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    Appendix B: Tube-Side Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drop

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    Mustafa Mohamed
    This document contains tables providing equations and coefficients for calculating tube-side heat transfer and pressure drop in tubes. Table B.1 gives equations for calculating the heat transfer coefficient and velocity inside tubes using different unit systems. Tables B.2 through B.4 provide coefficient values C for use in the equations for different common fluids at varying temperatures, including air, flue gases, compressed water, and saturated/superheated steam. The document also notes that the heat transfer coefficient is significantly higher at the tube entrance compared to fully developed flow inside the tube.

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    Appendix B: Tube-Side Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drop

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Mohamed
    55 views2 pages
    This document contains tables providing equations and coefficients for calculating tube-side heat transfer and pressure drop in tubes. Table B.1 gives equations for calculating the heat transfer coefficient and velocity inside tubes using different unit systems. Tables B.2 through B.4 provide coefficient values C for use in the equations for different common fluids at varying temperatures, including air, flue gases, compressed water, and saturated/superheated steam. The document also notes that the heat transfer coefficient is significantly higher at the tube entrance compared to fully developed flow inside the tube.

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    c values for boiler

    Original Title

    C values

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    This document contains tables providing equations and coefficients for calculating tube-side heat transfer and pressure drop in tubes. Table B.1 gives equations for calculating the heat transfer coefficient and velocity inside tubes using different unit systems. Tables B.2 through B.4 provide coefficient values C for use in the equations for different common fluids at varying temperatures, including air, flue gases, compressed water, and saturated/superheated steam. The document also notes that the heat transfer coefficient is significantly higher at the tube entrance compared to fully developed flow inside the tube.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views2 pages

    Appendix B: Tube-Side Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drop

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Mohamed
    This document contains tables providing equations and coefficients for calculating tube-side heat transfer and pressure drop in tubes. Table B.1 gives equations for calculating the heat transfer coefficient and velocity inside tubes using different unit systems. Tables B.2 through B.4 provide coefficient values C for use in the equations for different common fluids at varying temperatures, including air, flue gases, compressed water, and saturated/superheated steam. The document also notes that the heat transfer coefficient is significantly higher at the tube entrance compared to fully developed flow inside the tube.

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    of 2

    378 Appendix B: Tube-Side Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drop

    TABLE B.1
    Equations for Tube-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient and Velocity
    SI Units British Units Metric Units
    hc = 0.0278 w (Cp/µ) k /d
    0.8 0.4 0.6
    i
    1.8 hc = 2.44 w (Cp/µ) k /d
    0.8 0.4 0.6
    i
    1.8 hc = 0.0278 (Cp/µ)0.4k0.6w0.8/di1.8
    hc = 0.0278 Cw0.8/di1.8 hc = 2.44 Cw0.8/di1.8 hc = 0.0278 Cw0.8/di1.8
    hc, W/m2 K hc, Btu/ft2 h °F hc, kcal/m2 h °C
    w, kg/s w, lb/h w, kg/h
    di, m di, in. di, m
    Cp, J/kg K Cp, Btu/lb° F Cp, kcal/kg °C
    µ, kg/ms µ, lb/ft h µ, kg/m h
    k, W/m K k, Btu/ft h °F k, kcal/m h °C
    CSI = (Cp/µ)0.4k0.6 C, multiply CSI by 0.001134 C, multiply CSI by 0.001229
    V = 1.246 wv/di2 V = 0.05 wv/di2 V = 3.461 × 10−4 wv/di2
    v, m3/kg ft3/lb m3/kg
    V, velocity in m/s ft/s m/s
    Re = 1.273 w/(diµ) Re = 15.2 w/(diµ) Re = 1.273 w/(diµ)
    Note: C is defined in equation B.3.

    TABLE B.2
    C for Dry Air, Flue Gases from Combustion of Natural Gas, Fuel Oil
    Temperature, °C Dry Air Natural Gas (Flue Gas) Fuel Oil (Flue Gas)
    30 145.1 148.3 145.2
    50 146.3 150.1 147.0
    100 149.1 154.5 151.2
    200 154.6 162.7 159.3
    300 159.9 170.5 166.8
    400 165.2 178.0 173.9
    500 170.3 185.1 180.8
    600 175.4 192.2 187.4
    700 180.3 199.0 193.8
    800 185.1 205.7 200.0
    900 189.9 212.1 205.9
    1000 194.5 218.5 211.7
    Notes: This table shows C values using SI units. To obtain hc in British units, multiply C by 0.0011343,
    and in metric units, multiply by 0.001229; Natural gas products of combustion: % volume
    CO2 = 8, H2O = 18, N2 = 71.5, O2 = 2.5. Fuel oil products of Combustion: % volume CO2 = 12,
    H2O = 12, N2 = 73.5, O2 = 2.5. Gas pressure is atmospheric. Due to the presence of water
    vapor, the specific heat and thermal conductivity increases while the viscosity decreases, and
    hence, hc is higher for natural gas products of combustion than air or for flue gas from com-
    bustion of oil.
    Appendix B: Tube-Side Heat Transfer Coefficients and Pressure Drop 379

    TABLE B.3
    C for Compressed Water
    Temperature, °C C
    20 327.9
    50 432.5
    100 587.6
    150 716.5
    200 803.2
    250 864
    300 919.3
    Notes: This table shows C values using SI units. To
    obtain hc in British units, multiply C by
    0.0011343, and in metric units, multiply by
    0.001229; The equation C = 250 + 4.023t −
    0.0063t2 describes this trend, where T is the
    temperature of water in °C.

    TABLE B.4
    C Values for Saturated and Superheated Steam
    Pressure, KPa 1,000 2,000 3,500 5,000 7,000 10,000
    C-sat steam 266.5 305.3 354.6 400.1 462.3 571.7
    200°C 255.4 — — — — —
    250°C 248.0 274.0 337.0 — — —
    300°C 250.7 264.5 291.5 328.4 404.9
    350°C 256.8 265.6 281.1 300.0 332.0 402.5
    400°C 264.5 270.6 281.0 292.7 310.8 344.5
    450°C 272.8 277.5 285.0 293.3 305.4 326.3
    500°C 281.5 285.3 291.1 297.4 306.3 321.0
    Note: This table shows C values using SI units. To obtain hc in British units, multi-
    ply C by 0.0011343, and in metric units, multiply by 0.001229.

    Heat Transfer at Tube Entrance


    Correlation (B.2) gives the heat transfer coefficient after the flow has fully developed inside
    the tube. The heat transfer coefficient at entrance to tube has been found by research to be
    significantly higher than that for fully developed flow (Figure B.1) [1].
    Figure B.1 shows typical variation of local heat transfer coefficient at tube entrance com-
    pared to that obtained after the flow has stabilized. This is due to the formation of bound-
    ary layer as the flow develops. At the tube entrance, the boundary layer is yet to form, and
    hence, hc is high. This information is of interest when tube sheet temperature in any fire
    tube boiler has to be computed as the heat flux at the tube sheet will be much higher than
    that downstream inside the tubes. This is discussed in Chapter 4 on waste heat boilers.

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