduct from phosphate at East Tampa, Fla.'

154
•FL International Minerals and Chemical Corp. Mulberry AWE - 1951-1961 -
International Minerals and Chemical Corp. produced uranium as a byproduct of the
recovery of phosphate chemicals and fertilizers. The 1951, AEC contracted with
International Minerals and Chemical Corp. for the recovery of uranium, which was
ultimately used for the production of weapons. The original production plant was shut
down in 1959. Starting in 1954, the uranium recovery unit was located at the Bonnie
Plant. In 1955, it switched to the phosphoric acid process. International Minerals and
Chemical Corp. became Central Farmers (now C.F.) Industries; in 1969, C.F.
Industries became C.F. Chemicals, Bartow Phosphate Works. The phosphoric process
was shut down in 1961.

155
•FL Pinellas Plant221 Clearwater DOE - General Electric (GE) constructed the Pinel-
las Plant in 1956 for the production of neutron generators for the nation's nuclear
weapons program. The Atomic Energy Commission purchased the Pinellas Plant from
GE in 1957 and contracted them to manage and operate the site. GE Neutron Devices
(GEND) served in this capacity until June 1992, at which time Lockheed Martin Spe-
ciahy Components, Inc., (Specialty Components) (formerly Martin Marietta Specialty
Components, Inc.) assumed operation of the plant. The major product lines at the
plant included the following: neutron generators and detectors, Radioisotopically-
powered Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs), specialty capacitors, vacuum switch
tubes, electromagnetic devices, thermal batteries, thermal ambient temperature bat-
teries, frequency control devices, quartz digital accelerometers, Lightning Arrestor
Connectors (LACS), ceramics, ferroelectric ceramics, foam support pads, and optoelec-
tronics.

221 Facts and Sources for EEOICPA Pinellas Plant Claimants, April 2008. Nuclear Workers of Florida.
162 pp.
Former Workers Say Pinellas Nuclear Plant's Radiation, Chemicals Connected To Cancer . Tampa Bay
Online. November 01, 2007.

156
•FL University of Florida Gainesville AWE - 1963-1969 - Documents indicate that
the University of Florida handled test quantities of radioactive material under a Na-
tional Lead of Ohio (Fernald) sub-contract between 1963 and 1969. Upon completion of
the project, the material was sent to the Savannah River Site. The University also ob-
tained licenses to handle radioactive material from the Nuclear Regulatory Commis-
sion.

157
•FL Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp.222 Nichols AWE - 1952-1957 - The Virginia-
Carolina Chemical Corporation produced uranium as a byproduct of the recovery of
phosphate chemicals and fertilizers. The AEC contracted with the Virginia-Carolina
Chemical Corp. for the recovery of the uranium, which was ultimately used in
weapons production. The research lasted only about 6 months. The laboratory was
dismantled, and all equipment was removed prior to sale of the building in 1965 for
use as a warehouse.
•FL W.R. Grace Co., Agricultural Chemical Div.223 Ridgewood AWE - 1954 - For
one month in 1954, W.R. Grace performed the pilot plant work on solvent extraction
for Armour Fertilizer, which used the solvent process to extract uranium from phos-
phates.
• GA Georgia Nuclear Aircraft Laboratory224, or AFP No. 67, Air Force Plant
222 DOE, Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Remedial Action and Waste Technology, Division of Facility and
Site: Decommissioning Projects: Formerly utilized sites remedial action program elimination
report for the former Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corporation Richmond, Virginia, Undated. - 8 pp.
Formerly utilized MED/AEC sites remedial action program : Radiological survey of the former Virginia-
Carolina Chemical Corporation Uranium Recovery Pilot Plant, Nichols, Florida / prepared for U.S.
Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Office of Environmental Compliance and
Overview, Division of Environmental Control Technology, by Oak Ridge National Laboratory ; F. F. Hay-
wood ... [et al.], 1980. - 86 pp - http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb2098143
223 EEOICPA BULLETIN NO.07-13, Issue Date: April 10, 2007, Revised Residual Radioactive Contamina-
tion Report– Summary of All Sites : Facilities Identified by NIOSH with the Potential for Significant
Residual Contamination Outside Of the Periods in Which Weapons-Related Production Occurred.
224 Section I Dawson Forest Wildlife Management Area (2000-2002) (Formerly the Georgia Nuclear

158
67 AWE The laboratory was a United States Air Force test facility located in the
Dawson Forest in Dawsonville, Georgia. It was the site of Lockheed's lab for investig-
ating the feasibility of nuclear aircraft. The site was used for irradiating military
equipment, as well as the forest to determine the effect of nuclear war, and its effects
on wildlife. The area was closed in 1971.

•HI Kauai Test Facility225 Kauai

DOE - 1975? - The Kauai Test Facility
is situated on the north end of the US.
Navy Pacific Missile Range Facility on
the west side of the island of Kauai,
Hawaii. In 1958, the Pacific Missile
Range Facility was established to
support the growing demand of the
Navy at Bonham. In 1964, the Pacific
Missile Range Facility and Bonham
was transferred to the Navy, becoming
the Pacific Missile Range Facility,
Aircraft Laboratory – GNAL). Georgia Environmental Radiation Surveillance Report 2000 – 2002. 10
pp. - http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/gaenviron/radiation/radrpt2002_dfw.pdf
Dawsonville Georgia Nuclear Aircraft Laboratory 1959 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn6N2iV2_os
225 Pacific Missile Range Facility Intercept Test Support. Environmental Assessment, 2010. - 312 pp.
- http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/env_pmrf_ITS_EA_OEA_part1.pdf

159
Barking Sands. A ballistic missile launch from Barking Sands In 1962, the U.S.
military conducted the Frigate Bird Test of the Operation Dominic program near
PMRF. The military launched an operational ballistic missile with a live warhead
from the USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608), which was situated near PMRF. The nuclear
warhead flew toward Christmas Island and detonated in an air burst at 11,000 feet
(3,400 m).
The Kauai Test Facility has 25 major buildings. Kauai Test Facility is equipped with
resources for assembling, testing, launching, tracking, and recovering instrumented
rockets, rocket payloads, and aircraft payloads. The Facility also provides capabilities
for receiving, recording, and "quicklook playback" of radio telemetered test data. Addi-
tionally, resources are available for optical tracking and photometric coverage of test
objects and experiments. The Kauai Test Facility has been in Operation since the mid-
1970s, conducting an average of three to four weapon system delivery tests per year.
The Department of Energy (DOE) suspected that these tests resulted in contamination
of three release sites including the rocket launch pads, a drum storage area, and a
photography laboratory.

•IA Ames Laboratory226 Ames DOE- 1942-. - Ames Laboratory is located on the Iowa
State University Campus in Ames, Iowa. During the Manhattan Project, researchers
at Iowa State perfected a magnesium reduction process, producing pure uranium met-
al that quickly became the industry standard. Iowa State was one of the first organiza-
tions to supply metallic uranium used as fuel for the first self-sustaining chain reac-
tion at the University of Chicago. On May 12, 1943 a fire occurred at the WPA storage
226 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profile for Ames Laboratory / Jerome B.
Martin, Dillard B. Shipler, Donald E. Bihl, Eva E. Hickey, and Bruce A. Napier, 2011.- 87 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/ames-r2.pdf

160
shed. The fire burned 32 cans of uranium turnings and sawings. Uranium oxides were
also lost in the fire. In 1947, the AEC formally established the Ames Laboratory and
directed it to focus on materials research. The Ames Laboratory Neutron Scattering
group (ALNS) is part of the Ames Laboratory Condensed Matter Physics group (CMP).
The ALNS group works in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's
High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and Center for Neutron Scattering (CNS). Over the
years the laboratory broadened its mission to include fundamental research in the
physical, chemical, mathematical, engineering, and environmental sciences as well. In
2005, DOE contracted with The University of Iowa College of Public Health to coordin-
ate FWP medical screenings for Ames Laboratory former workers at Iowa State Uni-
versity in Ames, Iowa.
•IA Bendix Aviation227 Davenport AWE - 1960 - On three separate occasions,
National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) personnel conducted tests to see how well a Bendix
sonic energy cleaning system could clean uranium-contaminated 55 gallon drums. 228

•IA Iowa Ordnance Plant or Burlington Atomic Energy Commission Plant Burling-

227 DOE Letter; Wagoner to Gibbs; Elimination of the Former Bendix Aviation Corporation Site from
Further FUSRAP Consideration; February 14, 1995. - 2 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/B/Bendix_Aviation_Corp_Pioneer_Div_-_IA_05/IA_05-5.pdf
228 Bendix Aviation founded the company in 1951 in Davenport, Iowa, USA,and sold the facility to Litton
Industries in 1982. Northrop Grumman Corporation acquired Litton Industries in 2001 and then in August
2003, divested the Life Support division, based in Davenport, IA, to Cobham plc, Dorset, United Kingdom.
DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial
Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

161
ton DOE - 1949229-1974 - The Iowa Ordnance Plant (IOP), also known as the Iowa
Army Ammunition Plant (IAAP), is a load, assemble, and pack munitions facility that
began production in 1941 and continues to operate as a Government-owned, contract-
or-operated installation230. Between 1947 and 1974, a portion of the IAAP was
operated under contract to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) for the purpose of
supplying the AEC with explosive components for nuclear weapons. 'In 1947, Silas
Mason Company entered into a contract with the Ordnance Department to assist in
the design and engineering to construct and operate a facility for the purpose of
supplying the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC, predecessor to the present day
Department of Energy) with explosive components for nuclear weapons 231. Under
contract with the AEC, Silas Mason Company conducted high explosive fabrication,
assembly of non-nuclear and nuclear components, retrofits, modifications, sur-
veillance, and disassembly of nuclear weapons. This work was performed adjacent to
other areas at the IAAP dedicated to the production and manufacture of routine milit-
ary munitions. The qualifying “DOE facility” portion of the IAAP extends to those loca-
tions of the plant where Silas Mason Company (aka Mason & Hanger – Silas Mason,
Co. Inc.) performed operations for the AEC.' The area of the IOP that performed work
for the AEC includes the buildings and property/grounds of the IAAP that is identified
as Line 1, as well as Yards C, G and L and the Firing Site Area, Burning Field "B" and
the storage sites for pits and weapons, including Buildings 73 and 77. Work performed
in these areas is covered under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensa-
tion Program Act232. In 1974, the AEC closed out its activities at the plant and trans-
ferred all functions to the Pantex Plant. Contractor: Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason
Company (1947-1974). In 1993, off-post contamination of private drinking water wells
with explosives was confirmed.233 According to Wikipedia, In the late 1990s, reporters
Dennis J. Carroll and Mike Augspurger wrote a series of stories about health problems
experienced by former workers of the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant and its
predecessor, the Iowa Ordnance Plant, and their families. The stories helped raise
awareness of formerly secret work at the munitions plant carried out by the Atomic
Energy Commission. That resulted in the creation of the Burlington Atomic Energy
Commission Plant-Former Worker Program
•IA Titus Metals234 Waterloo AWE - 1956 - Titus Metals performed the extrusion of
uranium oxide billets into fuel plates for the Argonaut reactor at Argonne National
Laboratory on June 29, 1956.

229 This Circular replaces Circular No. 07-01, Department of Energy (DOE) facility description of Line 1
(Division B) at the Iowa Ordnance Plant, with one correction. The SEC period of 1947 through 1974
referenced in Circular 07-01 is incorrect. The correct SEC period is March 1949 through 1974.EEOICPA
Circular NO. 07-03, May 22, 2007
230 Explosion damage at the Iowa Ordnance Plant, Burlington, Iowa 04 March 1942.
231The US. Army Materiel Command: The Metal Book. 2007. - 39 pp.
232Cumulative EEOICPA Compensation Paid -Iowa Ordnance Plant, 2011. - 1 p.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Iowa Ordnance Plant. Federal Register / Vol. 69, No. 205 /
Monday, October 25, 2004 / Notices.
SEC Petition Evaluation Report, 2005. - 10 pp.
233Team Iowa: Iowa Army Ammo Plant - Installation Action Plan, 2001.- 80 pp.
234 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; Wallo to the File; Subject: Elimination of Titus Metals; November 24,
1987. 3 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/T/Titus_Metals_-_IA_04/IA_04-2.pdf

162
•ID Argonne National Laboratory West Scoville DOE - 1946-. - Argonne is one of
the US. DOE's largest research centers. It is also the nation's first national laboratory,
chartered in 1946. The Laboratory specializes in reactor engineering, reactor physics,
chemistry and metallurgy. Early reactor research focused on the production of
plutonium from uranium. Argonne is a direct descendant of the University of
Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory, part of the World War II Manhattan Project.
Argonne National Laboratories - West was a part of Argonne National Laboratory,
operated by the University of Chicago. ANLW was located on the southeastern portion
of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. On February 1,
2005 the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Argonne
National Laboratory - West became the Idaho National Laboraotry (INL).

163
Nuclear technology lab and test location, and a major radioactive material storage/disposal site. Located on
573,608 acres in southern Idaho, facilities include 52 nuclear reactors, 13 of which are still operable. The
Navy's nuclear-powered submarine reactors are disposed of in a pit at INEL, as are radioactive wastes from
other government sources. At the Test Area North, uranium-hardened armor for Abrams tanks is
manufactured. Non-nuclear defense and energy-related R&D is performed at labs on the site as well, and
INEL is a major contributor of waste management technologies. The only two nuclear-powered jet aircraft
engines ever made were developed and built at INEL in the late 1950's, and remain on their outdoor test
tracks today. The installation, owned by the Department of Energy, employs 7,500 people and is operated by
Lockheed Martin. Source: CLUI Land Use Database.

•ID Idaho National Engineering Laboratory235 Scoville DOE - 1949-. - In 1949,

the Atomic Energy Commission established the National Reactor Testing Station on
the site of a 1940s US Navy bombing and artillery range. Today, this site is known as
the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This was the primary nuclear reactor
development laboratory in the United States. Over 100 reactor concepts were
conceived and tested here. Between 1953 and 1992, the Idaho Chemical Processing
Plant (ICPP) at INL reprocessed spent nuclear fuel from naval propulsion, test, and
research reactors to recover enriched uranium for reuse in nuclear weapons
production. Other facilities at INL also conducted various nuclear weapons research
and development activities. On February 1, 2005 the Idaho National Engineering and
Environmental Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory-West became the Idaho
235 Citizens Guide to the United States Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory. Fourteenth
Edition / Compiled for the Environmental Defense Institute by Chuck Broscious. Environmental Defense
Institute, Inc. 2006. - 300 pp.
Heavy Element Radionuclides (Pu, Np, U) and 137 Cs in Soils Collected From the Idaho National
Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Other Sites in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming /
T.M. Beasley, J.M. Kelley, L.A. Bond, Wm. Rivera, Jr., M.J. Liszewski, K.A. Orlandini. Environmental
Measurements Laboratory, US. Department of Energy. 1998. - 80 pp.

164
National Laboratory. The INL mission is to continue as a National Laboratory,
developing and demonstrating compelling national security technologies, and
delivering excellence in science and technology. Also at this time, the Idaho
Completion Project (ICP) was formed to remediate the site, including the disposition of
reactor and non-reactor nuclear facilities.
•ID Morrison Knudsen Corporation236 Boise, AWE/DOE - During World War II,
M-K built airfields, storage depots, and ships, and it later expanded into foreign
construction. It built the locks on the St. Lawrence Seaway, the DEW system,
Minuteman missile silos, NASA's Kennedy Space Center, and over 100 major dams. In
addition to extensive building contracts in Vietnam, the company procured a
substantial amount of business outside of active battle zones. The Distant Early
Warning (DEW) Line, a chain of bases and radar installations, was constructed and
maintained across northern Canada, as was the "White Alice" communications system
in Alaska. In the 1960s MK became a leading builder of missile facilities, including the
first U.S. underground Titan missile installation at the Lowry Air Force Base in
Colorado. The company sponsored a joint venture for the Aeropropulsion Systems Test
Facility, an advanced jet engine center for the U.S. Air Force, which was completed in
1984. The company also was involved in the reconstruction of Kuwait following the
1991 Gulf War. In 1996, the Washington Group acquired Morrison-Knudsen Co. of
Boise.
•ID Northwest Machining and Manufacturing Meridian BE – 1996-2000
- Northwest Machining provided machine shop services to Sandia National
Laboratory, California.
•IL Allied Chemical Corp. or General Chemical Division237 Metropolis DOE -
1959-1976 - After World War II, many companies working for the United States Gov-
ernment produced UF6 feed for uranium enrichment and diffusion plants. The Allied
Plant in Metropolis, Illinois, was completed and initial deliveries began sometime in
1959. In 1962, several feed plants were shut down and the privately-owned Allied
Chemical Company Plant took over the conversion of U 3O8 to UF6. This plant produced
approximately five thousand tons of uranium hexafluoride feed for the Paducah
Gaseous Diffusion Plant per year. It was shut down in 1964.
•IL American Machine and Metals, Inc. 238 East Moline DOE - 1960 - American
Machine and Metals demonstrated a process for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) that

236 100 Companies and Their Subsidiary Corporations Listed According to Net Value of Military
Prime Contract Awards Fiscal Year 1963 (July 1962 - June 1963). Undated. - 15 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA954761
237 Site Profile for Allied Chemical Corporation Plant / Shelby L. Gubin, Robert Hysong, Cindy W. Bloom,
and Joseph pp. Guido. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007. - 34 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/allied-r1.pdf
Advisory board on Radiation and Worker Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Draft
Review of the NIOSH Site profile for Allied Chemical Corporation Plant, Metropolis, Illinois /
Prepared by Gregory Hofer and Robert Anigstein. pp. Cohen & Associates. September 2011. - 28 pp
238 DOE: Letter; Wagoner to Emmendorf; Elimination of the American Machine and Metals, Inc. Site from
Further FUSRAP Consideration; December 15, 1994. - 1 p.
'DOE's has studied the historical records of the American Machine and Metals, Inc. site and we have con-
cluded that further investigations of the site are not necessary because of the limited scope of the activit -
ies performed there.'
DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial
Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

165
involved dehydration of green salt using a centrifuge process.

•IL Argonne National Laboratory239 East Argonne AWE/DOE – 1942-. Including

The Decontamination and Decommissioning Science Consortium240.

Reactors241:

239 Argonne National Laboratory – East – Site Description / ORAU TEAM Dose Reconstruction Project
for NIOSH, 2006. - 34 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/anle2a.pdf
240 The Decontamination and Decommissioning Science Consortium: April 2009 Status.
- http://www.dd.anl.gov/pdf/DDSC.pdf
241 DOE: The First Reactor, 1982. - 52 pp. - http://www.nuclear.energy.gov/pdfFiles/DE00782931.pdf

166
On December 2, 1942 using a nuclear reactor erected under a section of the West Stands of the University of
Chicago's Stagg Field, a group of scientists achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction and thereby
initiated a controlled release of nuclear energy. The reactor consisted of uranium and uranium oxide lumps
spaced in a cubic lattice embedded in graphite. In 1943, the reactor was dismantled and reassembled at the
Argonne National Laboratory. Photographic copy of drawing

Chicago Pile 1, Early in 1943, CP-1 was dismantled and moved to a less-populated site
in the "Argonne Forest" section of the Cook County Forest Preserve in Palos Park. The
pile contained 771,000 pounds of graphite, 80,590 pounds of uranium oxide and 12,400
pounds of uranium metal when it went "critical." It cost about $1 million to produce
and build. The pile took the form of a flattened ellipsoid which measured 25 feet wide
and 20 feet high.

167
Chicago Pile 2242 or Site A/Plot M243 1943-
1954.

In early 1943, Chicago Pile 1 was dis-

mantled at the University of Chicago,
moved to the Argonne Forest section of the
Palos Hills Forest Preserve, and renamed
Chicago Pile 2.

242 DOE: Site A/Plot M Fact Sheet. Undated. - 3 pp.

Chicago Pile 2 Burial - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlzfubnDlMc
243 DOE: 2011 Inspection and Annual Site Status Report for the Site A/Plot M, Cook County, Illinois.
Decontamination and Decommissioning Program Site. 2011. - 17 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/SiteA_PlotM/sam_insp11.pdf

168
Chicago Pile 3, 1943-1954 - The first heavy water moderated reactor placed at Site A/Plot M.

Argonne history: Chicago Pile-3 Demolition November 7, 1955

169
Chicago Pile 4 or the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-1, 1951-1964. On Decem-
ber 20, 1951, the EBR-I produced the first usable amounts of electricity created by
nuclear means; in July 1963, it was the first reactor to achieve a self-sustaining chain
reaction using plutonium instead of uranium as the major component in the fuel. In

170
addition, the EBR-I was the first reactor to demonstrate the feasibility of using liquid
metal at high temperatures as a reactor coolant.
Chicago Pile 5, 1954-1979.

•IL Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology 244 Chicago

AWE - 1957 - Records indicate that Armour Research Foundation may have tested ra-
dioactive materials for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald).

244 Aerospace Memorandum; A.Wallow to File; Subject: Elimination of ARF with an Elimination Summary
enclosure; March 19, 1985. - 11 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Armour_Research_Foundation_-_IL_17/IL_17-3.pdf

171
•IL Blockson Chemical Co.245 Joliet246 AWE - 1951 - 1960 - Blockson Chemical Com-
pany operated a plant which produced uranium from phosphoric acid. The AEC con-
tracted with Blockson for the recovery of the uranium, which was ultimately used in
weapons production.

245 Former chemical workers tell of radiation exposure: U.S. hearings focus on ex-Joliet plant. / Dennis
Sullivan. Chicago Tribune. January 26, 2007
Former Joliet chemical workers still waiting to be paid after exposure to high levels of radiation: Fund
created a decade ago to compensate Blockson Chemical employees, survivors / Gerry Smith. Chicargo
Tribune, August 02, 2010.
'Among them is Phyllis Keca, 84, whose husband, John, thought he was manufacturing laundry detergents
during his 23 years working at Blockson. He wore only a paper mask while handling tanks that, unknown
to him, were filled with uranium and radium to be used in the production of nuclear weapons. He was "al-
ways sick," his wife said, and would come home covered in dust that she now believes was toxic and con-
tributed to his death in 1996 from colon cancer at age 80.'
DOE: Radiological Survey of Chemicals Group, Olin Corporation (Formerly Blockson Chemical Com-
pany) Joliet, Illinois. 1978. - 109 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/B/Blockson_Chemical_Co_-_IL_07/IL_07-2.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Technical Basis Document for Atomic Energy
Operations at Blockson Chemical Company, Joliet, Illinois. / Tom Tomes, Sam Glover. 2010. 47 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/bcc-r3.pdf
246 See also the Joliet Army Ammunition Plant - http://www.epa.gov/region5/cleanup/jolietarmy/index.html

172
The AEC Uranium production work performed by Blockson was conducted in a one-
story brick structure known as Building 55. This listing is also intended to cover the
AEC-funded laboratory, pilot plant and oxidation process, which also occurred at
Blockson, and was related to the work in Building 55.
•IL C-B Tool Products Co. Chicago AWE - 1944 - For a six month period in 1944, C-
B Tool Products Company had a subcontract with the University of Chicago to provide
personnel, facilities, and equipment to produce special machining of parts for special
equipment, tools, jigs, and fixtures to the Met Lab from materials provided by the Uni-
versity of Chicago. It is unclear whether the company handled radioactive materials
•IL Crane Co. Chicago AWE - 1947-1949 - Crane Co. supplied the Atomic Energy
Commission with uranium and thorium in the 1940s (and perhaps in the 1950s) and
likely used materials containing uranium in manufacturing and conducted valve
development studies for for the AEC and General Electric at Hanford. At the
completion of one project in 1949, 1000 pounds of contaminated wastes, including 346
grams of uranium, were shipped from Crane to Oak Ridge. In 1949, Crane also
shipped 265 kg of normal uranium to Hanford.
•IL Dow Chemical Co.247 Madison AWE - 1957-1960 - The Dow facility in Madison,
Illinois, supplied the AEC with Magnesium-thorium sheets and plates, non radioactive
247 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
DOE: Madison Site Administrative Record. 2000. - 2 pp.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that
Worked Uranium Metals. / David Allen. 2011. - 55 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/bat-6000-r1.pdf

173
equipment, metal products and other services. Dow received a purchase order from
Mallinckrodt in March 1960, for research and development on the extrusion of urani-
um metal and rod. The Department of Energy also has invoices from 1957 and 1958
indicating that the Mallinckrodt Chemical Company Uranium division purchased
magnesium-thorium plates and sheets from the Dow Chemical Company in Madison
Illinois. Dow sold this facility in 1969 to Consolidated Aluminum, which continued to
operate the facility from 1969 through 1986.
•IL ERA Tool and Engineering Co.248 Chicago AWE - 1944 - From February 1944
through June 1944, ERA Tool and Engineering Company contracted with the
University of Chicago to supply services and supplies to the Met Lab, specifically to
provide necessary personnel, facilities, and equipment required to produce special
machining of parts for special equipment, tools, jigs, fixtures, etc. from materials
furnished by the University.
•IL Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.249 North Chicago BE - 1944; 1950 - Fansteel
Metallurgical Corp. performed beryllium work for the Manhattan Engineer District
under Contract No. W-7425 eng-27 for the fabrication of beryllium into sintered
shapes and for the manufacture of 600 bricks for delivery to Los Alamos. Fansteel also
worked with "approximately 150 pounds of nominal grade beryllium carbide powder"
for use in the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project. This work
is reported to have occurred between April and June of 1950.

248 DOE Letter; Fiore to Esposito; Transmittal Letter of the Final Survey Report for the Former ERA
Tool and Engineering Company; October 20, 1989. - 1 p.
'The survey report documents the fact that the radiological condition of your facility is in compliance with
applicable Department of Energy Guidelines and that no remedial action or further investigaticns are
necessary.'
DOE: Survey Report; Radiological Survey at 4555 West Addison Street; Chicago, Illinois; M.R. Landis,
October 1989. - 38 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/E/Era_Tool_and_Engineering_Co_-_IL_29/IL_29-2.pdf
249 The Bomb's Chicago Fallout : US. Says '40s Research Put Thousands at High Risk
By Sam Roe and Jeremy Manier, Chicago Tribune, February 2, 2001
Herbert Anderson was a major figure in the race for the atomic bomb, a pioneering physicist who made his-
tory at the University of Chicago in 1942 when he helped create the world's first controlled nuclear chain
reaction. But Anderson paid a heavy price for such achievements.
He contracted a rare lung disease from handling beryllium, an extraordinarily toxic metal critical to nuclear
weapons production. Before he died, his lungs were so damaged he couldn't breathe without an oxygen
tank, and his bones were so brittle he once broke two fingers just by shaking someone's hand.

174
•IL Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory250 Batavia DOE - 1972-. - Fermi Na-
tional Accelerator Laboratory, named after Enrico Fermi, was established in 1972 as a
research and development facility. Fermi has one of the most powerful particle accel-
erators in the world and is used to conduct a variety of high-energy physics programs.
On November 1, 2006, the DOE announced that the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC
(FRA) will manage251 Fermilab for five years starting January 1, 2007. The FRA is a
partnership between URA and the University of Chicago. Based on its performance,
the FRA may be entitled to renew this contract without competition for up to 20 years.

250 The Boundaries of the New Frontier: Rhetoric and Communication at Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory / Joanna S. Ploeger. Studies in Rhetoric/Communication • Thomas W. Benson, series editor.
April 2009. - 200 pp.- http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/books/2009/3808.pdf
251 '(c) The term "Restricted Data" as used in this article means all data concerning the design, manufacture,
or utilization of atomic weapons, the production of special nuclear material or the use of special nuclear
material in the production of energy, but shall not include data declassified or removed from the Restricted
Data category pursuant to section 142 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended.'

175
•IL Granite City Steel252
Granite City AWE/DOE - 1953-
1966 - From 1953 through 1966,
General Steel Castings / Indus-
tries performed quality control
work for the AEC. Specifically, it
x-rayed uranium ingots and
betatron slices to detect metal-
lurgical flaws for Mallinckrodt
Chemical Company. This work
was performed in a facility loc-
ated at 1417 State Street, which
was part of what was later
known as the "South Plant" of
Granite City Steel. This listing is
intended to cover only the South
Plant, identified by the State Street address, and not any other facility that may have
been owned by Granite City Steel prior to or after its purchase of the General Steel In-
dustries facility in the early 1970s. For example, this listing does not cover Granite
City Steel facilities on Madison or 20th Street.
•IL Great Lakes Carbon Corp. Chicago AWE - 1952-1958 - In 1952, the Great
Lakes Carbon Corp. studied graphite for the Atomic Energy Commission and in 1958
it did some Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) fuel work for Argonne National
Laboratory (ANL). As part of the contract, ANL agreed to decontaminate the facility
used. It handled radioactive uranium and radioactive thorium under AEC contract.
•IL GSA 39th Street Warehouse253 Chicago AWE - 1942-1949 - The 39th Street
Warehouse was occupied by the Metallurgical Laboratory and Argonne National
Laboratory until approximately 1949. Activities in the building included the storage of
radioactive materials.
•IL International Register Chicago AWE - 1943 - International Register was
involved in the development of uranium machining techniques for the Metallurgical
Lab and the Manhattan Project.
•IL Kaiser Aluminum Corp. Dalton AWE - 1959 - In March 1959, Kaiser performed
the extrusion of three CP-5 type fuel elements containing normal uranium oxide for
Argonne National Laboratory.
•IL Lindsay Light and Chemical Co. 254 or Kerr-McGee Chicago AWE - 1942-1953 -
Lindsay Light and Chemical was a commercial processor of monazite sands, which

252 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that
Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals - Appendix BB General Steel Industries, 2007.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apbb-r0.pdf
253 'A radiological survey indicated that the radiation levels are equal to natural background. Therefore, no
remedial action is required, and DOE is eliminating the former GSA 39th Street Warehouse from further
consideration under FUSRAP'.
DOE: Radiological Survey of the Former GSA 39th Street Warehouse 1716 Pershing Road, Chicago,
Illinois. January 1979. - 35 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/G/GSA_39th_Street_Warehouse_-_IL_02/IL_02-1.pdf
254See also: Lindsay Manufacturing Company, Platte County, Nebraska.

176
yield several commercially valuable products, including the radioactive metal
thorium.255 The Manhattan Engineer District and later the Atomic Energy
Commission purchased thorium from Lindsay. According to the the Lehman Brothers
Collection Contemporary Business Archives, Lindsay Chemical merged into American
Potash & Chemical Company in 1958.

Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation bought the merged company in 1967. 256

255 DOE: Argonne NL Report to the NRC. / Frigerio, Larson and Stowe; Subject: Thorium Residuals in
West Chicago, Illinois; September 1978. - 32 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/L/Lindsay_Light_and_Chemical_Co_-_IL_10/IL_10-2.pdf
256 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Update to the 1994 Community Involvement Plan for Residential
Areas and Kress Creek/West Branch DuPage River. Kerr-McGee Superfund Sites Cities of West Chicago
and Warrenville, DuPage County, Illinois. February 2009. - 27 pp.
- http://www.epa.gov/region5/cleanup/kerrmcgee/pdfs/kerrmcgee_ci_200902.pdf

177
The West Chicago factory was closed in 1973, and elevated radioactivity was found in
the vicinity in 1978. The area was declared a Superfund hazardous waste site in 1989,
and some of it has been converted to parkland, despite its radioactivity.
•IL Madison Site (Speculite) Madison AWE/DOE
•IL Metallurgical Laboratory Chicago - BE 1942-1946; AWE:1942-1946 - The
University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab) was involved in early
uranium metallurgical work as part of the Manhattan Project. The first self-
sustaining nuclear chain reaction was achieved at the university in a "pile" called the
Chicago Pile 1, built by Enrico Fermi and his Met Lab colleagues. The Met Lab is the
direct predecessor of Argonne National Laboratory into which all Met Lab functions
were transferred in 1946.
•IL Midwest Manufacturing Co. later Maytag Co. Galesburg East Galesbury
AWE - 1944 - A November 7, 1944, document indicates that Midwest Manufacturing
worked on the "self-lubricating draw die" which was related to metal fabrication for
the Manhattan Project.

178
•IL Museum of Science and Industry Chicago AWE - 1946-1953 - Portions of the
East Pavilion of the Museum of Science and Industry were used by employees of the
Metallurgical Laboratory and the Argonne National Laboratory.

179
180
•IL National Guard Armory257 Chicago AWE/DOE - 1942-1951 - In the 1940s, the
Manhattan Project leased the National Guard Armory from the State of Illinois for
uranium processing and radioactive material storage, l, resulting in uranium metal
and dry uranium oxide contamination. Metallurgical operations were conducted by the
University of Chicago, an MED contractor. In 1951, the site was returned to the State
of Illinois.
•IL Podbeliniac Corp.258 Chicago AWE - 1957 - In 1957, National Lead Company of
Ohio (Fernald) used equipment at the Podbeliniac Corp. to conduct an extraction
experiment using uranium in solution.
•IL Precision Extrusion Co.259 Bensenville AWE - 1949-1950; 1956-1959 - Precision
Extrusion was involved in several projects for the Atomic Energy Commission and
Argonne National Laboratory, including fuel plates for the Argonaut Reactor.260 From
1949 to 1950, it extruded experimental fuel channel tubes from aluminum and
aluminum-lithium alloys.
•IL Quality Hardware and Machine Co.261 Chicago AWE - 1944-1945 - Quality
Hardware had a contract to support the University of Chicago. The company canned
experimental unbonded uranium slugs for Hanford.
•IL R. Krasburg and Sons Manufacturing Co. Chicago AWE - 1944 - In 1944, R.
Krasberg entered into a subcontract with the University of Chicago for services and
supplies for the Metallurgical Laboratory. The subcontract required Krasberg to
provide necessary personnel, facilities and equipment to produce special machining of
parts for special equipment, tools, jigs, fixtures, etc., from materials furnished by the
University.
•IL Sciaky Brothers, Inc.262 Chicago DOE - 1953 - In 1953, Argonne National
Laboratory suggested that Sciaky Brothers was to be used to perform a stitch welding

257 Formerly Utilized MED/AEC Sites Remedial Action Program: Radiological Survey of The National
Guard Armory at Washington Park, 52nd St. & Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago, IL, 9/19/77 - 10/11/78;
Jan. 1983. - 137 pp.
258 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
259 DOD: Argonne National Laboratory Letter; Lonergan and McKee to J.Novak; Subject: Extrusion of
uranium billets - Including a radiological survey; August 12, 1958. - 9 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/P/Precision_Extrusion_Co_-_IL_20/IL_20-3.pdf
260 The original Argonaut (Argonne Nuclear Assembly for University Training) was built at Argonne National
Laboratory. The Argonaut design was developed by Argonne, and the original Argonaut reactor was built
at Argonne and went critical for the first time on February 9, 1957. This 10-kW water cooled and moder -
ated reactor was built to teach reactor theory and nuclear physics to university students and operated at
Argonne until 1972, when it was shutdown, dismantled, and shipped to Taiwan to continue its mission of
training students.
Argonaut reactor databook : A compilation of experimental and theoretical results of work done with, or re -
lated to, the Argonaut Reactor to July 1960. / W J Sturm; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.; Argonne Na-
tional Laboratory. Lemont, III. : Argonne National Laboratory, 1961.
261 DOE Report; FUSRAP Elimination Report for Former Quality Hardware and Machine Company;
5823/5849 North Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago, Illinois; July 1990. - 6 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Q/Quality_Hardware_and_Machine_Co_-_IL_11/IL_11-4.pdf
DOE: Survey Report; Radiological Survey at 5823/5849 Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago, Illinois; October
1989. - 34 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Q/Quality_Hardware_and_Machine_Co_-_IL_11/IL_11-3.pdf
262 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; Young to the File; Subject: Elimination Recommendation; November
18, 1987. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/S/Sciaky_Brothers_Inc_-_IL_0-06/IL_0-06-2.pdf

181
operation for a uranium cord, zirconium clad specimen EBR irradiation.

•IL Swenson Evaporator Co.263 Harvey AWE - 1951 - Swenson Evaporator was
scheduled to perform a raffinate spray drying test for National Lead Company of Ohio
(NLO) on March 20, 1951 that was later cancelled.

263 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; D.Levine to the File; Subject: Elimination Recommendation; May 15,
1987. - 4 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/S/Swenson_Evaporator_Co_-_IL_23/IL_23-1.pdf

182
•IL Taylor Springs Site264 Taylor Springs Hillsborough BE - A significant amount of
the slag within the facility is stored in a waste pile that occupies approximately 2.5
acres and a shallow waste pile that occupies approximately 9.1 acres. Contaminants of
concern associated with the slag pile are metals, primarily arsenic, beryllium,
264 Map: http://www.epa.gov/region5/cleanup/asarcots/pdfs/asarco-figure-10-22.pdf
EPA: Sampling Project is Next Step in Cleanup Process: ASARCO Taylor Springs Site. Taylor Springs,
Illinois. October 2011. - 2 pp. - http://www.epa.gov/region5/cleanup/asarcots/pdfs/asarcots-fs-201110.pdf

183
cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc.

•IL University of Chicago Chicago AWE/DOE - Manhattan Project: Metallurgical

Laboratory. Now the University of Chicago operates the Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory .
•IL University of Chicago George Herbert Jones Laboratory Room 405 AWE
- As part of the Manhattan Project, University of Chicago chemists began to study the
newly manufactured radioactive element, plutonium. Room 405 was the site where, for
the first time, a trace quantity of this new element was isolated and measured in
September 1942.
•IL University of Chicago Physics Department AWE - Manhattan Project.
•IL W.E. Pratt Manufacturing Co.265 Joliet AWE - 1943-1946 - The W.E. Pratt
Manufacturing Company performed metal fabrication tasks (machining and grinding)
for the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory beginning in the spring of
1943. The purpose of the machining done by Pratt was to speed up delivery of pieces
for the experimental pile and to learn all that could be learned about handing
uranium metal in turret lathes and automatic screw machines. In 1944, Pratt was
265 DOE: Survey Report, Radiological Survey at 18 Henderson Street, Joliet, Illinois, M.R. Landis,
October 1989. - 41 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/W/W_E_Pratt_Manufacturing_Co_-_IL_12/IL_12-3.pdf
DOE: Report, FUSRAP Elimination Report For Former William Pratt Manufacturing Company, 18
Henderson Street, Joliet, Illinois, July 1990. - 6 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/W/W_E_Pratt_Manufacturing_Co_-_IL_12/IL_12-4.pdf

184
subcontracted by the University of Chicago to finish “short metal rods” by centerless
grinding. This work continued until June 30, 1946. The Manhattan Engineer District
History indicates that DuPont placed an order with Pratt to turn and grind unbonded
Hanford slugs.
•IL Wycoff Drawn Steel Co.266 or Wyckoff Drawn Steel Co. Chicago AWE - 1943 -
In 1943, the Metallurgical Laboratory conducted experiments of centerless grinding
equipment on uranium. Also there was a Wyckoff Steel Co. in New Jersey.
•IN American Bearing Corp.267 Indianapolis AWE 1954-1959; Residual Radiation
1960-1983 - American Bearing Corp. was selected to participate in the machining of a
sample lot of four hollow extrusion uranium billets from ingots for National Lead of
Ohio (Fernald). Subsequently, National Lead used the Special Products Area of Amer-
ican Bearing to process uranium materials in the late 1950s. In May 1959, National
Lead Industries (NLI), Nuclear Division was formed in Albany (Colonie), NY, and this
work was moved to this NLI facility.

266 Energy Worker's Compensation Program, the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Public Affairs, 2001.
WASHINGTON - The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying all current and former workers of 22 atomic
weapons employers in or near Chicago, Ill., about benefits that may be available to them under the
Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act administered by the department's
Division of Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation. Employees of the following sites may
be eligible: GSA 39th Street Warehouse, Quality Hardware and Machine Co., Sciaky Brothers Inc., Great
Lakes Carbon Corp., Crane Co., Armour Research Foundation, Lindsay Light and Chemical Co.,
Precision Extrusion Co., W.E. Pratt Manufacturing Co., C-B Tool Products Co., ERA Tool and Engineering
Co., International Register, Museum of Science and Industry, Podbeliniac Corp, R. Krasburg and Sons
Manufacturing Co., Wyckoff Drawn Steel Co., National Guard Armory, Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.,
Kaiser Aluminum Corp., American Machine and Metals Inc., Midwest Manufacturing Co. and Swenson
Evaporator Co.- http://conference.iml.org/page.cfm?key=4678&parent=2657&section=11
267 DOE: Letter; Wagoner to Goldsmith; Subject: American Bearing Corp. Information; January 13, 1995.
- 1 p.
'DOE studied the historical-records of the former American Searing Corp. site, and it determined that it did~
not have the authority to to perform remediation at the site. This conclusion is derived from the fact,that'
the facility was licensed to handle nuclear materials.'
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/American_Bearing_Corp_-_IN_09/IN_09-2.pdf

185
•IN Dakota County NIKE Missile Site268 AWE - The NIKE missile site was built in
1959. It was one of four bases constructed during the Cold War era to defend the Twin
Cities from possible enemy aircraft attacks. A waste-water treatment plant formerly
operated by the U.S. Army is considered part of the missile site. The NIKE site closed
in 1972.

268 Health Consultation: Nike MSP 40 Integrated Fire Control (A/k/a Former Nike Integrated Fire Control)
Farmington, Dakota County, Minnesota. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Health Assessment and Consultation. April 27, 1998.
- 9 pp. Atlanta, Georgia. - http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/sites/dakota/nike0498.pdf

186
•IN Dana Heavy Water Plant or Wabash River Ordnance Works269 Newport
AWE - 1943-1957 - Most of the heavy water for the US. nuclear weapons programs
was made at two sites: the Dana Heavy Water Plant and the Savannah River Heavy
Water Plant.270 The Dana Heavy Water Plant was designed and built by the Girdler
Corporation271 (under direction from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) and oper-
ated by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

269 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; Jones to the File; Subject: Elimination Report - Wabash River; October
15, 1985. - 3 99.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/W/Wabash_River_Ordnance_Works_-_IN_03/IN_03-1.pdf
'Eliminated - Facility owned by the Army - No indication of radioactive materials handled '
U.S. Army BRAC 2005: Environmental Condition of Property Report Newport Chemical Depot –
Indiana. Volume I. October 2008. - 164 pp.
- http://www.hqda.army.mil/acsimweb/brac/EA_DOCS/EA_final/NECD_ECP_VolumeI-Final.pdf
270 Savannah River Site Cold War Historic Property Documentation. Narrative and Photography 400/d
area – heavy water production, Aiken County, South Carolina / Report prepared by: New South
Associates, Mary Beth Reed and Mark T. Swanson. 2008. - 236 pp.
- http://nationalregister.sc.gov/SurveyReports/HC02002.pdf
Heavy Water for the Savannah River Site. / J. W. (Bill) Morris, William P. Bebbington, Robert G. Garvin,
Mal C. Schroder, and W. C. Scotten. WSRC-MS-2000-00061. - 8 pp.
- http://www.c-n-t-a.com/srs50_files/011morris.pdf
271 The Girdler Corporation, formerly The Helium Company of Louisville, had a Research and Development
Laboratory, Gas Processes Division in Louisville, Kentucky in 1950.
- http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADB201764

187
The plant operated until May 1957, and remained on standby until July 1959. The site
used a combination of hydrogen sulfide-water chemical exchange, water distillation,
and electrolysis processes to make heavy water. In April 1961, the U.S. Army
converted the former Dana Heavy Water Production Plant in Newport, to produce the
nerve agent VX as a deterrent to other countries using chemical weapons against
American soldiers and their allies. The VX plant produced approximately 4, 400 tons
of VX during operations between 1961 and 1968. In 1997 the U.S. Congress ratified
the Chemical Weapons Convention requiring destruction of chemical weapons
stockpiles and non-stockpile chemical material, including the one in Newport.
Destruction of the former production facility was completed in 2006.
•IN General Electric Plant 272Shelbyville AWE - 1956 - In 1956, this facility
handled thorium metal under subcontract to National Lead of Ohio (Fernald).

272 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

188
•IN Joslyn Manufacturing and Supply Co. 273 Ft. Wayne AWE - 1944-1952 - Joslyn
273 Health Consultation: Middle Twin Lake fish tissue study. Joslyn manufacturing and supply com-
pany site city of Brooklyn Center, Hennepin County, Minnesota / Prepared by: The Minnesota De-

189
rolled uranium rods from billets for use by the MED and the AEC in weapons
production. The grounds, buildings, and some equipment used during the uranium
operations are presently being utilized by Joslyn. The furnaces were removed at the
conclusion of the AEC contract. The equipment used in cutting, grinding,
straightening, and threading is gone, and new concrete floors now cover these areas.
The uranium billet storage area is presently [1980] used as a roll shop, and the 36-cm
rolling mill is still in operation. The 46-cm mill was sold to AMEX Speciality Metal
Corporation, Coldwater, Michigan, and the 23-cm mill was brokered through the T. B.
Hudson Company and was believed to have been shipped to Sonora, Mexico. 'From
1928 to 1981 Joslyn Manufacturing Company owned and operated a steel mill at 2302
and 2400 Taylor Street (formerly known as 1701 McKinley Avenue) in Fort Wayne,
Indiana (collectively "the site")274. [DE 28-1 at 1; DE 28-2 at 11-13]. Plaintiffs--the
site's current owners--claim that Defendants, Joslyn Manufacturing Company and its
parent company and/or successors, contaminated the site's soil and groundwater with
chlorinated solvents, metals, and other contaminants during the course of the steel
mill's operation. Seeking to recover for cleanup costs that they have incurred or expect
to incur, Plaintiffs seek contribution under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a) ("CERCLA" or
"Superfund"), and under Indiana's Environmental Legal Action statute, Ind. Code §§
13-30-9-1 et seq. ("ELA"). [DE 1 at 5, 6]. Plaintiffs also seek a declaratory judgment
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 57, declaring that
Defendants "are and will be liable for future costs, expenses, damages and attorneys'
fees which are necessary to address and respond to the hazardous substances that
continue to exist at or near the Site." [DE 1 at 7].'

partment of Health Under Cooperative Agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Re-
gistry U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2006. - 31 pp.
- http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/sites/hennepin/joslynhc706.pdf
DOE: Report (ORNL); Preliminary Survey of Joslyn Stainless Steel Company, Fort Wayne, Indiana;
March 1980. - 10 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/J/Joslyn_Stainless_Steel_Co_-_IN_01/IN_01-2.pdf
274 Valbruna Slater Steel Corp. and Fort Wayne steel corp., plaintiffs, v. Joslyn Manufacturing co., et al.,
defendants.
- http://in.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20110411_0000349.NIN.htm/qx

190
•IN Purdue University Van der Graaf Lab. 275 Lafayette AWE - 1942-1946 -
Purdue was involved in nuclear physics research during the Manhattan Project.
•IN Wash-Rite Indianapolis DOE 19553-1954 - Conducted washing test to
decontaminate gloves and recover uranium.
• KS Fort Leavenworth Nike Battery Kansas City AWE

275 DOE: Letter; Wagoner to Riehle; Subject: Purdue University Van Der Graaf Laboratory Information;
December 20, 1994. - 1 p.
'DOE's has studied the historical records of the former Purdue University Van der.Graaf Laboratory site and
we have concluded that further investigations of the site are not necessary because of,the limited scope
of the activities performed there.'
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/P/Purdue_University_Van_Der_Graaf_Laboratory_-_IN_02/IN_02-
2.pdf
Prime Lab: A Dedicated AMS Facility at Purdue University / David Elmore, F. A. Rickey, P. C. Simms, M.
E. Lipschutzi, K A. Mueller and T. E. Miller. Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana. Radiocarbon, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1992, p. 447-451.

191
•KS Kansas City Plant Kansas City DOE – 1949-. The Kansas City Plant (KCP) is
situated on approximately 141 acres of the 300-acre Bannister Federal complex
located within the city limits, 12 miles south of downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The
plant shares the site with nine other Federal agencies. The KCP is a major operational
facility engaged in the production of non-nuclear weapons components for the
Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear weapons program. The principal mission of
Allied Signal Federal Manufacturing and Technologies/Kansas City (ASFM&T/KC),
the integrating contractor, is to serve DOE by producing and procuring non-nuclear
electric, electronic, electromechanical, mechanical, plastic, and non-fissionable metal
components for the DOE nuclear weapons program.

192
 Source: Kansas Historical Society

•KS Spencer Chemical Co., / Jayhawks Works276 Pittsburg DOE 1958-1961 -

Spencer Chemical Company / Jayhawk Works, formerly known as the Jayhawk Works
Site, was originally used as an ordnance plant during World War II. During 1948, the
U.S. Government converted the facility into Spencer Chemical Company, Kansas,
which was a 1,600 acre site located in the southeastern corner of Kansas. Spencer
Chemical Company manufactured ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, polyethyl-
ene, nylon, urea, methanol, and other similar products. Spencer had been operating as
a Uranium Oxide Pilot Plant since December 1, 1957. Since December 1957, Spencer
was licensed by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to possess enriched uranium
and thorium. The AEC licenses allowed Spencer Chemical Company to receive UF 6
and to process it into enriched uranium oxides and uranium carbides in the physical
form of fused ceramic pellets and finely divided powder.
•KY Knoxville Iron Co.277 Knoxville DOE - Provided goods and/or services to the
Fernald facility as subcontractor
276 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00089: / Joe Guido, 2008. - 39 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/spencjhawk/spencerer.pdf
277 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

193
• KY Maxey Flats Nuclear Disposal Site278 Hillsboro DOE 1963-1977 - The
Commonwealth of Kentucky, under authorities granted by the U.S. Government,
licensed private operators, Nuclear Engineering Company, Inc., to dispose of low-level
radioactive wastes from military ships and facilities, hospitals, universities, and
corporations in landfill facilities on the property. An estimated five million cubic feet
of material were disposed of at the site. Some highly radioactive wastes were included
with the lower-level radioactive wastes. Approximately 533,000 pounds of source
material consisting of uranium and thorium or ores containing them; 2.5 megacuries
of by-product materials; and 950 pounds of special nuclear material including
plutonium and enriched uranium were buried in an area known as the Restricted
Area.

278 DOE: Maxey Flats Nuclear Disposal Site Fact Sheet. Undated. - 3 pp.

194
•KY Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant279 Paducah DOE - 1951-1998 - The Depart-
ment of Energy’s Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant opened in 1952 to enrich uranium
for nuclear weapons. During the plant’s Cold War history, more than one million tons
of uranium was processed. Construction of the Paducah plant began in 1951 in re-
sponse to the increased demand for highly-enriched uranium resulting from nuclear
weapons production. Initial operations began in 1952 and full Operation was reached
by 1955. In addition to producing enriched uranium for weapons production, the plant
also supplied enriched uranium for the Navy and for commercial fuel. The Paducah
Plant also acted as the uranium hexafluoride feed point for all gaseous diffusion
plants until 1964. Throughout the course of its operations, the potential for beryllium
exposure existed at this site. According to GAO, since 1988, DOE has spent $823 mil-
lion, adjusted to fiscal year 2002 constant dollars, on the Paducah cleanup program.
•LA Ethyl Corporation now Albemarle Corporation Baton Rouge BE - 1967-1971
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory purchased beryllium from the Ethyl
Corporation, Baton Rouge.

279GAO: Nuclear Waste Cleanup: Preliminary Observations on DOE’s Cleanup of the Paducah Uranium
Enrichment Plant, 2004. - 15 pp.
Former Worker Medical Surveillance Program at Department of Energy Gaseous Diffusion Plants.
Phase I: Needs Assessment./ Robert Wages, Steven Markowitz, Sylvia Kieding, Mark Griffon, Elizabeth
Averill, 1997. - 215 pp.
State-Corporate Crime and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant / Alan pp. Bruce, Paul J. Becker.
Western Criminology Review 8(2), 29–43 (2007).

195
•LA Barksdale Air Force Base280 Bossier City AWE - Former AEC sites - On
November 1, 1949, Barksdale was reassigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC), and
became home of Headquarters Second Air Force.
•MA American Potash & Chemical or National Fireworks Ordnance Corp. Na-
tional Northern Div.281 West Hanover AWE - 1959 -1961 - American Potash and
Chemical Company (sometimes abbreviated as AMPOT) was a large chemical manu-
facturer in the United States from the 1920s through the 1960s. It produced various
chemicals for US industry and the US military and conducted uranium metal shaping
and uranium-magnesium explosive forming studies for the Union Carbide Nuclear
Corporation, Oak Ridge. In 1967 AMPOT was bought by Kerr-McGee. Around 1970
Kerr-McGee reorganized and AMPOT became the Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation
which in 2006 was spun off as Tronox.

280 The Barksdale Air Force Base Historic District. Project: History and Maintenance Plan. / Don Ker-
mat et al. US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1995. - 180 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a304695.pdf
281 DOE: Memorandum; Williams to The File; Subject: Elimination of the American Potash and Chemical
Site; May 21, 1991. - 2 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/N/National_Fireworks_Ordnance_Corp_-_MA_13/MA_13-1.pdf

196
•MA C.G. Sargent & Sons Graniteville AWE - 1968 - C.G. Sargents and Sons Com-
pany performed extruder and drying oven tests with thorium for National Lead of

197
Ohio (Fernald). It also conducted a uranium sump cake drying test for NLO.
•MA Chapman Valve282 Indian Orchard AWE/DOE - 1948-1949 - Chapman Valve
supplied valves to the MED and the AEC. In 1948, Chapman Valve machined
uranium rods into slugs for the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Uranium slugs were
used as reactor fuel.
•MA Edgerton Germeshausen & Grier, Inc. Boston AWE - 1950-1953 - EG&G was
under contract to the AEC during the period from 1950-1953 for "research and
development and manufacturing incident to the installation of scientific test
instrumentation at AEC test sites; design, manufacture, test, maintenance of
operations systems, weapons systems; and participation in weapons test evaluation."
•MA Fenwal, Inc.283 Ashland AWE - 1967-1968 - In 1967 and 1968, National Lead of
Ohio (Fernald) asked Fenwal to conduct tests aimed at determining the capabilities of
Fenwal's fire extinguishing equipment for suppressing fires originating in uranium
contaminated magnesium. The tests were conducted at Fenwal facilities and involved
small amounts of uranium.

282 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
283 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

198
•MA Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology284 Boston BE - 1962 - The
Franklin Institute conducted a study for the Division of Reactor Development of the
United States Atomic Energy Commission in 1962.

•MA Heald Machine Co.285 Worcester AWE - 1960 - National Lead of Ohio (Fernald)
conducted tests on a drilling machine at the Heald facility. The tests involved drilling
a few uranium slugs on the machine which Fernald intended to purchase. In May,
1960 an engineering acceptance test was conducted at Heald Machine Company to
demonstrate the capability of a “multi-bore” drilling machine to drill four uranium
slugs at a time. 100 solid uranium cylinder test pieces were contracted to be run,
provided by NLO, along with the drill bits. There are no records of the actual number
tested. There also are no records of any other work involving uranium at this site
other than the May 1960 period. The actual test dates where uranium was processed
are May 17-19, 1960. Decontamination was conducted from May 19-20, 1960, and is
described as having no contamination above background level.
•MA La Pointe Machine and Tool Co.286 Hudson DOE - 1956 - National Lead of
Ohio (Fernald) conducted a single test involving the use of uranium metal on a
broaching machine and an arbor press at the La Pointe Machine Tool Company
facility.

284 Radioisotope shielding design manual / William H Steigelmann; Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.).
Laboratories for Research and Development.; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Division of Technical In-
formation. - Washington, D.C.: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Isotopes Develop-
ment ; [Springfield, Va. : Available from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientifice and Technical Informa-
tion], 1963.
285 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that
Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix BD – Heald Machine Company, 2007. - 8 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apbd-r0.pdf
286 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that
Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix BO – LaPointe Machine & Tool Co., 2007. - 9 pp. -
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apbo-r0.pdf

199
•MA Massachusetts Institute of Technology287 Cambridge AWE/BE - 1946-1963 -
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) began experimental work on produ-
cing uranium metal in the spring of 1942 using a process involving melting and cast-
ing. It is this uranium metallurgical work which took place on the MIT campus by
MIT employees that supports its designation as an Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE).
MIT is also designated as a beryllium vendor. MIT's work with beryllium was known
as the "Metallurgical Project" and started when it entered into a research and develop-
ment contract with the Manhattan Engineer District (MED). The Metallurgical Pro-
ject involved studying the characteristics of beryllium metal and attempting to make a
satisfactory beryllium-uranium alloy. In addition, beryllium oxide crucibles were made
for use by the MED.

287 Smithsonian Videohistory Collection: The Manhattan Project (RU 9531).

'This collection consists of eighteen interview sessions, separated into five collection divisions, totalling
approximately 47:00 hours of recordings, and 1188 pages of transcript.
- http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9531.html

200
After a number of its employees contracted beryllium disease, MIT consolidated the
activities described above in an off-campus site known as the Hood Building, which is
a separate covered facility under the EEOICPA. The transition to the Hood Building
was complete by the fall of 1946.288 In 1946, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) relocated the work it had been performing under Manhattan Engineer District
(MED) contracts into The 155 Massachusetts Avenue facility or the Hood Building as
a means of consolidating work with unique health hazards. The MED, and sub-
sequently the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) owned the Hood Building, which was
located adjacent to the MIT campus. Contractors working in the Hood Building per-
formed the same work that was previously performed on MIT's campus, including
work with uranium, beryllium and other metals under contract with the MED and
AEC. In 1954 Nuclear Metals Inc. was established and took over the work that MIT
had been performing in the Hood Building. Those operations continued until October
29, 1958, when the work was relocated again. The Hood Building was subsequently
demolished after which the AEC released it to its new owners on July 11, 1963. Con -
tractors: MIT (1946-1954); Nuclear Metals, Inc. (1954-1958).
288 National Archives: Textual Records from the Office for Emergency Management. War Assets Ad-
ministration. Region 1. Office of Real Property. (1946 - 1949): NARA's Northeast Region (Boston),
Waltham, MA Series from Record Group 270: Records of the War Assets Administration, 1939 - 1958
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00101:
Hood Building in Cambridge, MA. / James Mahathy, 2009. - 34 pp
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/mit/hooder.pdf

201
•MA Metals and Controls Corp.289 Attleboro DOE - 1952-1967 - Records indicate
that Metals and Controls Corporation fabricated fuel elements for production reactors,
but it is unclear whether its work related to the nuclear weapons complex. For ex-
ample, Metals and Controls Corporation fabricated uranium foils for reactor experi-
ments and fuel components, fabricated complete reactor cores for the Naval Reactors
program, and fabricated uranium fuel elements for experimental and research react-
ors. Records indicate shipments of depleted uranium between Rocky Flats and M&C
during the period from 1955-1958. Waste from the former Metals & Controls was
dumped at the former Shpack landfill at the Norton-Attleboro line.
•MA National Research Corp. Cambridge AWE - 1944-1952 - National Research
had Manhattan Engineer District experience in working with vacuum centrifugal
castings, in developing jets and baffles for diffusion pumps, and in developing cold trap
systems. National Research's work with vacuum centrifugal castings involved casting
tubealloy (uranium metal) using the "lost wax" technique. In 1948, National Research
did work for Mallinckrodt involving the vacuum melting of approximately 500 pounds
of uranium.

•MA Norton Co.290 Worcester AWE/BE - BE 1944-1956; AWE 1945-1957 - Between

289 National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP): SEC Petition Evaluation Report
Petition SEC-00149: Metals and Controls Corp.. / Joseph S. Guido. 2009. - 33 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/metcont/metconter.pdf
Metals and Controls Corp. workers who fell ill may be eligible for benefits./ Gerry Tuoti.
GateHouse News Service, Posted Jan 28, 2010
'Taunton — People who worked with radioactive materials at the former Metals and Controls Corp. —
including those from Taunton — and were diagnosed with certain types of cancer may be eligible for up to
$150,000 in compensation and benefits under a federal program administered by the U.S. Department of
Labor. '
290 Draft: A Focused Review of the Norton Company SEC Petition Evaluation Report SEC-00173 Con-
cerning the Use of ORAUT-OTIB-0070 for the Reconstruction of Doses from Residual/Post-Opera-
tional Contamination. / U. Hans Behling. S. Cohen & Associates. Vienna, VA, 2011. - 14 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/scarpts/sca-norton-173-r0.pdf

202
1945 and 1957, the Norton Company conducted Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE) ra-
diological operations that involved the use of unspecified quantities of UO 2, U3O8, and
thorium. Norton manufactured also refractory products from boron, beryllium, urani-
um, thorium, and magnesium oxide for the MED and the AEC. As early as 1943,
Norton was providing boron to the SAM laboratory. Documents show that Norton
began working with beryllium for the MED in approximately September 1944 and
that work with beryllium continued through 1956. Work with thorium and uranium
continued through 1957 at Norton's Worcester location. Norton continued to manufac-
ture refractory products until at least 1965 for the AEC weapons complex, including
Rocky Flats, Hanford and Y-12. However, after 1957 these contracts specified that the
refractory products were to be made out of magnesium oxide.

•MA Nuclear Metals, Inc.291. Concord AWE/BE - BE 1954-1986; AWE 1958-990 -

Nuclear Metals, Inc. was incorporated in 1954. Its work evolved out of the MIT's
Metallurgical Laboratory. On October 29, 1958 the company moved its operations from
the Hood Building in Cambridge (which is a separate covered facility under the
EEOICPA) to their new Concord location. The company's current name is Starmet. In
1958, Nuclear Metals began operating as a facility that produced depleted uranium
products, primarily as penetrators for armor-piercing ammunition. It also supplied
copper-plated uranium billets that were used to fuel Savannah River's production re-
actors. Other work at this facility included the manufacture of metal powders for med-
ical applications, photocopiers and other applications. Thorium and thorium oxide was
also handled at the site under license to the NRC. During the period from 1962-1986,
Nuclear Metals was the sole source supplier for beryllium alloy end closure fuel ele-
ment rings used in the “N” Reactor in Richland.
•MA Reed Rolled Thread and Die Co.292 Worcester AWE - 1955 - In 1955, Reed
291 George Matthews: CEO and Chairman of the Board. Nuclear Metals, Inc. 229 Main Street. Age 66. Inter -
viewed November 22, 1996. Interviewed for the Nuclear Metals Archives and the Concord Oral
History Program. Renee Garrelick, Interviewer.
292 DOE: OTS/Weston Note; Stout to Williams; Subject: Additional Considered Sites; December 18, 1990.
- 2 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/R/Reed_Rolled_Thread_Co_-_MA_18/MA_18-2.pdf

203
Rolled Thread and Die was scheduled to thread roll a test lot of 1500 Savannah River
plant slugs for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald).

•MA Shpack Landfill293 Norton and Attleboro AWE/DOE - 1960-1965 - The Shpack
Landfill began operating as a private landfill in the early 1960s and received both in-
dustrial and domestic wastes. The landfill was closed in 1965 under court order. In
1978, a concerned citizen who had detected elevated radiation levels at the site contac-
ted the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Commission investigated the site and
confirmed the presence of radioactivity in excess of natural background levels for the
area. Exactly when these contaminants were deposited at the site is not known. The
ORNL survey confirmed NRC results, which indicated that the main radioactive
contaminants are radium-226, uranium-234, uranium-235, and uranium-238. On the
basis of field observations field laboratory analysis, the uranium and radium do not
appear to have a common source. The radium is thought to have originated from the
manufacture of electronic switches for military applications (Bechtel National, Inc.
1982). Depleted, normal, and enriched uranium were found in contaminated st)il and
metal objects. Uranium isotope concentration ratios (uranium-238:uranium-234:urani-
um-235) found in Shpack site soils range from 1:120:7.7 for enriched uranium to
1:0.17:0.016 for depleted uranium. 294 However, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
293 DOE Radiological Survey of the Shpack Landfill, Norton, Massachusetts / W. D. Cottrell et al. 1981.
- 173 pp. - http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/5802644-2bXDrp/5802644.pdf
294 Derivation of guidelines for uranium residual radioactive material for the Shpack Landfill, Norton,

204
determined that the Texas Instruments plant (see Metals and Controls Corp.) of Attle-
boro had used the landfill to dispose of trash and other materials. The Nuclear Regu-
latory Commission concluded that the contaminants probably resulted from this waste
stream.
•MA Stony Brook Air Force Sta-
tion295, Westover AFB AWE - National
Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Site, one of
five in the United States, and the nuc-
lear weapons storage and maintenance
facility for Westover Air Force Base
alert.

Massachusetts. / Cheng, J.J. ; Yu, C. ; Monette, F. ; Jones, L. . Argonne National Lab., IL. 1991. - 25 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/6124315-0vRPww/6124315.pdf
295 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989),
2008. - 200 pp.
- http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf
Nuclear Weapons Maintenance and Storage at Stony Brook Air Force Station. Excerpt from "History of
the Strategic Air Command, 1 January 1958 – 30 June 1958, Historical Study No. 73, Volume I"
- http://www.3084adg.us/Nuclear%20Weapons%20Section.pdf

205
•MA Ventron Corporation Beverly AWE/DOE - 1942-1948 - From 1942 to 1948,
Metal Hydrides Corp.296 was under contract to the Manhattan Engineer District and
the AEC to convert uranium oxide to uranium metal powder. This work, as well as
later operations to recover uranium from scrap and turnings from a fuel fabrication
plant at Hanford, was conducted at a foundry at the site. During this period, Metal
Hydrides was the AEC's primary uranium scrap recovery contractor. The plant is
currently owed by the Ventron Division of Morton International.

•MA Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center 297 Winchester DOE - 1952-
1961 - The Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center, built in 1952 under spon-
sorship of the AEC, was used to continue development of methods for extraction of
uranium and thorium form ore and to prepare metal grade uranium tetrafluoride.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) began the work in 1946 at Cambridge,
MA and continued the work after it was transferred later that year to Watertown Ar-
senal, Watertown298, MA. American Cyanamid Company succeeded MIT in operating
296 DOE: Radiological Survey Results at 15 Cliff Street, Beverly, Massachusetts (VB014) / R. D. Foley
and R. F. Carder. 1992. - 20 pp. - http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10180507-rmBFMe/10180507.pdf
Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP): Post-Remedial Action Report for the
Remedial Action at the Ventron Site. Beverly, Massachusetts. 2003. - 82 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Beverly/MA_04-7.pdf
297 Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program: Elimination Report for Winchester Engineering and
Analytical Center (Northeastern Radiological Health Laboratory) Winchester, Massachusetts. Undated. -
18 pp.
298 Formerly utilized MED/AEC sites remedial action program : Radiological survey of the Building Site
421, United States Watertown Arsenel, Watertown, MA / prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, As-
sistant Secretary for Environment, Division of Environmental Control Technology ; by Argonne National
Laboratory, 1980. - 66 pp.

206
the project at Watertown Arsenal from 1951 until October 1952, when it was trans-
ferred to the Winchester Facility. In 1954, National Lead Company, Inc. took over op-
erations. Beginning in 1959, facility use shifted to laboratory testing of environmental
analysis methods pertaining to uranium waste. In 1961, the work was discontinued,
and the facility was transferred to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare
(HEW) for use as a low-level environmental radiation surveillance laboratory and for
analysis of radiopharmaceuticals. The facility is now run by the Food and Drug
Administration. Contractors: National Lead Company (1954-1961); American Cyan-
mid (1952-1954).
•MA Woburn Landfill299 Woburn AWE -
1955-1960 - Fifty 55-gallon drums of low
grade uranium ore were buried at the
Woburn site. The material came from the
AEC Raw Materials Development Labor-
atory (see the Winchester Engineering
and Analytical Center) operated by the
National Lead Company from 1955-1960.

•MA Watertown Arsenal300, Building No.

100, Watertown, Middlesex AWE - In 1959-
1960, the Horace Hardy Lester Reactor was
constructed on site, for material research
programs, and operated there until 1970.
ARL-Watertown was formerly the Materiels
Technology Laboratory (MTL) and the Ma-
teriel and Mechanics Research Center. The
NRC licensed MTL to research and develop
alloys and to explore military applications of
DU.
•MA Wyman Gordon Forgings Inc. Grayton,
North Grafton BE - 1959-1965 – Wyman Gordon
supplied beryllium powder forgings and beryllium
blanks to the Rocky Flats plant and beryllium metal
and parts to the Y-12 plant. Now, WG' s North
Grafton plant, located at 244 Worcester Street
(Route 122), manufactures large metal parts,
primarily for the military and the aerospace in-
dustry. Operations conducted at the plant include forging, milling, and etching.

299 Evaluation of Environmental Concerns and Cancer Incidence, 2000-2003, Related to the Woburn
Landfill in Woburn, Middlesex County, Massachusetts: Woburn sanitary Landfill. Massachusetts De-
partment of Public Health. Bureau of Environmental Health. Community Assessment Program. Boston,
Massachusetts. Undated. - 145 pp.
300 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency: Final Third Five-Year Review / Report. U.S. Army Materials
Technology Laboratory Watertown, Massachusetts. January 2011. 158 pp.
- http://www.epa.gov/region1/superfund/sites/amtl/454689.pdf

207
•MD Aberdeen Proving Ground301 Aberdeen AWE formerly Sandy Hook Proving
Ground - Tests of DU. Nuclear weapons at the Aberdeen Proving Ground included the
Davy Crockett and the W54 Nuclear Warhead. Also there was the Ballistic Research
Laboratory, now the United States Army Research Laboratory, and the Edgewood
Chemical Activity located at the proving ground.
•MD Armco-Rustless Iron & Steel Co.302 Baltimore AWE - 1948 - Armco-Rustless
Iron and Steel Co. rolled eight billets of uranium for the AEC. It was a one time test of
rolling.
•MD Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory 303 Baltimore DOE
-1951 suggested nuclear targets for the Far East Command. 304

301 WISE Uranium Project: Bibliography: Military Use of Depleted Uranium (DU). (last updated 30 Apr
2008) - http://www.wise-uranium.org/dlit.html
Oxenberg, Tanya Palmateer: Subsurface transformations of depleted uranium at Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Maryland. Ph.D., The John Hopkins University. 2007. - 364 pp. - http://gradworks.umi.com/3262364.pdf
'Approximately 130,000 kg of depleted uranium (DU) from ammunition testing have been deposited in soils
since 1974 and remain in the environment at Aberdeen Proving Ground.'
302 DOE Letter; Wallo to Campbell; Elimination of ARMCO Facility from Further Consideration Under
FUSRAP; November 17, 1987. - 1 p.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Armco-Rustless_Iron_and_Steel_-_MD_03/MD_03-1.pdf
'we are eliminating your site from further consideration under FUSRAP. The basis for the elimination Is the
fact that the operation was of short duration and only involved a limited amount of uranium. This coupled
with the fact that your company has performed several radiological surveys (for other activities) since the
time of the AEC activities, suggests that there is no potential residual radioactive material derived from
these activities to cause exposures that would exceed dose guidelines for the general public.'
303 The nuclear taboo: the United States and the non-use of nuclear weapons. / Nina Tannenwald.
Cambridge University Press, 2007 - 449 pp, partly here:
- http://wiki.victorybriefs.com/downloads/0816/Tannenwald_99_The_Nuclear_Taboo.pdf
304 War and state terrorism: the United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the long twentieth
century. / Mark Selden, Alvin Y. So. / Rowman & Littlefield, 2004 - 293 pp.
- http://books.google.dk/books/about/War_and_state_terrorism.html?hl=da&id=D0icvm2EQLIC

208
•MD Rogers Iron305 Joplin DOE - provided goods and/or services to the Fernald
facility as subcontractor.
•MD W.R. Grace and Company306 Curtis Bay AWE/DOE - 1955-1958 - Processing of
radioactive materials at W.R. Grace began in July 1955 when Rare Earths, Inc. (W.R.
Grace's predecessor) entered into a contract with the Atomic Energy Commission to
extract thorium and rare earths from naturally-occurring monazite sands. In 1956, the
AEC contract and Rare Earths' license to possess, transfer, and use radioactive
thorium were transferred to W.R. Grace & Company. The facility where thorium
processing took place (Building 23) operated until late spring of 1957, when W.R.
Grace and the AEC agreed to terminate the contract, effective January 31, 1958.
•ME Bath Iron Works307 Bath DOE -
The shipyard, owned by General Dy-
namics, has built warships which
later was nuclear weapons equipped
and The Aegis Ballistic Missile De-
fense System (BMD) role of the class
become that all ships of the class are
being updated with BMD capability.

Loring Air Force Base, Weapons Storage Area.

Source: Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress
305 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
306 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00182: W.R. Grace and Company (Maryland). / Ray Clark, Bob Coblentz, Jason Davis, Joe Guido.
2011. - 58 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/wrgracemd/wrgracemder-182-r0.pdf
307 Moving from a War Economy to a Peace Economy. / Mary Beth Sullivan Published in the January /
February 2012 Humanist.
- http://thehumanist.org/january-february-2012/moving-from-a-war-economy-to-a-peace-economy/

209
•ME Caribou Air Force Station or North River Depot and East Loring308, Lor-
ing AFB 1951-1962 - National Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Site It was an Operational
Storage Site for Air Materiel Command (AMC-OSS), one of five in the US, and the
nuclear weapons storage and maintenance facility for Loring alert aircraft. It was the
closest Air Force base on the east coast to Europe. It was originally built with a capa-
city of 100 B-36 Peacemaker bombers.
•ME Loring Air Force Base,
Limestone vicinity, Aroostook AWE -
Loring Air Force Base is a former
United States Air Force base that was
under the operational control of the
Strategic Air Command (SAC) for most
of its existence. In 1992, it was
transferred to the newly-established
Air Combat Command, and it was
finally closed as an active Air Force
installation in 1994. The Nuclear
Weapons Storage Area at Loring once
operated as a separate, top secret
facility. Originally called the North
River Depot, the remote area to the northeast of Loring’s property was the first US.
operational site specifically constructed for the storage, assembly, and testing of
atomic weapons.

308 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf

210
•MI [General Motors Co.] AC Spark Plug, Dort Highway Plant309 Flint BE - 1946-
1947 - There was also a small amount of thorium procurement related to AC Spark
Plug in the 1946-1947 timeframe.
•MI Baker-Perkins Co.310 Saginaw DOE - 1956 - On May 14-18 1956, Baker-Perkins
performed a test of their mixing equipment for National Lead Company of Ohio
(Fernald).

309 Delphi / AC Spark Plug Demolition Flint Michigan 2008

- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMRRh8gAlI4
310 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Technical Basis Document for the Baker-
Perkins Company Saginaw, Michigan. 2011. 12 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/bakerperk-r0.pdf

211
•MI Bridgeport Brass Company, General Motors or the Adrian, Michigan,
Site311 Adrian DOE - The site encompasses the former General Motors (GM) plant, a
large complex covering approximately 17 acres. During the 1950s, the previous owner
of the site, the Bridgeport Brass Company, machined and shaped uranium metal
under contract with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) for the fabrication of
reactor fuel elements in the Hanford, Washington, and Savannah River, South
Carolina, nuclear reactors. (The site was sold to Martin Marietta in the early 1960s
and then to GM in 1974). At the end of the contract, the site was decontaminated to
comply with radiological protection standards in effect at the time. General Motors
Corporation remediated radioactive contamination at the site in the 1970s and
additional remediation was conducted under FUSRAP in 1995.
•MI Brush Beryllium Co.312 Detroit AWE- 1942-1950s - The Brush Beryllium Com-
pany in Detroit, MI, was one of several companies that rolled or extruded uranium
rods for Hanford reactor fuel in the late 1940s and early 1950s and the development of
a powder metallurgy process, by the Brush Beryllium Co., known originally as Process
Q, which yielded a fine grained beryllium suitable for fabrication.. In 1950, Hanford
began making rolled uranium rods on site, but the Atomic Energy Commission shifted

311 DOE Report; Independent Radiological Verification Survey Results for the Remedial Action Per-
formed at the Former Bridgeport Brass Company Facility, Adrian, Michigan (AD001V); August 2002.
- 17 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Adrian/MI_01-8.pdf
312 Mechanical Properties of Beryllium Fabricated By Powder Metallurgy by W. W. Beaver and K. G.
Wikle. May 1954, Journal of Metals.

212
the rolling work to the Fernald, OH, Feed Materials Production Center and its sup-
porting contractors in 1952. A number of private companies, including Brush Berylli-
um Company, contracted with Fernald to provide Hanford with these rolled rods.
•MI Carboloy Co. Detroit AWE - 1956 - In 1956, the Carboloy Company conducted
operations to turn down the outer diameter of uranium slugs.
•MI Extruded Metals Co. Grand Rapids AWE - 1944 - A November 7, 1944,
document indicates that Extruded Metals participated in work related to metal
fabrication for the Manhattan Project.
•MI Gerity-Michigan Corp. Adrian BE - 1949-1950s - Gerity-Michigan operated a
2200/550 ton tube and rod extrusion press and performed the first extrusion of berylli-
um there on May 11, 1949 for the AEC.

•MI Michigan Technological University 313 Ann Arbor AWE - 1944 - The
University of Michigan developed radar fuses and conducted ordnance research to
assist Los Alamos in atomic bomb research and production.
•MI Mitts & Merrel Co.314 Saginaw AWE - 1956 - In a test for National Lead of Ohio
313 Michigan Tech and the Manhattan Project / Marcia Goodrich. Michigan Tech Magazine, 2007.
- http://www.mtu.edu/umc/services/pr-news/magazine/pdf/spring07-tech-mag-1.pdf
314 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; December 23, 1993. - 1 p.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Sutton_Steele_and_Steele_Co_-_TX_09.aspx
'In each case, the potential for radiological contamination above applicable guidelines is small. In each case
the amounts of radioactive materials handled was small. Based on these considerations, these sites are
hereby eliminated from further consideration under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program.'
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that

213
(Fernald), Mitts and Merrell reduced a thorium metal chunk to small particle size
pieces in its Hog Grinder.
•MI Oliver Corp. Battle Creek AWE - 1956-1957; 1961-1962 - The Oliver
Corporation participated in green salt briquetting testing for the National Lead
Company of Ohio (Fernald). Records indicate that testing took place in November
1956, July 1957, May 1961 and May 1962.
•MI Revere Copper and Brass Detroit AWE/BE - BE 1946-1950; AWE 1943-1954 -
Revere Copper and Brass extruded uranium rods at its Detroit plant starting in 1943
under contracts for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Additionally, in October
1964, Revere Copper and Brass produced one thorium bar, which was divided up and
sent to a number of AEC facilities. Revere also extruded beryllium ingots and billets
into rods at its Detroit plant between 1946 and 1950. Revere had a contract with the
AEC for beryllium work, but not with the MED. Revere also worked with beryllium al-
loys. Some of the beryllium work was done on parts or components for the Materials
Testing reactor.
•MI A.O. Smith Corporation 1948-1950 - A.O. Smith studied methods for protecting
beryllium carbide-matrix bodies for the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft
(NEPA) project
•MI Speedring Experimental & Tool Company Detroit BE -
•MI Speedring Systems, Inc. Detroit BE- 1963; 1968; 1973-1975; 1992 - Speedring
machined beryllium-containing parts for Rocky Flats and Y-12. The Detroit Speedring
office designation covers both of the locations to which the Detroit forwarding office
sent work, including their locations in Warren, MI and Rochester Hills, MI. There is a
separate Speedring facility in Culman, Alabama.
•MI Star Cutter Corp. Farmington AWE - 1956 - The Star Cutter Corporation
manufactured machine tools. Records indicate that National Lead of Ohio (Fernald)
conducted a one-time test of a Star Cutter drill to hollow uranium slugs.
MI Wolverine Tube Division315 Detroit AWE/BE - 1943-1946 - In 1943, the
University of Chicago subcontracted to Wolverine Tube of Detroit, Michigan, for help
in extrusion of metals that were needed as part of the Manhattan Project. Wolverine
Tube performed research on the fabrication of aluminum slugs and the process of alu-
minum canning and also experimented with thorium and beryllium. This contract
ended in 1946.

Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix CU – Mitts & Merrel Co., 2007. - 9 pp.
315 James Francis Schumar, 85: Pioneer metallurgist in uranium / Joan Giangrasse Kates. Special to
the Chicago Tribune, August 03, 2002. James Francis Schumar, 85, of Hinsdale, a retired senior scientist
from Argonne National Laboratory and a pioneering metallurgist in the study of uranium who worked on
the Manhattan Project ...

214
•MN316 Elk River Reactor317 Elk River DOE - 1962-1968 - The Elk River Reactor in
Minnesota was constructed by the AEC as part of its power reactor demonstration
program. The Rural Cooperative Power Association received a contract for the
dismantling of the reactor and the removal of all detectable reactor radioactivity when
operations ceased.
• MN Alliant Techsystems Inc. Edina DOE - Alliant Techsystems (formerly Her-
cules Powder Company and Thiokol Chemical 318 to 1995) has produced propulsion
systems for NASA and all branches of Department of Defense (DOD) services for 50
years. Factories in Bacchus, southwest Salt Lake City. In 2000, the company also
acquired the remote Thiokol rocket plant at Promontory, the other large explosives
and propellant plant in northern Utah. Programs that used, or are using, Alliant
propulsion systems and fuels include the following: Polaris, Poseidon, Trident,
Pershing, Scout, Nike, Shrike, Sparrow, Phoenix, Honest John, Sidewinder, Pioneer,
Telstar, Explorer, Vanguard, Tiros, Alto, Echo, and the Space Shuttle. In addition to
316 Minnesota Department of Health: Hazardous Sites and Substances in Minnesota.
- http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/sites/sitesbyname.html#w
317 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; Jones to File; Subject: Elimination Report - Elk River; October 15,
1985. - 8 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/E/Elk_River_Reactor_-_MN_01/MN_01-1.pdf
Examination of an irradiated prototype fuel element for the Elk River Reactor / L. A. Neimark. Argonne
National Laboratory. 1961. - 21 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4069257-WrGjSW/4069257.pdf
Elk River Reactor Vessel Cladding Effects. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. Nuclear Power Dept., Washington,
D.C., 1961. - 34 pp.
'Examination of the Elk River reactor vessel after performance of the initial preoperational testing program
revealed several cracks and flaws in the stainless steel welded overlay on the vessel and head flange
forgings. A description is presented concerning the characteristics of these defects and their cause. '
318 Measure: A monthly magazine for the Hewlett·Packard family of affiliated companies, July, 1963.
- http://www.hparchive.com/measure_magazine/HP-Measure-1963-07.pdf
'Principal customers served from the Denver office include a large Dow Chemical-AEC facility, the Air Force
Academy, Martin-Denver, and the National Bureau of Standards at Boulder. Sperry Utah, Hercules
Powder Company, and Thiokol Chemical are handled out of Salt Lake City.'

215
propellant fuels and solid rocket engines, Alliant was a pioneer in the development of
materials and structures for large strategic rocket motors. Alliant produces rocket mo-
tors and rocket motor components for the following tactical missiles:
AGM-88A/B/C HARM
AGM-114A/B HELLFIRE
AIM-7 Sparrow
AIM-9 Sidewinder
AIM-9X Sidewinder
AIM-54A/C/C+ Phoenix
AIM-120A AMRAAM
BGM-71 TOW
FGM-77 DRAGON
FGM-148 Javelin
MIM-72 Chaparral
MIM-104 Patriot
Predator
RIM-66/67 Standard
Alliant was also involved in the manufacture of motors for the following strategic
missile programs:
LGM-30F/LGM-30G Minuteman
MGM-118A Peacekeeper
UGM-133A Trident II
•MO Eagle-Picher Technologies319 Joplin BE

319 Documentation of Environmental Indicator Determination RCRA Corrective Action. Environmental

Indicator: Eagle-Picher Technologies, LLC, Joplin. Undated. - 25 pp.
- http://www.epa.gov/region7/waste/pdf/EaglePicherCA725.pdf
p 12: 'In surface soil, arsenic, barium, beryllium, chromium, lead, and mercury have all exceeded MDNR’s
CALM target concentrations for industrial soil and residential soil.'

216
 Drums that contain radioactive waste can become radioactive waste themselves, as seen here at the
Hazelwood Interim Storage Site outside St. Louis. Source: Linking Legacies.

•MO Hazelwood Interim Storage Site & Vicinity or Latty Avenue Properties,
Futura Coatings, Futura Chemical Company Facility 320 Latty Avenue, Hazel-
wood, Missouri. 1994. AWE - In early 1966, ore residues and uranium- and radium-
bearing process wastes that had been stored at SLAPS were purchased by the Contin-
ental Mining and Milling Company and moved to a storage site on Latty Avenue.
These wastes had been generated at the Mallinckrodt plant in St. Louis from 1942
through the late 1950s under contracts with MED/AEC. Residues on the property at
that time included 74,000 tons of Belgian Congo pitchblende raffinate containing ap-
proximately 13 tons of uranium; 32,500 tons of Colorado raffinate containing roughly
48 tons of uranium; and 8,700 tons of leached barium sulfate containing about 7 tons
of uranium. The Commercial Discount Corporation of Chicago, Illinois, purchased the
residues in January 1967.

320 Environmental Surveillance Results for 1994 for the Hazelwood Interim Storage Site, 1995. - 54
pp.; FUSRAP Technical Memorandum No. 140-95-01 I Rev 0 ESR I994 - HISS.
Feasibility Study St. Louis North County Site - FUSRAP Final May 1, 2003. U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, St. Louis District Office, Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. - 829 pp
North St. Louis County Sites Annual Environmental Monitoring Data and Analysis Report for CY
2010. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Office, Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action
Program. - 469 pp. 'This Environmental Monitoring Data and Analysis Report provides an evaluation of
the data collected as part of the implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program for the NC
Sites within the FUSRAP. Environmental monitoring of various media at the Latty Avenue Properties
(Futura Coatings Company, Hazelwood Interim StorageSite [HISS], and other Vicinity Properties [VPs]),
[and] the St. Louis Airport Site (SLAPS).'

217
In January 1967 Commercial Discount Corporation of Chicago seized the assets of
Continental Mining and Milling Co., including the residues, in a foreclosure action,
dried them and shipped them to their Canyon City, Colorado Uranium Mill except for
8,700 tons of leached barium sulfate residues. These residues, which were not con-
sidered economical to process were mixed with an estimated 39,000 tons of soil re-
moved from the top 12 to 18 inches of the Latty property. Most of the residues were
shipped to a landfill. The soil was removed in an effort by Cotter Corporation to decon -
taminate the site. Shipment to the landfill was without the knowledge or approval of
the Atomic Energy Commission. In December 1970, an estimated 10,000 tons of
Colorado raffinate and 8,700 tons of leached barium sulfate remained at the Latty Av-
enue properties.
•MO Hematite Fuel Fabrication Facility Festus DOE
•MO Mallinckrodt Chemical Co.321,Destrehan St. Plant St. Louis AWE/DOE -
1942-1962 - From 1942 to 1957, Mallinckrodt Chemical Company conducted a variety
of milling and recovery operations with uranium chemical compounds at the St. Louis
Downtown Site, also known as the Destrehan Street Plant. The plant refined uranium
ore, ultimately producing uranium metal. The activities supported research,
development, and production programs for the national defense program. By 1957, the
Mallinckrodt Chemical Company had processed more than 45,000 metric tons (50,000
tons) of natural uranium products at its facilities. During closeout of operations in
1957, government-owned buildings were either dismantled or transferred to
Mallinckrodt as part of a settlement. Decontamination work continued to 1962 when
the plant was released back to Mallinckrodt.
•MO Medart Co. St. Louis AWE - 1951-1952 - The Medart Company manufactured
steel mill machining equipment which was useful in uranium processing.
•MO Roger Iron Co. Joplin AWE - 1956 - The Roger Iron Company conducted a test
Operation involving crushing of a dolomite c-liner for the AEC. The liner had trace
amounts of uranium and magnesium fluoride.
•MO Spencer Chemical Co. Kansas City AWE - 1956-1961 - The Spencer Chemical
Company, Jayhawks Works, processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the AEC, re-
covering enriched uranium from it for use in the weapons complex.

321 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Basis for Development of an Exposure Matrix
for the Mallinckrodt Chemical Company St. Louis Downtown Site and the St. Louis Airport Site, St.
Louis, Missouri / Janet L. Westbrook and Cindy W. Bloom. 2010. -242 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/mallink-r3.pdf
Public Perceptions of a Radioactively Contaminated Site: Concerns, Remediation Preferences, and
Desired Involvement. / David L. Feldman2 and Ruth A. Hanahan. Environmental Health Perspectives.
Volume 104, Number 12, December 1996 pp 1344-1352.

218
•MO St. Louis Airport Site322 St. Louis AWE/DOE - 1947 -1973; 1984-1998 - The
Manhattan Engineer District (MED) began utilizing the St. Louis Airport Storage Site
(SLAPS) in 1946 as a place to store residues from the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works.
Uranium extraction was performed by the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, under a
contract with the MED, at its Destrehan Street Plant in St. Louis, Missouri. For the
initial years of operation, only pitchblende ores from the Belgian Congo were
processed. Later, domestic ores of much lower uranium assay from western states
were also processed.
The MED acquired title to the property on January 3, 1947. In 1973 the property was
transferred back to the city of St. Louis. Then in 1984, through the Energy and Water
Development Appropriations Act (Public Law 98-3060) the property was returned to
the Department of Energy until 1997 when Congress transferred it to the US. Army
Corps of Engineers.
•MO Tyson Valley Powder Farm St. Louis AWE - 1942-1949 - The Tyson Valley
Powder Farm was a storage site for radioactive materials in the late 1940s. Records
show, for example, that at the end of 1946, 206,110 pounds of uranium metal were
stored at this location for the Manhattan Engineer District.

322 Formerly utilized MED/AEC sites remedial action program : Radiological survey of the St. Louis Air-
port storage site, St. Louis, Missouri / prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for
Environment, [Office of Environmental Compliance and Overview], Division of Environmental Control
Technology, by Oak Ridge National Laboratory ; W. A. Goldsmith ... [et al.], 1979. - vii, 119 pp.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report: Petition SEC-
00150: St. Louis Airport Storage Site. / Roger Halsey, Joseph Guido, Paul Ruhter. 2010.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/slaps/slapser-150-r0.pdf

219
•MO United Nuclear Corp.323 Hematite AWE - 1958-1973 - The United Nuclear
Corporation in Hematite, Missouri, processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the
AEC, recovering enriched uranium from it for use in the nuclear weapons complex.
The property consists of approximately 228 acres. The operating facility consists of two
main plant buildings, an administration and several support buildings, and a parking
area. Plant operations included low-enriched uranium fuel fabrication, processing and
treating uranium compounds, including all forms of uranium from depleted to en-
riched uranium, and thorium fuel. Contamination at the site consists of uranium and
thorium in the soil and groundwater. Mallinckrodt Chemical Works built the plant
which became operational in July 1956. The plant initially produced uranium products
for use in the naval nuclear fuel program. Ownership transferred to United Nuclear
Corporation in May of 1961. In 1970 the operator became Gulf United Nuclear Fuels
Corporation, which was a joint venture between UNC and Gulf Nuclear Corporation.
323 Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study Work Plan for the Westinghouse Electric Company LLC.
Hematite Missouri Facility. - St. Louis, : Leggette, Brashears and Graham, Inc. 2003. - 459 pp.
- http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/hwp/news/hrs-ri-fs-rev0-20030509.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that
Refined Uranium and Thorium - Appendix D United Nuclear Corp. / David Allen. 2010. - 12 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/arch/oc-6001-apd-r1.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: White Paper: SEC-00116 United Nuclear
Corporation Petitioner Issues / Ray Clark. 2011. 8 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/dps/uncsec116dp-r0.pdf
'Issue 5: Workers often wore their work clothes home, thus contaminating their homes and families.'
Technical Basis Document for the United Nuclear Corporation, Hematite, Missouri / David Allen. Na-
tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Compensation Analysis and Sup-
port; March 21, 201l. - 15 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/unc-r0.pdf

220
The facility was closed in 1973 and sold to Combustion Engineering in May of 1974. In
1989 Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) began operating the facility as ABB Combustion En-
gineering. In April of 2000, Westinghouse purchased the nuclear operations of ABB
which included the Hematite facility (Westinghouse 2003). The nuclear fuel plant in
Hematite, Missouri, was closed in summer 2001.

•MO Weldon Spring Plant324 or Weldon Spring Ordnance Works Weldon Spring
DOE - 1955-1966 - On January 25, 1955, through a permit from the US. Department
of the Army (Army), the US. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) occupied land on the
Army’s Weldon Springs Ordnance Works for a planned uranium facility. On August 6,
1956, the Army transferred 205 acres of what had been the Weldon Springs Ordnance
Works to AEC for construction of a uranium feed materials plant. AEC constructed
the Weldon Spring Uranium Feed Materials Plant at this location and contracted with
the Mallinckrodt Chemical Company to operate the plant starting in June 1957. The
plant was used for uranium refining activities in support of the national defense pro-
gram. AEC closed the plant in December 1966 after deciding it was obsolete. After
324 Analysis of Leukemia Incidence (1996-2000) and Mortality (1994-2002) Data in St. Charles County,
and Weldon Spring and Surrounding Areas. Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services.
Division of Community Health, 2005. - 9 pp. - http://health.mo.gov/data/pdf/weldonspringcancerreport.pdf
'The Weldon Spring site is an area in St. Charles County, about 30 miles west of St. Louis, that was
contaminated with hazardous radiological and chemical substances. The contamination stems from
production of 2, 4, 6 – trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2, 4 and 2,6 Dinitrotoluene (DNT) by the U.S. Department
of Army from 1941 to 1945 and from enrichment of uranium ore and thorium processing by the Atomic
Energy Commission from 1958 to 1966.'
Issues Matrix for the Weldon Spring Site Special Exposure Cohort Petition and NIOSH Evaluation
report, and SC&A’s review of the Weldon Spring Site Profile / S. Cohen & Associates, Vienna,
Virginia, 2011. - 29 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/scarpts/sca-weldonsp-143sp-r0.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Weldon Spring Plant – Site Description. / Craig A.
Little and Laura McDowell-Boyer, 2005. - 39 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/weldon2.pdf

221
closing the plant, AEC transferred the plant and the land back to the Army on Decem-
ber 31, 1967. On October 1, 1985, custody of the chemical plant was retransferred from
the Army back to the DOE, which was given responsibility for remediation of the
plant.

Contaminated groundwater still exists. The area is under institutional controls and
monitoring until natural flushing reduces contaminates to acceptable levels. Con-
tractors: Mallinckrodt Chemical Company (1957-1966), National Lead of Ohio (1975-
1981); Bechtel National Inc. (1981-1985); MK-Ferguson Company and Jacobs Engin-
eering Group (1986-2002).
•MO Weldon Spring Raffinate Pits325 Weldon Spring DOE - 1955-1966 - On
January 25, 1955, the US. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) occupied land, by a
permit from the US. Department of the Army, to build a uranium feed materials plant.
On August 6, 1956, the Army transferred 205 acres of what had been the Weldon
Springs Ordnance Works to AEC to construct the plant. In addition to the plant, the
AEC also constructed four raffinate pits adjacent to the plant between 1958 and 1964.
The pit area expansion was located on an additional 14.88 acres transferred by the
Army to AEC on August 24, 1964. The pits were used as collection points and settling
basins for chemical and radioactive waste streams coming from the plant. After
closing the plant (including the associated raffinate pits) in December 1966, AEC
transferred the land back to the Army, but AEC retained ownership and control of the
wastes in the raffinate pits. On October 1, 1985, the land was retransferred from the
325 Analysis of potential groundwater contamination in the vicinity of the Weldon Spring Raffinate
Pits site, Weldon Spring, Missouri / Tsai, S.Y. ; Peterson, J.M. ; Winters, M.C.B. . Argonne National
Lab., IL (USA) . 1984. - 35 pp - http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/6805777-fvRruM/6805777.pdf

222
Army back to the DOE, which was given responsibility for remediation of the pits.
Contaminated groundwater still exists. The area is under institutional controls and
monitoring until natural flushing reduces contaminates to acceptable levels.
Contractors: Mallinckrodt Chemical Company (1957–1966); National Lead of Ohio
(1966–1981); Bechtel National, Inc. (1981–1985); M-K Ferguson Company and Jacobs
Engineering Group (1986–2002.)

The Weapons Storage Area. Source: Whiteman AFB Minuteman Missile Site Coordinates

•MO Whiteman Air Force Base and Minuteman II Sites326 Warrensburg AWE - ,
326 Final 2009 Five-Year Review Report - Environmental Restoration Program, Whiteman Air Force
Base, MO, March 2010. - 311 pp. Includes maps.

223
including the Oscar-01 Minuteman II ICBM Launch Control Facility. Established as
the Sedalia Glider Base, 1 March 1942 The first B-47 arrived on March 25, 1954 and
six months later the first KC-97 arrived. In June 1961, the Department of Defense
chose Whiteman to host the fourth Minuteman ICBM wing. On Jan. 17, 1962, the firm
of Morrison, Hardeman, Perrini, and Level, a joint venture consisting of Morrison-
Knudsen Company, Inc., Paul Hardeman, Inc., Perini Corporation, and C. H. Leavell
& Company327, received the prime contract for construction of hardened, underground
launch facilities and 15 launch control centers.

Construction began on Whiteman's ranges in 1962, at a cost of $75 million. The now-
inactive 351st Strategic Missile Wing dispersed its arsenal - 150 silos and 15 launch
control facilities - over 14 counties and more than 10,000 square miles, an area bigger
than Massachusetts. Silos were built three to five miles apart to avoid the possibility
- http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/hwp/docs/Whiteman_Final_2009_5-Year_Review.pdf
Subterranean bunker converted to historical display / Tech. Sgt. Pat McKenna. Air Force News Agency.
Posted 11/7/2007 - http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123075045
Community coordination plan for basing the B-2 bomber at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri. / :
Braid, R.B.; Kornegay, F.C.; Lasley, B.D.; Sage, P.; Fichera, J.P.; Lufkin, P.; Taylor, L.. Oak Ridge National
Lab., TN (USA); URS Corp., Santa Barbara, CA (USA). 1987. - 103 pp.
'This preliminary report examines the potential community impacts of basing the B-2 bomber at Whiteman Air
Force Base (AFB), Missouri. The study focuses on examining the direct and indirect employment,
population, and income impacts of the B-2 on the socioeconomic resources of the communities
neighboring the base. The specific socioeconomic resources analyzed are housing, education,
transportation, land use, utilities, public finance, and community services, such as fire and police
protection.'
327 Morrison-Hardeman-Perini-Leavell v. the United States. No. 378-65. United States Court of Claims.
April 19, 1968. 'Plaintiff's claim, in the amount of $666,740, is for increased labor costs incurred during its
performance of a $74,000,000 contract, dated March 20, 1962, for the construction of Minuteman missile
facilities.' - http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/392/392.F2d.988.378-65.html

224
of a single enemy missile from destroying more than one Minuteman.

•MT Glasgow Air Force Base328 Glasgow, Montana AWE - 1960-1971 Construction
began in 1955. Strategic Air Command Glasgow AFB was briefly reactivated as a SAC
dispersal base from 1971 to 1976, and was also used as an Army Safeguard ABM
depot supporting construction of a second ABM complex northwest of Malmstrom
AFB, Montana which was not completed. According to the Health and Safety Plan
Portions of the base have been leased to other federal and state agencies and to
businesses and has been used to clean and pack ammunition cartridge belt links, clean
and repaint ammunition boxes, sew mortar powder bags, and assemble artillery shell
primers. The Boeing Company continues to own most of the former Glasgow AFB and
it is now known as the Boeing Glasgow Flight Test Facility. The facility supports
Boeing Technology Services (BTS) customers and is maintained and operated by
Montana Aviation Research Company (MARCO), a subsidiary of The Boeing
Company.

328 Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields Eastern Montana. / Paul Freeman

- http://www.airfields-freeman.com/MT/Airfields_MT_E.html
Site Health and Safety Plan: Evaluation of Long Term Monitoring Former Glasgow Air Force Base.
Glasgow, Montana. CDM Federal Programs Corporation. Helena, Montana, 2011. - 154 pp.
- http://cdmsmith.com/

225
• MT Malmstrom AFB329 Cascade County, Montana AWE – Minuteman III 330Missile
Site. The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was created in
1957. Beginning in 1959, Malmstrom was the headquarters of the Great Falls Air
Defense Sector, until inactivated in 1966. In 1978, Malmstrom AFB became
responsible for the 24th NORAD region, which covered the western half of the North
America.
•NC Beryllium Metals and Chemical Corp.331 Bessemer City BE - 1962-1969 -
Purchase orders from Y-12 indicate that Beryllium Metals and Chemical Corp. (BER-
MET) did some beryllium work for Y-12, beginning in 1963 and continuing at least
through 1965. Beryllium Metals & Chemicals Corp., Bessemer City, N.C., a subsidiary
of Lithium Corporation of America, Inc., produced a small quantity of electrorefined

329 The Minuteman III refurbishment program began in 1998 as a joint venture between Alliant Techsystems
Inc. and Pratt & Whitney. All work was transitioned to ATK inc during 2003 and 2004 following a contract
restructuring.
Environmental Assessment for Malmstrom Minuteman III Deactivation / David Ahlborn; Derrick
Coleman; Susan Hogan-Conrad; David Jury; Matthew Malle. US Air Force. 2007. - 257 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a496029.pdf
330 See also the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, including the Launch Control Facility Delta-01
and the Launch Facility missile silo Delta-09 and Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, general
management plan : environmental impact statement / United States National Park Service, 2009. - 28 pp.
- http://www.nps.gov/mimi/parkmgmt/upload/Final%20GMP%20Comments.pdf
331 DOE: Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Act of 2000; List of Covered Facilit-
ies, 2001.

226
beryllium. 332
•NC University of North Caro-
lina333 Chapel Hill BE - 1949-1954 -
The AEC Division of Biology and
Medicine supported beryllium research
at the University of North Carolina.

332 Bureau of Mines / Minerals yearbook metals and minerals (except fuels) 1963. Year 1963, Volume I
(1964). Eilersten, Donald E.: Beryllium, pp. 301-309 .
See also: North Carolina Geological Survey - http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/Default.htm
333 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; December 23, 1993. - 1 p.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Sutton_Steele_and_Steele_Co_-_TX_09.aspx
'In each case, the potential for radiological contamination above applicable guidelines is small. In each case
the amounts of radioactive materials handled was small. Based on these considerations, these sites are
hereby eliminated from further consideration under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program.'

227
•ND Aurora Pulsed Radiation Simulator, US. Army Research Laboratory, Build-
ing No. 500, Adelphi, Prince George's AWE - The Aurora Pulsed Radiation Simulator
was the first gamma radiation simulator of its size and capacity built in the world,
The simulator achieved a new plateau of nuclear effects simulation, able to test com-
plete weapons electronics packages critical œor both strategic and tactical nuclear
weapons design.

228
•ND Grand Forks Air Force Base 334 Grand Forks AWE - Grand Forks Air Force
334 Cold War ends with a bang: Private contractors blow up missile silos / Sharon Cohen, The Associated
Press, Mon, August 21, 2000. 'Private contractors implode a former U.S. missile silo in a field near
LuVerne, N. D., July 20. The silo, which once housed an intercontinental ballistic missile with nuclear
warheads, was destroyed in compliance with the START treaty with Russia.'
Grand Forks AFB Minuteman Missile Site Coordinates, Undated.

229
Base was established on 1 December 1955, with construction beginning in the fall of
that year. It was occupied for use on January 28, 1957. Minuteman III Missile Site.
On November 3, 1967, the Department of Defense revealed that Grand Forks AFB was
one of 10 initial locations to host a Sentinel Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) site. In 1995
the federal Base Realignment and Closure Commission decided to empty the
Minuteman III missile silos under the jurisdiction of Grand Forks Air Force Base in
eastern North Dakota. The last missile was removed from its silo in June 1998 in
preparation for demolishing the silos and their control facilities.

•ND Minot AFB, North Dakota AWE 1957-. - Minuteman III Missile Site. Construc-
tion of Minot AFB began in May 1956, and the base officially opened on January 10,
1957. Minot AFB is named after the nearby city of Minot, North Dakota. The 91st Mis-
sile Wing (91 MW) of the Air Force Global Strike Command is responsible for

- http://asuwlink.uwyo.edu/~jimkirk/gf.html

230
maintaining the Minuteman III nuclear missiles.
On August 30, 2007, a B-52 took off from Minot AFB carrying six cruise missiles with
W-80 Intermediate Yield Strategic Cruise Missile Warheads to Barksdale AFB in
Louisiana. No base personnel nor the crew knew the nuclear weapons were aboard.
Additionally on 12 July 2008, three Air Force officers fell asleep while in control of an
electronic component that contained old launch codes for nuclear intercontinental
ballistic missiles.

•ND Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex Missile Site Control Building

Nekoma AWE - The Safeguard Program was a United States Army anti-ballistic
missile system developed during the late 1960s. Safeguard was designed to protect
US. ICBM missile sites from counterforce attack.

231
•NE Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant335 Grand Island AWE - Prior to 1961,
this plant shipped explosive powders to nuclear weapons facilities, which fabricated
them into explosive lenses for nuclear weapon primaries.

335 EPA: Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant. 2011. - 9 pp.

232
•NE Hallam Sodium Graphite Reactor336 Hallam DOE - 1960-1971 - The Atomic
Energy Commission (AEC) built and operated the Hallam Nuclear Power Facility in
the 1960s. When the AEC retired this facility in 1971, the reactor core and most other
radioactive materials were removed from the site; some radioactive materials were en-
tombed in place.
•NE Indian Springs Air Force Base337 1952-. now
Creech Air Force Base - The mission of the Indian Springs
Air Force Base was to support nuclear testing at the Nevada
Proving Grounds, 30 miles southwest. This included provid-
ing logistic and support functions for nuclear test operations
from Operation Ranger in 1951 to Operation Storax in 1962..
Weather Balloons at Indian Springs Air Force Base
"These captive, helium-filled 'Kytoon' balloons are used to ob-
tain information concerning air pressure, temperature and
humidity, as well as other meteorological data during the

336 Geology and Hydrology of the Site of the Hallam Nuclear Power Facility, Nebraska / C. F. Keech.
Studies of Sites for Nuclear Energy Facilities. Geological Survey Bulletin 1133-B. Prepared in cooperation
with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. - Washington : GPO, 1962. - 58 pp.
- http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1133b/report.pdf
337 U.S. Air Force., "Weather Balloons at Indian Springs Air Force Base.," in Special Collections, Item
#1521, http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/omeka/exhibits/show/atomic/testing/item/1521
(accessed January 10, 2012).

233
atomic test periods at the Nevada Proving Grounds. Sent aloft before each nuclear
test, the balloons are hauled down minutes before the actual detonation occurs. Last
minute weather information is thus relayed from the Indian Springs Air Force Base to
the Atomic Energy Commission's Test Director at the control point. Such data is used
to predict subsequent paths of radioactive clouds through the atmosphere."

•NE Nebraska Ordnance Plant338 Mead, Saun-

ders County AWE -1959-1964 - The Air Force built
and maintained three Atlas missile silos at the fa-
cility from 1959 to 1964. In 1959, the U.S. Air
Force acquired 1,185 acres north of Load Line 4
and 34 acres of the northern portion of Load Line
1 and constructed the Offutt Air Force Base Mis-

338 Albano, Jeffrey. A., "In situ chemical oxidation of rdx-contaminated groundwater with permangan-
ate at the Nebraska Ordnance Plant": A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at
University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science (2009).
Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources. Paper 30.
- http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss/30
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Ground-Water Monitoring of Wells near the Metropolitan Utilities Dis-
trict’s Platte River West Well Field near Wann, Nebraska: Part I, Field Sampling Plan and Part II,
Quality Assurance Project Plan. / V.L. McGuire, J.A. Godberson, and R.C. Wilson. U.S. Department of
the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005. - 76 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA441948
EPA: The Former Nebraska Ordnance Plant, 2009. - 6 pp.
Final Ordnance and Explosives (OE) Recurring Review Report. Department of the Army. US. Army
Corps of Engineers. Kansas City District, 2010. - 48 pp.

234
sile Fire S-1 launch area (Atlas Missile Area). 339 Launch Complex for 3 Atlas D
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles. The missiles were manned by the 549th S 340MS
which was activated August 15 1959, went on alert March 30 1962, started going off
alert October 1 1964, and was inactivated December 14, 1964. The last Atlas D left
Offutt on October 22, 1964.
•NH Pease Air Force Base341 Pease AWE - The Air Force
assumed control in 1951, when the installation was selected
for development as a Strategic Air Command (SAC) base.
Purchase of additional land needed for expansion of the
base started in 1952 and was completed in 1956. Ground
breaking for the new SAC facilities took place in 1954, and
the first B-47 Stratojet bombers arrived in 1956. It was
closed in 1991.
•NH R. Brew Company Concord. DOE - Provided goods and/or services to the
Fernald facility as subcontractor
•NJ Aluminum Co. of America342 (Alcoa) Garwood AWE - 1944 - Under subcontract
to the Metallurgical Laboratory (University of Chicago), the Garwood facility in New
Jersey manufactured casting dies and used them to cast uranium slugs. This work
was conducted intermittently between July and November of 1944.

339 LATA-Bay West Joint Venture Awarded $17.4M in Task Orders under its USACE Kansas City District PRAC
'ST. PAUL, Minn. (September 23, 2011)—Bay West, Inc. announced that it has been awarded, in conjunction with our
JV partner Los Alamos Technical Associates (LATA), three task orders for more than $17.4M of environmental ser-
vices at sites for the Kansas City District US Army Corps of Engineers and its customers, including US EPA Region
2. Task orders include waste management at the Cornell Dubilier Electronics Superfund Site, NJ; in situ pilot study,
remedial design/engineering at the Nebraska Ordnance Plant, NE; and, remedial action at the Schilling Atlas Missile
Site S-5, KS. The $25M, 5-year, Pre-placed Remedial Action Contract (PRAC) is a Service Disabled Veteran Owned
Small Business (SDVOSB) set-aside, and LATA is the lead JV member.'
In 1944, the Navy began developing a surface-to-air missile (SAM), known as Project Bumblebee. Convair was one of
the companies selected to produce the SAMs and in 1953, began producing the first all-rocket SAM—the Terrier. In
the future, Convair would continue producing SAMs such as the Terrier, Tartar, and the Atlas booster rocket or the
Consolidated-Vultee Aircraft X-11. The Consolidated-Vultee Aircraft Corporation production plants in San Diego,
Pomona and Fort Worth, fabricated the B-58 Hustler supersonic intercontinental nuclear bomber
- http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Consolidated_Vultee/Aero33.htm
'Even with its success, Odlum wanted to merge Convair or sell it completely. He met with numerous people including
the eventual acquirer, John Jay Hopkins of Electric Boat. Discussions in 1951 led to their 1953 agreement. The two
firms officially merged on April 29, 1954, with the renamed Electric Boat, General Dynamics, creating its Convair
Division. As well as its aircraft manufacturing, the Convair Division would be a major participant to the American
space program.'
American X-vehicles: an inventory, X-1 to X-50/by Dennis R. Jenkins, Tony Landis, and Jay Miller.
Monographs in aerospace history No. 31, 2003. - 65 pp. - http://history.nasa.gov/monograph31.pdf
340 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
341 National Priorities List: Site Narrative for Pease Air Force Base.
- http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/nar1211.htm
Preliminary draft environmental impact statement. Pease Air Force Base closure. Prepared by United
States Army Corps of Engineers. Omaha District. for United States Air Force, 1993. - 82 pp.
342 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix S – Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa 2)
– New Jersey, 2007. - 7 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-aps-r0.pdf

235
•NJ American Peddinghaus Corp.343 Moonachie AWE/DOE - 1978 - The facility
conducted a one-day shear (cutting) test on uranium metal for National Lead of Ohio
(Fernald) on April 3, 1978.
•NJ Baker and Williams Co. Newark AWE/DOE - 1943-962 - Baker and Williams
Company processed radioactive platinum as part of the process of making polonium,
which was needed for initiators in nuclear weapons. Baker and Williams Co. also
processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the AEC to recover enriched uranium for
use in the weapons complex.

•NJ Bell Telephone Laboratories344 Murray Hill AWE - 1943-1944 - This facility
343 Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Facility List
- http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/fwsp/advocacy/faclist/findfacility.cfm
344 John W. Tukey: His life and professional contributions. / David R. Brillinger. The Annals of Statistics
2002, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1535-1575. - http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~brill/Papers/life.pdf

236
handled a quantity of uranium during World War II, probably in support of its work to
develop effective barrier materials for the K-25 facility in Oak Ridge and later togeth-
er with Douglas Aircraft and Western Electric design & manufacturing of Nike Ajax
and Hercules nuclear weapons.345 'In January 1945 the U.S. Army Air Force contrac-
ted with Bell Labs to develop a defense system against the foreseen threat of high-fly-
ing bombers. Perhaps because of his work with the Fire Control Research Office,
Tukey was hired by H. Bode to help with this major new national security mission. In
due course, this project became known as Nike, the first widely deployed surface-to-air
missile. It required a systems solution to which Tukey was so profoundly suited: the
integration of ground-based tracking radar, computers, and communications with an
airborne missile.'
•NJ Bloomfield Tool Co. Bloomfield AWE - 1947; 1951 - The facility had a small re-
search contract with the Atomic Energy Commission in 1947. In 1951, it did some ex-
perimental machining of uranium slugs for the AEC.
•NJ Bowen Lab. North Branch AWE - 1951 - Bowen Engineering conducted some
experimental work at their laboratory in New Jersey on uranium compounds during a
two-day period in 1951.
•NJ Callite Tungsten Co. Union City AWE - 1944 - According to a 1944 document,
the Callite Tungsten Co. used its machines to cold roll uranium metal rods for the
Manhattan Engineer District.
•NJ Chemical Construction Co. Linden AWE - 1953-1955 - The Chemical
Construction Company conducted research and development activities to recover
uranium and other metals from low-grade waste materials. The wastes were
generated by uranium processing operations at the Mallinckrodt facility in St. Louis,
Missouri.

345 Locations of Former Nike Site Locations & Status. - http://ed-thelen.org/loc.html#Design

237
 Source: Hagley Library Pictorial Collections

•NJ Du Pont Deepwater Works346 Deepwater AWE/DOE - 1942-1949 - In the 1940s,

E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company (DuPont) produced uranium products and conducted
research on uranium hexafluoride. These activities were conducted first for the US.
Office of Scientific Research and Development, and later under contract to the
Manhattan Engineer District and the Atomic Energy Commission. DuPont also
developed processes to convert uranium dioxide to uranium hexafluoride, and
produced uranium oxide and uranium metal which was used to fuel the CP-1 reactor
at the University of Chicago.

346 Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Refined Uranium and Thorium / R.J. Traub.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2006. - 75 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/arch/bat-6001-r0.pdf
Technical Basis Document for the DuPont Deepwater Works Deepwater, New Jersey. National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health. 2011. - 16 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/dupontd-r0-pc1.pdf

238
 Jackson Laboratory at DuPont's Deepwater Works in Deepwater, New Jersey
Source: Hagley Library Pictorial Collections

After completion of these activities, the AEC conducted limited decontamination and
released the site to DuPont for reuse. DuPont currently operates a chemical plant at
this site. The original research work was conducted at the Jefferson Lab in Building J-
16. This building was demolished and several feet of earth removed sometime between
1943 and 1945. Building J-26 was eventually built at that location. The other two
projects were located in buildings 708 and 845. A portion of building 708 was
demolished in 1945. The rest of the building along with several feet of earth was
removed in 1953.

239
Before there were houses, this block held racks of metal alloys. This building was the INCO Research Center

•NJ International Nickel Co., Bayonne Laboratories347 Bayonne AWE - 1951-

1952 - International Nickel plated uranium slugs with nickel for use in the nuclear
weapons production system during the early 1950s.

347 DOE Letter; Wagoner to Kieczk; No Further Investigations of the International Nickel Site Under
FUSRAP; December 16, 1994. 1 p.

240
•NJ J.T. Baker Chemical Co. Phillipsburg AWE - 1948; 1957-1958 - J.T. Baker
Chemical was licensed by Atomic Energy Commission to process and distribute refined
uranium.
•NJ Kellex/Pierpont or Kellex Corporation348 Jersey City AWE/DOE - 1943-1953;
Residual Radiation 1954-1978; 1981-1983 - In 1943, the M.W. Kellogg Company
established the Kellex Corporation to design and construct the first gaseous diffusion
uranium enrichment facility, the K-25 Plant, in Oak Ridge TN. This work was
conducted under contract to the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) and later to the
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). In the 1940s and early 1950s, Kellex conducted
research and development on fuel reprocessing and component testing using uranium
hexafluoride, and uranium processing and recovery techniques at. In 1951, the Vitro
Corporation of America assumed all the rights and obligations of the Kellex
Corporation. In 1953, Kellex discontinued all AEC contract work at the
Kellex/Pierpont site as Vitro acquired the Kellex Corporation. The same year the
company reorganised as the Vitro Corp. of America. One of Vitro's earliest customers
was the United States Navy, a relationship which continued into the 1990s.
•NJ Maywood Chemical Works349 Maywood AWE/DOE - 1947-1950 - From 1916 to
1959, Maywood Chemical Works extracted radioactive thorium and rare earth
348 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00100: Kellex/Pierpont facility in Jersey City, New Jersey / Monica Harrison-Maples, 2007. - 21 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/kellpier/kellexer.pdf
349 Pump Test Work Plan. New York District. Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program May-
wood Superfund Site. Prepared by: Stone & Webster Environmental Technology & Services in Associ-
ation with Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. for: US Army Corps of Engineers - Kansas City District. Formerly Utilized
Sites Remedial Action Program. US Army Corps of Engineers. 2001. - 56 pp.
- http://www.fusrapmaywood.com/Docs/MISS-152.pdf

241
elements from monazite sands for use in commercial products. From 1947 to 1950 the
AEC purchased thorium compounds from the Maywood Chemical Company.In 1959,
the Stepan Company purchased the Maywood Chemical Works, discontinuing all work
with thorium. From 1963-l 968, under license from the Atomic Energy Commission,
Stepan removed thorium wastes from properties adjacent to nearby State Route 17,
burying the wastes on the Stepan property.

•NJ Middlesex Municipal Landfill350 Middlesex AWE/DOE - 1948-1960 - From

1948 to 1960, the Middlesex Sampling Plant conducted thorium and uranium activit-
ies and disposed of the wastes at the Middlesex Municipal Landfill.

350 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
Middlesex Municipal Landfill Still Polluted. Middlesexboro.Net, Tuesday, 28 April 2009.
Formerly utilized MED/AEC sites remedial action program : Radiological survey of the Middlesex muni-
cipal landfill, Middlesex, New Jersey / prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for
Environment, Office of Environmental Compliance and Overview, Division of Environmental Control Tech-
nology, by Oak Ridge National Laboratory ; R. W. Leggett ... [et al.], 1980. - vi, 100 pp.
Middlesex Sampling Plant - http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/book_shelf/360_Middlesex.pdf

242
•NJ Middlesex Sampling Plant351 Middlesex DOE - 1943-1967 - In 1943, the
Manhattan Engineer District established the Middlesex Sampling Plant to assay,
sample, store, and ship uranium, thorium, and beryllium ores.

351 DOE: Middlesex Sampling Plant Site. 2011. - 3 pp.

The Administrative Record for the MSP Site is located at the Middlesex Borough Library

243
Until 1950, the plant was operated by the MED and then the AEC. By 1948, Ledoux
and Company and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. personnel were stationed on site to perform
assaying work. Another contractor, Perry Warehouse, provided laborers until about
1950. From 1950 to 1955, United Lead, a subsidiary of National Lead Co., operated
the plant for the AEC. The plant discontinued uranium and beryllium assaying and
sampling activities in 1955 and was used as a thorium storage and sampling site until
1967. In 1967, operations at Middlesex were terminated and all remaining thorium
sampling activities were transferred to the Feed Materials Production Center and to
the Weldon Spring Plant. Contractor: United Lead Company (1950-1955)
•NJ National Beryllia Haskell BE - 1968 - 1973; 1983-1986 - National Beryllia per-
formed a demonstration of its capabilities for production of parts for Y-12 beginning in
late 1968, with delivery in March 1969. Additionally, National Beryllia delivered some
parts to Union Carbide (Y-12), though the records indicate there was only partial per-
formance for this purchase order, which was terminated in April of 1973. Between
1984 and 1986 the National Beryllia division of General Ceramics had a series of pur-
chase orders through Martin Marietta, which was operating Y-12 at the time. These
contracts involved the shipment of beryllium from BrushWellman to National Beryllia
with Y-12 being the ultimate customer.

244
•NJ New Brunswick Laboratory New Brunswick DOE - 1948-1977 - From 1948 to
1978, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), used the New Brunswick Laboratory as
a general nuclear standards laboratory for assaying nuclear and non-nuclear
materials used in reactor and weapons programs. The New Brunswick Laboratory
(NBL) provided a variety of activities using nuclear materials, including thorium and
uranium ores, high purity plutonium and americium, and enriched uranium. In 1977
the New Brunswick Laboratory was moved from New Jersey onto the campus of
Argonne National Laboratory -- East, where it remains today.

245
•NJ Picatinny Arsenal352 Dover AWE - The Picatinny Arsenal was tasked to create
a nuclear capable artillery piece in 1949. With the development of nuclear technology,
Picatinny started working with the Atomic Energy Commission todevelop ammunition
for nuclear weapons. Beginning in 1954, this ammunition included nuclear warhead
sections for various rockets and missiles, such as Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
(ICBMs), surface-to-air missiles, and Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADMs) used to
create barriers to delay invading armies.

352 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics:Historic Aerospace Site. Picatinny Arsenal. New
Jersey. 2007. - 12 pp. - http://www.aiaa.org/Participate/Uploads/06-0609%20PICATINNEY.pdf

246
 Testing a nuclear warhead missile section

Picatinny also designed the explosive payload for the Nike series of missiles. Another
missile, the Corporal, was armed with either nuclear or conventional warheads, and
was capable of hitting targets up to 75 miles away. Picatinny developed the Honest
John medium- to long-range artillery, the Redstone (later used in the development of
rockets for space), and its successor, the Pershing.

247
•NJ Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton DOE - 1951-. - In 1951, the
Atomic Energy Commission, began operating the Princeton Plasma Physics
Laboratory (PPPL) on Site C and Site D of the James Forrestal Campus. This property
It grew out of the top secret Cold War project to control thermonuclear reactions,
called Project Matterhorn. It is owned by Princeton University. Research at PPPL
began with construction of the Model-C Stellerator, which was later converted to a
pulse-operated device. Today, this laboratory continues to conduct research on nuclear
fusion and development of nonweapons applications of this technology.

248
•NJ Rare Earths/W.R. Grace Wayne353 AWE/DOE - 1950-1960 - Rare Earths
extracted thorium from monazite sands from 1950-1960 under various contracts with
the AEC. The AEC needed the thorium for its weapons program. Although the
processing of monazite sands continued at Rare Earths through 1971, it was no longer
performed under contract for the AEC, but rather was for commercial purposes.
Remediation activities were conducted from 1985-1987 by Thermo Analytical/Eberline
and Bechtel National Inc. (BNI) under the BNI umbrella contract as part of the
Formerly Utilized Site Remediation Action Program (FUSRAP).
•NJ Standard Oil Development Co. of NJ Linden AWE - 1942-1945 - Standard Oil
locations at both 1900 East Linden Avenue (Linden) and the property at 1400 Park
Avenue (Bayway) performed a variety of tasks for the Manhattan Engineer District
(MED) during World War II. The company was contracted to obtain materials for work
being done by the Metallurgical Laboratories of the MED. It also conducted studies
and performed development work to produce uranium metal through chemical reduc-
tion processes and to construct and operate a centrifuge pilot plant for uranium
separation. The company continued to provide consulting and analytical services for
the Atomic Energy Commission.

353 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp.- http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084

249
•NJ Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken BE - 1959-1960 - The Stevens
Institute of Technology performed beryllium research and development for the AEC.
Researchers at the school's Powder Metallurgy Laboratory experimented with slip
casting production techniques as a replacement for the conventional vacuum-hot-
pressed block process. Beryllium powder was the primary ingredient in the production
process. The laboratory's working inventory during the course of the contract included
approximately 50 pounds of beryllium metal powder produced by the Brush Beryllium
Company.
•NJ Tube Reducing Co. Wallington AWE - 1952; 1955; 1957 - Tube Reducing Co.
conducted tests for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) on shaping and sizing uranium
rods. In January 1952, two uranium rods were processed. More tubes were extruded in
a reduction experiment in January 1955. Another test was conducted in 1957.
•NJ US. Pipe and Foundry Burlington BE- 1943 - A small amount of beryllium
mesh (15 pounds) was sent to US. Pipe and Foundry by the MED.
•NJ United Lead Co. Middlesex AWE - 1950-1967 - From 1950 to 1955, United
Lead, a subsidiary of National Lead Company, was the AEC's operating contractor for
the Middlesex Sampling Plant. The Middlesex Sampling Plant sampled, assayed,
stored, and shipped uranium, thorium, and beryllium ores. The plant discontinued
uranium and beryllium assaying and sampling activities in 1955. Until 1967, the site
was used as a thorium storage and sampling site.
•NJ Vitro Corp. of America West Orange AWE - 1951-early 1960s - In December
1951, Vitro was asked to submit a proposal for research on thorium fluoride
production, scrap recovery and waste recovery to involve 14 chemists and analysts.
Though it is not certain whether this work was undertaken, by the late 1950s and
early 1960s, Vitro conducted work under AEC contract converting low-enrichment
uranium dioxide to uranium carbide spheres. The uranium dioxide was shipped from
Rockwell International (then known as the Atomics International Division of North

250
American Aviation, Inc.) to Vitro for conversion into uranium carbide and was then
shipped back to Rockwell. Around 1958, Vitro also conducted work under contract to
the AEC Oak Ridge Operations Office for the separation of fission products.

•NJ Westinghouse Electric Corp. Bloomfield AWE - 1942 -1949 - Westinghouse

Electric, located in Bloomfield, NJ, was one of the large commercial contributors to
Manhattan Project research. Specific tasks related to uranium metal production and
enrichment. Because developing the technology to produce pure uranium metal be-
came a priority for the Manhattan Project, universities, and private companies
experience in related chemical processes participated in the task. From 1942-1943,
Westinghouse used a photochemical process for metallic uranium and supplied metal-
lic uranium for the first self-sustaining chain reaction in Chicago. In addition to con-
tributing to uranium metal production, Westinghouse Electric participated in activit-
ies related to uranium enrichment. Westinghouse also worked with thorium for the
Manhattan Project at this location.
•NJ Wykoff Steel Co. Newark AWE - 1950 - Wykoff Steel conducted tests of methods
to straighten and finish uranium rods on September 6, 1950.
•NM Accurate Machine & Tool Albuquerque - 1987-2002 - Accurate Machine &
Tool provides machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, CA

251
•NM Albuquerque Operations Office354 Albuquerque DOE 1942-. - The
Albuquerque Operations Office is the major defense program field organization in the
Department of Energy. Although its roots can be traced to the Manhattan Engineer
District's efforts to provide the nation with a nuclear weapons capability, the
Albuquerque Operations Office did not officially come into existence as a civilian
organization until the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1946.
Originating during the war years as the Los Alamos "Z" division - the engineering
branch of the project. After the establishment of the AEC, it was called the Santa Fe
Operations Office. The Office moved to Albuquerque in 1951 and in 1956, became the
Albuquerque Operations Office. Today, in managing a national program,
Albuquerque's primary mission continues to be stewardship and maintenance of the
nation's nuclear weapons stockpile.

354 DOE: Office of Environmental Management, Office of Technology Development: Albuquerque Opera-
tions Office. Albuquerque, New Mexico. Technology Summary. 1994. - 231 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10192451-MgEDFx/webviewable/

252
•NM Air Force Plant 83 Albuquerque DOE - The Plant 83 facility consisted of two
facilities: North Plant 83 Area located north of Woodward Road, which was
demolished in October 1997, and South Plant 83 Area located south of Woodward
Road, which is still in use today. Both facilities have been used for manufacturing
purposes since the 1950s, first by Eidel Manufacturing, followed by the Atomic Energy
Commission through its contractor American Car Foundry, followed by U.S. Air Force
through its contractor General Electric, and finally by General Electric Aviation (GEA)
as facility owner since 1984.

253
•NM Bayo Canyon Site355 Los Alamos AWE - Los Alamos National Laboratory
radiochemistry operations and explosives experiments conducted between 1943 and
1961 contaminated buildings, sewer lines, and soils at this site.

355 Formerly utilized MED/AEC sites remedial action program : Radiological survey of the Bayo Canyon,
Los Alamos, New Mexico / prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for
Environment, [Office of Environmental Compliance and Overview], Division of Environmental Control
Technology, by Oak Ridge National Laboratory ; [compiled by: Donald L. Mayfield, Allan K. Stoker, A.
John Ahlquist], 1979. - 108 pp.
Uranium Resources in New Mexico. / V. McLemore, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Min. Res.,
Socorro, NM. SME Annual Meeting, Feb. 25-Feb. 28, 2007, Denver, CO. 2007. - 13 pp.
- http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/staff/mclemore/documents/07-111_18.pdf

254
•NM Chupadera Mesa356 Chupadera Mesa DOE —The Chupadera Mesa Site is
privately owned land northeast of the White Sands Missile Range and the city of
Bingham in New Mexico. The site consists of the fallout zone of the first nuclear
weapons test, the Trinity test, conducted on July 16, 1945. The test was part of the
Manhattan Project that was established during World War II to conduct research for
the development and production of nuclear weapons.

356 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084

255
•NM Fort Wingate Depot357 or Fort Wingate Depot Activity AWE - The Missile
Defense Agency used the base between 1963 and 1967 as a test site for Pershing
missiles. Also between 1960 and 1967, portions of the installation were used by the
Army to test the performance of several ballistic missile systems, including the
launching of ballistic missiles from the installation.
•NM Hangar 481358 DOE 1989 - 1996
- Radioactive materials were transpor-
ted to Hangar 481 in sealed containers.
Based on Ross Aviation shipment re-
cords, radioactive material shipments
predominantly consisted of tritium, de-
pleted uranium, and mixed fission
products. The Department of Energy
contracted with Ross Aviation, Inc. to
manage and operate Hangar 481 on
the premises of the Kirtland Air Force
Base for the convenience of the adja-
cent Sandia National Laboratory.

357 Community Relations Plan Fort Wingate Depot Activity. McKinley County, New Mexico. 2006. -
185 pp. - http://www.ftwingate.org/docs/pub/FWDA_CRP-V1-8-29-06.pdf
Fort Wingate Depot Activity Base Realignment & Closure Installation Action Plan. 2010. - 50 pp.
- http://www.ftwingate.org/docs/pub/FWDA_IAP_Current.pdf
Master Environmental Plan: Fort Wingate Depot Activity, - Gailup, New Mexico. / C. A. Biang, C. R.
Yuen, R. P. Biang, A. A. Antonopoulos,and J. D. Ditmars. Environmental Assessment and Information
Sciences Division. Argonne National Laboratory, 1990. - 149 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/6231102-ht9QB5/6231102.pdf
358 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Hangar 481. Special Exposure Cohort Petition
Evaluation Report Update / Samuel E. Glover, PhD. 2011. - 28 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/pres/h4810811fc.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00139: Hangar 481, Kirtland Air Force Base. / Robert Coblentz, Mike Domal. 2010. - 51 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/h481/h481er-139-r1.pdf

256
•NM Holmes and Narver, Incorporated359 AWE - Nevada Test Site contractor.
Holmes & Narver also employed many of the civilians that were stationed on Johnston
Island in the Pacific Proving Grounds.
•NM Holloman Air Force Base
Alamogordo AWE - After World War
II, the future of the base was
uncertain. In fact, rumors spread
concerning the closure of the site,
fueled by the fact that most operations
had ceased. However, in 1947, a new
era began when Air Materiel
Command announced the air field
would be its primary site for the
testing and development of pilot less
aircraft, guided missiles, and other
research programs. For the next 25
years the site, which became known as
the Holloman Air Development Center,
and later the Air Force Missile Development Center, launched many missiles
including Tiny Tim (the first Army rocket), Rascal, V-2, XQ-2 Drone, Falcon, MACE,
Matador, and Shrike.

359 National Archives: Records of the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] (Record Group 326) 1923-75.

257
•NM Kirtland Air force Base360 AWE - National Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Site -
In December 1949, Kirtland became headquarters for the Air Force Special Weapons
Center. In 1963, the Special Weapons Center gave up much of its research and devel-
opment work to the newly created Air Force Weapons Laboratory. In 1992, the Kirt-
land Underground Munitions Storage Complex (KUMSC) was activated at Kirtland
AFB. KUMSC is the largest storage facility for nuclear weapons in the world. The fa-
cility provides storage, shipping and maintenance for the United States Air Force and
Navy.
•NM Kirtland Operations Office Albuquerque DOE – 1964.- -The Kirtland Opera-
tions Office was founded in 1964 as part of the US atmospheric nuclear testing readi-
ness program. Today, this applied-science and engineering organization supports the
National Nuclear Security Administration. Contractors: Honeywell Corporation (2000
- 2009); AlliedSignal(1984-2000); Allied Corporation (1982 - 1984); Bendix Corporation
(1 964- 1982).
360 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf

258
•NM Los Alamos Medical Center Los Alamos DOE - 1952-1963 - Los Alamos Med-
ical Center started as an Army hospital for Manhattan Project workers. A new facility
was constructed in 1951 and opened in January 1952. The AEC sold the hospital in
1963.
•NM Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos DOE - 1942-. - Operated by the
University of California since its inception, Los Alamos National Laboratory designed,
developed and tested the world's first nuclear weapons. After World War II, Los Alam-
os (called the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) continued as an important nuclear
weapons research and development facility. Research programs included nuclear phys-
ics, hydrodynamics, chemistry, metallurgy, radiochemistry and life sciences. LANL
also used its research facilities to back up other areas of the weapons production com-
plex, particularly plutonium processing and fabrication of weapon components.

259
•NM Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute Albuquerque DOE - 1960-. - The
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (formerly the Inhalation Toxicology Research
Institute or ITRI) is located on Kirtland Air Force Base. It was established in 1960 to
conduct research on the human health consequences of inhaling airborne radioactive
materials. The Institute is operated for Department of Energy (DOE) by the non-profit
Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute.

260
•NM Ore Buying Station at Grants361 Grants DOE - 1956-1958 - The ore buying
station at Grants purchased uranium ore for the AEC. Lucius Pitkin managed and
operated the Grants station on behalf of the AEC from July 1956 to mid-1958.
Contractors: Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1958).

361 The AEC and the Grants Mineral Belt / M. Clifford Smith, JR.. US. Atomic Energy Commission, Grand
Junction, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society-Eighteenth field conference.
A cohort study of uranium millers and miners of Grants, New Mexico, 1979-2005. / Boice JD Jr, Cohen
SS, Mumma MT, et al., in: Journal of Radiological Protection, Vol. 28 (2008), No. 3 (Sep), p. 303-325
A cohort mortality study of workers engaged in uranium milling and mining activities near Grants, New
Mexico, during the period from 1955 to 1990 was conducted. Vital status was determined through 2005
and standardised mortality ratio (SMR) analyses were conducted for 2745 men and women alive after
1978 who were employed for at least six months. Overall, mortality from all causes (SMR 1.15; 95% CI
1.07-1.23; n = 818) and all cancers (SMR 1.22; 95% CI 1.07-1.38; n = 246) was greater than expected on
the basis of US mortality rates. Increased mortality, however, was seen only among the 1735
underground uranium miners and was due to malignant (SMR 2.17; 95% CI 1.75-2.65; n = 95) and non-
malignant (SMR 1.64; 95% CI 1.23-2.13; n = 55) respiratory diseases, cirrhosis of the liver (SMR 1.79; n
= 18) and external causes (SMR 1.65; n = 58). The lung cancer excess likely is attributable to the
historically high levels of radon in uranium mines of the Colorado Plateau, combined with the heavy use
of tobacco products.

261
•NM Ore Buying Station at Shiprock362 Shiprock DOE - 1952-1954 - The ore
362 Selected Literature on: The Navajo Uranium Mining Experience, 2003-1952 (listed chronologically
from most recent to oldest) / Compiled by Chris Shuey, MPH Southwest Research and Information
Center. Revised December 11, 2003. - http://www.sric.org/uranium/navajorirf.html
Shields,L M; Wiese,W H; Skipper,B J; et al.: Navajo birth outcomes in the Shiprock uranium mining
area: Health Physics Vol.63, No.5, Nov.1992, p.542-551
An investigation performed at the Shiprock, New Mexico, uranium mine showed that babies from mothers
who lived near the tailings dump, suffered a significant increase in birth defects by a factor of 1.83. Since
no dependency on the duration of exposure prior to birth could be found, the result is seen by the authors
with caution, though statistically significant.
Impacts of past uranium mining practices: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Mineral Resources
Development and Production of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate,
One Hundred First Congress, second session ... Shiprock, NM, March 13, 1990. - 242 pp.

262
buying station at Shiprock purchased uranium ore for the AEC. American Smelting
and Refining Company managed and operated the Shiprock station from July 1952 to
January 1954. Contractor: American Smelting and Refining Company (1952-1954).

•NM Sandia National Laboratories363 Albuquerque DOE - 1949-. - Sandia National

Laboratory originated in the 1940s as the Z Division of Los Alamos, the engineering
arm of the US nuclear weapons development program. In 1949, it was given the mis-
sion to design the non-nuclear components for nuclear weapons. Since 1953, areas
have been used to test nuclear and non-nuclear weapons components. From 1946-
1957, Sandia also housed a weapons assembly line and from 1963-1971, an onsite li-
quid waste disposal system for liquid radioactive discharges from the Sandia Experi-
363 Annual Report Purchasing and Materials Management Organization, Sandia National Laborator-
ies Fiscal Year 1993. / D. R. Martin. Prepared by Sandla National Laboratories Albuquerque,New Mexico
and Livermore, California, for the United States Department of Energy, 1994. - 142 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10131353-DE3Ldo/native/10131353.pdf
'This report summarizes the purchasing and transportation activities of the Purchasing and Materials
Management Organization for Fiscal Year 1993. Activities for both the New Mexico and California
locations are included.' A customers book...
Furman, Necah Stewart: Sandia National Laboratories: The Postwar Decade - Albuquerque: The Univer-
sity of New Mexico Press, 1990. Covering the 1945-1955.
Status of Upcoming SEC Petitions / LaVon B. Rutherford, CHP. National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health Division of Compensation Analysis and Support. 2011. - 6 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/pres/secstat0811bw.pdf
Karafantis, Layne Rochelle, "Weapons labs and city growth: Livermore and Albuquerque, 1945-1975"
(2010). UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones. Paper 228.
- http://digitalcommons.library.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/228

263
mental Reactor Facility. Throughout the course of its operations, the potential for
beryllium exposure existed at this site, due to beryllium use, residual contamination,
and decontamination activities. Contractors: Lockheed Martin (1995-present); Martin
Marietta (1993-1995); AT&T (1951-1993)
•NM South Albuquerque Works Albuquerque DOE - 1951-1967 - The AEC owned
the South Albuquerque Works from 1951-1967 and used it to produce weapons
components of steel. It was opened in anticipation of the 1952 closing of the Buffalo
Works. American Car and Foundry was part of the Buffalo Operation and also
operated the South Albuquerque Works for the AEC. Contractor: American Car and
Foundry, Inc. (1951-1967).
• NM South Valley Superfund Site364 South Valley of Albuquerque DOE
•NM Uranium Mill at Shiprock365 Shiprock DOE - 1960-1989 -Foote Mineral Co.
leased its uraniumvanadium properties on the Colorado Plateau to Climax Uranium
Co. After Foote ceased mining the properties in midyear, Climax reopened some of the
mines and processed ore from them at its uranium mill in Grand Junction. Previously,
ores from these mines were processed at Foote's uranium mill at Shiprock, N. Mex.,
which the company also shut down in mid-1968. The former Uranium Mill at Shiprock
processed a total of about 1.5 million short tons of uranium ore.

364 South Valley Environmental Quality Profile. Bernalillo County Office of Environmental Health, Al-
buquerque. 2003. - 95 pp.
- http://www.bernco.gov/upload/images/environmental_health/EQPSouthValley.pdf
365 U.S. Department of Labor : DOL Notifies Workers of 17 Facilities Associated with Uranium Mill Tail-
ings Radiation Control Act about Potential Eligibility under EEOICPA, Friday 13, 2012.
'WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying former workers of 17 facilities associated with
the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act about compensation and medical benefits potentially avail -
able to them under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act, which is ad -
ministered by the department's Division of Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation. Sur-
vivors of qualified workers also may be entitled to benefits...'
Bureau of Mines / Minerals yearbook area reports: domestic 1968. Year 1968, Volume III (1970). Bi-
eniewski, Carl L.; Henkes, William C.: Colorado, pp. 159-188
Stream Surveys in Vicinity of Uranium Mills. IV. Area of Shiprock, New Mexico - November 1960 :
Public Health Service, Denver, Colo. Div. of Water Supply and Pollution Control. 1962.

264
•NM Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Carlsbad DOE - 1999-. - The Waste Isolation Pilot
Plant (WIPP) was designed for the disposal of transuranic radioactive waste resulting
from the research and production of nuclear weapons. It is the world's first under-
ground repository licensed to safely and permanently dispose of transuranic radioact-
ive waste left from the research and production of nuclear weapons. WIPP began
operations on March 26, 1999. Contractor: Westinghouse WIPP Company (1999-
present).

Beginning in 1945, JPL personnel went to White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico to conduct a series
of preliminary flight tests of the Corporal missile and WAC Corporal, a 1/5 scale model. This high-altitude
test vehicle was designed and built for the Army Ordnance Department. They used a variety of
configurations, launch vehicles, propellants ... and names (Bumper WAC, Baby WAC, WAC Dummy, WAC A,
WAC B, Tiny Tim booster, and Corporal E). Launch equipment, stage separation, and stabilization were
studied, data recorded, and photographs taken. The WAC Corporal would eventually be used as a second
stage on top of a modified V-2 (German A-4) rocket. Source: - https://pub-
lib.jpl.nasa.gov/docushare/dsweb/Services/Document-387

265
•NM White Sands Missile Range or the White Sands Proving Ground, including
the Trinity test site and the White Sands Missile Range Museum AWE 1945-.

• NV Device Assembly Facility Nevada Test Site AWE - The DAF was designed
and built for the purpose of assembling Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National

266
Laboratory nuclear test devices prior to placing them underground for testing.
'Merrick & Company served as the primary engineering firm for the design of the first
gloveboxes to be installed inside the Device Assembly Facility.'

• NV Lake Mead Base,366 or Nellis AFB AWE - National Nuclear Weapons Stockpile
Site. 'The nuclear weapons storage area (WSA) at Nellis was initially constructed by
the AEC between 1953 and 1955 as one of 13 original facilities built for storage, main -
tenance, and operational readiness of the nuclear stockpile. This storage area was ori-
ginally separate from Nellis AFB and known as Lake Mead Base. Jointly operated by
the AEC, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the U.S. Navy, the first
weapons arrived at Lake Mead in 1955. The original complex included up to 10 storage
buildings with vaults (“A” structures), a maintenance building (“C” structure), two oth-
er assembly/maintenance buildings, storage igloos, and a dry low-level radioactive
waste disposal area. An emergency holding tank was connected the “C” structure.
Area 2 became part of the main base in September 1969. Today, the 896th operates
the largest U.S. above-ground munitions storage facility in the world.
• NV Lembke Construction Las Vegas DOE – Nevada Test Site Contractor.

366 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf
Taking Stock: Worldwide Nuclear Deployments 1998´. / William M. Arkin, Robert S. Norris and Joshua
Handler. Natural Resources Defence Council, 1998. - http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/tkstock/p53-94.pdf

267
•NV Nevada Site Office or Nevada Operations Office North Las Vegas DOE - 1962-.
- The Nevada Site Office was created and assumed responsibility for operations and
programs at the Nevada Test Ste (NTS) on March 6, 1962, when nuclear weapons test-
ing became a year-round effort. Prior to that date, it had been operated by the Al-
buquerque Field Office and prior to that the Santa Fe Operations Office. Atmospheric
nuclear testing began at the Nevada Test Site on January 27, 1951 and continued
through 1963 when the Test Ban Treaty was signed. After the Test Ban, all nuclear
testing was conducted underground. In 2002, beryllium contamination was found in
buildings B-1, B-2, B-3 and A-1 in the North Las Vegas Complex. 367 Operations in
these building were halted and employees were relocated, due to exposure concerns.
Contractors: EG&G Energy Measurements, Raytheon Services Nevada and Reynolds
Electrical & Engineering Company (REECO) (1962-1995), Bechtel Nevada (1996-
present); Wackenhut Services Incorporated (security)(1965-present); IT Corp.
(Environmental Services (1993-2003) Stoller/Navarro (Environmental Services)(2003-
present).

367 Test Site workers screened for beryllium.

Anyone who worked at least one year from 1951 to 1992 in areas at the Nevada Test Site where nuclear
weapons experiments were conducted, or at the North Las Vegas Atlas complex on Losee Road, may be
eligible for free medical screenings. More than 9,000 workers have been contacted and almost 3,000
have been screened for possible exposure to asbestos, silica dust, radiation, diesel exhaust, beryllium or
loud noise. Las Vegas Sun, Wednesday, Nov. 5, 2003.

268
•NV Nevada Test Site, now the Nevada National Security Site368 Mercury DOE -
1951-. - The Nevada Test Site was established in 1951. The mission of the Test Site is
to conduct field tests of nuclear devices in connection with the research and develop-
ment of nuclear weapons. The Nevada Test Site, slightly larger than the State of
Rhode Island, has been the primary location for testing nuclear explosive devices since
Operation Ranger was first conducted in 1951.369

368 Nevada Test Site – Site Description / Eugene M. Rollins. National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health, 2008.- 99 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/nts2-r1-p1.pdf
Nevada Test Site Oral History Project, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
- http://digital.library.unlv.edu/ntsohp/
The Nevada Test Site Oral History Project at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas is a comprehensive
program dedicated to documenting, preserving and disseminating the remembered past of persons
affiliated with and affected by the Nevada Test Site during the era of Cold War nuclear testing.
Sample: Interview with Raymond Harbert. February 18, 2005. Las Vegas, Nevada. / Interview Conducted
By Mary Palevsky. 2007. - 47 pp.
369 Hacker, Barton C.: Elements of controversy: the Atomic Energy Commission and radiation safety
in nuclear weapons testing, 1947-1974. University of California Press, 1994 - 614 pp.
Carl Maag, Stephen Rohrer, Robert Shepanek : Operation Ranger: Shots Able, Baker, Easy, Baker-2,
Fox, 25 January-6 February 1951. United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests, Nuclear Test
Personnel Review, Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency for the Department of
Defense, 1982. - 186 pp.
Department of Energy: Nuclear Test Film - Operation Ranger, Operation Buster/Jangle (1951).

269
 In addition, the site is used for low-
level waste disposal. Currently, the
site is allowing other types of testing
at the site, conducting remediation,
and is in a standby mode so that if
nuclear weapons testing ever is needed
again, it could be conducted at the
Nevada Test Site.

Contractors: Bechtel Nevada (1996-present); Reynolds Electrical & Engineering

Company (1952-1995). Holmes and Narver was an architectural and engineering
contractor at the Nevada Test Site from late 1951 until November 1990. Holmes and
Narver's role at the Nevada Test Site was to design and supervise construction of
facilities that included towers, bunkers, instrument stations, tunnel complexes, and

270
other test-support facilities. In November 1990, this function was assumed by a new
contractor, Raytheon Services, Nevada.
•NV Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company370 Las Vegas DOE – Nevada
Test Site contractor.
•NV Titanium Metals Corp. of America 371 Henderson DOE - provided goods
and/or services to the Fernald facility as subcontractor.

•NV Tonopah Test Range372 Tonopah DOE - 1956-. - The Tonopah Test Range was
established by Sandia Corporation and continues today as an outpost to Sandia Na-
tional Laboratories. Tonopah was established to provide an isolated place for the
Atomic Energy Commission to test ballistics and non-nuclear features of atomic
weapons. The AEC began leasing this isolated 525 square mile property from the Air
Force in early 1956. In August of the same year the AEC contracted Reynolds Electric-
al and Engineering Company for the construction of temporary facilities on the test
range. The AEC contracted with Lembke Construction for permanent facilities at the
370 Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company (REECo) Dosimetry Records, ca. 1945-1983. LANL,
Records Center, G-12, Los Alamos, NM 87545
- http://hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/new/findingaids/epidemiologic/lanl/study/129.html
371 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
372 US Air Force: Final environmental assessment for sanitary landfill expansion on the Tonopah Test
Range, Nye County, NV. 2007 . - 49 pp.

271
site in 1960. Rocket testing began in 1957 with the series "Doorknob." 373 It is believed
that the only operation on site involving radiation occurred in 1963 and was known as
Operation Roller Coaster.374 Studies were also conducted in 1964 at the Tonopah test
range as part of the AEC program known as Project Plowshare. 375 These involved the
use of non-nuclear explosives to examine earth cratering patterns. A separate Air
Force installation at the test range, which consisted of housing, hangers, and other
facilities standard to modern Air Force bases, was constructed on the Tonopah Test
Range in the late 1970s for developmental testing of the Air Force's F-117 Stealth
Fighter plane. The Air Force moved its stealth program to Holloman Air Force Base
and mothballed its Tonopah base in 1994. The Air Force installation does not qualify
as a DOE facility. CAU 426 consists of one Corrective Action Site (CAS) which is
comprised of four waste trenches (CAS Number RG-23-001-RGCS). The trenches were
excavated to receive solid waste generated in support of .Operation Roller Coaster,
primarily the Double Tracks Test in 1963, and were subsequently baclctllled. The
Double Tracks Test involved the use of live animals to assess the biological hazards
associated with the non-nuclear detonation of plutonium-bearing devices (i.e.,
inhalation uptake of plutonium aerosol).376 Contractors: REECO; Lembke Construction
of Las Vegas, EG&G, and Advanced Security. Raytheon also served as a contractor at
the site, and in the 1993, KMI received Tonopah's primary support and maintenance
contract.
•NV Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project Yucca Mountain DOE
•NY AEC New York Operations Office AWE
•NY Allegheny-Ludlum Steel377 Watervliet AWE - 1950-1952 - Allegheny-Ludlum
Steel rolled uranium billets into rods for the AEC as part of the multi-site process
overseen by the New York Operations Office for the production of uranium metal for
fabrication into slugs for fueling the Hanford production reactors.
•NY American Machine and Foundry Brooklyn AWE - 1951-1954; Residual
Radiation 1955-1992 - During the early 1950s, this location designed and produced
industrial equipment for the Atomic Energy Commission. American Machine Foundry
also performed a large volume of uranium, thorium and possibly zirconium metal
machining work from 1951-1954.

373 Doorknob. Test vehicle developed by Sandia for aeronomy measurements during atmospheric nuclear
tests.
374 Nevada Environmental Restoration Project: Closure Report for Corrective Action Unit 426: Cactus
Spring Waste Trenches, Tonopah Test Range, Nevada. 1998.- 63 pp.
'CAU 426 consists of one Corrective Action Site (CAS) which is comprised of four waste trenches (CAS
Number RG-23-001-RGCS). The trenches were excavated to receive solid waste generated in support
of .Operation Roller Coaster, primarily the Double Tracks Test in 1963, and were subsequently baclctllled.
The Double Tracks Test involved the use of live animals to assess the biological hazards associated with
the non-nuclear detonation of plutonium-bearing devices (i.e., inhalation uptake of plutonium aerosol)
(DOE, 1996).'
375 DOE, Nevada Operations Office, Office of Public Affairs and Information: Plowshare Program, undated.
- 41 pp. - https://www.osti.gov/opennet/reports/plowshar.pdf
376 Nevada Environmental Restoration Project: Closure Report for Corrective Action Unit 426: Cactus
Spring Waste Trenches, Tonopah Test Range, Nevada. 1998.- 63 pp.
377 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix Q – Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Company, 2007. -
16 pp.- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apq-r0.pdf

272
•NY Ashland Oil Company Tonawanda AWE/DOE - 1944-1960; 1974-1982 - In
August 1944, the Manhattan Engineer District purchased the Ashland #1 property,
formerly known as the Haist Property, for use as a disposal site for approximately
7,250 metric tons (8,000 tons) of uranium ore tailings and concentrate refining
residues generated at the nearby Linde site. When the uranium residues were
transported to the Ashland #1 site, they were spread over two-thirds of the property to
estimated depths of 0.3 to 1.5 meters (one to five feet). In 1960, the Atomic Energy
Commission determined that the levels of residual radioactivity at Ashland #1 site
were below then current criteria and released the land as surplus. The Ashland Oil
Company eventually acquired the property.

273
From 1957 to 1982, the Ashland Oil Company used a portion of the Ashland #2 site as
a landfill for disposal of general plant refuse and industrial and chemical wastes and
materials. Between 1974 and 1982, Ashland Oil transported from the Ashland #1 site
an unknown quantity of soil mixed with radioactive residues to the Ashland #2
landfill.

274
•NY Baker and Williams Ware-
houses378 New York AWE/DOE - 1942-
1949 - The Manhattan Engineer Dis-
trict and the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion used the Baker & Williams site
warehouses for short-term storage of
uranium concentrates. This material
was generated in Port Hope 379, Cana-
da, by milling African ores from the
African Metals Corporation.
[Shinkolobwe380 - DR Congo AWE
1942-1960 - The United States used
the Shinkolobwe's uranium resources
to supply the Manhattan Project to
construct the atomic bomb in World
War II. Edgar Sengier, then director of
Union Minière du Haut Katanga had
stockpiled 1,200 tonnes of uranium ore
in a warehouse on Staten Island, New
York. This ore and an additional 3,000
tonnes of ore stored above-ground at
the mine was purchased by Colonel
Ken Nichols for use in the project. The
Congo mine had been closed since 1939
as it was flooded. The American Army
sent a squad from its Corps of
Engineers to restore the mine, expand
the aerodromes in Léopoldville and
Lubumbashi (formally Elizabethville), and build a port in Matadi, on the Congo River.
Between 1942 and 1944, about 30,000 tons of uranium ore were sold to the US Army.
The mine was closed in 1960.

378 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
379 Port Hope Radiobiological Studies Project 2007 : Presented and Peer Reviewed at the EANM Con-
gress 2007 - Copenhagen, Denmark: The Quantitative Analysis of Uranium Isotopes in the Population of
Port Hope, Ontario Canada / Asaf Durakovic, Axel Gerdes, Isaac Zimmerman. Uranium Medical Re -
search Center. - http://www.porthopehealthconcerns.com/radiobiological_studies.htm
'The Port Hope Community Health Concerns Committee (PHCHCC) and Uranium Medical Research Centre
(UMRC) is an incorporated nonprofit community organization which was established in 1995.'
See also: Eldorado Uranium Refinery 1942-. now Cameco, Blind River, Ontario, Canada.
Biomonitoring with Moss Monitors in the Vicinity of the Cameco Uranium Refinery, Blind River, Ontario
(1992). - 46 pp. - http://www.archive.org/details/biomonitoringwit00ontauoft
380 International Atomic Energy Agency: Radiological Report on an Inter-Agency mission to the Shinko-
lobwe mine site, Democratic Republic of Congo, 24 October to 4 November 2004. - 22 pp.
- http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/Radological_Final_Report_161204.pdf

275
•NY Bethlehem Steel381 Lackawanna AWE - 1949-1952 - In 1949, Bethlehem Steel
of Lackawanna, New York developed improved rolling mill pass schedules for uranium
billets into 1.5-inch rods to be used for reactor fuel rods to later be used at the Fernald
plant. Bethlehem also performed uranium rolling experiments to help design the
Fernald rolling mill. 'Retired workers in western New York say they have had a hard
time meeting program requirements because they worked for companies, like Linde
and Bethlehem Steel, where weapons development projects contracted by the govern-
ment made up only a small part of their business. Over time, the companies changed
hands or closed, making records hard to come by, thus blocking compensation for
former workers.'382
'On May 7, 1976 an article appeared in the Buffalo Courier Express listing Bethlehem
Steel Corporation's Lackawanna Plant as one of several facilities which handled radio-
active material for the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) during the late 1940's
and early 1950'pp. The U, pp. Energy Research and Development Administration
(ERDA), formerly the research and development arm of the AEC, had developed a list
of 49 sites for which only incomplete records' existed. Lackawanna was one of the 49
381 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00056: Bethlehem Steel Corporation / Robert Coblentz, Roger Gard, Timothy Adler. 2007. - 53 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/bethst/bethster.pdf
'When doing experimental work, you are working with the unknown. The government admits to destroying
these records.'
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Technical Basis Document: Basis for Development
of an Exposure Matrix for Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Lackawanna, New York; Period of Opera -
tion: 1949-1952 / Sam Glover, Dave Allen, 2010. - 34 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/dcastbd3-r1.pdf
382 Sickened, and Fighting Another Cold War. New York Times, December 23, 2007.

276
sites. The initial story was reported by the Washington Star and subsequently picked
up by the Buffalo paper. The report in the Star indicated that Federal experts were
surveying for possible contamination from lax handling methods, for material. possibly
buried at the sites, and for possible spreading to other sites.' 383
'• There are no records for the time period from 1949 through 1950.
• Workers were not supplied with personal protective equipment.
• Thirteen ton of radioactive materials were left at the Bethlehem Steel site.
• The amount of uranium rolling could not have been done in a 10-hour day.
• The work at Bethlehem Steel involved more manual labor than at Simonds Saw and
Steel.
• The government admits to destroying records.
• The work areas could not have been cleaned in one day.
• NIOSH initially stated that the highest dust levels were at the rollers, and then
later, NIOSH stated the highest exposures were somewhere else.
• Grinding was not recognized or incorporated in the Bethlehem Steel Technical Basis
document.
• Workers ate and drank in dusty areas and could have ingested uranium.
• Workers wore contaminated coveralls.'384

•NY Bliss & Laughlin Steel385 Buffalo AWE/DOE - 1951-1952 - Under contract to
383 Preliminary Survey of Bethlehem Steel Lackawanna, New York / Work performed by the Health and
Safety Research Division. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1980. - 14 pp.
384 SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00056 : Bethlehem Steel Corporation / Robert Coblentz,
Roger Gard, Timothy Adler. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2006. - 53. pp
385 SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Bliss & Laughlin Steel (January 1, 1951 through December 31,

277
the National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald), Bliss and Laughlin Steel rolled urani-
um rods for the AEC and also provided uranium slug machining services. Bliss and
Laughlin was part of a complex called the Buffalo Works that fashioned components
for the early weapons program. The functions were transferred to the Albuquerque
South Valley Site in 1952.

•NY Brookhaven National Laboratory386 Upton DOE - 1947-. - Brookhaven

1952 and/or during the residual period from January 1, 1953 through December 31, 1998 / Donald
R. Watkins, Monica Harrison-Maples, Riasp Medora, Kyle Kleinhans, James K. Alexander, and Jack
Beck. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2009. - 53 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/blsteel/blisser.pdf
386 Medical Research Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Sample Report: Evaluation of the Fallout
Protection Afforded by Brookhaven National Laboratory Medical Research Center / H. Borella, Z.
Burson, and J. Jacovitch. Civil Effects Test Operations. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. - Washington D.
C. Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, 1961. - 77 pp.
- ttp://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA437760
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profile for the Brookhaven National Laboratory
/ Lori Arent, Samuel Chu, John A. Devanney, Leo Faust, Robert L. Morris, Eugene Potter, and Elyse M.
Thomas. 2010. - 115 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/brooknlr1.pdf
Draft: Review of the NIOSH Site Profile for Brookhaven National Laboratory. S. Cohen & Associates,
Vienna, Virginia, 2009. - 59 pp.- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/scarpts/sca-t1-sp09-1-r0.pdf
'For internal dose assessment, the site profile fails to address the adequacy and completeness of BNL bioas -
say data to support dose reconstruction. Uniform and comprehensive historic bioassay policies have not
been cited nor located for BNL. With the exception of operators at the BGRR, bioassay monitoring for iso -
topes other than tritium at BNL appears to have been more “event driven,” rather than conducted on a
routine preventive basis. A preliminary review of BNL bioassay records does not indicate that consistent
long-term routine bioassay monitoring policies were in place. From a preliminary review of available BNL

278
National Laboratory (BNL) is the former site of a US. Army installation (Camp Upton)
and has been involved in research and development activities in support of the
Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor agencies since 1947. BNL's facilities
conduct basic and applied research in high energy and nuclear physics and in other
areas of science. Contractors:Brookhaven Science Association (Battelle Memorial
Institute and State University of New York at Stony Brook)(1998-Present); Associated
Universities, Incorporated (1947-1998)
•NY Burns & Roe, Inc. Maspeth BE - 1949 - In 1949, under AEC contract AT(30-
1)438, Burns & Roe constructed a pilot plant in Maspeth on Long Island. The plant
was constructed as a means of determining the potential value of the Sheer-Korman
process in the manufacture of reactor materials. At least one test run involving berylli-
um was conducted in 1949. The New York Operations Office Health and Safety Labor-
atory sampled for beryllium in the air in 1949 and 1950, when the plant was dis -
mantled.

•NY Carborundum Company Niagara Falls AWE - 1943-1944; 1959-1967 - In 1943

and 1944 the Carborundum Company at its Globar Plant and Buffalo Avenue loca-
tions was engaged in various phases of Manhattan Engineer District (MED) programs
to determine suitable methods for engineering and shaping uranium rods. This work
also involved the forming, coating, and canning of uranium rods for the MED pile.
From 1959 through 1967, the company used powder fabrication techniques to manu-
facture uranium, plutonium, and carbide pellets for an AEC research program. The
Hanford facility supplied Carborundum with materials during that period. Car-
borundurn also performed work during the 1950s that is not covered under EEOICPA,
including fabricating nuclear fuel elements for commercial purposes and producing
zirconium, hafnium, and titanium for AEC's special reactor materials program.

records and interviews with BNL health physics personnel, there is sufficient reason to question the com-
pleteness, accuracy, and accessibility of bioassay records for BNL from the late 1940s through the mid-
1980s, or perhaps into the mid-1990s, when the centralized electronic Health Physics Records System
(HPRS) became operational.'
Cultural (Historical) Resource Management at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Historic Images: Early
BNL - http://www.bnl.gov/ewms/cresources/HistoricImages/early_bnl_pics.asp

279
•NY Colonie Site387 (National Lead) Colonie AWE/DOE - 1958-1968 - From 1958-
1968, National Lead Industries owned and operated the Colonie site and during this
time it produced uranium products under contract to the AEC. This contract was
terminated in 1968. Thereafter, National Lead fabricated various products from
depleted uranium. The largest customer for these products was the US. Department of
Defense with its contract for armor penetrator cores.

387 Former National Lead site on the mend / Diana Denner. The Record. Sunday, September 26, 2010
'COLONIE — A report published this past spring by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) indicates
that 1130 Central Avenue, where radioactive materials contaminated the Colonie Site, is now on the
mend.'
Uranium found in residents and workers near former National Lead's Colonie plant. The Business
Review, December 5, 2007. 'A joint study by the University at Albany and the University of Leicester in
England has found uranium in workers and residents who lived near the former National Lead Industries
munitions plant in Colonie between 1958 and 1982.'
The distribution of depleted uranium contamination in Colonie, NY, USA / Lloyd et al. 2009. Science of
the Total Environment, 408 (2), 397-407. Reprinted in the Testimony of Prof Randall Parrish, 2009.
Isotope ratio mapping of depleted uranium contamination from the NLI Colonie site / Nicholas S.
Lloyd, Simon R. Chenery, Randall R. Parrish. University of Leicester, British Geological Survey, Kingsley
Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, 2008. - 1 p.
- http://www.asureviews.org/N_Lloyd_BNASS_Poster.pdf
Testimony of Prof Randall Parrish for the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the
Committee for Science and Technology, US House of Representatives. Washington, 12 March 2009.
- http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/oversight09/march12/parrish.pdf

280
•NY Columbia University388 New York City AWE/
DOE - including the Nevis cyclotron, which was
constructed at Columbia University's Nevis Laboratories
in Irvington, N.Y.
•NY Crucible Steel Co.389 Syracuse AWE - 1951 - In
1951, New York Operations Office personnel performed a
test forging and rolling of 10 thorium billets at Crucible
Steel Company.
•NY Eastman Kodak Laboratory or Eastman Kodak
Rochester Lab.390 AWE - Research and development
with natural uranium solutions in 1943.
•NY Electro Metallurgical391 Niagara Falls AWE -
1942-1953 - In 1942, the Electro Metallurgical Company
388 National Archives: Records of the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] (Record Group 326) 1923-75
According to Wikipedia, Eugene Theodore Booth (1912-2004) was an American nuclear physicist. He was a
member of the historic Columbia University team which made the first demonstration of nuclear fission in
the United States. During the Manhattan Project, he worked on gaseous diffusion for isotope separation.
He was the director of the design, construction, and operation project for the 385-Mev synchrocyclotron
at the Nevis Laboratories.'
389 DOE Memorandum/Checklist; A. Wallo to the File: Elimination of Crucible Steel Company of
America; November 17, 1987. - 3 pp.
390 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; Wallo to the File; Subject: Elimination Eastman Kodak; December 7,
1987. - 4 pp.

281
(ElectroMet), a subsidiary of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, was contracted
by the Manhattan Engineer District to design, engineer, construct, and operate a
metal reduction plant. Developing the technology to produce pure uranium metal was
a priority for the Manhattan Project. ElectroMet received uranium tetrafluoride from
Union Carbide's Linde Air Products Division. ElectroMet reacted the uranium
tetrafluoride with magnesium in induction furnaces to produce uranium metal. Once
the metal was produced, it was cast into ingots, and the ingots were then shipped out
for testing or for rolling. The leftover process residues were sent to other sites for
uranium recovery, storage, or disposal. The products were generally shipped to either
Hanford Engineer Works, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, or du
Pont's Chambers Works, Deepwater, New Jersey, for testing, or to Simonds Saw and
Steel Company, Lockport, New York, Vulcan Crucible Steel Company,
Alliquippa,Detroit, Pennsylvania, Revere Copper and Brass Company, Wayne,
Indiana, for rolling. Process residues (dolomite slag, uranium chips, and crucible
dross) were shipped to other sites for uranium recovery, storage, or disposal. These
sites included Lake Ontario Ordnance Works, Lewiston, New York, (now known as the
DOE Niagara Falls Storage Site392), Mallinckrodt Chemical Company, St. Louis,
Missouri, Vitro Manufacturing Company, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, the Du Pont
Chambers Works, and Hooker Electrochemical Company, Niagara Falls, NY.
In addition to production of metal from green salt, Electromet recast scrap metal from
Simonds,Chapman Valve Manufacturing Company, Indian Orchard, Massachusetts,
and American Rolling Mill Company (location unknown). ElectroMet was also in
charge of recasting metal, research and development in low- and high-grade uranium
ores, and supplying calcium metal to Los Alamos and other laboratories. From 1950
through 1953, the plant casted zirconium metal sponge into ingots. Ownership of the
facility was transferred from the AEC to ElectroMet in 1953.

- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/E/Eastman_Kodak_Laboratory_-_NY_0-09/NY_0-09-1.pdf
391 Review of NIOSH Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00136 Dated July 21, 2009, Electro-
Metallurgical Corporation / William C. Thurber. S. Cohen & Associates. Vienna, Virginia. 2011. - 67 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/scarpts/sca-electromet-136-r1.pdf
Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Refined Uranium and Thorium - Appendix C Electro
Metallurgical Company. Office of Compensation Analysis and Support. 2007. - 8 pp.
Technical Basis Document for the Electro Metallurgical Company Niagara Falls, New York / David
Allen. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Division of Compensation Analysis and
Support. 2011. - 8 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/electromet-r0.pdf
392 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084

282
•NY Environmental Measurements Laboratory393 New York DOE - 1946-2003 -
EML traces its roots to the Medical Division of the Manhattan Project during and
after World War II. The Division focused on industrial hygiene, radiation protection
and safety. In 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was created. The lab was
renamed the Health and Safety Division of the AEC. In 1953 it became the Health and
Safety Laboratory, or HASL. Fallout from nuclear weapons tests became a major con-
cern and the lab's focus shifted to measurements and assessments of fallout using a
network of gummed film monitoring stations and measurements of the radioactivity
levels in various food products. In the 1950's and 1960's, the worldwide sampling net-
work was expanded considerably to include soil and water samples, air filter samples
at the surface and in the stratosphere, biological samples, and measurements of wet
and dry fallout. In the 1970's, the lab's worldwide sampling programs were expanded
to include non-nuclear pollutants. When the Atomic Energy Commission was abol-
ished in 1975, the Health and Safety Laboratory became part of the Energy Research
and Development Administration. In 1977, the Energy Research and Development Ad-
ministration was absorbed by the Department of Energy, and the Health and Safety
Laboratory changed its name to the Environmental Measurements Laboratory. In the
1970's, the lab performed extensive radiation transport and dosimetry studies in and
around nuclear facilities, and established the Quality Assurance Program for environ-
mental dosimeters and radioanalytical measurements. The lab also did extensive dose
reconstructions for nuclear weapons tests, and studied radon in homes. The lab took
immediate measurements after the Three-Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents,
providing the ability to accurately and comprehensively reconstruct the environmental
contamination resulting from these incidents. In 1997, the lab underwent a major
change of focus when it moved from the DOE Office of Energy Research to the Office of
393 Why They Called It the Manhattan Project. / William J. Broad. New York Times: October 30, 2007.
- http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html

283
Environmental Management. Today, EML's primary focus is to support environmental
monitoring, decommissioning, decontamination, and remediation efforts. EML contin-
ues to put its worldwide monitoring network to good use by developing models of the
atmospheric transport of pollutants. The lab has assisted in developing instruments in
support of non-proliferation activities and conducts in-situ measurements in support
of many decontamination and decommissioning activities undertaken by DOE after
the end of the Cold War. In 2003 this laboratory was incorporated into the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security.

Republic F-105 Assembly Plant at Farmingdale.

Source: Cradle of Aviation Museum, Garden City, Long Island

•NY Fairchild Hiller Corporation Farmingdale BE - 1969-1970 - The Republic Avi-

ation Division of the Fairchild Hiller Corporation produced beryllium products for the
AEC's Rocky Flats facility in 1969 and 1970. The company produced the F-105 Thun-
derchief, which was delivered in May 1958. This supersonic aircraft had an internal
bomb bay, the first ever on a fighter aircraft, and was capable of deploying nuclear
weapons. In 1962 Fairchild Stratos Corporation acquired Hiller Aircraft Company. In
1964 the name was changed from Fairchild Stratos Corporation; division and subsidi-
aries; Aircraft Missiles Division, Aircraft Services Division, Electronics Systems Divi-
sion, Inc., Fairchild Aviation (Holland) N.V. and Fairchild Arms International, Inc. to
Fairchild Hiller Corporation.

284
•NY General Astrometals394 Yonkers BE - 1963-1965; 1970 - General Astrometals,
formerly Beryllium Metals & Chemicals Corp., Bessemer City, NC.395, supplied
beryllium metal and parts to the Y-12 plant and to Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory. It also purchased beryllium chips and contaminated powder from Oak
Ridge. In 1970 they analyzed some beryllium samples for Rocky Flats.

•NY Gleason Works396 now Gleason Corporation DOE - Metal fabrication

394 2 Local Sites on Toxic List. / Bill Huges and Marilyn Anderson Rhames. The Journal News, Saturday,
January 13, 2001. - http://web006.westchestergov.com/articles/011301a.pdf
395 Bureau of Mines / Minerals yearbook metals, minerals, and fuels 1969. Year 1968, Volume 1-2 (1969) /
Eilertsen, Donald E.: Beryllium, pp. 213-218
396 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
'In 1990, with the assistance of Mr. Doug Tonlsay and Ms. Michelle Landis, I reviewed a number of sites that
had formerly provided goods and/or services to the Fernald facility as subcontractors. For 24 of these
sites, recommendations were made to eliminate them from further consideration under Formerly Utilized
Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP).' The sites are:
American Machine and Metals, E. Moline, IL
American Steel Foundries, Cincinnati, OH
Bendix Aviation Corp.. Davenport, IL
Besley-Wells Co., Beloit, WI
R. Brew Company, Concord, NH
Cincinnati Milling Machine, Cincinnati, OH
Fenwal, Ashland, MA

285
operations - rolled uranium metal.
•NY Hooker Electrochemical397 Niagara
Falls AWE - 1943-1948; Residual Radiation
1949-1976 - In January 1943, Hooker began
work for the Manhattan Engineer District
to manufacture fluoridated and chlorinated
organic chemicals. The by-product of this
work was hydrochloric acid that was sub-
sequently used in the chemical processing
of a uranium-bearing slag as a precursor of
uranium recovery. This work was continued
until shortly after World War II. Activities
related to this contract ended June 1948.
•NY International Rare Metals Re-
finery Inc.398 or Canadian Radium and
Uranium Corp.399 Mt. Kisco AWE - 1942-1949 - The International Rare Metals
Company processed pitchblende ores for the African Metals Corporation to extract
radium. The same ores were processed for the Manhattan Engineer District to recover
uranium. 'Under an agreement made as of June 1, 1944, plaintiff, which had
developed and perfected a process for producing radon ointment and had patented
certain necessary equipment for use in the process, granted Radium Industries, Inc., a
license to produce and distribute the ointment. Plaintiff agreed to deliver to Radium
Industries, Inc., a sufficient amount of radium in solution for the production of the
ointment, together with an emanator and other necessary equipment and supplies.'

Food Machining Corp., Nitro, WV

General Electric Plant, Shelbyville, IN
Gleason Works, Rochester, NY
C.I. Haynes, Cranston, RI
Heald Machine Co., Worcester, MA
John Van Range Co., Cincinnati, OH
Knoxville Iron Co., Knoxville, KY
La Pointe Machine Tool Co., Hudson, MA
Ohmart Corp., Cincinnati, OH
Podbeilnac Corp., Chicago, IL
Rogers Iron, Joplin, MD
Oregon Metallurgical Corp., Albany OR
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
Stauffer Tenescal Co., Richmond, CA
Tocco Induction Heating Division, Cleveland, OH
Utica Drop Forge & Tool Co., Utica, NY
Titanium Metals Corp. of America, Henderson, NV
397 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Technical Basis Document for the Hooker
Electrochemical Company Niagara Falls, New York / David Allen. - 2011. - 16 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/hooker-r1.pdf
398 DOE Letter; Wagoner to Merges; Elimination of the Former Canadian Radium and Uranium
Company Site from Consideration under FUSRAP; August 24, 1993. - 2 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/I/International_Rare_Metals_Refinery_Inc_-_NY_38/NY_38-4.pdf
399 2 local sites on toxic list. / Bill Huges and Marilyn Anderson Rhames. The Journal News, Saturday,
January 13, 2001. - http://web006.westchestergov.com/articles/011301a.pdf
Canadian Radium & Uranium corp. v. IND. INS. CO. OF N. AM. 411 Ill. 325 (1952) 104 N.E.2d 250.
Canadian Radium & Uranium Corporation, Appellant, v. Indemnity Insurance Company of North
America, Appellee. No. 31979. Supreme Court of Illinois. Opinion filed January 24, 1952.

286
•NY Ithaca Gun Co.400 Ithaca DOE - 1961-1962 - During 1961-1962, Ithaca Gun con-
ducted tests involving the forging of hollow uranium billets into tubes for the metal-
lurgical group at National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald). Additional tests to invest-
igate alternative methods of producing fuel cores were conducted at IGC in 1962. The
forging process involved heating the uranium billet to extreme temperatures, followed
400 A Site’s History: The Ithaca Gun Company Honors Thesis. Presented to the College of Agriculture
and Life Sciences, Landscape Studies of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Research Honors Program by Rachel Hendricks. January 2011. - 199 pp.
City of Ithaca Pledges to Overhaul Contaminated Gun Factory Site. / Molly OToole
The Cornell Daily Sun, July 30, 2008. - http://cornellsun.com/node/30924
DOE Survey; T. Vitkus and J.Payne; Radiological Survey of the Gun Forging Machine Building, Ithaca
Gun Company, Ithaca, NY; October 1995. - 45 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/I/Ithaca_Gun_Co_Inc_-_NY_53/NY_53-1.pdf
'No radioactive materials attributable to the former Ithaca Gun Company or to the activities of the AEC were
identified during the radiological survey.'
Gun Factory Building Has Hazardous History. / Molly OToole
The Cornell Daily Sun, November 28, 2007- - http://cornellsun.com/node/26384
'This article is the first in a series examining the history of the Ithaca Gun Factory.'
Gun Factory Clean-Up Site Raises Issues. / Megan Carney
The Cornell Daily Sun, April 30, 2009.
'Prior to a $4.8 million remediation effort led by the Environmental Protection Agency between 2002 and
2004 with Superfund resources, these contaminants included lead levels as high as 215,000 parts per
million (500 times the recommended level), as well as asbestos, arsenic, mercury and uranium, The Sun
reported in 2007. However, the EPA’s clean-up was incomplete, and subsequent soil testing revealed
residual lead-contaminated areas, trichloroethylene contamination, as well as toluene levels at over 1000
times the recommended value.
One of Hang’s main concerns is that the most heavily polluted area, which he cited as the west base of the
“Island” –– a projection of land overlooking Ithaca Falls –– is not included in the current remediation
plans. '

287
by mechanical hammering and rapid cooling in quench drums. The process created re-
sidual contamination in the form of metal tilings and dust.

Toxic concerns: The demolition of the Ithaca Gun Factory and clean-up of the polluted site is raising
concerns about nearby residents’ health. Source: The Cornell Daily Sun

Because of the potential for contamination of equipment and surrounding surfaces, all
testing was conducted in an enclosed, secluded building of the plant.

288
•NY Kesselring Site or Knolls Atomic Power
Laboratory401, West Milton, AWE 1950-1953 - The
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, is engaged solely in
research and development for the design and opera-
tion of naval nuclear propulsion plants. It operated
from 1950 to 1953 as a pilot plant to research the re-
duction/oxidation and plutonium uranium extraction
chemical processes to extract uranium and plutonium
from irradiated uranium. These operations resulted in
waste that contaminated buildings and about 30 acres of land at the KAPL facility. On
September 29, 2010, a radioactive contamination event occurred while performing
open air demolition of Building H2 at the Separations Process Research Unit (SPRU)
in Niskayuna, New York. Though initial indications demonstrated that low levels of
contamination had been found on workers shoes and on KAPL property adjacent to
the SPRU work activities, the magnitude and significance of the contamination event
were not fully identified and understood by the SPRU project for several days.

401 DOE shakes up radioactive material cleanup team after leaks at Knolls labs site : Project manager
ousted, private cleanup firm gets warning as DOE studies radioactive material releases at Knolls labs /
Brian Nearing. Times Union. November 20, 2010.
US. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Management: Type B Accident Investigation Report
Radiological Contamination Event During Separations Process Research Unit Building H2 Demoli-
tion September 29, 2010. November 23, 2010. - 82 pp.
- http://spru.energy.gov/Final%20Report%20-%20SPRU%20Type%20B.pdf.
Documentation of environmental indicator determination, Interim Final 2/5/99. Migration of Contaminated
Groundwater Under Control: US Department of Energy - Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory.
http://www.epa.gov/region2/waste/usdoe750.pdf

289
•NY Lake Ontario Ordnance Works402 Niagara Falls DOE - 1944-1997 - In 1944,
the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) obtained a portion of the Lake Ontario
Ordnance Works (LOOW) from the Department of Defense (DOD) for storage of low-
grade radioactive residues resulting from pitchblende ore processing at the Linde Air
Products facility. In 1948, when the DOD decommissioned the LOOW, the AEC
acquired 1511 acres of the site, including the original storage areas. The AEC declared
most of this property as excess in 1955, and by 1968 the General Services
Administration was able to dispose of 1298 acres, with 213 acres remaining under
AEC control. In 1975, additional property was transferred to the town of Lewiston,
leaving the present 191-acre site. The DOE portion of the site became known as the
Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS). The site remained under DOE control until 1997
when it was transferred to the Corps of Engineers under the FUSRAP program.
Following World War II, Linde’s refinery was decommissioned and contaminated
equipment was disposed at the LOOW.

402 FUSRAPFact Sheet: Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS): Radiological Investigation of Underground
Utility (UU) Lines on the former Lake Ontario Ordnance Works (LOOW) property. U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers. Buffalo District. 2007. - 107 pp.
- http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/derpfuds/loow-nfss/loow-fs-radundgutil-2007-10.pdf

290
Contaminated materials from other MED/AEC facilities were also shipped to LOOW
for disposal. Beginning in 1949, residues from operations at the Mallinckrodt Chemic-
al Works were shipped to LOOW for storage. During the early 1950’s, the AEC portion
of the LOOW was also used for interim storage of uranium and thorium billets and
rods being processed by various New York companies. During 1953-1954, the AEC
constructed a boron isotope separation plant at the LOOW, which began operations in
1954. The operating contractor for this plant was the Hooker Electrochemical Com-
pany which referred to it as Plant 31 (P-31). In 1958, the facility was placed on stand-
by and a maintenance contractor, Page Airways, was employed for routine surveil-
lance. The operation was restarted in 1964, with Nuclear Materials and Equipment
Company as the operating contractor. In 1971, the boron facility was again placed on
stand-by with National Lead Company of Ohio (NLO) as the caretaker. In 1981,
Bechtel National took over the caretaker contract and began plans for remedial work
at the site. Clean-up began in 1982. Contractors: Hooker Electrochemical (1953-1958);
Page Airways (1958-1964); Nuclear Materials and Equipment Company (NUMEC)
(1964-1971); National Lead Company of Ohio (1971-1981); Bechtel National (1981-
1997).

•NY Ledoux and Co.403 New York AWE – 1946-? - The weighing and assaying of the
403 Description of the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. United States, Department of
Energy. 1980. - 85 pp.

291
[African] ore samples were performed for the Federal Princeton University, Princeton,
New Jersey; and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Washington, D.C.
Weighing and assaying for African Metals, Inc., were performed by Ledoux and
Company, New York, New York.
'A Ledoux & Company laboratory somehow “lost” a vial of uranium-235 sometime
between March 30 and April 1. The lab could receive a whopping $3,250 fine from the
NRC for the potentially deadly accident. The mishap resulted from several license
violations including:failure to adequately survey a package and remove the U-235;
failure to retain the package in spite of the missing uranium; failure to keep the
material in a restricted area; and unlawful disposal of the uranium in an ordinary
landfill. In an April 12 search, lab staff determined that the container of U-235 had
been disposed of in any of several area landfills. No effort to retrieve the radioactive
substances planned. The NRC concurred with the company that a search was
“impractical” given the number of possible dumps to be checked. The NRC claims that
the U-235 emits less than one-tenth of a millirem per hour and posed “no threat to
members of the public.”'404

•NY Linde Air Products405 Buffalo AWE - 1944-1947 - The Linde Air Products
facility, also known as the Chandler Plant, was involved in the development and
production of barrier for the Oak Ridge Diffusion Plant. During World War II, Linde
was part of the Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corporation, later known as Union
Carbide. In the 1944-l946 period, with the explicit approval and knowledge of Army
officials, Linde Air Products, then a Manhattan Project contractor, disposed of over 37
million gallons of radioactively contaminated liquid chemical wastes in shallow
404 NRC News Release, Nov. 2, 2005.
405National Archives: Records of the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] (Record Group 326) 1923-75

292
underground wells located beneath the Linde property. These liquid wastes , which
were highly caustic, emanated from the first stage of the uranium ore refining
processing at the Linde Plant. Both the Army and Linde were well_ aware that this
method of disposal would further contaminate Linde ' s wells. 406

406 The Assembly. State of New York: The Federal Connection : A History of US. Military Involvement in
the Toxic Contamination of Love Canal and the Niagara Frontier Region. January 29, 1981: An Interim
Report to New York State Assembly Speaker, Stanley Fink. New York State Assembly Task Force on
Toxic Substances VOLUME I. 1981. - 293 pp. - http://www.factsofwny.com/fedcon1.pdf
The Legacy of the Manhattan Project in Niagara Falls / Geoff Kelly and Louis Ricciuti. Artvoice Nagazine -
Buffalo, New York, 2001.

293
•NY Linde Ceramics Plant407 Tonawanda AWE/DOE - 1942-1953 - The Linde Air
Company performed uranium and nickel processing for the Manhattan Engineer
District (MED) and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) at the Ceramics Plant in
Tonawanda. African and Canadian ores were milled to black oxides at the plant. Docu-
ments indicate that the facility was placed on standby as of March 1, 1950. Linde's
contractual agreements with the AEC continued through 1953 for various activities re-
lating to closing out work at the Tonawanda location. Linde was a part of Carbide and
Carbon Chemical Corporation (C&CCC), which later became Union Carbide.
•NY Lucius Pitkin Inc., Geology Division New York DOE - metallurgical
engineer and uranium mining.
•NY New York University New York AWE - 1946-1952 - New York University
worked on the development of counting equipment for the Manhattan Engineer
District/Atomic Energy Commission.

407 Draft ADVISORY BOARD ON RADIATION AND WORKER HEALTH, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health: Review of the Linde Ceramics Plant Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) Petition
00107 and the NIOSH SEC Petition Evaluation Report, 2009. - 57 pp.

294
•NY Peek Street Facility408
Schenectady DOE - 1947-1955 - The
Peek Street Industrial Facility was
operated by the General Electric Com-
pany for the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion (AEC) between 1947 and 1955.
Radioactive materials were used in a
variety of operations conducted at the
site; primary activities included the
design of an intermediate breeder re-
actor and the development of a chem-
ical process for the recovery of urani-
um and plutonium from spent reactor
fuel. Nonradioactive beryllium metal
was machined on the site for breeder reactor application. The site was decommis-
sioned and released in October 1955. Peek Street was a predecessor to the Knolls
Atomic Power Laboratory.

408 A lonely battle against atomic illnesses : Ex-NL Industries workers unaware of often tough-to-get fed-
eral help / Brian Nearing. Times Union. Tuesday, April 19, 2011.
Derivation of cesium-137 residual radioactive material guidelines for the Peek Street site,
Schenectady, New York / I,. Jones, M. Nimmagadda, and C. Yu. Enviromnental Assessment and
Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 1992. - 25 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10182449-TlJTeo/10182449.pdf
Results of the Radiological and Beryllium Verification Survey at the Peek Street Site, Schenectady,
New York (SYOOlV) /R. D. Foley, C. A. Johnson, R. F. Camer, J. F. Allred. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1994. - 84 pp. - http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10193165-SBL3Rs/10193165.pdf

295
•NY Plattsburgh Air Force Base Plattsburgh, Clinton, NY AWE - Plattsburgh Air
Force Base is a former United States Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC) base .
•NY Radium Chemical Co. New York AWE - 1943-1950 - Beginning in 1943, the
Radium Chemical Co. supplied most of the radium required for the Manhattan
Engineer District. Combinations of material supplied and/or mixed by the Radium
Chemical Company included radium bromide and radium bromide mixed with
powdered beryllium. Brass was also used.
•NY Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy AWE - 1951-1952; 1963 - Under an
AEC contract in the early 1950s, researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
investigated methods for improving the ductility of beryllium by coating the material
with copper. The Brush Beryllium Company supplied the beryllium powder for the

296
project. RPI also borrowed 400 lbs. of beryllium for AEC sponsored research from Oak
Ridge National Laboratory in 1963. Scientists at RPI conducted a number of AEC
sponsored research studies in the 1950s and 1960s using enriched uranium obtained
from commercial sources.
•NY Sacandaga Facility409 East Glenville DOE - 1947-1953 - The Sacandaga
Facility was operated by the General Electric Company, Knolls Atomic Power
Laboratory for the AEC from 1947 to 1953. AEC sponsored research at the facility
involved physics studies and sodium
technology development in support of breeder
reactor design. Work also involved the use of
beryllium.
•NY SAM Laboratories410 or Special Alloyed
Materials Laboratories, Columbia University
New York City DOE - 1942-1947 - Columbia
University was already researching some of
the problems involved in determining whether
it was feasible for the US to build a nuclear
weapon prior to the establishment of the
Manhattan Engineer District (MED). Once
the MED was formed in 1942, Columbia
became part of the effort to build the first
atomic weapons. At that time, the Columbia
effort was reorganized and designated as
SAM (Special Alloy Materials or Substitute
Alloy Materials) Laboratories. Buildings used
as part of the SAM laboratories at Columbia
included Pupin411, Schermerhorn, Prentiss,
Havemeyer and Nash.
•NY Seaway Industrial Park412 Tonawanda
AWE/DOE - 1974 - In 1974, the Ashland Oil Columbia University Pupin Hall
Company constructed bermed areas on the Ashland #1 property to hold two petroleum
tanks. Some of the soil removed during construction was disposed of in three areas of
the Seaway Industrial Park landfill. Subsequent investigations determined that the
soil from the Ashland site contained radioactive contaminants exceeding Department
409 A lonely battle against atomic illnesses : Ex-NL Industries workers unaware of often tough-to-get fed-
eral help / Brian Nearing. Times Union. Tuesday, April 19, 2011.
'Other former atomic weapons facilities in the Capital Region have been much more active than NL in worker
health claims. Most claims have come from the Peek Street facility in Schenectady, where from 1947 until
1955 researchers from Knolls Atomic Power Labs worked to separate plutonium and uranium for atomic
bombs. Knolls then moved to its current facility in Niskayuna. Even though the Peek Street facility closed
five decades ago -- long before NL shut down -- there are 105 health compensation claims from its
workers, with 38 of those paid at a cost of $5.3 million, Labor Department records said.
Other local sites include the former Separations Process Research Unit at the Knolls Atomic Power Labs in
Niskayuna -- now the site of its own troubled ongoing federal cleanup -- as well as the Allegheny-Ludlum
steel plant in Watervliet, the Sacandaga Facility in Glenville, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.'
410 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00102 / Monica Harrison-Maples, 2008. 20 pp.- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/samlab/samer.pdf
411 Columbia University Pupin Hall - http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/pupin.html
412 Estimation of Contamination Volume at Seaway Area A, New York / L. Durham and R. Johnson
Environmental Assessment Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 1999. - 28 pp.

297
of Energy (DOE) guidelines. This soil came from an area used for disposal of radioact-
ive residues from the nearby Linde Air Products site. This company processed urani-
um for the Atomic Energy Commission and the Manhattan Engineer District, prede-
cessor agencies of the Department of the Energy (DOE). The Seaway site is located on
River Road in Tonawanda, New York, just north of Buffalo. Between 1974 and 1982,
the site was contaminated during the transfer of soil containing low-level radioactive
residues from the Ashland 1 site to the Ashland 2 site. This contamination is primarily
soil containing the radionuclides thorium-230, uranium-238, and radium-226. The
original contamination resulted from activities involving radioactive material
conducted under government contract at Ashland 1. At the time of the soil transfer,
the Seaway site was a sanitary landfill operated by Browning-Ferris Industries (BFI).
It is believed that contaminated soil was placed on top of existing municipal solid
waste. The site is currently owned by the Seaway Industrial Park Development Com-
pany, Inc.
•NY Seneca Army Depot Romu-
lus AWE - 1941-2000 - National
Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Site413
- According to the Center for Land
Use Inter-pretation: 'Seneca is a
munitions storage site in upstate
New York, that is being cleaned
up and converted to civilian use.
The 11,000-acre base was an
explosives, chemical weapons, and
hazardous material supply depot,
with 519 ammunition storage ig-
loos and over 20 large warehouses.
Weapons were also disposed of at
Seneca, by detonation, incinera-
tion, and open burning. The con-
tents of some dumping areas is
still classified by the Army.
Though most radioactive material,
some of which dated back to the
Manhattan Project, has been re-
moved from the site, some por-
tions of this base may never be
totally cleaned up.' - Beginning
July 4, 1983, and running for several years, antiwar and antinuclear activists
mounted major protests at the facility, staging civil disobedience protests and
establishing the Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice, the
American Greenham Common.

413 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf

298
•NY Separations Process Research Unit (at Knolls Lab.) Schenectady DOE -
1950-1965 - In 1950, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) constructed the Separa-
tions Process Research Unit (SPRU) as a pilot plant for developing and testing two
chemical processes to extract both uranium and plutonium from irradiated fuel. This
facility was operated by the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory. Research and develop-
ment was completed at SPRU in 1953 and the facility was closed. The technology de-
veloped at SPRU was transferred to the Hanford site. In March of 1965 the site was
taken over by the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program. Contractors: (Remediation) Ac-
celerated Remediation Company, LLC (2007-2010), Washington Group International

299
(2008-2010).

•NY Simonds Saw and Steel Co. 414 Lockport AWE - 1948-1957 - Simonds Saw and
Steel rolled uranium billets into rods for the AEC as part of the multi-site process
overseen by the New York Operations Office for the production of uranium metal for
fabrication into slugs for fueling Hanford production reactors.

414 Formerly utilized MED/AEC sites remedial action program : Radiological survey of the former Si-
monds Saw and Steel Co., Lockport, New York / prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant
Secretary for Environment, Office of Environmental Compliance and Overview, Division of Environmental
Control Technology, by Oak Ridge National Laboratory ; R. W. Leggett ... [et al.], 1979. - iv, 87 pp.
Former Guterl Specialty Corporation Steel Site Groundwater Monitoring Data Release. U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers Buffalo District. Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). 2010. 5
pp. - http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/fusrap/guterl/envsurv/guterl-annualgwdata2009-2010-10.pdf

300
Simonds also rolled thorium metal whose most likely use was irradiation in Hanford
reactors for the weapons program. Simonds rolled between 25 million and 35 million
pounds of uranium and between 30,000 to 40,000 pounds of thorium.
•NY Staten Island Warehouse New York AWE - 1942 - This warehouse was used
for uranium ore storage from the Belgian Congo. From this warehouse, the ore was
transported to various Manhattan Engineer District (MED) sites for long-term storage
and/or processing. The ore was the property of the African Metals Corporation and the
MED contractor purchased only the U3O8 content of the ore while African Metals re-
tained ownership of the radium and precious metals in the ore.
•NY Sylvania Products Corp. Bayside AWE/BE - 1947-1962 - The Metallurgical
Laboratory of the Sylvania Electric Company investigated uranium and thorium
powder metallurgy. It also produced powdered metal slugs, developed bonding tech-
niques, and plated uranium slugs with nickel. The work with slugs included the con-
version of uranium metal to uranium hydride using hydrogen. A February 1948 AEC
Monthly Summary of Activities indicates that the Lab's "initial program will involve
determining the physical properties and the health hazards of beryllium and uranium
powders and the applications of powder metallurgy to these metals and their alloys."

301
In 1948, the work required 315 pounds of raw beryllium metal. Beryllium was handled
first in the regular metallurgical building and then, after the objections of the AEC
medical division, in a special AEC metallurgical development laboratory.
•NY Sylvania Corning Nuclear Corp.415 Hicksville AWE/DOE 1952-1966 - Under
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) contracts, the facility was used for research and
development with radioactive materials, principally uranium and thorium. It was also
licensed by the AEC to fabricate reactor fuel elements for the AEC, for Sylvania use,
for sale, and for research purposes. The Sylvania Corning Plant/former Sylvania
Electric Products Facility (a.k.a Sylcor) site is a 9.49 acres area divided into three (3)
separate properties located at 70, 100, and 140 Cantiague Rock Road, Town of Oyster
Bay, County of Nassau, State of New York, in the westernmost portion of Hicksville,
Long Island approximately thirty (30) miles east of lower Manhattan. The site was
utilized for the manufacture of Government and commercial nuclear elements (e.g.,
cores, slugs, fuel elements) for reactors used in research and electric power generation
between 1952 and 1967. Operations at the site used natural,enriched, and depleted
uranium, and to a lesser extent thorium. Site contamination consists of these
radioactive materials as well as nickel and volatile organics.
•NY Titanium Alloys Manufacturing416 Niagara Falls AWE - 1950-1956 - In the
early 1950s, Titanium Alloys Manufacturing was under contract to the AEC to provide
zirconium tetrachloride. In 1955, TAM was issued an AEC source material license to
do work related to the conversion of thorium scrap to anhydrous tetrachloride. Corres-
pondence from Oak Ridge indicates that it was not interested the company’s thorium
work. In 1956, this division reduced ores and other uranium compounds by arc melt-
ing in an induction furnace.

415 So How Contaminated Is the Old Nuclear Plant? / John Rather. New York Times, January 13, 2002.
United States Government Department of Energy: Memorandum. Date: July 8, 2004. Subject: Sylvania
Corporation, Hicksville, NY and Bayside, NY. 2004. - 213 pp.
- http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/maprod/documents/sylvania_corporation.pdf
'This PDF file contains copies of letters to the Department of Energy (DOE) that request documents that
pertain to facilities located in Hicksville, NY, Bayside, NY, or to the Sylvania Corporation. The requests
were made under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552.'
416 Status of Upcoming SEC Petitions / LaVon B. Rutherford, CHP. National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health Division of Compensation Analysis and Support. 2011. - 6 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/pres/secstat0811bw.pdf

302
•NY Trudeau Foundation417 Saranac Lake BE 1950-1957 - The AEC Division of
Biology and Medicine supported beryllium research studies at the Trudeau Founda-
tion.
•NY University of New York, Institute of Mathematical Sciences418 DOE 1956.
•NY University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project & University of
Rochester Medical Laboratory Rochester AWE/DOE - 1943-1986 - Although much
of the early theoretical and experimental work that led to development of the first
nuclear weapon was accomplished outside the United States, American researchers
417 Beryllium Granuloma of the Skin. / Henry Lederer and John Savage. British journal of industrial medi-
cine. Received for publication June 8, 1953.
'Gardner and his successor Vorwald (1950) at the Trudeau Foundation tested various beryllium compounds
on a number of animal species.'
Pulmonary Disease in Workers Exposed to Beryllium Compounds: Its Roentgen Characteristics. / Lu-
cien M. Pascucci, M.D. Radiology January 1948 50:23-36
'The late Dr. Leroy U. Gardner was intensely interested in the intriguing problem of detecting the agent re-
sponsible for the lung lesions in these patients. Among the possibilities which he had under suspicion and
investigation, in addition to beryllium, were the diphtheroid, virus and fungus infections, sarcoidosis of un -
known etiology, silicosis, and exposure to other elements such as phosphorus, zinc, manganese, and
copper. While he was not prepared actually to condemn beryllium, he definitely felt that it was in some as
yet unrecognized manner involved. It was on his suggestion, made several months before his death, that
the roentgen study of these interesting and unusual cases was undertaken, with the purpose of describ-
ing the findings, attempting a correlation with the clinical course of the disease, and finally considering the
differentiation from other similar pulmonary changes'.
418 Annual summary report of research problems initiated at the Institute of Mathematical Sciences,
Contract no. AT-(30-1)-1480, July (1956). - http://www.archive.org/details/annualsummaryrep00newy

303
made a number of fundamental contributions as well. Prior to 1942, the University of
Rochester was one of the institutions that contributed to early nuclear physics
research in the United States. The university was responsible for more than a
hundred projects in chemistry, physics, biology, medicine and psychology. During the
Manhattan Project, it had major responsibility for the medical aspects of the bomb
program. After the war, Rochester received an AEC contract to operate the Atomic
Energy Project (AEP), which focused on the biomedical aspects of nuclear energy. 419
The University of Rochester also received funding to study the pathology and
toxicology of beryllium as well as to study the analytical chemistry of micro-quantities.
•NY Utica St. Warehouse420 Buffalo AWE - 1945 - Residues from Linde Air
operations were stored and rebarreled at this location.Linde processed uranium ore
that was sent to Electra Metallurgical and then on to Hanford. Approximately 355,000
lbs of radioactive material were stored on site in 1945. Most of the records for the
warehouse are lost. Even the date it was demolished is unknown.
•NY Utica Drop Forge & Tool Co.421 Utica DOE - Provided goods and/or services to
the Fernald facility as subcontractor

419 Nuclear Weapons Testing at the Nevada Test Site: The First Decade. / John C. Hopkins and Barbara
Killian. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 2011. - 662 pp.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a552638.pdf
'Program 72 – Biomedical Field Study of Plutonium Inhalation: This program studied environmental short-
term and chronic rates of exposure by using two groups of animals: one exposed to the radioactive cloud
and the other placed in the contaminated zone. J. N. Stannard of the University of Rochester directed this
program.'
420 DOE: Memorandum/Checklist; D. Levine to the File; Subject: Elimination Recommendation; June
19, 1987. - 5 pp.
421 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

304
•NY West Valley Demonstration Project422 West Valley DOE - 1966-1973 - From
1966 to 1972, Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc., under contract to the State of New York, op-
erated a commercial nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at the Western New York Nuclear
Services Center. The plant reprocessed uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear
fuel; sixty percent of this fuel was generated at defense facilities. Spent nuclear fuel
reprocessing generated approximately 600,000 gallons of liquid high-level radioactive
waste; this waste was stored on site in underground tanks. In 1980, the United States
Congress passed the West Valley Demonstration Project Act (Public Law 96-368),
which authorized the Department of Energy (DOE) to conduct a technology demon-
stration project to solidify the liquid high-level waste at the Western New York Nucle-
ar Services Center. Under this act, DOE is also responsible for developing containers
suitable for the permanent disposal of the solidified high-level waste at an appropriate
Federal repository; transporting the containers to this repository; disposing of low
level waste and transuranic waste generated by high level waste solidification; and de-
contaminating and decommissioning facilities used for the solidification. DOE is also
responsible for dispositioning the spent nuclear fuel stored at the site. In 1982, DOE
selected vitrification as the treatment process for high level waste. This process solidi-
fies and stabilizes nuclear waste by mixing it with molten glass. Pretreatment of the
high-level waste began in 1988 and was successfully completed in 1995. DOE expects
to complete the West Valley Demonstration Project by 2005.
422 DOE: Final Environmental Impact Statement for Decommissioning and/or Long-Term Stewardship
at the West Valley Demonstration Project and Western New York Nuclear Service Center. 2010. - 63
pp. - http://www.westvalleyeis.com/final%5CEIS-0226_F-Summary.pdf
DOE: West Valley Demonstration Project Annual Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 2010. -
300 pp. - http://www.wv.doe.gov/Documents/2010_ASER.pdf

305
•NY Wolff-Alport Chemical Corp.423 Brooklyn AWE - 1949-1950 - Wolff-Alport
Chemical Corporation which operated from 1920 until 1954 was under contract with
the AEC for the procurement of thorium containing sludge for stockpiling by the AEC.
A March 1949 document mentions, "current contract expires June 30, 1949 and will
probably be extended for another year. Cost is approximately $50,000 annually." This
same document shows that almost 30,000 pounds of thorium oxalate sludge was
provided the AEC that year. In 1940, the company began processing monazite sand to
concentrate rare metals for use by industry. [Monazite sand is naturally occurring and
found in North Carolina, South Carolina, Idaho, Colorado, Montana, and Florida in
the US, and in Brazil, India, Australia, and South Africa. Monazite sand is a source of
materials, such as rare metals, that are used in the manufacture of television and
computer screens, fluorescent light bulbs, and highly efficient batteries, among other
industrial applications. It also contains, Thorium, a radioactive material. packaged the
thorium and sold it to the government for military uses.] The monazite sand contained
small amounts of thorium, a radioactive material.424

423 Information on Radiation Survey at the Former Wolff-Alport Chemical Corporation 1127-1129
Irving Avenue, Queens, NY September 5, 2007. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hy-
giene. - 3 pp. - This auto body shop located at 1127 Irving Ave. on the Brooklyn/Queens border in
Ridgewood was once the site of the Wolff-Alport Chemical Corporation. The New York City Department of
Health is currently investigating radioactive contamination at and in the immediate vicinity of the site,
where Wolff-Alport processed materials during the 1940s and 1950s that produced radioactive
byproducts. Source: Ridgewood Times.
DOE Letter; Fiore to Solon; Subject: Notification of No DOE Authority for Remedial Action at Wolff-
Alport Chemical Corp.; 9/29/87. Attachment: FUSRAP Summary Report and Designation/Elimination
Analysis for Wolff-Alport Chemical Corp. Brooklyn, NY; 1987. - 8 pp.
424 Ridgewood Site Is Radioactive Health Dept. Probes Former Chemical Factory / Robert Pozarycki.
Ridgewood Times, December 23, 2010.

306
The process of extracting the rare metals produced a concentrated thorium residue.
This residue was considered a waste product, so the company dumped it into the sewer
system. It is possible that small amounts of thorium remain in the sewers, buildings
and soil around the building. In 1947, the federal government ordered Wolff-Alport to
stop dumping the thorium into the sewer.

307
308
•OH425 Air Force Plant 36426 Evandale AWE - Former AFP 36 is currently used to
support the activities of the adjacent GE Evendale Plant. Plant facilities have served
as aircraft engine test cells (Building B), storage (Building C-east), a machine shop
and solid radioactive waste storage facility (former Building D), and nuclear engine
research and test facilities (Buildings C-west and D).
Former AFP 36, originally known as the Wright Aeronautical Engine Plant, was built
in the early 1940s for use as an aircraft engine production plant. After World War II,
some of the US. Air Force (USAF) property was sold to Autolite, who later sold the
facilities to GE. GE later purchased additional property contiguous to the Former AFP
36 to form the present GE Evendale Plant. In June 1989, the GE Evendale Plant grew
to encompass the Former AFP 36 when the USAF sold this property to GE. 427
•OH Ajax Magnethermic Corp.428 Youngstown AWE - 1958-1962 - The Ajax-
Magnethermic Corp. was involved in induction heat treatment of various forms of
uranium for National Lead Company of Ohio 429 (Fernald) and also for General Electric
(Hanford). The company fabricated an induction heating unit for NLO in 1961.

425 US Department of Labor notifies former Ohio nuclear weapons employees of energy workers
compensation program. OWCP News Release: [10/13/2011].
WASHINGTON —The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying former workers of 25 facilities located in Ohio
about benefits that may be available to them under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Com-
pensation Program Act administered by the department’s Division of Energy Employees Occupational Ill-
ness Compensation. Survivors of qualified workers also may be entitled to benefits.
Former employees of the following sites may be eligible for EEOICPA compensation and medical benefits if
they worked at the facility during a period of covered employment: Ajax Magnethermic Corp. in Young -
stown; Alba Craft in Oxford; Associated Aircraft Tool and Manufacturing Co. in Fairfield; B&T Metals and
Battelle Laboratories–West Jefferson in Columbus; Baker Brothers in Toledo; Beryllium Production Plant
(also known as Brush Luckey Plant) in Luckey; Horizons Inc., Du Pont-Grasselli Research Laboratory,
McKinney Tool and Manufacturing Co., and Tocco Induction Heating Division in Cleveland; Brush Berylli-
um Co. in Lorain; Cincinnati Milling Machine Co., Kettering Laboratory–University of Cincinnati, Magnus
Brass Co., Mitchell Steel Co. and R.W. Leblond Machine Tool Co. in Cincinnati; Clifton Products Co. in
Painesville; Copperweld Steel in Warren; Extrusion Plant (also known as Reactive Metals Inc.) in Ashtab-
ula; Gruen Watch in Norwood; Herring-Hall Marvin Safe Co. in Hamilton; Vulcan Tool Co. in Dayton; Pi-
qua Organic Moderated Reactor in Piqua; and Tech-Art Inc. in Milford.
426 Former US. Air Force Plant 36 Environmental Restoration Program Optimization (ERP-O) Report
August 13, 2009. 62s. - http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-091013-091.pdf
Schalk, Charles W.: Descriptions of selected digital spatial data for former Air Force Plant 36, Evend-
ale, Ohio. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ; Branch of Information Services,
2000. - iii, 39 pp - http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0091/report.pdf
427 Former US. Air Force Plant 36: Environmental Restoration Program Optimization (ERP-O) Report.
August 13, 2009. - 62 pp.
428 DOE Letter; J.Wagoner to Mayor Ungaro; Subject: Site Information and Status; April 4, 1995. - 2 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Ajax-Magnethermic_Corp_-_OH_43/OH_43-1.pdf
'DOE studied the historical records of the former Ajax Magnethermic Corp. site, and it determined that it did
not have the authority to perform remedial action at the site. This conclusion is dervied from the fact that
the, facility was licensed to handle nuclear materials.'
429 Ohio Department of Health. Bureau of Radiation Protection: Historical Radiological Sites in Ohio,
Comprehensive List, 2007. - 66 pp.
- http://www.odh.ohio.gov/assets/feee5cf3e8ca4105b45206ed80073ced/ohio%20historical%20sites.pdf

309
•OH Alba Craft Laboratory430 Oxford AWE/DOE - 1952-1957- From 1952 to 1957,
Alba Craft provided a variety of machine shop services on natural uranium metal for
National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald).
Early work at Alba Craft included general and
developmental machining of threaded reactor fuel
slugs for use at the Savannah River Site. Subsequent
production-scale operations consisted of hollow
drilling and turning of slugs for the Savannah River
and Hanford plutonium-production reactors.
•OH American Steel Foundries 431Cincinnati DOE
- Provided goods and/or services to the Fernald facility
as subcontractor.

430 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
Postremediation Dose Assessment for the Former Alba Craft Laboratory Site, Oxford, Ohio . / S.
Kamboj, M. Nimmagadda, and C. Yu. Argonne National Laboratory. 1996. - 28 pp
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/257389-HNDnL4/webviewable/
431 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

310
AEC removed some contamina-
tion at the site in 1957. DOE
conducted additional remedi-
ation of the site and the vicinity
properties under FUSRAP in
1994 and 1995. DOE certified
that the site conformed to applic-
able cleanup criteria in 1996 and
released all properties for unres-
tricted use.

•OH Associated Aircraft Tool and Manufacturing Co. 432 Fairfield AWE/DOE -
1956 - From February to September 1956, Associate Aircraft Tool and Manufacturing
Company machined hollow uranium slugs for the Hanford and Savannah River
plutonium-production reactors under a subcontract from National Lead Company of
Ohio (Fernald). 'From December 1994 to June 1995, Bechtel National, Inc., the project
management contractor for FUSRAP, defined the extent of contamination and per-
432 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
ORNL: Results of the Radiological Survey at the Former Associate Aircraft Tool and Manufacturing
Company Site, Fairfield, Ohio. / M. E. Murray, R. F. Carrier, and R. A. Mathis. 1993. - 46 pp. -
http://www.lm.doe.gov/Fairfield/OH_23-3.pdf

311
formed remedial design engineering and remedial action at the Fairfield site. Ther-
moAnalytical (now Thermo NUtech) served as the radiological support subcontractor
for sampling and analysis activities, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory was the inde-
pendent verification contractor. Natural uranium isotopes were found to be the only
material contributing significantly to contamination at the site. Supplemental limits
were applied to residual uranium-238 that was left in place in soil beneath a concrete
slab in a bay built in 1994 on the east end of the building.' 433
•OH B & T Metals434 Columbus
AWE/DOE - 1943 - During the
early stages of nuclear weapons
production, uranium reactor fuel
was produced by a variety of me-
tallurgical techniques including
extrusion, casting, and machining.
In February 1943, DuPont, acting
as an agent of the Manhattan En-
gineer District, contracted B&T
Metals to extrude rods from urani-
um metal billets for the Hanford
reactor in Washington State. B&T
Metals extruded an estimated 50
tons of uranium between March 1943 and August 1943.

433 U.S. Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management: Fact Sheet. Undated. - 2 pp.
434 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084

312
•OH Baker Brothers435 Toledo AWE - 1943-1944 - Between June 1943 and July
1944, DuPont and the University of Chicago subcontracted the Baker Brothers com-
pany to machine roll metal rods into uranium slugs that were used for fuel in the
world's first production reactors located in Oak Ridge, TN and Hanford, WA.

435 Derivation of Guidelines for Uranium Residual Radioactive Material in Soil at the Former Baker
Brothers, Inc., Site, Toledo, Ohio / M. Nimmagadda, S. Kamboj, and C. Yu. Environmental Assessment
Division, Argonne National Laboratory. 1995. - 30 pp.
DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites. 2011. -
146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084

313
An industrial laboratory and office complex a few miles outside of downtown Columbus that is the main lab
and headquarters for Battelle Laboratory Columbus, a nonprofit R&D lab with over 7,500 employees at
several locations. Battelle partners with companies to develop new technologies, and has been involved in
numerous commercial projects, including the application of the product "bar-code," and the invention of the
photocopier. But the labs work has been, and is still, primarily with the Department of Energy and its
predecessor. Source: CLUI Land Use Database.

•OH Battelle Columbus Laboratories436 Columbus AWE - AWE 1943-1986; BE

1943-1961; DOE 1986-2000 - From 1943 to 1986, Battelle Memorial Institute
performed atomic energy research and development as well as beryllium work for the
Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies. The Battelle Laboratories have
two separate locations in Columbus - King Avenue and West Jefferson. Battelle's
436 Decommissioning of Hot Cell Facilities at the Battelle Columbus Laboratories / Patrick Weaver et
al. WM’03 Conference, February 23-27, 2003, Tucson, AZ. - 5 pp.
- http://www.wmsym.org/archives/2003/pdfs/351.pdf
Decontamination of Battelle-Columbus Laboratories' plutonium facility / Freas D.G.; Madia, W.J.
American Nuclear Society winter meeting, Washington, DC, USA, 14 Nov 1982.
DOE: Finding of no significant impact, decontamination and decommissioning of Battelle Columbus
Laboratories in Columbus and West Jefferson, Ohio. Undated. - 78 pp.
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/6421112-Th2j9A/6421112.pdf
Scotti, V.G. : Postirradiation examination at Battelle--Columbus Laboratories. Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc.,
Suppl., v. 19, no. 2, pp. 13-14.
RH-TRU Waste Shipments from Battelle Columbus Laboratories to the Hanford Nuclear Facility for In-
terim Storage / Jim Eide et al. WM’03 Conference, February 23-27, 2003, Tucson, AZ. - 6 pp.
- http://www.wmsym.org/archives/2003/pdfs/334.pdf

314
research supported the government's fuel and target fabrication program, including
fabrication of uranium and fuel elements, reactor development, submarine propulsion,
fuel reprocessing, and the safe use of reactor vessels and piping.
•OH Battelle Memorial Institute437 Columbus AWE/BE/DOE - Battelle Memorial
Institute and Bechtel Corporation also operates the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory’s South Table Mountain Complex.438
•OH Beryllium Production Plant439
(Brush) Luckey BE/DOE - BE 1949-
1959; DOE 1949-1961 - From 1942
through 1945, National Lead operated
a magnesium processing facility on the
Luckey site for the US. government. In
1949, the Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC) built a beryllium production fa-
cility at the site. The government built
the plant to replace the production that
was lost when the Brush Beryllium
Lorain plant was destroyed by fire. The
Brush Beryllium Company (now Brush
Wellman) under contract to the AEC,
produced beryllium pebbles at this site
until 1958. Records indicate that the facility produced between 40,000 and 144,000
pounds of beryllium. In 1959, the AEC contracted with Brush to close down the
facility. The site was sold to the Vulcan Materials Company in 1961. In 1951, AEC
sent approximately 1,000 tons of radioactively contaminated scrap metal to the
Luckey site. This material was to be used by the Diamond Magnesium Company to re-
sume magnesium processing at the idle facility.
According to the Midwest Hazardous Substance Research Center, Michigan State Uni-
versity, the site covers approximately forty acres of land in Luckey. The primary con-
taminants have been identified as beryllium, uranium-238, thorium-230, thorium-232,
radium-226, and their naturally occurring decay products. Other contaminants may be
present in the forms of sludge, inorganic chemicals, and heavy metals. Some of the soil
samples collected at the site contained low concentrations of organic compounds, in-
cluding benzene, toluene, xylene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
•OH Brush Beryllium Co.440 Cleveland AWE/BE - 1942-1943 & 1949-1953 - The
Brush Cleveland facility conducted research on a process for producing uranium metal
437 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profile for Battelle Memorial Institute, King
Avenue and West Jefferson Sites, Columbus, Ohio / Vincent A. King, Jack Fix, and Sallie D. Robin-
son. 2010. - 124 pp.
438 DOE: Site-Wide Environmental Assessment FINAL National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s
South Table Mountain Complex, 2003. - 280 pp. - http://www.nrel.gov/ehsq/pdfs/43459.pdf
439 Luckey Site, Luckey, Ohio Feasibility Study Report. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Louisville District.
2003 - 202 pp
440 DOE: FUSRAP Elimination Report for the Former Brush Beryllium Company, Cleveland, Ohio ;
November 14, 1985. - 13 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/B/Brush_Beryllium_Co_-_Clevland_-_OH_02/OH_02-2.pdf
Merril Eisenbud Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress / Prepared by Karen
Linn Femia with the assistance of Dan Oleksiw. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. - Washington,
D.C., 2003. Finding aid encoded by Glenn R. Gardner, 2010. - 8 pp.
- http://memory.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2010/ms010186.pdf

315
(1942-1943) through magnesium reduction of molten green salt (uranium tetrafloride).
The facility later conducted research and development with uranium (1949-1953) and
extruded thorium billets into slugs which were placed in Hanford production reactors
(1952-1953). The Brush Cleveland facility also produced beryllium metal and berylli-
um oxide for the MED (1943-1946) and later for the AEC (1947-1965?).
•OH Brush Beryllium Co.441 Elmore AWE/BE - 1957-2001 - Brush Beryllium plant
in Elmore, OH, was built in 1953. It began producing beryllium for the AEC in 1957
after operations at the Brush Luckey, OH, facility ended. (Prior to 1957 it produced
beryllium for the commercial market only.) The plant supplied beryllium to the Y-12
plant in 1990 and Brush purchase orders show that shipments from its Elmore
location continued to Los Alamos and Sandia through April 2001.
•OH Brush Beryllium Co. Lorain AWE/BE -
1949-1950 - The Lorain plant produced beryllium
metal and beryllium oxide for the MED and the
AEC. The plant was destroyed by fire in 1948.
•OH Cincinnati Milling & Machine Co. 442
Cincinnati AWE - 1963 - The Cincinnati Milling
Machine Co. built electro-chemical machining
units. In September 1963, the company tested the
feasibility of electro-chemical machining of
uranium.
•OH Clifton Products Co.443 Clifton BE
•OH Clifton Products Co. Painesville BE - 1942-1952 - Clifton had at least six large
contracts with the AEC to supply beryllium products. By 1949, at least 8 beryllium-re-
lated deaths had occurred at Clifton.

441 Risks of beryllium disease related to work processes at a metal, alloy, and oxide production plant
/ Kathleen Kreiss, Margaret M Mroz, Boguang Zhen, Herbert Wiedemann, Barbara Barna. Occupational
and Environmental Medicine Division, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine,
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA. Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
1997 August; 54(8): 605–612.
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1128986/pdf/oenvmed00092-0077.pdf
Residual radioactivity in the vicinity of formerly utilized MED/AEC sites / F. F. Haywood and W. A.
Goldsmith. Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, undated. - 14 pp.
442 DOE: Memorandum; Williams to the File; Subject: Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized
Sites Remedial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/C/Cincinnati_Milling_and_Machining_Co_-_OH_25/OH_25-2.pdf
443 Merril Eisenbud Papers: A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress / Prepared by
Karen Linn Femia with the assistance of Dan Oleksiw. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. -
Washington, D.C., 2003. Finding aid encoded by Glenn R. Gardner, 2010. - 8 pp.
- http://memory.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2010/ms010186.pdf

316
•OH Copperweld Steel444 Warren AWE - 1943-1946 - The Copperweld Steel
Company of Warren, Ohio, straightened and outgassed a large number of uranium
rods for the Hanford and Oak Ridge reactors between May and August of 1943.

444 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix AS – Copperweld Steel Co. 2007.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apas-r0.pdf

317
 Source: Tremley Point Industrial History. / Robert J. Baptista 2009

•OH Du Pont-Grasselli Research Laboratory 445 or Grasselli Laboratories

Standard Oil Company of Ohio Cleveland AWE - 1943-1945 - The Grasselli Labor-
atory participated in the development the slug canning and coating processes for the
Hanford site.

445 Elimination Report for the Former Du Pont-Grasselli Research Laboratory Cleveland Ohio . US.
Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Restoration, 1985. - 14 pp.

318
•OH Extrusion Plant446 Ashtabula DOE - 1962-. - From 1962 to 1988, Ashtabula
(formerly known as Reactive Metals, Inc.) received uranium billets from Fernald's
Feed Materials Production Center and the Weldon Springs Plant and extruded them
into feed stock for fabrication of fuel and target elements to be used in nuclear materi-
als production reactors. In 1988, the need for Cold War weapons production dimin-
ished and DOE began closing the Extrusion Plant. By April of 1993 the DOE and RMI
had formed a partnership to clean the site as part of decontamination and decom -
missioning. DOE contracted with RMI Environmental Services (RMIES), a division of
the RMI Titanium Company, to manage the cleanup project. RMIES has since
changed its name to EARTHLINE Technologies. Reactive Metals Inc. of Ashtabula,
Ohio was the corporate successor of the Bridgeport Brass Company of Adrian,
Michigan, which performed similar extrusion work from 1954 to 1961. The semi-pro-
duction extrusion press used at Adrian was transported and installed at Ashtabula. In
addition to its work for the DOE and its predecessor agencies, Ashtabula performed
work for the Department of Defense and a number of commercial entities under a
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) license.

446 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Summary of Extrusion Plant Site Information
for Dose Reconstruction / Robert Hysong, Robert Vogel, Cindy W. Bloom, and Shelby Gubin, 2007.- 73
pp.- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/extruplant-r0.pdf
DOE: Audit report: Cost sharing at the Ashtabula environmental management project. 2003. - 15 pp.
- http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/igprod/documents/CalendarYear2002/ig-0558.pdf
Letter Report on Environment, Safety & Health Issues at the Ashtabula Environmental Management
Project, INS-L-01-05. 2001. - 12 pp.
- http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/igprod/documents/CalendarYear2001/insl0105.pdf
DOE: Audit report: Remediation and closure of the Ashtabula environmental management project,
2002. - 19 pp. - http://www.orau.gov/DDSC/projects/DOE/ig-0541.pdf
Ashtabula River Area of Concern - http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/ashtabula.html

319
•OH Feed Materials Production Center 447 Fernald DOE - 1951-. - The Feed
447 A bill to amend the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000
to provide compensation for certain persons injured in the course of employment at the Feed Ma -
terials Production Center (commonly referred to as "Fernald") or the Piqua Organic Moderated Re -
actor in Ohio. Bill Summary & Status. 111th Congress (2009 - 2010) S.1800
- http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:S.1800:
EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Feed Materials Production Center, (USDOE) Operable Unit 3, aka
Fernald Environmental Management Project, Fernald, OH 9/24/1996. - 144 pp
Estimation of radon exposures to workers at the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center 1952-1988
/ Hornung RW, Pinney SM, Lodwick J, Killough GG, Brewer DE, Nasuta J. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol.
2008 Sep;18(5):512-23. Epub 2008 Jan 9. SourceCincinnati Children's Environmental Health Center, Cin-
cinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Fernald Environmental Management Project – Oc-
cupational Environmental Dose. 2006. - 110 pp.
Followup on audit of depleted uranium metal production at the Fernald Environmental Management
Project, Fernald, Ohio. USDOE Office of Inspector General, Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Eastern Re-
gional Audit Office1992. - 14 pp.
Harley, N. H., R. Hirsch, and M. Gilbertson.: Progress Report. Measurements of Radon, Thoron, Isotopic
Uranium and Thorium to Determine Occupational & Environmental Exposure & Risk at Fernald
Feed Materials Production Center. New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 2002.
- 13 pp. - http://www.osti.gov/em52/2002projsum/74050.pdf
Sedam, A. C.: Occurrence of uranium in ground water in the vicinity of the US Department of Energy
Feed Materials Production Center, Fernald, Ohio. Geological Survey, Columbus, OH., 1984
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Technical Basis Document for the Fernald Environ-
mental Management Project (FEMP) – Site Description / Samuel L.T. Chu. 2004. - 83 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/frnld2.pdf
Review of the NIOSH Site Profile for the Fernald Environmental Management Project (Feed Materials
Production Center). S. Cohen & Associates. Jefferson, Maryland. - 170 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/scarpts/sca-t1-10-r0.pdf
Ritz B.: Cancer mortality among workers exposed to chemicals during uranium processing. Depart-
ment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California. J Occup Environ Med. 1999
Jul;41(7):556-66.
'Data provided by the Comprehensive Epidemiology Data Resource allowed us to study patterns of cancer

320
Materials Production Center (FMPC) at the Fernald site was established by AEC in
1951 to convert depleted uranium, natural uranium, and low-enriched uranium
compounds into uranium metal and to fabricate uranium metal into feed stock for fuel
and target elements for reactors that produced weapons-grade plutonium and tritium.

The Fernald Plant, operated by National Lead of Ohio (NLO), along with the Weldon
Spring Plant in Missouri, were feed materials plants built by the AEC in the 1950s to
supply fuel to the increasing number of nuclear reactors located at Hanford and
Savannah River. Production operations at the Fernald site continued until July 10,
1989, when they were suspended by the Department of Energy (DOE). DOE formally
shut down the facility on June 19, 1991. During its production mission, the Fernald
site produced over 225 million kilograms (500 million pounds) of high-purity uranium
products to support United States defense initiatives.

mortality as experienced by 3814 uranium-processing workers employed at the Fernald Feed Materials
Production Center in Fernald, Ohio.'

321
Plant 1 operations began in December 1953. The plant was used to weigh, sample,
classify and sort (by uranium content) incoming raw material from off-site sources and
process residues from on-site operations.

322
Plants 2 & 3 operations began in December 1953. The plants were used to convert
impure uranium feed material and recycled residue to high purity uranium trioxide
following a three-step procedure (digestion, extraction, denitration) involving chemical
and thermal processes.

Plant 4 operations began in October 1953. The plant was used to convert uranium

323
trioxide to uranium dioxide, called brown oxide, by reducing it with hydrogen. The
brown oxide was reacted with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to produce uranium
tetrafluoride, called green salt.

Plant 5 operations began in May 1953. The plant contained large furnaces that were
used to convert green salt to uranium metal derbies by a thermite reduction process
using magnesium metal granules.

324
Plant 6 operations began in the summer of 1952. The plant was used to fabricate
ingots into finished uranium cores.

Plant 7 operations began in June 1954. The plant was used to convert uranium
hexafluoride to green salt using the same process as the Pilot Plant. The green salt
was used in Plant 5 to produce uranium metal. After only two years of operation, the
AEC directed the shutdown of Plant 7 because a similar processing plant was
operating in Paducah, Ky.

325
Plant 8 operations began in November 1953. The plant was used to convert scrap
uranium metal and metal-bearing waste from off-site sources and Fernald operations
into black oxide. The black oxide was then sent to Plant 1 as a feed material.

Plant 9 operations began in October 1954. Originally, it was used to produce thorium
metal until 1956, when interest in thorium metal started to decline. Contractors:
Fluor Fernald (1992-present); Westinghouse (1985-1992); National Lead of Ohio
(1951-1985).

326
In 1994, a House subcommittee on oversight and investigations released documents
indicating that workers were given virtually no reliable information about the health
risks they faced. Among the documents, internal reports that listed uranium
concentrations at Fernald hundreds of times - sometimes as high as 650 times - above
government limits. Then between 1983 and 1985, the trial confirmed that Fernald
managers implemented a ''fudge factor'' for measuring the buildup of radioactive-dust
levels on workers' dosage badges. Designed to correct misleading readings, the
correction was so large that some workers actually had negative radiation readings.
Over 50 articles containing allegations of mismanagement and safety violations at the
Department of Energy’s (DOE) Fernald site in Ohio appeared in the Cincinnati
Enquirer last year. Located about 18 miles from Cincinnati, the Fernald site is
undergoing the cleanup of contamination from its former uranium metal production
activities. DOE has entered into an initial 5-year, $1.9 billion contract with Fluor
Daniel Fernald to clean up the site. The contract to continue the cleanup will be up for
a 1- to 3-year renewal in November 1997. DOE estimates that it will take an
additional 13 years and about $2.4 billion to complete the cleanup. The seriousness of
the allegations prompted both DOE and Fluor Daniel Fernald to create two ad-hoc
groups to investigate the situation.448
448 Fernald: History repeats itself / Tim Bonfield. The Cincinnati Enquirer, Feb. 11, 1996.
- http://www.enquirer.com/fernald/stories/021196c_fernald.html
GAO: Department of Energy: Management and Oversight of Cleanup Activities at Fernald (Letter
Report, 03/14/97, 95 pp.
- http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-RCED-97-63/pdf/GAOREPORTS-RCED-97-63.pdf
and - http://www.enquirer.com/fernald/gao_fernald_report.html

327
'1994 Fernald workers class-action suit is settled for $15 million, the first legal victory
by any group of atomic workers.'449

DOE 'gave Fluor Daniel Fernald a $2.2 billion contract to clean up the former uranium
processing plant 18 miles northwest of Cincinnati. There are 20 million pounds of
radioactive waste in two underground silos at Fernald.'450
The Fernald Community Alliance which will' 'Preserve the history of the land, people,
culture and the Cold War for the benefit of current and future generations and to
promote the Fernald Preserve as an asset to the community has a Fernald Living
History Project started in 1997.'451
Watchdog organization for Fernald Facility: Fernald Residents for Environmental
Safety and Health 1984-.
• OH Foote Mineral Company,formerly the Vanadium Corporation of America
452
, Cambridge, Ohio DOE now part of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation.
•OH General Electric Company453 Cincinnati/Evendale AWE/BE/DOE - BE 1951-
449 Fernald Chronology. Prepared by Ohio EPA
- http://epa.ohio.gov/swdo/divisions/FFS/Fernald/FernaldSiteInfo/chronology.aspx
and Annual report to the Public on the Fernald Closure Project Prepared by: Ohio Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of federal facilities oversight. State of Ohio. Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency. Ohio Department of Health Ohio Emergency Management Agency.Prepared and Published by:
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Federal Facilities Oversight. Dayton, Ohio
450 Taxpayers bilked in Fernald cleanup - http://www.enquirer.com/fernald/
451 - http://www.fernaldcommunityalliance.org/interviews.html
The End of Secrecy - http://www.lm.doe.gov/land/sites/oh/fernald_orig/50th/secr.htm
452 J. Leonard Replogle
He was also head of the Vanadium Corporation of America, with Charles M. Schwab,[1919]. In August 1942,
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers established the Manhattan Engineer District (MED), also known as the
Manhattan Project, to develop atomic weapons and to procure the raw materials, principally uranium, ne-
cessary for their production. The MED contracted the Vanadium Corporation of America and the U.S. Va-
nadium Corporation (owned by Union Carbide) to procure and process uranium bearing ore.
45300161: General Ele National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation
Report Petition SEC-ctric Company in Evendale, Ohio / Michael Kubiak. 2010. - 21 pp.

328
1970; DOE 1961-1970 - The Evendale Plant's major mission is to build aircraft
engines. The AEC used this facility to work with a variety of radioactive materials,
including uranium and thorium. This facility was also involved in the refining or
fabrication of beryllium or beryllium oxide.
•OH Gruen Watch Norwood AWE - 1956 - The Gruen Watch Co. conducted cold
shaving and stamping and hot stamping washer tests for National Lead Company of
Ohio (Fernald) in May and June 1956.

•OH Harshaw Chemical Co.454 Cleveland AWE - 1942-1955; Residual Radiation

1956-October 2009 - Harshaw Chemical of Cleveland, Ohio refined black oxide and
sodium diuranate to orange oxide and then to brown oxide for the Manhattan Project
during World War II. The final result was a "green salt", which the Manhattan Project
used to produce uranium hexafluoride for enrichment into weapons grade fuel for
nuclear weapons at the gaseous diffusion plants. Harshaw also produced uranium
hexafloride during the war and this production activity was expanded in 1947.
Harshaw production was reduced in 1951 and by May of 1953 the green salt plant was
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/arch/sec/geer.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00161: General Electric Co. in Evendale, Ohio / Michael Kubiak, 2011. - 36 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/geohio/geer-161-r1.pdf
454 Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP): Former Harshaw Chemical Company
Site Cleveland, Ohio. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo District. 2011. 2 pp.
- http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/fusrap/harshaw/#Documents
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: An Exposure Matrix for the Harshaw Chemical
Company, Cleveland, Ohio / Janet L. Westbrook, Cindy W. Bloom, and Eugene W. Potter. 2007. - 114
pp.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00066: Harshaw Harvard-Denison Plant / Cindy W. Bloom, James Mahathy, Janet L. Westbrook,
Kenneth Fleming, and Michael Kubiak. 2006. - 24 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/harshaw/harshawer.pdf
Radioactive industrial site stands in way of completing Cleveland's Towpath Trail. / Michael Scott, The
Plain Dealer. Tuesday, January 26, 2010.
- http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/01/radioactive_industrial_site_st.html

329
dismantled and the hexafluoride plant was placed on standby. The contract for
removal of AEC equipment continued until September 30, 1955. This designation is
limited to the Harshaw facility located at 1000 Harvard Avenue, Cleveland and
generally referred to as the Harvard-Denison plant.
Harshaw Chemical continued to produce most of the UF 6 feed for the K-25 uranium
enrichment plant at its Cleveland, Ohio plant after the war. However, in December
1947, the F2 Plant at K-25 became operational, allowing the plant to produce its own
feed by initially converting UO 3 to UO2 to UF4 to UF6 and later UO2 to UF6. Harshaw
expanded its UF6 production in 1947, and was placed on standby by May 1953. When
the Paducah and Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plants were built and started up in
1954 and 1956, they included feed operations similar to that at K-25. The Oak Ridge,
Portsmouth and Paducah feed plants were shut down in 1962, and the conversion of U
3 O 8 to UF 6 for gaseous diffusion plant feed was taken over by the privately-owned
Allied Chemical Co. Plant in Metropolis, Illinois. Thereafter, UF 6 feed came from
commercial sources, existing stocks, and partially-depleted UF6 tails stored at the
enrichment plants.
Harshaw Chemical Company was acquired by Kewaunee Oil Company in 1964.
Kewaunee Oil was later acquired by the Gulf Oil Company in 1976. Kaiser Chemical
Company acquired Harshaw interests in 1982.

•OH Herring-Hall Marvin Safe Co.455 Hamilton AWE/DOE - 1943-1951; Residual

Radiation 1952-1993; - Intermittently from the 1943 to 1951, the Herring-Hall-Marvin
Safe Company machined natural uranium metal slugs from rolled stock under
subcontract to DuPont and the University of Chicago.

455 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084
DOE: Results of the radiological survey at the former Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Company (3rd floor),
1550 Grand Boulevard, Hamilton, Ohio (HO001) / 1994. - 20 pp.

330
•OH Horizons, Inc.456 Cleveland AWE - 1952-1956; Residual Radiation 1957-October
2009 - Starting in 1952, Horizons, Inc. was under contract with the AEC for the pro-
duction of granular thorium metal and conducted some thorium research work for Sa-
vannah River.
•OH Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincin-
nati Cincinnati BE - 1947 - 1950 - The AEC funded a
Kettering Laboratory researcher's investigation of the
biological effects of beryllium and its compounds. Ket-
tering was also working on analytical methodology for
beryllium for the AEC.
•OH Magnus Brass Co. Cincinnati AWE - 1954-1957
- The site machined various forms of uranium metal
under subcontract to the National Lead Company (Fernald). The work was performed
at two locations: Reading Road (from December 1954 through November 1955) and
West 7th Street (from December 1955 through December 1957).
•OH McKinney Tool and Manufacturing Co. Cleveland AWE - 1944 - Between
May and August of 1944, McKinney Tool & Manufacturing of Cleveland, Ohio, turned
and ground unbonded slugs to provide fuel for the first nuclear reactors, including the
three Chicago piles; the Oak Ridge X-10 reactor; and the Hanford B, D, and F produc-
tion reactors and 305 test pile.
•OH Mitchell Steel Co. Cincinnati AWE - 1954 - In 1954, Mitchell Steel Company
may have participated in the machining of a sample lot of four hollow extrusion
uranium billets from ingots for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald).

456 Formerly utilized MED/AEC sites remedial action program. Radiological survey of the former
Horizons, Inc. , metal handling facility, Cleveland, Ohio. Final report. [Used in 1940--1950's for
production of granular Th metal], 2008. - 137 pp.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00094
/ Joe Guido, Bob Coblentz. 2008. - 41 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/horizons/horizonser.pdf

331
•OH Monsanto Chemical Co.457 Dayton AWE - In 1943, the Manhattan Engineer
District (MED) began the Dayton Project to investigate the chemistry and metallurgy
of polonium. Monsanto was chosen for the project
because of its earlier work at its Scioto Research
Laboratory (also in Dayton). Work for the MED was
initially performed at Monsanto’s facility on Nicholas
Road in 1943 (Unit I). As the project expanded, it
moved into a location on West First Street (Unit III)
with all operations being transferred to Unit III by
October 1944. By 1944 it was clear that even this
space was inadequate, and so the former Runnymeade
Playhouse was converted to a laboratory and referred
to as Unit IV, to be operated in conjunction with Unit III. When space became too
tight in the combined areas of Units III an IV, preparations were made to move the
operations to the present day Mound facility in Miamisburg. Processing began at
Mound in February 1949 and shortly thereafter Units III and IV were dismantled and
decontaminated.

457 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
0049: Monsanto Chemical Company. / Donald Stewart, Elizabeth Gilley, Ron Kathren, and Vernon
Shockley, 2006. - 46 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/monsanto/monsantoer.pdf
Site Inspection Report Dayton Unit IV - Runnymede Playhouse. City of Oakwood. Montgomery
County, Ohio. Department of the Army. Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers. Buffalo, New York. 2004. -
414 pp. - http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/fusrap/dayton4/day4-si-2004-12.pdf

332
 Owned by the Department of Energy and operated for many years by Monsanto and EG&G, the Mound
Plant produced detonation devices for nuclear weapons and conducted research on nuclear fuels and
isotope separation, starting in 1947. The primary activity at this plant is now decontamination of the
buildings and grounds, in preparation for the expected full conversion to commercial use, by 2006. Around
$90 million has been spent annually on these remediation efforts. The Mound Plant is named for a large
Indian mound, adjacent to the plant. Source: CLUI Land Use Database.

•OH Mound Plant458 Miamisburg DOE - 1947-. - In 1943, the Manhattan Engineer
District began the Dayton Project to investigate the chemistry and metallurgy of po-
lonium. Between 1943 and 1948, this work was performed at locations around Dayton,
all of which turned out to e too small for the job. As such the plant became operational
February 1949. The Mound Plant's first mission was to manufacture polonium-
beryllium initiators for atomic weapons. As part of this process, the site extracted
polonium-210 from irradiated bismuth slugs and machined beryllium parts. Mound
stopped producing initiators after the Pinellas Plant in Florida began producing

458 Mound Lab Workers 3 Nov 2010.avi - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpqMI6pqJ0g

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Mound SEC Issues – for SEC Petition SEC-00090.
Starting Date for SEC Petition: 1 February 1949; Ending Date: 17 August 2007 (“Present”) , 2011. -
24 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/dps/mounddp110211.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Mound Site – Site Description. / Jeff Vollmer, 2009.-
30 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/mound2-r0-pc2.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health:Mound Site – Occupational Medical Dose. / Faisal
Algutifan, Vernon E. Shockley and Ronald L. Kathren, 2009. - 18 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/mound3-r1-pc3.pdf
Review of the NIOSH Site Profile for the Mound Laboratory Site, S. Cohen & Associates, Vienna,
Virginia. 2006. - 192 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/abrwh/scarpts/sca-t1-12-r0.pdf
Sample report: Mound Laboratory Progress Report for September 1962. 1963. - 30 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4551552-YWF5Bf/4551552.pdf

333
accelerator-type neutron generators in 1957. In 1954, Mound began developing and
producing weapons components containing tritium, and in 1969, the plant began
recovering and purifying tritium from dismantled nuclear weapons. During the 1950s
and 1960s the Mound Plant also developed and produced a variety of nonnuclear
weapons components including detonators, cable assemblies, firing sets, ferroelectric
transducers, and explosive timers. In 1995, Mound discontinued weapons component
production. The Mound Plant has also performed non weapons work. The site
developed and manufactured radioisotope thermal generators and conducted research
in the following areas: radioactive waste decontamination; the properties of uranium,
protactinium-231, and plutonium-239; and separation of stable isotopes and noble
gases. Mound continues to produce thermal generators which are used for remote
power applications including space probes.
•OH National Lead Company of Ohio DOE, later NL Industries.
•OH National Smelt & Refining459 Cleveland, Ohio DOE
•OH Ohmart Corp.460 Cincinnati DOE - provided goods and/or services to the
Fernald facility as subcontractor.

•OH Painesville Site Painesville AWE/DOE - The Painesville Site, located in

459 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; December 23, 1993. - 1 p.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Sutton_Steele_and_Steele_Co_-_TX_09.aspx
'In each case, the potential for radiological contamination above applicable guidelines is small. In each case
the- amounts of radioactive materials handled was small. Based on these considerations, these sites are
hereby eliminated from further consideration under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program.'
460 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

334
Painesville, Ohio, was a former magnesium production facility, operated by the
Diamond Magnesium Company under contract to the Federal Government. From 1951
to 1953, Diamond Magnesium received approximately 1,650 tons of radioactively
contaminated scrap steel from the Lake Ontario Storage Area (now the Niagara Falls
Storage Site), to be used in the magnesium production process.
•OH Ohio State University461 Columbus DOE - Provided goods and/or services to
the Fernald facility as subcontractor

•OH Piqua Organic Moderated Reactor462 Piqua DOE 1963-1969 - From 1963 to
1966, the Piqua Nuclear Power Facility was operated as a demonstration project by
the City of Piqua. The facility contained a 45.5-megawatt (thermal) organically cooled
and moderated reactor. In 1966, the AEC discontinued facility operations and
terminated its contract with the city. The AEC dismantled and decommissioned the
reactor between 1967 and 1969.
•OH Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant463 Piketon DOE – 1952-1988
461 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
462 SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00126: Piqua Organic Moderated Reactor / Louise
Buker, Roger Halsey, Karin Jessen, Dan Mantooth, Eugene W. Potter. National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, 2009. - 89 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/piqua/piquaer-126-r1.pdf
463 Piketon: A troubled past: Cold War factory created secret dump, set own rules
Dayton Daily News, Sunday, November 12, 2006
Rare skin disorder haunts man after radioactive release / Tom Beyerlein, Lynn Hulsey
Dayton Daily News, Sunday, November 12, 2006
'WHEELERSBURG — Larry Knapp was in the seat of a crane, removing old machinery from the atomic plant
at Piketon Somebody yelled, "Take it up," and Knapp's crane pulled a giant uranium enrichment

335
•OH R. W. Leblond Machine Tool Co. Cincinnati AWE - 1961 - National Lead
Company of Ohio (Fernald) contracted with Leblond Machine for the purchase of a
rapid boring machine. In 1961, acceptances tests, using 17 tons of natural uranium,
were conducted at Leblond Machine.
•OH Tech-Art, Inc. Milford AWE - 1952 - In 1952, National Lead Company of Ohio
(Fernald) used Tech-Art to grind inserts as part of a study of Firth Sterling HF carbide
profile inserts in conjunction with the machining development program. Additional
documentation shows that Tech-Art possessed a subcontract with NLO for "[m]achine
shop operations on Government owned materials at prescribed hourly rates of pay."
•OH Tocco Induction Heating Div.464 Cleveland AWE - 1967-1968 - Tocco had a
contract with National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) to develop induction heating coil
equipment for heating uranium fuel cores. Tocco performed operational tests of these
units at its Ohio facility, which took place during 1967-1968. The company received
2000 pounds of natural uranium machined fuel cores and 5600 pounds of depleted
uranium machined fuel cores from NLO for testing.
•OH Vulcan Tool Co.465 Dayton DOE - 1959 - After World War II, the company
expanded by purchasing the Dayton Tool and Engineering Company. During the
decades that followed, the company diversified its production. In addition to its
production of tools and dies, Vulcan also became known internationally for its
development of tube-cutting machinery. At the request of National Lead Company of
Ohio (Fernald), Vulcan Tool Company conducted experiments involving the cutting of
normal uranium slugs and tubes on a Brehm cutter in October 1959.
•OK Air Force Plant 3466 Tulsa Ok-
lahoma AWE - In 1951, as the Cold
War with the Soviet Union intensified,
the plant reopened and produced and
modified aircraft until 1991. The plant
also produced missile-guidance sys-
tems, space-vehicle components, elec-
tronic countermeasure devices, and
stealth technologies during that time
period. In the early 1960s McDonnell
Douglas began to use the plant to per-
form maintenance on aircraft’s, includ-
ing the B-52, KC-135 and the F-4. In
1962, Rockwell International moved in to share the plant with McDonnell Douglas,
leasing 30 percent of the plant to manufacture aerospace products. McDonnell Douglas
compressor from its moorings. One moment, he saw his co-workers 40 feet below; the next, nothing but a
great yellow cloud — rising directly at him. Knapp panicked: He was caught in a radioactive release.'
464 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
465 Former Vulcan Tool Co. workers could be eligible for payments. Dayton Daily News. Friday,
October 14, 2011
'DAYTON — Former workers at the Vulcan Tool Co. in Dayton and the Piqua Organic Moderated Reactor in
Piqua may be eligible for compensation and medical benefits under the Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act administered by the U.S. Department of Labor.'
466 Air Force Plant 3: Tulsa. Administrative Record Index. Prepared and Maintained by: U.S. Department
of the Air Force. Aeronautical Systems Center. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. 2007. - 19 pp.
- http://www.wpafb.af.mil/asc/environmental/index.asp

336
Aircraft Company continued to operate the remaining 70 percent for maintenance of
military and commercial aircraft as well as for the manufacture of aircraft compon-
ents.

•OK Altus AFB467 Altus AWE - Atlas F ICBM (SMS 577) base, 1962-1965. In April
1960, the Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District awarded the basic construction contract
to Morrison-Knudsen and Hardeman and Associates. The two firms had submitted a
combined bid of just over $20.9 million. The 12 missiles there constituted America's
ICBM deterrent force during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
•OK Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Quapaw BE - 1988-1996 - Eagle-Picher's Qua-
paw, Oklahoma plant machined beryllium-alloy parts for the DOE's Y-12 facility in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during the 1980s and the 1990s.

467 Atlas missile site coordinates - http://asuwlink.uwyo.edu/~jimkirk/atlas.html

Assessment of biogeochemical natural attenuation and treatment of chlorinated solvents, Altus Air
Force Base, Altus, Oklahoma. Kennedy LG, Everett JW, Gonzales J. J Contam Hydrol. 2006 Feb
10;83(3-4):221-36. Epub 2005 Dec 27.
Hazardous-waste technical assistance survey, Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma. Final report, 8 Janu-
ary-13 January 1989. / Zimmer, A.T.; Hedgecock, N.S. Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health
Lab., Brooks AFB, TX (USA), 1989. - 58 pp.
Social-economic and wage characteristics of civilian employees, Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma: A
thesis approved for the department of economics / James M. L. Karns. Norman, Oklahoma. 1963. - 102
pp. - http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/407993.pdf

337
•OK Kerr-McGee468 Guthrie AWE - 1963-1973; Residual Radiation 1974-October
2009 - Kerr-McGee processed uranium for the AEC as part of the nuclear weapons
production process. The Recycled Uranium reports show material being shipped from
Kerr-McGee to both Fernald and Savannah River.
•OR Albany Research Center469 AWE/DOE - 1987-
1993 (remediation) & 1995-present - The Albany Re-
search Center, now the National Energy Technology
Laboratory, became part of the Department of Energy
in 1995. In 2004 residual beryllium contamination as-
sociated with historic beryllium use at Albany Re-
search Center was identified.
•OR Oregon Metallurgical Corp.470 Albany DOE -
Provided goods and/or services to the Fernald facility
as subcontractor.
•OR Wah Chang Albany AWE - 1971-1972 - In 1971

468 National Priorities List : Deleted National Priorities List (NPL) Sites - by State, 2011.
469 Health Consultation: National Energy Technology Laboratory – Albany Albany, Oregon (formerly known
as: Albany Research Center) United States Department of Energy EPA Facility. U.S. Department of
Health and Hhuman Services. Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation Atlanta, Georgia. 2006. - 36 pp.
- http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/AlbanyResearchCenter/AlbanyResearchCenterHC10.25.06.pdf
470 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-

338
and 1972, Wah Chang was subcontracted to Union Carbide Corporation to melt
uranium-bearing materials for the Oak Ridge Y-12 plant.
•PA Aeroprojects, Inc.471 West Chester DOE - 1951-1973; Residual Radiation 1974-
1976 - Beginning in 1951, Aeroprojects Inc. performed research and development for
the AEC. The company's work included investigation of the use of ultrasonic energy in
the areas of instrumentation, welding, filling of tubes with powders, extrusion,
solidification and cleaning. Materials used by the company include alloys and
compounds of aluminum, beryllium, mercury, thorium and uranium.

•PA Aliquippa Forge472 Aliquippa AWE/DOE - 1947-1950; Residual Radiation 1951-

medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
471 ORNL Survey Report: R.D. Foley and K.S. Brown; Results of the Radiological Survey at the ALCOA
Research Laboratory, 600 Freeport Road, New Kensington, Pennsylvania (ANK001); 1992.. - 10 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Aeroprojects_Inc_-_PA_22/PA_22-3.pdf
472 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Technical Basis Document: Basis for the
Development of an Exposure Matrix for Aliquippa Forge, Pennsylvania, Period of Operation:
January 1, 1947 through February 28, 1950. 2004. - 26 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/aforge0a.pdf
Derivation of uranium residual radioactive material guidelines for the Aliquippa Forge site. / Monette,
F. ; Jones, L. ; Yu, C.. Argonne National Lab., IL (United States). 1992. - 27 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10173074-ItQu7D/10173074.pdf
DOE: Site Description and History Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, Site. 2011. - 2 pp.
DOE: ORISE Report (ORISE 93/A-5); Radiological Survey of the Aliquippa Forge Site West Aliquippa,
Pennsylvania; December 1992 (Final Report). 1992. - 64 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Aliquippa_-_PA_07.aspx

339
1987; 1989-1992 - In the late 1940s, Aliquippa Forge (previously Vulcan Crucible Steel
Company) was a supplier of rolled uranium rods used in Hanford's reactors.

The AEC operated a rolling mill, two furnaces and cutting and extrusion equipment at
Vulcan. Work at the site ended in 1950. Records show that the AEC was aware that
some workers at this plant were breathing uranium dust at 200 times the safety limit.

Reviewing claims at nuclear work sites in Western Pennsylvania / The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,
Sunday, April 27, 2003. - http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/20030427nukesiteshealth9p9.asp

340
 The Pittsburgh Reduction Company - established an aluminum
producing plant on this site in 1891, however none of the structures
from that plant survive. After 1900 no aluminum was produced in
New Kensington. Instead aluminum PRODUCTS, especially
cooking utensils, were manufactured here. This once successful
venture ended when ALCOA closed the New Kensington works in
1971.

•PA Aluminum Co. of America473 (Alcoa) New Kensington AWE - 1943-1945;

Residual Radiation 1946-1991 - The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) site in
New Kensington, Pennsylvania was one of 14 facilities in the early 1940s that
produced nuclear fuel for the X-10 pilot plant reactor in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the
production reactors at Hanford, Washington. Alcoa used a unique welding process to
"can" and seal uranium slugs produced by these other facilities.

473 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix R – Aluminum Company of America –
Pennsylvania (Alcoa 1), 2007. - 10 pp.

341
•PA Babcock & Wilcox Parks Township AWE
•PA Beryllium Corp. of America Hazleton BE - 1957-1979 - The Manhattan
Engineer District and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) contracted with the
facility for the production of beryllium metal, beryllium oxide, and beryllium powder.
The AEC contracted with the facility for the refining and fabrication of beryllium.
Later the facility produced beryllium blanks for the Y-12 plant and Dow (Rocky Flats).
•PA Beryllium Corp. of America Reading BE - 1943 -1979 - In 1947, the Beryllium
Corporation plant at Reading produced highly distilled and pure beryllium oxide on a
small scale for the AEC. By 1960, the plant focused on alloy and oxide work. In 1961,
the plant supplied beryllium parts to the Y-12 plant and produced beryllium powder
for the AEC from government inventory beryllium ingots.
•PA Birdsboro Steel & Foundry474 Birdsboro AWE - 1951-1952 - n 1951, eight
assorted uranium billets weighing a total of 346 pounds, originating at Birdsboro,
were received by the AEC's Lake Ontario Ordnance Works. In 1952, Birdsboro
received 11.5 pounds of uranium wafers for processing.

474 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix B – Birdsboro Steel & Foundry Company,
2007. - 9 pp.- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apb-r0.pdf

342
•PA Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory475 West Mifflin DOE - 1949-. - The newly
formed Westinghouse Atomic Power Division bought the Bettis airfield tract in early
1949 and purchased adjacent properties in 1952. Bettis is part of the Naval Nuclear
Propulsion Program which includes include the designing, developing, testing and
monitoring operations of nuclear propulsion plants for naval surface ships and sub-
marines. According to Steven L. Krahn, 'The Naval Reactors Program, more com-
monly known as "NR," was started by a small group of naval officers at Oak Ridge Na-
tional Laboratory in 1946. Led by Hyman Rickover (a Captain apparently near retire-
ment), this group was inspired by a concept: the possibility of using nuclear power to
475 DOE Completes TRU Waste Cleanup at Bettis
CARLSBAD, N.M., September 23, 2011 – The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has successfully
completed cleanup of all Cold War legacy transuranic (TRU) waste at the Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory
(BAPL) near Pittsburgh, Pa., permanently disposing of it at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP).
BAPL is the 20th site to be completely cleaned of legacy TRU waste. This milestone was achieved using
approximately $640,000 of a $172 million investment from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
to expedite legacy waste cleanup activities across the DOE complex.
- http://www.em.doe.gov/pdfs/BAPL9-23-11.pdf
Naval Reactors Facility 2003 Environmental Monitoring Report, Bechtel Bettis, Inc.2003. - 84 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/835949-hU8lU7/native/
Naval Reactors (NR): A Potential Model for Improved Personnel Management in the Department of
Energy (DOE) - http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/eng/appndx-c.htm

343
propel a submarine. Within seven years of its inception, the organization that de-
veloped out of this concept would put into operation the nations' first power reactor
(the Nautilus prototype). The following four years would see three more nuclear sub-
marines and two reactor plant prototypes operating and another seven ships and two
prototypes being built. To date, more reactors have been built and safely operated by
the NR program than any U. S. program; this record of achievement is remarkable by
any standard. It is now a joint program of the Navy and the Department of Energy
(DOE). Contractors: Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation of the Bechtel
Corporation and Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

•PA C.H. Schnoor476 Springdale AWE/DOE - 1943-1951 - In 1943, C.H. Schnorr &
Company began providing metal fabrication services in support of Manhattan Engin-
eer District operations. C.H. Schnorr machined extruded uranium for the Hanford Pile
Project.

476 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites.
2011. - 146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084

344
•PA Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh AWE - 1942-1946 - During the
Manhattan Project, Carnegie Institute of Technology was key participant in research
on the phases of special metals and their alloys. It also worked on the development of
methods for testing materials of construction and the construction of “necessary equip-
ment.”
•PA Carnegie Mellon Cyclotron Facility Saxonburg AWE
•PA Carpenter Steel Co. Reading AWE - 1943-1944 - Beginning in 1943, Carpenter
Steel Corporation was one of the 14 private contractors and vendors that produced fuel
for the Oak Ridge X-10 pilot plant reactor and the full-scale Hanford production react-
ors. As an alternative to extrusion, the Carpenter Steel Company of Reading,
Pennsylvania experimented with rolled uranium rods in July 1944, but these proved
to be inferior to the extruded product. The metal tended to form laps and seams on the
surfaces of the rolled bars. Carpenter Steel has since changed its name to Carpenter
Technology Corporation.
•PA Chambersburg Engineering Co. Chambersburg AWE - 1957 - In March 1957,
a series of hot uranium forging tests were conducted at the Chambersburg
Engineering company by the Metallurgical Department of National Lead Company of
Ohio (Fernald)
•PA Foote Mineral Co. East Whiteland Twp. AWE - BE 1947; AWE 1942-1948 -
Foote Mineral had a pilot plant at its East Whiteland Township location which
processed monazite sands. Monazite sands are known to have a very high thorium

345
content. Because the AEC needed fairly large quantities of thorium, they were very
interested in different methods of extracting it from monazite sands. Foote Mineral
Company was also a major importer of beryl ore from Brazil. Under contract to the
Atomic Energy Commission, Foote Mineral Company procured 500 tons of beryl ore in
1947.

•PA Frankford Arsenal477 Philadelphia AWE - 'Formerly Used Defense Site plus-up
funds received in 2007 were used to execute a Containerized/Hazardous, Toxic, Radio-
active Waste project, which included the abandonment of several old monitoring wells,
eligible underground storage tanks and 1600+ nickel cadmium batteries. The
contaminants of concern were polychlorinated biphenyls, volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds.'
•PA Heppenstall Co.478 Pittsburgh DOE - 1955; Residual Radiation 1956-1989 -
Under contract to the Mallinckrodt Chemical Co., the site was used to heat, press and
water quench uranium "dingots". Approximately 100,000 pounds of normal uranium
metal was shaped at Heppenstall over about a 6-month period. In 1956 the
Heppenstall Steel Company of Pittsburgh merges with Midvale Company to become
Midvale-Heppenstall Company.

477 Frankford Arsenal : Fact Sheet as of 1 January 2011. US. Army Corps of Engineers - Baltimore District,
2011. - 2 pp.
478 DOE: Results of the radiological survey at the former Heppenstall Company site, 4620 Hatfield
Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. / Cottrell, W.D.; Crutcher, J.W.; Quillen, J.L. . 1991. - 20 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6154854

346
 This steel mill in Washington, PA was once Jessop Steel,
but was purchased by Allegheny Ludlum in the 1990s.

•PA Jessop Steel Co.479 Washington AWE - 1950-1954 - In the early and mid 1950s,
the Jessop Steel Company was under contract to the AEC for metal fabrication with
some work through DuPont. In the early 1950s, records indicate that uranium metal
in nickel scrap was sent to Jessop to make stainless steel piping for Fernald. In 1954,
tentative plans were made for Jessop to roll uranium for Fernald billet production.
•PA Koppers Co., Inc. Pittsburgh AWE - 1956-1957; Residual Radiation 1958-1996 -
In conjunction with the Kennecott Copper Co., Koppers conducted pilot plant tests for
the production of uranium hexafluoride. In 1956, Koppers was licensed receive 2000
pounds of refined source material for use in studies toward the preparation of uranium
dioxide for reactor fuel elements and 6,150 pounds of refined source material for use in
research and pilot plant investigations on feed material processing. In October 1957,
they were authorized to receive 110 pounds of normal uranium hexafluoride. Most of
the research works appears to have taken place at the Koppers Research Department
in Verona, PA.
•PA Landis Machine Tool Co.480 Waynesboro AWE - 1952 - In 1952, National Lead
of Ohio (Fernald) personnel performed tests involving the machining of uranium slugs
at Landis Machine Tool Company.

479 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix BL – Jessop Steel Co., 2007.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apbl-r0.pdf
480 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix BP – Landis Machine Tool Co., 2007. - 9 pp.

347
•PA Letterkenny Army Depot 481Chambersburg AWE - The Letterkenny Army De-
pot was established in 1942 for ammunition storage. Since 1947, activities at the Let-
terkenny Army Depot expanded to include the testing, maintenance, and overhaul of
wheeled and tracked vehicles and missiles; the storage and transportation of industri-
al chemicals and petroleum; and storage, maintenance, demilitarization, and modifica-
tion of ammunition. Following the election of President Eisenhower, Letterkenny
Army Depot had new missions and orders to follow making it a permanent military in-
stallation. Its new mission was technology research, weapons housing and deconstruc-
tion, and industrial waste disposal.
•PA McDaniel Refractory Co. Beaver Falls BE - 1942-1949 - The Manhattan
District History indicates that the McDanel Refractory was used to fabricate oddly
shaped beryllium crucibles or beryllium crucible stopper rods for the Manhattan
Project.
•PA Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corp. 482 Apollo AWE/BE - BE 1960-1968;
AWE 1957-1983 - The Nuclear Material and Equipment Company (NUMEC) began
operations at the Apollo and Parks Township facilities in the late 1950s. The Atlantic
Richfield Company (ARCO) purchased the stock of NUMEC in 1967. In 1971, Babcock
& Wilcox (B&W) purchased NUMEC and is the current owner of the Apollo and Parks
Township facilities. NUMEC processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the AEC in the
1960s. This facility also provided enriched uranium to the naval reactors program and
included a plutonium plant, plutonium plant storage area, highly enriched uranium
481 EPA: Superfund Record of Decision: USA Letterkenny (PDO), PA, 1991. - 28 pp.
Public health assessment addendum for Letterkenny Army Depot, USA Letterkenny Southeast Area,
Chambersburg, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, Region 3. CERCLIS No. PA6213820503 and USA
Letterkenny, Property Disposal Office Area, Chambersburg, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. CERCLIS No.
PA2210090054. Final report, 1993. - 142 pp.
482 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profile for Nuclear Materials and Equip-
ment Corporation, Apollo and Parks Township, Pennsylvania. / Dennis L. Strenge, Paul J. Demo-
poulos, and William E. Joyce, 2010. - 89 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/numec-r1-p1.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-
00080: Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC) facility, Apollo, Pennsylvania. /
James K. Alexander and Timothy J. Vitkus. 2007. - 23 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/numec/numecer.pdf

348
fuel facility, metals and hafnium complex and a uranium hexafluoride storage area.
The facility also fabricated plutonium-beryllium neutron sources. The B&W Apollo fa-
cility ceased manufacturing nuclear fuel in 1983.
•PA Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corp. Parks Township AWE/BE - BE
1960-1968; AWE 1957-1980 - The Nuclear Material and Equipment Company (NU-
MEC) began operations at the Apollo and Parks Township facilities in the late 1950s.
The Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) purchased the stock of NUMEC in 1967. In
1971, Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) purchased NUMEC and is the current owner of the
Apollo and Parks Township facilities. The primary function of the NUMEC Parks
Township facility was the fabrication of plutonium fuel, the preparation of high-en-
riched uranium fuel, and the production of zirconium/hafnium bars. The Parks Town-
ship facility ceased fuel fabrication activities in 1980.
•PA Penn Salt Co. Philadelphia AWE - 1953-1956 - Pennsylvania Salt experimented
with samples of fluoride containing byproducts from AEC operations to determine if
they could be used for hydrogen fluoride production or to extract uranium from the
material. The extremely toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) developed by the Pennsylvania
Salt Company in Easton, PA was an essential component of the separation process
that produced uranium hexafluoride for the atomic bombs.483

483 The Unusual Death of a Navy Radiologist D-Day Plus 66 Years / Kenneth C. Davey
- http://www.6thbeachbattalion.org/navy-radiologist.html
The fluoride deception / Christopher Bryson. Seven Stories Press, 2004 - 374 pp.

349
•PA Philadelphia Naval Yard Philadelphia AWE - The Abelson's thermal diffusion
plant at the Philadelphia Naval Yard, 1944-? The Philadelphia plant was testing a
uranium isotope separation process.

350
•PA Shippingport Atomic Power Plant Shippingport DOE - 1984-1995 -
Shippingport Atomic Power Station, located in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, was one of
the first large-scale nuclear power plants in the world. Naval Nuclear Propulsion
program.
•PA Superior Steel Co.484 Carnegie AWE - 1952-1957 - Superior Steel produced
uranium strip and rolled uranium slabs for use by the Savannah River Laboratory. In
1955, for example, they hot rolled twenty-five tons of uranium into strip.

484 DOE: T.E. Myrick and C. Clark; Preliminary Site Survey Report for the Former Superior Steel Mill at
Carnegie, Pennsylvania; April 1981. - 20 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/S/Superior_Steel_Co_-_PA_03/PA_03-4.pdf

351
•PA Teledyne Vasco Company Latrobe facility, now Allegheny Ludlum Corp.
Latrobe. Derry Township, Westmoreland County DOE - From the mid-1960's to
1990's the company has manufactured high-speed tools and specialty steels. Teledyne
Vasco did not produce an end product; it fabricated various sizes of rod and wire
components used by other companies to manufacture specialty products, such as
surgical needles, aircraft landing gear, and missile tools. Finished manufactured
products consist of molded ingots and pressed bars.
•PA Tobyhanna Army Depot AWE - Established Feb. 1, 1953 as Tobyhanna Signal
Depot, today it is a facility for the repair, upgrade and integration of Command,
Control, Computer, Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
(C4ISR) systems for all branches of the Armed Forces.

352
.
•PA US. Steel Co., National Tube Division485 McKeesport AWE 1959-1960 - Tests
at the Christy Park Works, National Tube Division of the US Steel Corporation,
conducted in 1959 and 1960, demonstrated that rotary piercing of uranium was
possible. The tests were conducted for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald).

485 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers
that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals Appendix CO – US Steel, National Tube Division, 2007. -
10 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/b-6000-apco-r0.pdf

353
•PA Vitro Manufacturing486 or Vitro Rare Metals Plant Canonsburg AWE/BE -
1942-1959 - Starting in 1948, Vitro was under contract to recover uranium from scrap.
In the period from 1954-1956, Vitro had a contract to process production quantities of
radioactive material (UF4) for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald). Vitro continued to
provide uranium to the Atomic Energy Commission under various contracts through
1959. Canonsburg was a major uranium milling facility and although the EEOICPA
definition of an Atomic Weapons Employer excludes mining and milling, this site is
covered because of its scrap processing activities performed under contract to the
486 Formerly utilized MED/AEC sites : remedial action program : Radiological survey of the former Vitro
Rare Metals Plant, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, 1978. - xv, 270 pp.
SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00134 / Vincent King, Joseph Guido, James Mahathy.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2008. - 33 pp.
'NIOSH does not have access to sufficient personnel monitoring, workplace monitoring, or source term data
to estimate potential internal exposures to non-uranium radionuclides in disequilibrium with uranium
during the period of AWE operations from August 13, 1942, through December 31, 1957.Consequently,
NIOSH finds that it is not feasible to estimate, with sufficient accuracy, total internal exposures and
resulting doses for the class of employees covered by this evaluation.'
Joel O. Lubenau: Standard Chemical Company, Marie Curie and Canonsburg. Jefferson College Times,
March 2005. - http://www.canonsburgboro.com/Curie-WebPage/MCurie&StdChemical.htm
Decommissioning the Flannery Building for Unrestricted Use. / Robert Maiers, Division Chief, Decom-
missioning & Environmental Surveillance Division, BRP
- http://www.dep.state.pa.us/brp/Decom_and_Env_Sur/FlanneryBuildingDecommissioning.htm
Safety Evaluation Report, Flannery Building. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection,
Bureau of Radiation Protection, 2003. - 44 pp.
- http://www.dep.state.pa.us/brp/Decom_and_Env_Sur/Final%20SER-%20Flannery%20Bldg.pdf

354
Atomic Energy Commission. A 1948 document indicates that General Electric shipped
scrap containing beryllium to the Canonsburg site. The Canonsburg site is one of 24
former uranium mill sites designated for Department of Energy remediation by the
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRA).
•PA Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant 487 East Pittsburgh AWE -
1942 -1944 - Westinghouse prepared urani-
um metal for Enrico Fermi's Stagg Field ex-
periment and conducted development and
pilot-scale production of uranium oxide fuel
elements.
•PA Westinghouse Nuclear Fuels Divi-
sion488 or Westinghouse Commercial Manu-
facturing Cheswick AWE - 1971-1972 - The
Westinghouse Nuclear Fuels Division re-
ceived shipments of nuclear materials from
the AEC nuclear weapons complex in 1971
and 1972. The Cheswick site received a shipment of enriched uranium from the AEC’s
Fernald plant in 1971. It also received a shipment of plutonium in 1972 from the West
Valley facility. This plutonium originated out of Hanford. Because this material came
from the nuclear weapons complex, the site qualifies as an Atomic Weapons Employer
for these years.

487 SEC Petition Evaluation Report : Petition SEC-00096 : Westinghouse Atomic Power Development
Plant / Daniel H. Stempfley. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2009. - 48 pp.
488 Former Westinghouse workers qualify for nuclear payment / Jennifer Gross, Valley news dispatch,
Wednesday, January 15, 2003. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
- http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/valleynewsdispatch/s_112868.html#ixzz1dCJh89Tn

355
•PR BONUS Reactor Plant489 Punta Higuera DOE - 1964-1968 - The Boiling
Nuclear Superheat Reactor (BONUS) was licensed from April 2, 1964 to June 1, 1968.
Full power Operation began in late 1965 and stopped in July 1967. The plant was
Atomic Energy Commission/Department of Energy owned; it was not regulated by the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Plutonium has been recovered from reactor fuel.
•PR Puerto Rico Nuclear Center Mayaguez DOE - 1957-1976 - The Puerto Rico
Nuclear Center (also known as the Center for Energy and Environment Research) was
established in 1957 as a nuclear training and research institution. The facility
included a one megawatt MTR research reactor, which became operational in 1960.
During the next ten years, the AEC supported training and research activities at an
annual level of approximately $2 million. The MTR was shut down in 1971 and
replaced a two megawatt TRIGA research reactor. Except for brief periods of time,
TRIGA was never operated at power levels in excess of 1.2 megawatts. In 1976, the
facility was renamed the Center for Energy and Environmental Research (CEER) and
the mission was broadened to include research, development and training for both
nuclear and non-nuclear energy technologies. The programs were transferred to the
University of Puerto Rico at that time. The TRIAGA reactor was shut down on
September 30, 1976 and a program for decommissioning and removal of the reactor
was initiated. Contractors: University of Puerto Rico (1957-1976), BNI(1987),
Cleveland Wrecking Caribe, Inc. (1987).
•RI C.I. Hayes, Inc.490 Cranston DOE - 1964 - In 1964, C.I. Hayes Inc. handled
489 DOE: BONUS, Puerto Rico, Decommissioned Reactor. 2009. - 2. pp.
490 Government May Compensate Radiation-Exposed Workers in Rhode Island. Providence Journal,
July 26, 2001.

356
uranium metal under subcontract to the National Lead Company.

•SC Savannah River Site491 Aiken DOE - 1950-. - From 1950 until the late 1980s,
DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial
Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
491 DOR Savannah River Operations Office: Savannah River Site (SRS) Cold War Built Environment.
Historic Preservation Annual Summary Report. Fiscal Year (FY) 2008. October 2008. - 14 pp.
- http://sro.srs.gov/hist_prsvn/srshpannualreport2008.pdf
Savannah River Site Cold War Historic Property Documentation. Narrative and Photography: 300/m
area – fuel and target fabrication. Aiken County, South Carolina / Report prepared by: New South
Associates. Mary Beth Reed and Mark T. Swanson. 2006. - 359 pp. ; New South Associates Technical
Report 1189 - http://nationalregister.sc.gov/SurveyReports/HC02003.pdf
Savannah River Site Cold War Historic Property Documentation. Narrative and Photography:
700/A Area – site administration, safety, security, and support. Aiken County, South Carolina. / Report
prepared by: New South Associates. Terri Gillett, Mary Beth Reed, Mark T. Swanson, Steven Gaither.
2007. - 450 pp. ; New South Associates Technical Report 1433.
- http://nationalregister.sc.gov/SurveyReports/HC02001.pdf
Savannah River Site Cold War Historic Property Documentation. Narrative and Photography: CMX and TNX
Savannah River’s Pilot Plants. Aiken County, South Carolina. / Report prepared by: Mark T. Swanson
and Mary Beth Reed. 2006. - 270 pp ; New South Associates Technical Report 1329.
- http://nationalregister.sc.gov/SurveyReports/HC02004.pdf
Savannah River Site Cold War Historic Property Documentation. Narrative and Photography: Reactor On:
Thematic Study of Savannah River’s five reactor areas. Aiken and Barnwell Counties, South Carolina.
/ Report prepared by: Mary Beth Reed. Historians and Authors: Mark T. Swanson and Terri Gillett. 2010. -
930 pp. ; New South Associates Technical Report 1743.
- http://nationalregister.sc.gov/SurveyReports/HC02005.pdf
Savannah River Site Cold War Historic Property Documentation. Narrative and Photography: You can’t run
a reactor if you can’t get to it: a study of Savannah River site’s infrastructure . Aiken, Barnwell and

357
the Savannah River Site conducted multiple operations that played a vital role in the
US. nuclear weapons complex. Of greatest importance were the production of
plutonium and tritium. Many facilities were built at SRS to support these production
efforts and to address their resulting environmental impacts. They include five
nuclear reactors, two chemical separation plants (also known as canyons), a nuclear
fuel and target fabrication facility, a heavy water plant, and waste management
facilities.

Power Plant

Allendale Counties, South Carolina. / Report prepared by: Mary Beth Reed. Historians and Authors: Mark
T. Swanson and Christina Olson. 2010. - 272 pp. ; New South Associates Technical Report 1793. -
http://nationalregister.sc.gov/SurveyReports/HC02006.pdf

358
In addition, SRS is the location of the Savannah River Technology Center and the Sa-
vannah River Ecology Laboratory. SRS remains a key Department of Energy facility
with an important national security mission of maintaining the nation's nuclear
weapons stockpile and ensuring future production capabilities. Throughout the course
of its operations, the potential for beryllium exposure existed at this site, due to beryl -
lium use, residual contamination, and decontamination activities. The High Level
Waste Tanks at SRS are considered by DOE and South Carolina Department of
Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) to be the greatest human health risk in
South Carolina. Contractors: Westinghouse Savannah River Company (1989-present);
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (1950-1989), together with American Machine
and Foundry, the Blaw-Knox Company, Gibbs & Hill, Inc., the Lummus Company,
New York Shipbuilding, Voorhees, Walker, Foley & Smith.

359
•SD Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rushmore Air Force Station492 Meade AWE -
National Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Site. 493 When operations at the base resumed in
1947 Ellsworth Air Force Base was a new United States Air Force asset. The primary
unit assigned to Rapid City Air Force Base was the new 28th Bombardment Wing fly-
ing the B-29 Superfortress. Shortly after additional runway improvements in July
1949, the 28th Bombardment Wing began conversion from, to the huge B-36 Peace-
maker. In October 1960, Ellsworth came the activation of the 850th Strategic Missile
Squadron that prepared the emplacement of Titan I intercontinental ballistic missiles,
which arrived in 1962. The contractors for the Titan I project, Leavell-Scott & Associ -
ates, represented a consortium of eight partners. On August 21, 1961, construction
began on the Minuteman IB facilities. The contract to build the 150 silos and associ-
ated launch control facilities was executed by Peter Kiewit Sons' Company of Omaha,
Nebraska, using designs developed by Parsons-Stavens, Architect Engineer, in Los
Angeles.

492 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf
493 Minuteman ballistic missile silo at Ellsworth Air Force Base - South Dakota.
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQ--xYlWgkM

360
•SD Ore Buying Station at Edgemont 494 Edgemont DOE - 1952-1956 - The ore
buying station at Edgemont purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American
Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Edgemont station
from November 1952 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O
contractor in February 1956. The Mines Development Corporation purchased the ore
buying station on July 12, 1956. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining
Company (1952-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956).
494 Correlation between gamma radiation levels and soil radium concentrations at the Edgemont
uranium mill site. / Wallace, R.G.; Reed, R.P.; Polehn, J.L.; Wilson, G.T. Tennessee Valley Authority,
Muscle Shoals, AL (USA). Western Area Radiological Lab.; Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga
(USA); Silver King Mines, Inc., Edgemont, SD (USA). 1985. - 9 pp. ' The Tennessee Valley Authority's
uranium mill in Edgemont, South Dakota, is being decommissioned. Approximately 4 million tons of
contaminated tailings, building equipment, and contaminated soil and debris on the mill site will be
removed to the disposal site located approximately 3 kilometers to the southeast.'
DOE: Edgemont, South Dakota, Disposal Site, 2010. - 9 pp
Environmental evaluation of Mines Development, Inc. uranium and vanadium milling operations at
Edgemont, South Dakota. Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO (USA), 1973. - 64 pp.
Final Report: North Cave Hills Abandoned Uranium Mines Impact Investigation Prepared for: U.S.
Department of Agriculture Forest Service – Region 1 / Prepared by: Dr. James Stone, PE, Dr. Larry
Stetler. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. 2007. - 217 pp.
- http://uranium.sdsmt.edu/Downloads/NCHUraniumMinesImpactReport04-18-17.pdf
Geology and Production: History of the Uranium Deposits in the Northern Black Hills, Wyoming – South
Dakota / William L. Chenoweth. Wyoming Geological Association. 1988. - 263 .
Radiological assessment of the town of Edgemont / Jackson, P.O.; Thomas, V.W.; Young, J.A.. Pacific
Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (USA). 1985. - 186 pp.

361
Watchdog: Defenders of the Black Hills - http://www.defendblackhills.org/
•Tennessee Clarksville Facility495 Clarksville DOE - 1949-1967 - The Clarksville
Modification Center was established in 1958 for the purpose of testing and modifying
the components of nuclear weapons. The Center was located near Clarksville, TN, on a
corner of the Ft. Campbell, KY, military reservation. Prior to 1958 some buildings
were used by the AEC for storage. The Clarksville Modification Center was closed in
September 1965 and its functions were transferred to Pantex and Burlington. In 1967
the AEC surrendered control of the area back to the Army. Contractors: Mason &
Hanger-Silas Mason (1958-1965); Sandia Corporation was the storage contractor
(1949-1967).

•TN Clarksville Base496 or Campbell Army Airfield AWE - National Nuclear

Weapons Stockpile Site. Stockpiling of the atomic bomb began slowly, with only 13 in
the entire arsenal in 1947; 56 in 1948; 298 in mid-1950. The first four sites were of the
main stockpile type, and were built before 1950. Site B was at Clarksville Base, adja-
cent to Campbell Air Force Base and Fort Campbell (Tennessee and Kentucky). Camp-
bell AFB at Ft. Campbell, KY was transferred to the Army in 1959.
495 ORAU TEAM Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH: Site Profile for Clarksville Base Weapons
Storage Area and Modification Center with Supplementary Guidance for Medina Base / Ronald J.
McConn, Jr., Eva Eckert Hickey, Richard J. Traub, Jerome B. Martin, and Donald E. Bihl., 2006. - 69 pp.
496 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989),
2008. - 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf

362
•TN Holston Army Ammunition Plant497 Kingsport, Sullivan – AWE - The
Holston Army Ammunition Plant, also known as the Holston Ordnance Works, was
constructed by Tennessee Eastman in Kingsport, Tennessee to manufacture explosives
during World War II.498 (Holston Defense Corp. in Kingsport, TN is a private company
now categorized under Chemical Warfare Projectiles and Components.) BAE Systems'
division Ordnance Systems, Inc. currently operates the plant under a 25-year facilities
use contract. Among the many unique products produced here are the explosive
powders used to trigger nuclear weapons.

497 The US. Army Materiel Command: The Metal Book. 2007. - 39 pp.
498 Analysis of Wastewater for Organic Compounds Unique to RDX/HMX manufacturing and Pro-
cessing : Final engineering rept. 1974-1979 / Stidham, Billy R. Holston Defense Corp.,1979. - 169 pp. -
http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA085765
Aquatic Field Survey at Holston Army Ammunition Plant, Kingsport, Tennessee. / Sullivan,J. H. , Jr. ;
Putnam,H. D. ; Keirn,M. A. ; Swift,D. R. ; Pruitt,B. C. , Jr . 1977. - 268 pp.
Historic Properties Report, Holston Army Ammunition Plant, Kingsport, Tennessee./ Hess, Jeffrey A..
United States Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command . 1984. - 92 pp.
Holston Army Ammunition Plant, Supplemental Photographic Documentation of Archetypal Build-
ings, Structures, and Equipment for U.S. Army Materiel Command National Historic Context for
World War II Ordnance Facilities. / White, William D., Jr. ; Krapf, Kellie A. 1995. - 231 pp.
- http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA315283

363
•TN Elza Gate Site499 or Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Warehouses Site DOE - Storage
site for high-grade African uranium ore (pitchblende) and ore-processing residues for
the Manhattan Engineer District in the early 1940s.

•TN Manufacturing Sciences Corporation BE - 1992-1994 - Manufacturing

Sciences Corporation performed beryllium work for Los Alamos National Laboratory.
'MSC's manufacturing plant is a fully integrated manufacturing facility with the
capacity to melt, cast, roll or machine products from many specialty metals such as
499 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance and Maintenance Requirements for Remediated FUSRAP Sites. 2011. -
146 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=7978&libID=8084

364
steel, aluminum, uranium, tantalum, and niobium. MSC remains the sole commercial
facility in the world with the capability to cast, roll and machine products from
depleted uranium (DU). While DU accounts for approximately half of MSC's annual
sales revenue, the rolling and manufacturing of specialty metals is an important and
growing component of our business.'

•TN Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant500 (K-25) Oak Ridge DOE - 1943-1987;
1988-. - The K-25 gaseous diffusion plant at East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP)
was built as part of the World War II Manhattan Project to supply enriched uranium
for nuclear weapons production. Construction of the ETTP started in 1943 with the
ETTP Building, the first diffusion facility for large-scale separation of uranium-235.
The ETTP Building was fully operable by August 1945.

500 A mortality study of employees of the nuclear industry in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. / Frome EL,
Cragle DL, Watkins JP, Wing S, Shy CM, Tankersley WG, West CM.. Radiat Res. 1997 Jul;148(1):64-80.
'An analysis was conducted of 27,982 deaths among 106,020 persons employed at four Federal nuclear
plants in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, between 1943 and 1985. The main objectives were to extend the evalu -
ation of the health effects of employment in the nuclear industry in Oak Ridge to include most workers
who were omitted from earlier studies, to compare the mortality experience of workers among the facilit-
ies, to address methodological problems that occur when individuals employed at more than one facility
are included in the analysis, and to conduct dose-response analyses for those individuals with potential
exposure to external radiation... Results of the analyses using the adjusted doses suggest that the effect
of missing dose is an upward bias in dose-response coefficients and test statistics.'
Takedown of the West Wing at the K-25 Plant in Oak Ridge Is Complete. EM Update, Volume 2, Issue
No. 2 • January 29, 2010. - http://www.efcog.org/library/newsletters/

365
 Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp. (subsidiary of Union Carbide) K-25 Plant 1945.

Additional buildings involved in the enrichment process were operable by 1956. Along
with the plants in Paducah, KY, and Portsmouth, OH, the site was used primarily for
the production of highly-enriched uranium for nuclear weapons until 1964. From 1959
to 1969, focus shifted to the production of commercial-grade, low-enriched uranium. In
1985, declining demand for enriched uranium caused the enrichment process to be
placed on standby. In 1987, the process was stopped permanently (K-29). The ETTP
was also a host for centrifuge facilities constructed as part of a program to develop and
demonstrate uranium-enrichment technology. Contractors: URS/CH2M Oak Ridge
LLC (2011-present); Bechtel Jacobs (1998–2011); Lockheed Martin Energy Systems,
Inc. (1994-1998); Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. (1984-1994); Union Carbide &
Carbon Corp. (1943-1984).

366
•TN Oak Ridge Plant (K-27)501 - The K-27 Building was placed into service in 1945
as the first addition to the K-25 building gaseous diffusion cascade. It consists of nine
building units (540 stages in 90 cells) occupying 383,000 ft2 with more than 1.1 million
ft2 of total floor area. Although it has less area, K-27 is similar in structure and
configuration to the K-25 Building. Both buildings were shut down in 1964.

•TN Oak Ridge Plant (K-29)

501 DOE Oak Ridge Environmental Management Program: The Building K-27 Decontamination and
Decommissioning (D&D) Project. 2011. - 3 pp.

367
•TN Oak Ridge Plant (K-31)502

K-311-1 was constructed along with the rest of the K-25 Building in the 1943-1945
time frame. K-311-1 was equipped with Size 3 converters and Size 38 Allis Chalmers
single-stage centrifugal compressors.The depleted flow from the bottom stage in K-
311-1 passed through booster compressors and flowed to the K-601 Building where the
depleted or 'tails' material was removed. In 1948, after the K-27 Building was com-
pleted, the decision was made to operate K-27 and K-25 in series rather than operate
the two buildings as separate entities. Additional gaseous diffusion capacity was ad-
ded at Oak Ridge as K-29, K-31, and K-33 were constructed and placed in service in
the early 1950s. As a result of the additional process equipment added by these build -
ings, in-leakage of light gases to the cascade including light gases introduced into the
cascade as a result of purging operations threatened to exceed the capacity of the ex-
isting K-312 Purge Cascade facilities in the K-25 Building. As a result, in 1954 K-311-
1 was converted to a side purge cascade to remove light gases from the process gas
stream as the stream entered K-25 from K-27. Low molecular weight gas in-leakage in
502 Purge Cascade Process Description, Oak Ridge Environmental Management Accelerated Cleanup
Project, Oak Ridge, Tennessee / Shoemaker J.E.. East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP), Oak
Ridge, TN (United States). 2009.- 30 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=984474
Office of Inspector General audit: Report on decontamination and decommissioning at the East
Tennessee Technology Park. 1998. - 15 pp.
- http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=308004

368
K-33, K-31, K-29, and K-27 was removed by the K-311-1 Side Purge Facility and a rel-
atively pure stream of UF6 then passed from K-311-1 into the upstream cells in K-25.
In-leakage of light gases in the K-25 Building continued to be removed by the K-312
Purge Facilities. K-311-1 operated as a Side Purge Cascade from 1954 until the K-25
Building was shut down in 1964; at that time K-311-1 became the Oak Ridge Gaseous
Diffusion Plant (ORGDP) Top (and only) Purge Cascade. The adjacent K-310-3 Unit
was operated along with K-311-1 as the top purge cascade and K-310-2 was also oper -
ated at times to supplement cells in the K311-1/K-310-3 Purge Cascade. K-311-1 was
shut down on February 14, 1977, after the newer, larger capacity K-402-9 Purge Cas -
cade was placed in operation. K-310-3 continued to operate until the K-402-8 Coolant
Removal Unit was placed in service, and K-310-3 was shut down on March 14, 1978.
Since the K-311-1 and K-310-3 units continued to operate after K-25 shutdown, re-
moval of equipment such as valves and piping for other projects did not occur in this
area. As a result, these two units have not been exposed to atmospheric wet air over
the years as much of the remainder of K-25 has been exposed. Any deposits or residual
gases contained in K-311-1 or K-310-3 are not likely to be fully hydrolyzed.

•TN Oak Ridge Plant (K-33)

369
 Source: Gloria Ingleman Collection
•TN Oak Ridge Hospital503 Oak Ridge DOE - 1943-1959 - Originally a US Army
Hospital for the Manhattan Project workers, this facility was operated for the AEC by
Roane-Anderson Co. In 1959, ownership of the hospital was privatized and its
Operation taken over by the Oak Ridge Hospital of the Methodist Church.

503 The President’s Advisory Committee

In January 1994 President Clinton convened an Advisory Committee to investigate the accusations surround-
ing the human radiation experiments. In their final report presented to the president on 3 October, 1995,
the Committee found that up to the early 1960s it was common for physicians to conduct research on pa -
tients without their consent.
The Committee’s harshest criticism was reserved for those cases in which physicians used patients without
their consent in experiments in which the patients could not possibly benefit medically. These cases in -
cluded the 18 people injected with plutonium at Oak Ridge Hospital in Tennessee, the University of
Rochester in New York, the University of Chicago, and the University of California at San Francisco, as
well as two experiments in which seriously ill patients were injected with uranium, six at the University of
Rochester and eleven at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. The plutonium and uranium experi-
ments undoubtedly put the subjects at increased risk for cancer in ten or twenty years’ time.
The Human Radiation Experiments: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation
Experiments. Oxford University Press, New York, 1996.
National Security Archive. 1981 Hearings on the Human Total Body Irradiation Program at Oak Ridge
before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the House Science and Technology
Committee, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. (Sept. 23, 1981).
The Human Radiation Experiments : How scientists secretly used US citizens as guinea pigs during the
Cold War / Alan R Cantwell Jr., M.D. New Dawn No. 68 (September-October 2001.
SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00137 : Oak Ridge Hospital in Oak Ridge, Tennessee /
Lara Hughes. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2009. - 46 pp.

370
•TN Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education Oak Ridge DOE - 1946-. - Oak
Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) was established in 1946 to manage the Oak
Ridge Institute for Nuclear Studies (ORINS). It is a private, not-for-profit consortium
of 88 colleges and universities with a mission to provide and develop capabilities
critical to the nation's technology infrastructure, particularly in the areas of energy,
education, health, and the environment. In 1966, ORINS became known by the name
of the operating contractor, ORAU. In the early 1990s, the name was changed to
ORISE, the Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education. The South Campus Facility
was originally established to study accidental irradiation of cattle during testing of the
first atomic bomb near Alamogordo, New Mexico. This facility was also known as the
Agricultural Research Laboratory and Farm and then as the Comparative Animal
Research Laboratory (CARL). It was operated by the University of Tennessee for the
Atomic Energy Commission until it was assigned to ORAU and ORISE in 1981.

•TN Oak Ridge National Laboratory 504

(X-10) Oak Ridge DOE - 1943-. - During
504 An Account of Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Thirteen Nuclear Reactors / Murray W. Rosenthal.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2010. - 80 pp.- http://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub20808.pdf
US. Department of Energy, Office of Environment, Safety, and Health: Independent Investigation Of The
East Tennessee Technology Park, October 2000.
"Conservative estimates indicated that 35,000 pounds of uranium were released into the air from all sources.
4,300 pounds of uranium a month was unaccounted for or released to the environment. ETTP operates

371
the Manhattan project, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) site was used by
the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory to construct the first pile
semiworks - a test plant that would move the plutonium product process from the
research stage to large scale production. DuPont began construction of the test pile,
the X-10 reactor in March 1943 and was ready for operations by January 1944. A
research facility designated as the Clinton Laboratories was built during the war to
support X-10 reactor activities and included chemistry, health and engineering
divisions. After the war, the laboratory was transformed from a war production facility
to a nuclear research center and changed its name to Oak Ridge National Laboratory
in 1948. The Laboratory's research role in the development of nuclear weapons
decreased over time, but the scope of its work expanded to include production of
isotopes, fundamental hazardous and radioactive materials research, environmental
research, and radioactive waste disposal. Throughout the course of its operations, the
potential for beryllium exposure existed at this site, due to beryllium use, residual
contamination, and decontamination activities. Contractors: University of Chicago
(1943-1945); Monsanto Chemical (1945-1947); Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. (1948-
1984); Martin Marietta Energy Systems (1984-1994); Lockheed Martin Energy
Research Corp. (1994-1998); UT Battelle (2000-present).

•TN Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) Oak Ridge DOE
1957-. - OSTI was created to serve as a federal government repository for all technical
an incinerator which handles radioactive, hazardous and uranium-contaminated PCB wastes. ETTP gen-
erated transuranic elements (isotopes with atomic numbers greater than uranium) such as neptunium-237
and plutonium-239; fission products such as techneitum-99; PCBs; toxic metals; and volatile organic com -
punds such as trichloroethene (TCE) and present risk to the public".
DOE National Laboratory restructuring : hearing before the Subcommittee on Basic Research of the
Committee on Science, US. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on
H.R. 884 to authorize retirement incentives for certain employees of the national laboratories and H.R.
2301 to designate an enclosed area of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee as
the "Marilyn Lloyd Environmental, Life and Social Sciences Complex." (1996).
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Oak Ridge National Laboratory – Site Description. /
Robert E. Burns, Jr., Kenneth Fleming. 2007. - 79 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/ornl2-r2.pdf
Robinson, George O.: The Oak Ridge story; the saga of a people who share in history.
- Kingsport, Tenn., Southern Publishers, 1950. - 222 pp.

372
reports pertaining to the Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies.

•TN Nuclear Fuel Services505 Unicoi County Erwin DOE - NFS manufactures nuc-
lear fuel for the U.S. Navy’s fleet of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and submarines
since the 1960s.

505 U.S. Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry: Public Health
Assessment for Nuclear Fuel services, Inc. Erwin, Unicoi County, Tennessee. 2007. - 90 pp.
- http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/pha/nuclearfuelservices/nuclearfuelservicespha052907.pdf
DOE: Receipt and Processing of TRU Soils from Nuclear Fuel Services (NFS) in Erwin, Tennessee by
the Transuranic (TRU) Waste Processing Center (TWPC) on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tenness-
ee, 2010. - 2 pp.
'The United States Department of Energy Oak Ridge Office proposed activities include receipt of approxim -
ately 316 cubic meters of transuranic (TRU) soils from the Nuclear Fuels Services facility located in Er-
win, Tennessee by the TRU Waste Processing Center (TWPC) located on the Oak Ridge Reservation,
Tennessee for certification activities in preparation for shipment to Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for
final disposal. The TWPC currently prepares wastes stored at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for offs-
ite disposal at WIPP and Nevada Test Site.'

373
In recent years it has also processed weapons-grade uranium into nuclear reactor fuel.
It operates a 65-acre (260,000 m2) gated complex in Erwin, Tennessee. NFS is a subsi-
diary of Babcock & Wilcox Nuclear Operations Group, Inc. (B&W NOG) of Lynchburg,
Virginia.

•TN S-50 Oak Ridge Thermal Diffusion Plant506 Oak Ridge DOE - The S-50 Plant
at Oak Ridge was constructed in 1944 to enrich uranium feed material for the Y-12
electromagnetic facility using a liquid thermal diffusion process. The process was
originally developed at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, and tested
on a pilot plant level at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Located near the K-25
gaseous diffusion facility, the S-50 Plant operated for a limited period during 1944-

506 SEC Petition Evaluation Report: Petition SEC-00060 / Christopher J. Miles, Michael pp. Kubiak.
2006. - 15 pp.

374
1945.

The plant was closed in September 1945 because the thermal diffusion process was not
as efficient as the gaseous diffusion. The S-50 plant was reopened in 1946 as part of
the joint Air Force/AEC project to investigate the possibility of developing a nuclear-
powered airplane. This project, known as Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of
Aircraft (NEPA), was housed at S-50 and the contractor was the Fairchild Engine and
Aircraft Corporation. Fairchild's NEPA Division at S-50 conducted a number of
experiments involving beryllium powder during the time period 1946-1951.

375
•TN Tennessee Eastman Company now Eastman Chemical Company,
Kingsport AWE - Tennessee Eastman was hired by the Army Corps of Engineers to
manage Y-12 during the Manhattan Project. The company operated the plant from
1943 to May 1947.
•TN Union Carbide Nuclear Corporation, Division of UCC later Union Carbide
Nuclear Corporation, Nuclear Division AWE/DOE - Union Carbide developed
raw materials and by-products during WW2; resumed butadiene studies to synthesize
rubber; acquired the Bakelite Corporation and developed plastics. It began operating
Oak Ridge facilities; Linde perfected uranium refining; Electro Metallurgical Company
(later Union Carbide's Metals Division) created for wartime metallurgical research
and uranium manufacturing; National Carbon (later Carbon Products) developed
special carbon products; United States Vanadium (later part of Metals Division) mined
uranium and constructed three plants for treating uranium ores; Union Carbide and
Carbon research laboratories contributed to atomic weapons research

376
•TN Uranium Carbide Fuel Pilot Plant507 Oak Ridge 1958-1996
•TN Vitro Corp. of America Chattanooga AWE/BE - BE 1959-1965; AWE 1957-
1968 - Records indicate that "Vitro Corporation" of Chattanooga, TN performed some
beryllium work for Y-12 during the period 1959-1965. A 1962 document also mentions
that the AEC met with members of the beryllium industry, including representatives
from "Vitro Chemical" (no address), but does not mention whether any contracts were
involved in these discussions. The original owner of this site was Heavy Metals Inc.
and possessed an AEC license to process uranium and thorium products beginning as
early as 1957. Documentation indicates that the company provided price quotes to the
AEC for thorium products as early as 1954, but there is no indication that it received a
contract for that work. Vitro Chemical of Chattanooga, TN, a subsidiary of Vitro
Corporation, took over the site at the end of 1959 and was under contract to the AEC
to produce thorium metal, thorium fluoride and thorium oxide. The current owner,
W.R. Grace, purchased the site in 1965 and continued operations until 1983, but re-
cords do not reveal any weapons-based link after 1968. The State of Tennessee took
over licensing of this site in 1968. In 1953 Vitro acquired the Kellex Corporation, a
company involved in the development of the nuclear bomb. The same year the
company reorganised as the Vitro Corp. of America. One of Vitro's earliest customers
was the United States Navy, a relationship which continued into the 1990s. In 1968
Vitro was acquired by Automation Industries Inc and renamed Vitro Engineering
Corp. In 1978 Automation Industries and its Vitro subsidiary were acquired by
General Cable Corp, which renamed the new company GK Technologies. In 1981 GK
Technologies (including Vitro) was acquired by the Penn Central Corporation. Penn
Central had emerged from bankruptcy without its failing rail businesses (acquired by
507 DOE: Site Summary – Building 4005. 2005. 5 pp.
- http://www.etec.energy.gov/library/D&D_page/4005_HSA.pdf

377
Federal government) and diversified into defense and other businesses. By the early
1990s Penn Central had begun to focus on financial services and in 1992 announced it
was divesting Vitro. In 1993 Tracor completed its purchased of Vitro for $94 million.
The Vitro acquisition almost doubled the size of Tracor. Vitro merged with Tracor
Applied Sciences to form Tracor Systems Technologies, Tracor's largest subsidiary. In
July 1998 the British electronics conglomerate GEC plc purchased Tracor. In
November 1999 GEC merged its defense arm (including Tracor) with British
Aerospace to form BAE Systems.
•TN W. R. Grace508 Erwin AWE - 1958-1970 - The Davison Chemical Division of W.R.
Grace Co. (later Nuclear Fuel Services) 509 processed unirradiated uranium scrap for
the AEC, recovering enriched uranium from it for use in the nuclear weapons complex.
Correspondence from 1963 also indicates that the company also worked with thorium,
which was associated with their work for the civilian nuclear reactor industry and the
naval reactors program.510

508 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Technical Basis Document: An Exposure Matrix
for W.R. Grace and Company in Erwin, Tennessee (Revised September 16, 2011) / Mutty M. Sharfi.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/wrgrace-r2.pdf
Toxic Nuclear Exposure: Erwin area plant faces contamination lawsuit
Tennessee residents file suit for damages allegedly caused by toxic nuclear exposure, June 13, 2011
PROVIDENCE, R.I. – Erwin, Tenn., area residents have filed a lawsuit alleging they suffered serious injury or
property damage because of toxic radioactive substances in the environment from Nuclear Fuel Services
(NFS) nuclear materials processing facility.'
- http://www.motleyrice.com/news/view/toxic-nuclear-exposure-erwin-area-plant-faces-contamination-lawsuit
509 Tenn. Nuclear Fuel Problems Kept Secret / Duncan Mansfield, the Guardian, London. Monday August
20, 2007.
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. (AP) - A three-year veil of secrecy in the name of national security was used to keep the
public in the dark about the handling of highly enriched uranium at a nuclear fuel processing plant - in -
cluding a leak that could have caused a deadly, uncontrolled nuclear reaction.
The leak turned out to be one of nine violations or test failures since 2005 at privately owned Nuclear Fuel
Services Inc., a longtime supplier of fuel to the U.S. Navy's nuclear fleet.
The commission responded by sealing every document related to Nuclear Fuel Services and BWX Technolo-
gies in Lynchburg, Va., the only two companies licensed by the agency to manufacture, possess and
store highly enriched uranium...Under the policy, all the documents were stamped ``Official Use Only,'' in-
cluding papers about the policy itself and more than 1,740 documents from the commission's public
archive.
510 Residents file lawsuit against NFS Erwin nuclear fuel plant
Attorneys from three states filed a class action lawsuit today (June 13) against Erwin's Nuclear Fuel Ser-
vices, claiming emissions from NFS are to blame for high rates of cancer. The attorneys are fighting for
their clients to get compensation for personal injury and property damage.
"No one wants to face the truth here and the truth is, I have highly enriched uranium on my property and I am
21 river miles downstream," says Park Overall who's one of the main advocates of the lawsuit against
Nuclear Fuel Services. "I began to hear about all this cancer here, and we started to look into it. These
chemicals and radioactive isotopes are related to particular cancers that we have too much of in the
area." Overall says Monday's filing of the class action lawsuit is the biggest step so far for the Erwin Cit-
izens Awareness Network (ECAN). ECAN is a group that's researched NFS's emissions dating back to
1954. (Tricities June 13, 2011)
Adkins, et al. v. W.R. Grace & Company, No. 2:11-CV-00173 (E.D. Tenn.)

378
•TN Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station511 Spring City DOE – 1973-. - The
Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station is a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) nuclear
reactor used for electric power generation and tritium production for nuclear weapons.

511Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement June 2007 : Completion and Operation of Watts
Bar Nuclear Plant Unit 2.Rhea County, Tennessee. Tennessee Valley Authority, 2007. - 176 pp.

379
•TN Y-12 Plant512 Oak Ridge DOE - 1942-. - Built in a rural section of East
Tennessee, the Y-12 National Security Complex, previously known as the Oak Ridge
Y-12 Plant, was part of the Manhattan Project. Its job was to process uranium for the
first atomic bomb. Construction of Y-12 started in February 1943; enriched uranium
production started in November of the same year. Construction, however, was not
entirely finished until 1945.The first site mission was the separation of uranium-235
from natural uranium by the electromagnetic separation process. The magnetic
separators were taken out of commission at the end of 1946 when gaseous diffusion
became the accepted process for enriching uranium. Since World War II, the number
of buildings at Y-12 has doubled. Its missions have included uranium enrichment,
lithium enrichment, isotope separation and component fabrication. For more than 50
years, Y-12 has been one of the DOE weapons complex’s premier manufacturing
facilities. Every weapon in the stockpile has some components manufactured at the Y-
12 National Security Complex. Contractors: BWXT (2000-present); Lockheed Martin
Energy Systems (1994-2000); Martin Marietta Energy Systems (1984-1994); Union
Carbide & Carbon Corp. (1947-1984); Tennessee Eastman Corp. (TEC) (1943-1947).
512 Evaluation of Iodine-131 Releases from the Oak Ridge Reservation Public Health Assessment /
Prepared by: Site and Radiological Assessment Branch. Division of Health Assessment and Consultation.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2008. - 123 pp. 'Due to a lack of information, ATSDR
cannot determine whether people living off site could have been harmed from breathing elemental
mercury from 1950 through 1963, swallowing water with inorganic mercury from East Fork Poplar Creek
from 1953 to 1955, and eating fish with organic mercury during the 1950s and 1960s.'

380
•TN Y-12 Plant Scrap Yard513 Oak Ridge DOE - There are reportedly about 1,000
containers of scrap, as well as large piles of contaminated materials that ultimately
will be shipped to the Nevada Test Site or disposed at the CERCLA landfill a couple of
miles from Y-12. The scrapyard was used for storage of materials from the 1970s until
the mid-1990s.

513 Cleanup of Y-12's Old Scrap Yard. / Posted by Frank Munger on May 22, 2009.
- http://blogs.knoxnews.com/munger/2009/05/cleanup-of-y-12s-old-scrap-yar.html

381
•TX514 Air Force Plant #4 (General Dynamics) Texas 515 Fort Worth, Tarrant
County AWE - AFP4 has been in continuous operation producing aircraft since 1942.
Over the years the plant has produced B-36 Peacemaker, B-58, F-111, and F-16
aircraft. General Dynamics (GD) operated the facility from 1953 until 1993 when
Lockheed Martin took over the operation. Currently, Lockheed Martin is engaged in
the production of the F-16 Fighting Falcon and other advanced tactical fighters. In the
past, a Nuclear Aerospace Research Facility (NARF) involved in the experimental
development of nuclear aircraft was located at AFP4. In 1974, this facility was
demolished and the debris was removed and disposed of off site.
•TX AMCOT516 Fort Worth517, 518 AWE - 1961-1962 - The American Manufacturing
Company of Texas (AMCOT) conducted specialized tube elongation and billet piercing
514 Texas Environmental Almanac, Environmental Focus: Military Toxic Sites in Texas.
- http://www.texascenter.org/almanac/MILITARYTOXIC.HTML
515 Air Force Plant 4 Fort Worth, Texas: Administrative Record Index. U.S. Department of the Air Force.
Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 2007. - 23 pp.
- http://www.wpafb.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070815-027.pdf
516 Formal Elimination Report for The Former American Manufacturing Company of Texas (AMCOT)
in Fort Worth, Texas. US. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Restoration, undated. - 5 pp.
517 High-Level Worries : Environmentalists from Sustainable Energy and Economic Development Coalition
are still fighting a dump that could bring in much more nuclear waste than originally thought / / Betty Brink.
Fort Worth Weekly. Wednesday, 22 December 2010.
Radiological Survey of the former American Manufacturing Company of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas / W.
C. Adams and J. R. Morton. Environmental Survey and Site Assessment Program. Energy/Environment
Systems Division. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education. Oak Ridge, TN, 1995. - 56 pp.
518 Air Force Plant 4. Fort Worth, Texas. Administrative Record Index. Prepared and Maintained by:
U.S. Department of the Air Force. Aeronautical Systems Center. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. 2007. - 23
pp..

382
tests on uranium metal for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald). The tube
elongation tests were conducted from July to September 1961 and involved
approximately 7 tons of uranium. The billet piercing tests were conducted from June
to September 1962 and involved approximately 23 tons of uranium.

•TX Bossier Base, Barksdale AFB519 AWE - National Nuclear Weapons Stockpile
Site. On November 1, 1949, Barksdale was reassigned to Strategic Air Command
(SAC), and became home of Headquarters Second Air Force. The Bossier Base, now
The East Reservation was formerly a Defense Atomic Support Agency.

519 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf

383
•TX Ft Hood, Killeen Base520 AWE - National Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Site.
During the beginning of the cold war, Killeen Base was one of the Air Force's storage-
and-assembly bases for nuclear weapons.

520 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf

384
Gray Air Force Base near the AEC's Killeen Base (Site Baker), one of three National
Stockpile Sites where nuclear weapons were stored at the time. Routine maintenance
and assembly of nuclear weapons produced small quantities of contaminated wastes.
These wastes were placed in lead-lined cylinders and stored in underground tubes.

385
• TX General Medical and Radioisotope Research Laboratories Houston 1952-.

•TX Mathieson Chemical Co.521 Pasadena DOE - Olin Industries and Mathieson
Chemical Company, which extracted uranium oxides, 522 merged in 1954 to form the
Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, which, upon the death of Mr. Mathieson,
dropped "Mathieson" and adopted the name Olin Corporation in 1969. Later The
United Nuclear Corporation was formed in March 1961 as a joint venture between
three existing companies: Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, Mallinckrodt
Corporation of America, and Nuclear Development Corporation of America.

521 DOE: FUSRAP Elimination Report for Mobil Mining and Minerals Company (The Former Math-
ieson Chemical Company) Pasadena, Texas. Circa 1985. - 35 pp.
522 New Evidence. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/mathieson/mathccpetg-183.pdf

386
387
•TX Medina Base523 San Antonio AWE - National Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Site -
523 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Site Profile for Clarksville Base Weapons
Storage Area and Modification Center with Supplementary Guidance for Medina Base / Ronald J.
McConn, Jr., Eva Eckert Hickey, Richard J. Traub, Jerome B. Martin, and Donald E. Bihl, 2006. - 69 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/clarkmed-r0.pdf
November 13, 1963, Atomic Energy Commission Storage Igloo, Medina Base, San Antonio, Texas
While three employees were dismantling the high explosive (HE) components of a nuclear bomb, they began
burning spontaneously, triggering a large blast involving 120 pounds of HE. The explosion caused little
contamination. US Nuclear Weapons Accidents : Selected Accidents Involving Nuclear Weapons -1950-
1993/ Jaya Tiwari and Cleve J. Gray. Greenpeace.
- http://www.cdi.org/issues/nukeaccidents/accidents.htm
Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf

388
Medina Base, also known as the Medina Annex, at Lackland AFB in San Antonio
Texas was initially a National Stockpile Site (NSS) constructed between 1953 and
1955. Texas hosted two of the original National Stockpile Sites (NSS). Killeen Base
(“Site B”) at Fort Hood, Texas, was the first of the initial three (with Manzano Base
and Clarksville Base) to receive weapons, in 1948. The second NSS was Medina Base
at Lackland AFB, San Antonio. The original storage area was constructed between
1953 and 1955. In 1959, the AEC built a Modification Center at Medina Base for
disassembling weapons and storage operations for the military ceased. Lackland AFB
is part of Joint Base San Antonio, an amalgamation of the United States Army Fort
Sam Houston, the United States Air Force Randolph Air Force Base and Lackland Air
Force Base, which were merged on 1 October 2010.
•TX Medina Facility San Antonio DOE - 1958-1966 - The Medina Modification
Center was established in 1958 for component testing, modification, repairs, and
refinements. It operated until the early spring of 1966, at which point its functions
were transferred to Burlington and Pantex. Contractor: Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason
(1958-1966).

•TX Pantex Plant524 Amarillo DOE

524 Programmatic agreement among the US. Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Ad-
ministration/ Pantex site office, the Texas state historic preservation office, and the Advisory
Council on Historic Preservation authorizing the Pantex plant. cultural resource management
plan. US. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Pantex Site Office. April 2004
- 74 pp.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Pantex Plant Site Profile Review / Prepared by pp.
Cohen & Associates. 2008. - 136 pp.
Nebraska Firm Wins $65 Milllion Contract To Build Explosive Press At Pantex Nuclear Weapons Plant

389
•TX Red River Army Depot 525 AWE- including the Lone Star Army Ammunition
Plant, Texarkana, Bowie County, TX Hawk, Chaparral and Patriot missiles
site.Letterkenny Army Depot took over some of RRAD's missile systems.
•TX Sutton, Steele and Steele Co.526 Dallas AWE - 1951; 1959 - In 1951, AEC and
AEC contractor personnel conducted tests at Sutton, Steele, and Steele, Inc. which
were aimed at devising means of recovering uranium from low grade wastes and
residues. The tests were to determine the feasibility of separating fused dolomite from
magnesium floride slag and uranium. In 1959, National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) per-
sonnel evaluated Sutton, Steele, and Steele's dry tabling equipment for the separation
of normal uranium shot.
•TX Texas City Chemicals, Inc.527 Texas City DOE - 1953-1955 - Texas City
Chemicals produced uranium by recovery of U 3O8 (triuranium octoxide) from a
phosphate fertilizer production plant. The AEC contracted with Texas City Chemicals
for the recovery of uranium which was ultimately used in weapons production. The
TCC plant encountered numerous problems during start-up of the fertilizer plant, and
/ TexasBusiness.com Posted: Tuesday, May 24, 2011 12:03 am
'Kiewit Building Group Inc., Omaha, Nebraska received a $65,180,000 firm-fixed-price, award-fee contract.
The award will provide for the construction of a high-explosive pressing facility, Pantex Plant, Amarillo.'
525 Red River Army Depot, Texas (Army Recommendation). United States Army. 2010. - 2 pp
- http://www.hqda.army.mil/acsim/brac/StateInstallationBreakdown/TXRedRiverAD.pdf
526 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; December 23, 1993. - 1 p.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Sutton_Steele_and_Steele_Co_-_TX_09.aspx
'In each case, the potential for radiological contamination above applicable guidelines is small. In each case
the amounts of radioactive materials handled was small. Based on these considerations, these sites are
hereby eliminated from further consideration under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program.'
527 DOE: Preliminary Survey of Texas City Chemicals, Inc. (Borden Chemical Division of Borden, Inc.).
Texas City, Texas. Health and Safety Research Division. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, 1980. - 9 pp.
SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00088: Texas City Chemicals, Inc. / Thomas P. Tomes.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2010. - 64 pp.

390
it produced a small amount of uranium for the AEC in the first few months of
Operation; full-scale uranium production was never realized due to problems with the
fertilizer plant. TCC was operating at a loss and it ceased operations and filed for
bankruptcy in US. District Court sometime in 1956. The court allowed the Smith-
Douglas Corporation to acquire and reorganize TCC and reopen the plant later that
year. Smith-Douglas did not pursue uranium work with the AEC.

391
• UT Atlas Mill528, Moab DOE

• UT Mexican Hat Mill Site529 San Juan County, Utah DOE -1957-1963

528 Uranium mining left a legacy of death / Jerry D. Spangler and Donna Kemp Spangler. Deseret News,
Tuesday, Feb. 13, 2001. 'Engineers say cleaning up the mill tailings at a single site, the defunct Atlas mill
on the banks of the Colorado River just outside of Moab, could cost $300 million.'
Atlas Mill Reclamation Task Force. Decommissioning of Moab, Utah, Uranium Mill Tailings.
- http://www.wise-uranium.org/udmoa.html
529 DOE: Long-Term Surveillance Plan for the Mexican Hat, Utah (UMTRCA Title I), Disposal Site San
Juan County, Utah. October 2007. - 59 pp.

392
393
- The former Mexican Hat uranium mill site is located on Navajo Nation530 land 1.5
miles is northeast of the town of Halchita. The mill at the Mexican Hat Processing Site
was constructed and operated from 1957 to 1963 by Texas-Zinc Minerals Corporation.
Atlas Corporation purchased the mill in 1963, and operated it until it was closed in
1965. The mill was built on land leased from the Navajo Nation; control of the site re-
verted to the Navajo Nation after the Atlas Corporation lease expired in 1970. The
former Mexican Hat Processing Site covered 235 acres. Much of the uranium ore pro-
cessed at the Mexican Hat site came from the White Canyon area of Utah and con-
tained a considerable amount of copper sulfide and other sulfide minerals. The ore was
ground and treated by froth flotation. The flotation concentrates and tailings were acid
530 Health and Environmental Impacts of Uranium Contamination in the Navajo Nation Five-Year Plan
as requested by House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. June 9, 2008. - 46 pp.
The Navajo Uranium Mining Experience, 2003-1952 (listed chronologically from most recent to oldest) /
Compiled by Chris Shuey, MPH Southwest Research and Information Center. Revised December 11, 2003
- http://www.sric.org/uranium/navajorirf.html
Abandoned Uranium Mines Project Arizona, New Mexico, Utah - Navajo Lands - 1994 - 2000 : Project
Atlas. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Re-
gion 9 Superfund Records Center, 2000.
Annual evaluation report on the Navajo Nation abandoned mined lands reclamation program, 1998-
2010.
An Aerial Radiological Survey of Abandoned Uranium Mines in the Navajo Nation: Overview of
Acquisition and Processing Methods Used for Aerial Measurements of Radiation Data for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Survey conducted in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah. / Thane J. Hendricks.
Bechtel Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2001. - 31 pp. - https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=453708

394
leached separately to recover both copper and uranium products. During its operation,
the mill processed 2.2 million tons of ore and produced 5,700 tons of uranium concen-
trate. In addition to the milling operation, a sulfuric acid manufacturing plant oper-
ated at the site until 1970.

Source: The Center for Land Use Interpretation's Land Use Database

At the time of the remedial action, the concrete pad for the mill building and several
associated buildings and structures (e.g., scale house, office building, and tanks)
remained.

395
•UT The Mill at Moab Moab DOE 2001-. - The Moab 531 site is located about 3 miles
northwest of the city of Moab in Grand County, Utah. The former mill site encom-
passes approximately 435 acres, of which about 130 acres is covered by the mill tail-
ings pile. Through donation in 2011 of the adjacent private property to the south, the
DOE property now consists of almost 500 acres. Other federally owned land now bor-
ders the site on the south. Sandstone cliffs border the site on the north and southwest.
Under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001, Congress author-
ized the US. Department of Energy (DOE) to manage and reclaim the former urani-
um-ore processing site near Moab, Utah, under Title I of the Uranium Mill Tailings
Radiation Control Act. DOE assumed ownership of the facility, now known as the
Moab Project, on October 25, 2001. The US. Department of Energy has started a pro-
ject to move 16 million tons of uranium tailings from the banks of the Colorado River,
near the city of Moab, to a permanent disposal site 30 miles north, near the town of
Crescent Junction.

531 Geology of the Moab Region (Arches, Dead Horse Point and Canyonlands) / Annabelle Foos.
Geology Department, University of Akron. 1999. - 27 pp.
- http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/education/foos/moab.pdf
Geology and Ore Deposits of the White Canyon Area San Juan and Garfield Counties, Utah / Robert
E. Thaden, Albert F. Trites, JR., and Tommy I. Finnell. Geological Survey Bulletin 1125 Prepared on behalf
of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. United States Department of the Interior, 1964. - 175 pp

396
 Crescent Junction

This project is called the Moab Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Pro-
ject. DOE has established a newsletter called “Tailings Times” to keep the public in-
formed of their ongoing activities at the Moab Site.

Source: ABC 4 News

Currently, S.M. Stoller Corporation, under its prime contract with DOE, and its
teaming partner MFG. Contractors: MACTEC-ERS (October 31, 2001, to July 2002);

397
S.M. Stoller, MFG Corporation, and Battelle. (July, 2002 – present).

•UT Monticello Mill Tailings Site532 Monticello DOE - The Monticello Mill Tail-
ings site, a former U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) processing facility, lies in the
Montezuma Creek Valley, east of the Abajo Mountains in southeastern Utah. The
former mill site, on 78 acres of land, is bordered by the City of Monticello.

532 Third Five-Year Review Report for Monticello Mill Tailings (USDOE) Site, City of Monticello, San
Juan County, Utah. 2007. - 61 pp. - http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/fiveyear/f2007080001837.pdf

398
In 1942, the Defense Plant Corporation, a part of the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation,533 which included the Metals Reserve Company, Rubber Reserve Com-
pany, Defense Supplies Corporation, War Damage Corporation, U.S. Commercial
Company, Rubber Development Corporation, Petroleum Reserve Corporation, con-
structed the Monticello mill at a former uranium and vanadium ore-buying station,
which had been constructed in 1940.

533 The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established, August 22, 1940, to finance and supervise
construction and equipping of industrial facilities operated, for the most part, by private concerns
sponsored by federal agencies administering defense and war programs. Dissolved, July 1, 1945. Func -
tions, assets, and liabilities were merged with the RFC. The RFC Office of Defense Plants was estab-
lished to liquidate DPC assets.'
National Archives: Records of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation [RFC]: (Record Group 234)
1928-68. - http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/234.html
Alfred Schindler Papers : Dates: 1934-1955.: Under Secretary of Commerce, 1945-1946. The Harry S.
Truman Library and Museum. - http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/schindlera.htm

399
Construction of the Monticello plant, in addition to the mill proper, included the devel -
opment of an adequate water supply, installation of a power plant, and construction of
two large housing projects for workers. The staff town site, on the hill opposite the mill
to the south, consisted of a staff house for 12 men, a manager's house, and 14 four-
room family dwellings. The other housing project consisted of 32 two-room family
houses and a bunkhouse and boardinghouse for 32 men.
The purpose of the mill was to produce vanadium and uranium for military purposes.

•UT Uranium Mill in Monticello534 Monticello DOE - 1941-1960 - The Vanadium

534 Uranium mill blamed for cancer cluster in Monticello / Brent Hunsaker. ABC 4 News. Updated:
5/07/2010.
'An extensive clean up was done at the mill site and on 425 vicinity properties.' The Monticello Utah Victims
of Mill Tailings Exposure Committee - http://www.monticellovmte.com/home
U.S. Dept. of Health, office of epidemiology: Cancer Cluster Investigations, including: An investigation of

400
Corporation of America (VCA), later Foote Mineral Company , began construction of a
vanadium mill in Monticello in 1941 in response to the increased demand for
radioactive material brought about by World War II. In 1943, VCA began producing a
uranium-vanadium sludge for the Manhattan Engineer District. It employed 200
workers until it closed in 1946. In 1948, the US. Federal Government purchased the
mill and reopened it in 1949 as a converted uranium and vanadium processing plant.
The AEC owned processing mill at Monticello recovered uranium and vanadium from
AEC furnished ore. The Galigher Company became the Management and Operations
(M&O) contractor for the mill in August 1949, one year after the AEC purchased it
from the War Assets Administration. The National Lead Company, Inc., assumed
responsibility for mill management and operations on April 1, 1956. The AEC shut
down the mill and began decommissioning activities in 1960. Contractors: Galigher
Company (1948-1956); and the National Lead Company, Inc. (1956-1960).
Watchdog: The Monticello Utah Victims of Mill Tailings Exposure Committee
•UT Ore Buying Station at Marysvale535 Marysvale DOE - 1950-1957 - The ore
buying station at Marysvale purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American
Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Marysvale station
from March 1950 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O
contractor in February 1956. The AEC leased the land on which the ore buying station
sat from a private owner. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company
(1950-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1957).
•UT Ore Buying Station at Moab Moab DOE - 1954-1960 - The ore buying station
at Moab purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American Smelting and Refining
Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Moab station from May 1954 to January
1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O contractor in February 1956. The
AEC leased the site, which is located adjacent to a Uranium Reduction Company mill,
from a private owner. A second ore buying station located on the property of the
Uranium Reduction Company mill site is not covered under EEOICPA. Contractors:
American Smelting and Refining Company (1954-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-
1960).

cancer incidence in Monticello, Utah Monticello, San Juan, Utah. 2006. - 61 pp.
- http://health.utah.gov/enviroepi/activities/EPHTP/ephtcc.htm
535 Marysvale Uranium Property (Terminated August, 2009).
- http://www.dnimetals.com/properties/utah_marysvale.htm

401
 Source: Shades of hope for uranium's forgotten victims / Nathan Rice.
The Daily Climate. 29 June 2010.

•UT Ore Buying Station at Monticello536 Monticello DOE - 1948-1962 - The ore
buying station at Monticello purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American
Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Monticello station
from 1948 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O contractor in
February 1956. The AEC purchased the site in 1948 from the War Assets
Administration. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company (1948-1956);
and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1962).

536 Recent Cancer Cluster Investigations : Follow up study of cancer incidence in Monticello City, Utah –
1973-2004 - http://health.utah.gov/enviroepi/activities/EPHTP/ephtcc.htm
An Investigation of Cancer Incidence in Mapleton, Utah, 1978 - 2001. Utah Department of Health. Office of
Epidemiology. Environmental Epidemiology Program, 2006. - 61 pp.
An Investigation of Cancer Incidence in Cottonwood Heights, Utah
An Investigation of Cancer Incidence in Monticello, Utah
Analysis of the Spatial Proximity of Childhood Leukemia to High Traffic Roads in Utah
An Investigation of Cancer Incidence in Sunset and Clinton, Utah, 1973-1999.
Geospatial Analysis of Cancer Rates in Residents Living OverContaminated Shallow Ground Water Plumes
in Davis And Weber Counties 1973-2001.

402
•UT Ore Buying Station at White Canyon White Canyon DOE - 1954-1957 - The
ore buying station at White Canyon purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The
American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the White
Canyon station from October 1954 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as
the M&O contractor in February 1956. The AEC leased the land for the ore buying
station from the Bureau of Land Management. Contractors: American Smelting and
Refining Company (1954-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1957).

403
•UT Thiokol Promontory Com-
plex DOE - Thiokol Corporation
builds the NASA space shuttle rocket
motors at this sprawling isolated fa-
cility near the Promontory Moun-
tains. Other defense and propulsions
systems are developed, built, and
tested here including ICBM rocket
engines. The plant, once designated
as "Air Force Plant 78" employs over
three thousand people, who work in
450 buildings, clustered in the vari-
ous industrial and test areas that are
scattered throughout the bare hills of
the 30 square mile complex.
In 2001 Thiokol's propulsion division was acquired by Alliant Techsystems,

•VA Babcock & Wilcox Co. Lynchburg DOE - 1959; 1968-1972 & 1985-2001 -
Babcock and Wilcox Company's main plant at Mount Athos and the Lynchburg
Research Center, also known as the Lynchburg Technology Center in Lynchburg, VA,
performed work for a variety of Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and DOE projects.
Babcock and Wilcox Company's Nuclear Facilities Plant in Lynchburg, VA,
participated in the AEC's Oxide Pellet Fabrication Program, which was managed by
the New York Operations Office. Records indicate that shipments of enriched uranium
were made to and from the Fernald facility during the years 1968-1972. The company

404
also recovered highly enriched uranium from weapons scrap received from the DOE's
Oak Ridge facility between 1985 and 1996. In 1997 the Babcock & Wilcox Company
facility in Lynchburg, VA became the BWX Technologies facility. From 1998 to 2000,
the company fulfilled a contract for the recovery of enriched uranium from scrap
materials containing beryllium. The Lynchburg plant also participated in a DOE-
sponsored program called Project Sapphire, under which the plant had responsibility
from 1995 to 2001 for downblending enriched uranium obtained from the government
of Kazakhstan.537
•VA Camp Patrick Henry AWE - The U.S. Army continued to operate a Nike
Missile site, designated N-85, on the complex until the late 1970s, when the base was
shut down.

•VA Radford Army Ammunition Plant 538AWE – Building 4343 is located within
the Pilot B Area of the Rocket Manufacturing Area, which is situated within the
Horseshoe Area. During the post-World War II period, Radford produced cast
propellant for rockets such as the Honest John, Little John, Nike Atlas, and Nike
Hercules rockets

537 Description of Project Sapphire. / R. G. Taylor. Nuclear Criticality Safety Department. Health, Safety,
Environment and Accountability Organization, 1995.- 9 pp
538 Army Ammunition Production During the Cold War (1946 - 1989). U.S. Army Environmental Center,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 2009. - 202 pp.
- http://aec.army.mil/usaec/cultural/ammo-storage02.pdf
The World War II Ordnance Department's government-owned contractor-operated (GOCO) industrial
facilities: Radford Ordnance Works. historic investigation / Ashley M. Neville, Debra A. McClane. 1996.
- 118 pp. ; U.S. Army Materiel Command Historic Context Series Report of Investigations No. 6A).
Army Materiel Command: Radford Army Ammunition Plant - 2001 Installation Action Plan, 2001. - 88
pp. - http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/enviro/RFAAP_IAP.pdf

405
In 1956, this building was converted from a Fire Water Pump House to support Nike
igniter grain cadmium plating operations. Also DU production at the plant. The
Radford Army Ammunition Plant (RFAAP) is now operated by contractor Alliant
Ammunition and Powder Company, L.L.C., a division of Alliant Techsystems (ATK),
Inc.

•VA Coles Hill Uranium Deposit539 Pittsylvania County

539 Development of The Coles Hill Uranium Deposit Pittsylvania County, Virginia. Presented by Patrick
Wales, Project Manager for Virginia Uranium Inc. undated. - 27 pp.

406
•VA Skiffes Creek Annex540, or Yorktown Naval Weapons Station - AWE
National Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Site. In 1953, the Skiffes Creek Annex was
commissioned with Guided Missile Service Unit No. 211. In 1958, the base was
redesignated as a Naval Weapons Station. In the 1970s additional support facilities
were constructed to support missile rework. Yorktown Naval Weapons Station in
Virginia accommodated 120 W-80-0 nuclear munitions for Tomahawk SLCM's and 160
nuclear aerial bombs for deck-based naval aviation. These weapons were reportedly
moved to Kings Bay in the late 1990s. Currently Yorktown does not accommodate
nuclear weapons.
- http://www.nma.org/pdf/urw/wales.pdf
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Technical Report on the Coles Hill Uranium Property Pittsylvania
County, Virginia, 2007. - 49 pp. - http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0816/ML081630113.pdf
540 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry:Public Health Assessment for Naval Weapons
Station York Town (nwsy) York Town, Virginia, 2006. -106 pp.

407
•WV Allegheny Ballistics Laboratory AWE - ABL is located in Mineral County in
the northeastern part of West Virginia, approximately 10 miles southwest of
Cumberland, Maryland, along the West Virginia and Maryland border. ABL is a
government-owned, contractor operated research, development, testing, and
production facility for composite structures, ammunition, rockets motors, and
armaments.
•WV Alliant Techsystems Inc. DOE - Alliant Techsystems Inc. is located at
Allegheny Ballistics Laboratory.
•WV Food Machining Corp.541 Nitro DOE - Provided goods and/or services to the
Fernald facility as subcontractor.

541 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites Re-
medial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/

408
 Ingalls Shipyard is one of the largest shipbuilding facilities in the United States. With over 10,000 workers,
the yard is the state's largest private employer. Navy destroyers, cruisers, nuclear submarines, and numerous
other types of vessels are built at this 800-acre shipyard, more than a square mile of intense heavy
engineering, on the Mississippi Coast. Like many American Shipyards, it grew quickly during WWII, but
unlike most others, it continued to grow after the war, peaking with 25,000 workers in 1977, as the Navy's
busiest battleship building facility. It was operated by Litton Industries for many years, until Litton was
acquired by Northrop Grumman in 2001. Northrop's other Gulf ship yard is the Avondale Yard, near New
Orleans. Northrop also operates the largest shipbuilding yard in the US, at Newport News, Virgina. Source:
CLUI Land Use Database.

•WV Huntington Ingalls Industries AWE - Huntington Ingalls Industries HII is

an American shipbuilding company formed on March 31, 2011 as a spin-off of
Northrop Grumman. Formerly known as Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding NGSB, it
was created on 28 January 2008 by the merger of Northrop Grumman's two
shipbuilding sectors, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems and Northrop Grumman
Newport News. HII is the sole designer, builder, and refueler of nuclear-powered
aircraft carriers in the United States. It is one of two nuclear-powered submarine
builders. 70% of the current, active US Navy fleet has been built by HII's erstwhile
units.
Facilities
•Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia Nuclear Aircraft Carriers,

409
Submarines, Overhaul
•Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi Surface Combatants, Amphibs, Coast
Guard large cutters
•New Orleans, Louisiana Amphibs, Auxiliaries
•Virginia Beach, Virginia AMSEC, Fleet Support
•San Diego, California Continental Maritime, Fleet Repair & Support
•Gulfport, Mississippi Composite R&D, Composite Components
•Tallulah, Louisiana Components & Subassemblies

•VA Naval Station Norfolk542 Norfolk Virginia AWE

542 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; December 23, 1993. - 1 p.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Sutton_Steele_and_Steele_Co_-_TX_09.aspx
'In each case, the potential for radiological contamination above applicable guidelines is small. In each case
the amounts of radioactive materials handled was small. Based on these considerations, these sites are
hereby eliminated from further consideration under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program.'
Radiological survey of the Norfolk Naval Station, the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, and Newport News
Shipbuilding. Final report. / Sensintaffar, E.L.; Blanchard, R.L. . Office of Radiation Programs, Wash-
ington, DC. 1988. - 29 pp.

410
•VA Thomas Jefferson National
Accelerator Facility Newport News
DOE - 1994- - The Thomas Jefferson Na-
tional Accelerator Facility is a basic re-
search laboratory built to probe the nucle-
us of the atom to learn more about the
quark structure of matter. Contractor:
Southeastern Universities Research Asso-
ciation, Inc. (1994-present) .
•VA University of Virginia Char-
lottesville AWE/DOE - 1942-1949; 1960s -
The University of Virginia played an in-
tegral role in developing the process to
use uranium in the development in
nuclear weapons. The Naval Research
Laboratory asked Dr. Jesse Beams, of
UVA, about the possibility to using iso-
tope separation by centrifuge for the en-
richment process of uranium. He was able
to successfully enrich uranium by the use of his high-speed centrifuge.

Later, the University of Virginia's Nuclear

Reactor Facility, operated by the
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and
Nuclear Engineering, housed the UVAR, a
light-water-cooled and moderated research
pool-type reactor which began Operation in
1960 and ceased operations in 1998.

411
•WA Deep Creek Air Force Station543, Fairchild AFB544 - National Nuclear Wea-
pons Stockpile Site. The Deep Creek Operational Storage Site was located about 1 km
immediately south of Fairchild AFB. A location 4 km West of Fairchild AFB is indeed
"Deep Creek" but this was not the actual site of the nuclear weapons storage area. In
1956 the wing began a conversion that brought the B-52 Stratofortress to Fairchild,
followed by the KC-135 Stratotanker in 1958. In 1961, the 92d became the first
“aerospace” wing in the nation with the acquisition of the Atlas intercontinental
ballistic missile.

543 Ammunition and Explosives Storage for the Navy (1939-1989) and the Air Force (1946-1989), 2008.
- 200 pp. - http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/af-navy-ammunition-storage-public-rfs_pg1-200_rev.pdf
United States Air Force Environmental Restoration Program: Final Record of Decision. On-Base Priority
One Operable Units Fairchild Air Force Base. June 1993. - 63 pp.
544 Air Mobility Command Administrative Record for Fairchild AFB , 2010. - 188 pp.
- http://amcadminrec.com/fairchild.html
' Below is a list of all the 2049 documents by AR File Number in sequential order in the Fairchild AFB AR.
The entire AR index has been sorted by document date.'

412
•WA Hanford Richland DOE 1942-. Projects & Facilities. DOE, Richland Operations
Office : The Hanford Declassification Project with 131,427 total available records.
The Fluor Hanford Deactivation and Decommissioning (D&D) Project 545 is responsible
for the large land area of central Hanford known as the Central Plateau. The area is
approximately 70 square miles and includes the 200 East and West chemical-
reprocessing areas and the 200 North storage area for contaminated materials, but
excludes the Plutonium Finishing Plant compound. The D&D Project is also
responsible for demolishing the K East Basin in Hanford’s 100 K rivershore area.546

545 The Fluor Hanford Deactivation and Decommissioning Project, 2007. - 1 p.

- http://www.fluorfederalservices.com/pdfs/media_kit/mk_dd.pdf
546 Audit faults Hanford plan to treat sludge, Seattle Times, February 22, 2011.
- http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2014303430_apwahanfordsludgeaudit.html
A new federal audit says a project planned to treat the Hanford nuclear reservation's K Basin radioactive
sludge cost $43 million without producing any results. The audit by the Department of Energy's Office of
Inspector General says the money was spent on engineering and purchasing of equipment from 2004 to
2007. The Tri-City Herald says the audit released Tuesday found that an initial feasibility study was not
done, and laboratory and demonstration scale testing were not done in a timely fashion.
DOE Draining of Hanford’s K East Basin. February 7, 2008. - 2 pp.
- http://www.hanford.gov/pmm/news.cfm/DOE/Press_080207_DOE.PDF
'The large water-filled, concrete basin once held more than 1,100 tons of uranium metal fuel rods, known as
spent nuclear fuel, as well as approximately 42 cubic yards (37 cubic meters) of radioactive sludge. Water
provided shielding from the highly radioactive materials while they were in the basin. Workers finished re-
moving the spent fuel from the basin in 2004 and radioactive sludge in May 2007.'

413
A sample from the K West Basin at the Hanford site in southeastern Washington State is loaded for transport.
Retrieving samples from the basin is a delicate task; the sampling tube with a one-half inch outside diameter
threads down through guides that run 21 feet from fl oor grating to the bottom of the basin. The only view of
the target is provided by remote video cameras.
Source: EM Update, Volume 3, Issue No. 3 • February 10, 2011
The Central Plateau contains the most highly radioactive wastes and contaminated
facilities at the Hanford Site. D&D Project responsibilities include four of Hanford’s
five plutonium separations, or reprocessing, facilities – known by Hanford workers as
“canyons.” The canyons are contaminated with radioactive and chemical materials,
and pose some of the toughest cleanup challenges at Hanford. The D&D Project is also
responsible for four other nucleargrade facilities – that is, facilities containing enough
nuclear materials and hazards to require high levels of surveillance and maintenance:
231-Z Plutonium Isolation Building, 224-T Transuranic Storage Facility, 224-B
Plutonium Concentration Building, and 209-E Critical Mass Laboratory. There are
also approximately 900 structures in Hanford’s Central Plateau, as well as all of
Hanford’s high-level waste tanks.

414
Demolition of Plutonium Vaults. Demolition is complete on building 2736-ZC, a 1,539 sheet-metal structure
built in 1983 that served as a Cargo Restraint Transportation Dock.

Demolition of Plutonium Vaults

DOE and contractor CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company began demolishing a
vault complex in Hanford's Plutonium Finishing Plant the week of November 14,
2011. The vault once held stores of plutonium metal that was produced at Hanford for
the U.S. nuclear weapons program. The vault complex is part of Hanford's Plutonium
Finishing Plant, which once consisted of more than 60 facilities and produced nearly
two-thirds of the nation's supply of plutonium during the Cold War.

415
Hanford’s Critical Mass Laboratory Demolished
RICHLAND, WASH., December 14, 2011 – One of the Most Hazardous Facilities at
Hanford Comes Down Following Two Years of Safety Preparations. Built in 1960
during the height of the cold war, the 209-East Critical Mass Laboratory was one of
three buildings of its type in the DOE Complex. From 1960 to 1987, Battelle Pacific
Northwest Laboratories (PNL) operated the Hanford Critical Mass Laboratory (CML)
to identify controls for criticalities, the term used for the dangerous condition when
fissile material can sustain a reaction by itself. The facility housed experiments to test
the criticality limits of uranium and plutonium solutions.

416
•WA Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 547 Richland DOE - 1965-. - Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory's began in 1965 when Battelle won the contract to
perform research and development for the Hanford Site. The Laboratory's first
projects were based on the needs of the Hanford Site and included protecting the
environment, fabricating reactor fuel, and designing reactors. These projects, staff
expertise in diverse fields, and national needs led to research and development in
several key areas: environment, health, energy, computer science, and security.

547 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: : Pacific Northwest National Laboratory – Site
Description. / William E. Joyce, 2007. - 30 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/pnnl2-r1.pdf

417
 Source: Milwaukee County Historical Society

•WI Allis-Chalmers Co.548 West Allis, Milwaukee County AWE - 1943-1944 - Allis-
Chalmers made vacuum pumps for the Y-12 plant effort. The company also wound
magnetic coils for the "calutrons" used in the Y-12 plant to produce highly enriched
uranium. In late 1943 General Leslie Groves ordered some partially-used coils be sent
back to Allis-Chalmers for cleaning. Allis-Chalmers was also involved in the construc-
tion of the K-25 Plant.
•WI Besley-Wells549 South Beloit AWE - 1953 - Besley was a cutting tool manufac-
548 Archive: Milwaukee County Historical Society: Allis-Chalmers Corporation, 1847-1988. Call Number:
Mss-0774. - http://www.milwaukeehistory.net/manuscript/allis-chalmers-corporation-1847-1988/
Memorandum/Checklist; A. Wallo to the File; Subject: Elimination of Allis-Chalmers, Milwaukee;
November 24, 1987. - 5 pp.
549 DOE Memorandum; Williams to File; Elimination of the Sites from the Formerly Utilized Sites
Remedial Action Program; August 29, 1994. - 3 pp.
- http://www.lm.doe.gov/Considered_Sites/Gleason_Works_-_NY_55/
OWCP News Release: [10/13/2011]
'US Department of Labor notifies former Wisconsin nuclear weapons employees of energy workers’
compensation program
WASHINGTON —The U.S. Department of Labor is notifying former workers of six facilities located in Wis-
consin about benefits that may be available to them under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act administered by the department’s Division of Energy Employees Occupation-
al Illness Compensation. Survivors of qualified workers also may be entitled to benefits.
Former employees of the following sites may be eligible for EEOICPA compensation and medical benefits if
they worked at the facility during a period of covered employment: Ladish Co. in Cudahy, LaCrosse Boil -

418
turer. A National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) proposal indicates Besley was to
machine a trial lot of 500 uranium slugs at its Beloit, WI, plant to evaluate whether
the use of the Besley facing and radiusing machine could increase production.
•WI General Electric X-Ray Division550 Milwaukee AWE - 1956-1966 - General
Electric’s X-Ray Division performed research and development work which supported
its activities as contractor for the Pinellas Site in Florida. This work included the
operation of a small pilot plant in Milwaukee. Sandia National Laboratory managed
the GE X-ray division contract as part of the nuclear weapons program. The work in
Milwaukee continued until 1966 when these activities were transferred to Pinellas
and the staff relocated accordingly.
•WI La Crosse Boiling Water Reactor 551 La Crosse
DOE- 1967-1969 - The La Crosse Boiling Water Reactor,
now owned and operated by Dairyland Power Cooperative,
was one of a series of demonstration plants funded by the
Atomic Energy Commission.

•WI Ladish Co.552 Milwaukee BE - 1959-1965 - Ladish supplied beryllium metal and
ing Water Reactor in LaCrosse, Allis-Chalmers Co. (also known as Hawley Plant) in West Allis, Besley-
Wells in South Beloit, and A.O. Smith Corp. and General Electric X-Ray Division in Milwaukee'...
550 National Archives: Records of the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] (Record Group 326) 1923-75.
551 Operation of La Crosse Boiling Water Reactor, Dairyland Power Cooperative. Docket No. 50-409. -
Final environmental statement. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. Office of Nuclear
Reactor Regulation.1980.
552 Beryllium makes a comeback — in a Minuteman missile The announcement of a contract worth ...
worked out by Brush Beryllium and the Ladish Company of Cudahy, Ohio. ... New Scientist, 5. march
1964.

419
parts to the Y-12 plant.

'In 1955, the Atomic Energy Commission constructed an ore buying station in Riverton
Wyoming, in part to handle Gas Hills’ ores; the ores were stored onsite and eventually
milled (Susquehana). In the Gas Hills area, with approval of the AEC for purchase
allotments in 1956, Utah Construction began the Lucky Mc Mill in the Gas Hills and
Lost Creek Oil and Uranium (later Western Nuclear) began the Split Rock Mill 15
miles south at Jeffrey City. By 1959, the AEC Authorized three additional mills in the
county: Fremont Minerals’ (Susquehana Mining) mill in Riverton, Federal-Radorock-
Gas Hills Partners’ (later Federal-American Partners) central Gas Hills mill, and
Globe Uranium Company’s (later Union Carbide) east Gas Hills Mill.' 553

National Inventory of Sources and Emissions: Beryllium – 1968. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Air and Water Programs Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research. Triangle Park,
North Carolina. W. E. Davis & Associates. Leawood, Kansas. 1971. - 56 pp.

553 Technical Report on the Gas Hills Uranium Project, Fremont and Natrona Counties, Wyoming:
Mineral Resource Report Prepared For: Strathmore Minerals Corp. / Charles D. Snow. 2011. - 137 pp.

420
•WV Francis E. Warren Air Force Base 554 near Cheyenne Wyoming AWE -
554 Installation restoration program, Phase I: records search, Francis E. Warren Air Force Base,
Wyoming. Final report / Schroeder, E.J.; Palumbo, D.A.; Stephens, R.D.; McAuliffe, J.P. Engineering-
Science, Inc., Atlanta, GA (USA), 1985. - 215 pp.
'This report identified and evaluated several potentially hazardous waste-disposal sites at F E Warren AFB.
Records of past waste handling and disposal practices were reviewed. Interviews with past and present
installation employees were conducted to develop a history of waste disposal practices. The environment-
al setting was evaluated including soils, geology, groundwater, and surface water. Five landfills, six spill
sites, two fire-protection training areas and an acid dry well were found to have sufficient potential to cre-
ate environmental contamination.'US Air Force: F.E. Warren Air Force Base (AFB), Peacekeeper in
Minuteman silos (WY,NE) : environmental impact statement, 1984.
Superfund record of decision (EPA Region 8): F. E. Warren Air Force Base, operable unit 1, Spill Sites
1 - 7, Cheyenne, WY, August 9, 1995. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (United
States). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1996. - 8 pp.
Superfund record of decision (EPA Region 8): F.E. Warren Air Force Base, operable unit 3, Nob Hill,
Cheyenne, WY, March 13, 1996. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (United States).
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1996. - 31 pp.

421
Minuteman Missile and Peacekeeper missiles Site.

•WY Ore Buying Station at Crooks Gap, Ore Buying Station at Split Rock555 or
Ore Buying Station at Jeffrey City Crooks Gap DOE - 1956-1957 - The ore buying
station at Crooks Gap, Fremont County, purchased uranium ore for the AEC. Lucius
Pitkin managed and operated the Crooks Gap station from December 1956 to July
1957.

The AEC leased the land and equipment from a private company. Contractors: Lucius
Pitkin, Inc.

555 Technical Evaluation Report for Western Nuclear, Inc., Split Rock mill site, Jeffrey City, WY, Feb.
24, 2010. - 14 pp.

422
•WY Ore Buying Station at Riverton556 Riverton DOE - 1955-1957 - The ore
buying station at Riverton purchased uranium ore for the AEC.

556 An Overview of Uranium Production in Wyoming. White Paper. School of Energy Resources,
University of Wyoming. July, 2010. - 14 pp.
Ammundson, Michael A.: Home on the Range No More: Boom and Bust of a Wyoming Uranium Mining
Town 1957 -1958. Western Historical Quarterly 26 (Winter 1995): 483-505.
Summary of Off-Normal Events in US Fuel Cycle Facilities for AFCI Applications / Lee C. Cadwallader,
Steven J. Piet, Stephen O. Sheetz, David H. McGuire, W. Brent Boore. Idaho National Engineering and
Environmental Laboratory Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC, 2005. - 138 pp.
DOE: Groundwater and Surface Water Sampling at the Riverton, Wyoming, Processing Site
September 2011. - 114 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Riverton/S00611_RVT.pdf
DOE: Verification Monitoring Report for the Riverton, Wyoming, Processing Site. Update for 2010.
February 2011, - 86 pp. - http://www.lm.doe.gov/Riverton/S07202_RVT.pdf

423
The American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC)557 managed and operated the
Riverton station from March 1955 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as
the M&O contractor in February 1956. The AEC leased the land on which the ore
buying station was located from a railroad. Contractors: American Smelting and
Refining Company (1955-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1957).
• WY Spook Disposal Site Converse County DOE - The Spook disposal site is a
former uranium-ore upgrading facility. Wyoming Mining and Milling Company oper-
ated the facility from 1962 until 1965 to upgrade uranium ore to a concentrated slurry
precipitate before shipment to the Western Nuclear mill at Jeffrey City, Wyoming.

557 Now ASARCO - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASARCO

424
•WV Huntington Pilot Plant558 Huntington AWE/DOE - 1951-1963; 1978-1979 -
The AEC built the Huntington Pilot Plant in 1951 to supply nickel powder for use in
the Paducah and Portsmouth gaseous diffusion plants. One source of the nickel was
scrap nickel which was contaminated with uranium. The plant was shutdown in 1963
and maintained in standby condition. It was demolished in 1978-1979.

Conclusion

The responsible military officials, politicians and scientists who planned and
developed nuclear weapons during World War II saw only glimpses of the enormous
impact these weapons would have on all life on this planet. And in the meantime there
are threats of this weapon system can also be sensed in the general population, those
who were defended by these weapons. We are only able to comprehend the tip of the
iceberg of the many unsolved problems there are and will come in the future in
connection with nuclear weapons. Is is a fact that for political and military reasons we
558 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Compensation Analysis and Support:
Technical Basis Document for the Huntington Pilot Plant, Huntington, West Virginia / Tom Tomes,
Sam Glover, Christine Corwin, 2008. - 30 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/tbd/oc-huntpp-r0.pdf
Rutherford Tony: Huntington’s Houdaille Plant Contained Radioactive Materials : Hundreds Allegedly
Died of Lung Cancer. Huntingtonnews.net, Oct. 28, 2010.
Rutherford Tony: Huntington Pilot Plant/ Reduction Pilot Plant Buried, Slurry Wall Leaking: Nickel
Carbonyl Process Elements Have Exceptionally Long Half Lives; Worker Radiation Exposures Falsified;
Sewage Sent to Scioto River. Huntingtonnews.net, Feb. 2, 2010
Rutherford, Tony: Over Five Million Dollars Paid to Former Huntington Pilot Plant Workers: More Than
$413 Million to Portsmouth Workers. Huntingtonnews.net, April 2, 2010.
'Huntington, WV (HNN) – Based on statistics supplied by the US. Department of Labor (Office of Worker’s
Compensation Programs EEOICP ) statistics 540 individuals have received a total of over five million
dollars for occupational (atomic related) illness at the now buried plant'.

425
were never told the full truth about these weapons. Only now we can see, study and
understand the magnitude of the issues in one of the nuclear powers: the United
States.

The military-industrial development in this country has literally astronomical signific-

ance in the health, the environment and the economy both now and in the future and
the main problem all those years has been the lack of access to relevant information.
During the WWII, all decisions on nuclear weapons were taken in secrecy. The public
was first informed about the project after the first bombs was thrown. The events
during the World War institutionalized and created a tradition of secrecy for military
information with the result that power was centralized with the military–industrial
complex and the president. Do we want to continue it?

Manuscript edition closed November, 15th. 2001.

ISBN - 978-87-91085-05-5

Holger Terp is the editor of the Danish Peace Academy, and has for several years
worked with various security aspects.

426