TNPSC

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
ghlk; 1
jkpopyf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

mit> - vOj;J
- nrhy;
- nghUs;
- ahg;G
- mzp Mfpad.

ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s E}y;fSs; kpfg;goikahd ,yf;fzE}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;>

njhy;fhg;gpah; ,aw;wpa ,e;E}y; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; Mfpa %d;wDf;F ,yf;fzk;
tFj;Js;sJ.
vOj;jpyf;fzk; : vOj;Jfspd; tif> njhif> nkhop Kjy; nkhopapWjp
vOj;Jfspd; ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;Js;sJ.
nrhy;ypyf;fzk; : nrhy;>mjd; tiffSf;F ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.
nghUspyf;fzk; : jkpoh; jk; tho;tpay; nghUs;fshf tFj;Jf; nfhz;l mfk;>Gwk;
Mfpatw;wpd; ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.
ahg;G ,yf;fzk; : nra;As; tif> nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; ahg;G ,aw;Wjypd;
,yf;fzk; .
mzpapyf;fzk; : nra;ASf;F moF Nrh;f;Fk; mzpf;fyd;fshfpa mzpfs; gw;wpf;
$Wfpd;wJ.
vOj;J :-
vOj;Jfspd; tif> njhif .
vOj;J - vOg;gg;gLtJ - xyp tbtk;
vOjg;gLtJ - thp tbtk;.

vOj;J tif :
Kjy;
rhh;G
KjnyOj;Jfs; :
capUk; > nka;Ak; .

rhh;ngOj;Jfs; : o caph;nka;
o Ma;jk;
o capusngil
o xw;wsngil
o Fw;wpaypfuk;
o Fw;wpaYfuk;
o Ifhuf; FWf;fk;
o xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
o kfuf; FWf;fk;
o Ma;jf; FWf;fk; .
ngah;f;fhuzk; :
KjnyOj;Jfs;
- Kjd;ikahf tpsq;Ftjhy;
- jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; jd;ikahy;
- gpw vOj;Jfs; gpwf;ff; fhuzkha; miktjhy;
 rhh;ngOj;Jfs; :
- KjnyOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;J gpwg;gjhy;
- jdpj;jpaq;fhj; jd;ikahy;
vOj;Jfspd; njhif ( vz;zpf;if )
KjnyOj;Jfs;
caph; ( 12 )

caph;f;Fwpy; - ( 5 ) caph;neby; - (7)

M
m <
, C
c V
v I
x X
xs
caph;f; FwpYf;F caph; neby; ,dntOj;jhFk; .
m-M
,-<
c-C
v-V
x-X
nka;naOj;Jfs; - 18
- ty;ypdk; 6 ( f;r;l;jg
; ;w; )
- nky;ypdk; 6 ( q Q z e k d )
- ,ilapdk; 6 ( a u y t os )
rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; njhif :
1. caph; nka; : ( 216 )
caph; gd;dpuz;L vOj;Jf;fSk; nka; gjpndl;L vOj;JfSld;
jdpj;jdpNa Cog; gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jfs; caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fshFk; .
( 12 x 18 - 216 )
caph; nka;f; Fwpy; - 5x18 = 90
caph; nka; neby; - 7x 18 = 126 216

ty;ypd caph;nka;f;Fwpy; - 6x5 =30

ty;ypd caph;nka; neby; - 6x7 =42 - 72
nky;ypd caph;nka;f;Fwpy; - 6x5 =30
nky;ypd caph;nka; neby; - 6x7 =42 - 72 216
,ilapd caph;nka;f;Fwpy; - 6x5 =30
,ilapd caph;nka; neby; - 7x5 =42 - 72
2. Ma;jk; -jdp epiy
  m‡Nfdk;  
  Kg;ghw;Gs;sp .
3. capusngil - ( msG+vil ) -
msG vLj;jy;
ePz;L xypj;jy;
Xh; vOj;Jj; jdf;Fhpa xyp mstpypUe;J ( khj;jpiu ) ePz;L xypg;gJ.
capusngil -
capnuOj;J ePz;L xypg;gJ.( nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkhdhy; mjid epiwT
nra;a vOj;Jfs; ePz;L xypf;Fk; )
 capusngil %tifg;gLk; .

1. nra;Aspir msngil : ( ,irepiw msngil )

nra;Aspd; Xiria epiwT nra;jw;nghUl;L caph;neby; vOj;Jfs;
msngLj;jy; .
cohmu; coth;
Xxjy; Ntz;Lk;
njhohms;
2. ,d;dpir msngil :
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj nghOJk; nrtpf;F ,dpa Xiriaj; jUk; nghUl;L
caph;f;Fwpy; nebyhfp NkYk; msngLg;gJ.
nfLg;gJ} ck; - vLg;gJ}ck;
3. nrhy;ypir msngil :
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahtplj;Jk; ngah;r; nrhy;iy tpidr; nrhy;yhf khw;Wk;
nghUl;L msngLj;jy; .
FbjoP, ( joP - jOTjy; ) ( joP, - jOTjy; )
mbjoP,
xw;wsngil :
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkplj;J mjid epiwT nra;a xw;nwOj;Jfs;
( nka;naOj;Jfs; ) msngLj;jy; .
fz;z; fUtpis
,yq;q;F E}y;
q; Q; z; e; k; d; t; a; y; s; - msngLf;Fk; xw;nwOj;Jfs;.
Fw;wpaypfuk; - FWik + ,ay;+ ,fuk;
FWfpa XirAila ,fuk;.
ehL + ahJ  ehbahJ
Nfs;+ kpah  Nfz;kpah
Fw;wpaYfuk; : FWik - ,ay; - cfuk;
FWfpa XirAila cfuk; .
tif : neby; njhlh; ( ehL> fhR )
caph;j; njhlh; - ( tuF> KuR)
td;nwhlh; - ( gj;J> ghf;F )
nkd;nwhlh; - ( ez;L >ge;J )
,ilj; njhlh; - ( rhy;G > khh;G )
Ma;jj; njhlh; - ( v‡F > m‡J)
Ifhuf; FWf;fk; :
‘I‛ vd;Dk; nebnyOj;Jj; jdf;Fhpa ,U khj;jpiuastpypUe;J
Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk; xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ.
Ig;grp - nkhop Kjy; FWf;fk; - 1 khj;jpiu
jiytd; - nkhop ,ilf; FWf;fk; - 1 khj;jpiu
jpz;iz - nkhopapWjpf; FWf;fk; - 1 khj;jpiu
xsfhuf;FWf;fk; :
‘xs‛ vd;Dk; nebnyOj;Jj; jd; khj;jpiuastpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypj;jy; .
xsitahh; - nkhopKjy; FWf;fk; 1khj;jpiu
nksty; - nkhop Kjy; FWf;fk; 1khj;jpiu
kfuf;FWf;fk; :
‘k;‛ vd;Dk; nka;naOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiumstpypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff;
 Fiwe;J xypg;gJ.
tUk; tz;b
jUk; tstd; .
Ma;jf;FWf;fk; :
Ma;j vOj;jhfpa ‘‡‛ jd; khj;jpiuastpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypj;jy;.
(  khj;jpiuapypUe;J  khj;jpiuahf )
fy;+jPJ? f‡wPJ
gy; + Jsp? g‡Wsp .
khj;jpiu :
vOj;Jfis xypg;gjw;F MFk; fhy msT.
caph;f;Fwpy; > caph;nka;f;Fwpy; -1 khj;jpiu

******
 ghlk; 2
,yf;fpak;
u rq;f ,yf;fpak; :
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSk; gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSk; Mfpa gjpndl;L E}y;fisAk; rq;f
,yf;fpak; vd;fpNwhk;. ,tw;iwg; gjpndz;Nky; fzf;F vd;gh;.
vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fs; : 1. mfE}y;fs; - 5
2. GwE}y;fs; - 2
3. mfg;Gw E}y; - 1

mfE}y;fs; njhFj;jth;
ew;wpiz - cg;g+hp Fbfpohh; cUj;jpuQ;rd;kdhh;
FWe;njhif - ‚ ‚ ‚
Iq;FWE}W - $lY}h; fpohh;
mfehD}W - cg;g+hpFbfpohh; cUj;jpuQ; rd;kdhh;
fypj; njhif - ey;ye;Jtdhh;.

Gw E}y;fs; : GwehD}W - ngah; njhpatpy;iy

gjpw;Wg;gj;J - ngah; njhpatpy;iy

mfg;Gw E}y; : ghpghly; - ngah; mwpe;jpyJ.

gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs;: 1. mfE}y;fs; - 3
2. GwE}y;fs; - 6
3. mfg;GwE}y; - 1

mfE}y;fs; : (3) Mrphpah;

1. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L - fgpyh;
2. Ky;iyg;ghl;L - ek;g+jdhh;
3. gl;bdg;ghiy - fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;

GwE}y;fs; - (6) 1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - ef;fPuh;

2. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil - Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh;
3. ngUk; ghzhw;Wg;gil - fbaY}h;

cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
4. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;
5. kiygLflhk; (m)
$j;jhw;Wg;gil - ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;
6. kJiuf; fhQ;rp - khq;Fb kUjdhh;

mfg;Gw E}y; : (1) 1. neLey; thil - ef;fPuh;

gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; : (rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;)

1. mwE}y;fs; - 11
2. mfE}y;fs; - 6
3. GwE}y; -1

mwE}y;fs; Mrphpah;
1. ehybahh; - rkz Kdpth;fs;
2. ehd;kzpf;fbif - tpsk;gp ehfdhh;
3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ - fgpyh;
4. ,dpait ehw;gJ - g+jQ;Nre;jdhh;
 5. jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh;
6. Mrhuf; Nfhit - ngUthapy; Ks;spahh;
7. gonkhop - Kd;Wiuaiuadhh;
8. rpWgQ;r%yk; - fhhpahrhd;
9. Vyhjp - fzpNkjhtpahh;
10. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp - $lY}h; fpohh;
11. jpUf;Fws; - jpUts;Sth;

mfE}y;fs; : Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ - khwd; nghiwadhh;

Ie;jpiz vOgJ - %thjpahh;
jpiznkhopIk;gJ - fz;zQ;Nre;jdhh;
jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ - fzpNkjhtpahh;
ife;epiy - Gy;yq;fhldhh;
fhh; ehw;gJ - fz;zq; $j;jdhh;

Gw E}y; : fstop ehw;gJ - ngha;ifahh;

u fhg;gpaq;fs; : Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ( rh;trkaf; fhg;gpak; )
kzpNkfiy - rPjj
; iyr; rhj;jdhh; ( ngsj;j rkak; )
rPtf rpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; ( rkz rkak; )
tisahgjp - ngah; njhpatpy;iy
Fz;lyNfrp - ehjFj;jdhh; ( ngsj;j rkak; )

IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; :
#lhkzp - Njhyhnkhopj;Njth;
ePyNfrp - thkdKdpth; ( ciu )
cjazFkhu fhtpak;
aNrhju fhtpak; ngah; njhpatpy;iy
ehfFkhu fhtpak;

u gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; :
i. irtk; rptid tzq;fpath; ehad;khh;fs; ( 63 )
jpUKiwfs; -12 njhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp .

ii. itztk; : itzt mbahh; gd;dpUth; ( Mo;thh;fs; ) .

ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; .

jpUKiwfs; :
jpUKiwfs; E}ypd; ngah; ghbath;
1> 2> 3 Njthuk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
4> 5> 6 Njthuk; jpUehTf;furh;
Vohk; jpUKiw Njthuk; Re;juh;
vl;lhk; jpUKiw jpUthrfk; khzpf;fthrfh;
xd;gjhk; jpUKiw - xd;gJ mbahh;fs;
gj;jhk; jpUKiw jpUke;jpuk; jpU%yh;
gjpndhd;whk; jpUKiw - gjpndhU mbath;fs;
gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; Nrf;fpohh;
( nghpa Guhzk; )
jpuhtpl rpR - jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;
jhz;lf Nte;jh;> jUkNrdh;>mg;gh;>thfPrh; - jpUehTf;furh;>jk;gpuhd;Njhod; - Re;juh; .
ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; ( Mo;thh;fs; ghly; njhFg;G )
njhFj;jth; - ehjKdpfs; .
gd;dpU Mo;thh;fs; :
ngha;ifaho;thh;
g+jj;jho;thh; Kjy; %d;W Mo;thh;fs;
Ngaho;thh;
kJu ftpaho;thh;
nghpaho;thh; - Mz;lhspd; tsh;g;Gj; je;ij
Mz;lhs; - #bf; nfhLj;j Rlh;f; nfhb
jpUg;ghzho;thh;
jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
jpUkopiraho;thh;
njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;
ek;kho;thh; - jkpo;khwd;
FyNrfuho;thh; .

u rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; : 96
cyh : %tUyh > tpf;fpuk NrhoDyh - xl;lf;$j;jh;
guzp : fypq;fj;Jg;guzp - nraq;nfhz;lhh;
FwtQ;rp : jpUFw;whyf; FwtQ;rp - jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;
Fwk; : kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk; - FkuFUguh;

gps;isj;jkpo; :
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; - FkuFUguh;
fhe;jpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; - mryhk;gpifmk;ikahh;
mKjhk;gpif gps;isj;jkpo; - rptQhd Kdpth;
mDkhh; gps;isj;jkpo; - mUzhry ftp
Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj;jkpo; - kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;

Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo;g; gUtq;fs; :

fhg;G > nrq;fPiu> jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw>
rpWNjh;.

ngz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo; :
fhg;G> nrq;fPiu> jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> mk;khid>
foq;F(ePuhly;)> Cry;.

J}J : rpwe;j J}J E}y; - jkpo;tpLJ}J

Kjy; J}J,yf;fpa E}y; - neQ;R tpL J}J

J}J tif - 2 ( mfj;J}J > Gwj;J}J )

J}JmDg;Gjw;Fhpa nghUs;fs; - 10

|||||||||
 ghlk; 3
nrhy; : nkhop> gjk;> fpstp.
nrhy;ypd; tif : nrhy;

,yf;fz tof;Fr; ,yf;fpa tof;Fr;

nrhw;fs; nrhw;fs;
1. ngah;r;nrhy; 1. ,aw;nrhy;
2. tpidr;nrhy; 2. jphpnrhy;
3. ,ilr;nrhy; 3. jpirr;nrhy;
4. chpr;nrhy; 4. tlnrhy;
1. ngah;r;nrhy; :
o xd;wd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;
o mWtifg;gLk;.
mWtifg;ngah;fs;
1. nghUl;ngah; - fy;> KUfd;> kuk;
2. ,lg;ngah; - gs;sp> kJiu> tPL
3. fhyg;ngah; - rpj;jpiu> Mz;L> 6 kzp
4. rpidg;ngah; - fz;> thy;;> je;jk;.
5. (Fzk;) gz;Gg;ngah; - tl;lk;> cauk;> nrk;ik
6. njhopw;ngah; - MLjy;> elj;jy;> NgRjy;

ngah;

,LFwpg;ngah; fhuzg;ngah;
(vf;fhuzKk; ,d;wp ,l;L toq;Fk; ngah;) (VNjDk; xU fhuzk; fUjp ,l;L toq;Fk; ngah;)

nghJ rpwg;G nghJ rpwg;G

kuk; khkuk;> gyh kuk; tisay; nghd; tisay;

tpidr;nrhy; (nraiyf;Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;)

vr;r tpid Kw;Wtpid (tpidKw;W)

nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W njhpepiy tpidKw;W

Fwpg;G njhpepiy Fwpg;G njhpepiy

vr;rtpid : xU tpidr;nrhy; Kw;W ngwhky; vQ;rp epw;gJ
nganur;rk; : ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk; v.fh. gwe;j gwit Njba nghUs;
vr;rk; ngah; vr;rk; ngah;
tpidnar;rk; : tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk; v.fh. te;J Nrh;e;jhd;> nrhy;ypg;
ghh;jj; hd;
tpidKw;W : xU tpid Kw;Wg;ngWtJ. mofd; te;jhd;. ee;jpdp gbj;jds;.
(tp.K) (tp.K)
njhpepiy tpidKw;W :
nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk;> nra;nghUs; Mfpa MwidAk;
czh;jJ
; tJ. ,tw;Ws; rpy Fiwe;J tUk;. Mdhy; fhyj;ijj; njspthff; fhl;Lk;.

nra;gtd; fUtp epyk; nray; fhyk;

nra;nghUs; MWk; jUtJ tpidNa - ed;D}y;
1. fkyh khiy njhLf;fpwhs;. 2. Fatd; ghid tide;jhd;.
nra;gtd; fkyh Fatd;
fUtp ehh;> g+> if rf;fuk;> jz;L
epyk; mts; ,Ug;gplk; mtd; ,Ug;gplk;
nray; njhLj;jy; tidjy;
fhyk; epfo;fhyk; ,we;jfhyk;
nra;nghUs; khiy ghid
Fwpg;G tpidKw;W :
mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.
fUj;jhit kl;Lk; tpsf;Fk;.
fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy; czh;jJ; k;.
(v.fh.) nghd;dd; - nghUs;
M&ud; - ,lk;
rpj;jpiuahd; - fhyk;
fz;zd; - rpid
ePyd; - Fzk;
eilad; - njhopy;
fz;zd; - fz; vd;Dk; rpid mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wp mjidg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
fUj;jhit czh;jJ ; fpwJ.
fhyj;ijj; njspthf czh;jj ; hJ Fwpg;ghy; czh;jJ
; fpd;wJ.
nghUs;Kjy; MwpDk; Njhd;wp Kd; MwDs;
tpidKjy; khj;jpiu tpsf;fy;tpidf; Fwpg;Ng. ed;D}y;
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W :
tho;jJ; jy; (tho;f)
itjy; (xopf)
Ntz;ly; (jUf)
tpjpj;jy; (vOJf) Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
f> ,a> ,ah; vd;Dk; tpFjpngWk;. tho;f> thopa> thopah;.
Vty; tpidKw;W :
Kd;dpiyaplj;jhiu VTjw; nghUl;L tUtk;
nry;tha; - Vty; xUik
nry;tPh; - Vty; gd;ik
nrd;kpd; - Vty; gd;ik
cld;ghLk;> vjph;kiwAk;
tpidKw;W cld;ghL vjph;kiw
njhpepiy gbj;jhd; gbj;jpyd;
Vty; nrhy;tPh; nrhy;yhjPh;
tpaq;Nfhs; nry;Yf nry;yw;f.
njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; : vOjpa ftpij
vOJfpd;w ftpij
vOJk; ftpij
Fwpg;Gg;nganur;rk; : ey;y kdpjh;
mofpa kyh;
njhpepiy tpidvr;rk; : ntd;W te;jhd;.
Njbg; ghh;jj
; hd;.
Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; : nky;yg; Ngrpdhd;.
nry;tk; ,d;wp thbdhd;.
,ilr;nrhy; Ntw;Wik : 1 Kjy; 8tiu
Ntw;Wik cUG : 6
Ntw;Wik : cUG
Kjy; Ntw;Wik : vOtha;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik : I
%d;whk; ‛ : My;
ehd;fhk; ‚ : F
Ie;jhk; ‚ : ,d;
Mwhk; ‚ : mJ
Vohk; ‚ : fz;
vl;lhk; ‚ : tpsp.
rPtfd; - rpe;jhkzpf; fhg;gpaj; jiytd;
rPtfidf; fe;Jf;fld; tsh;jj ; hd; (I)
rPtfdhy; ehL kPl;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (My;)
rPtfDf;F Mrphpah; fw;gpj;jhh;. (F)
rPtfdpd; kidtp Fzkhiy. (,d;)
rPtfdJ tPuk; mUl;gz;G kpf;fJ (mJ)
rPtfd;fz; tplh Kaw;rp ,Ue;jJ (fz;) ,lk;
rPtfNd tho;f!
Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy; : ahNd fs;td;.
mtNd$wpdhd;.
Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy; : ahNdh murd;
ahNuh mth;?
chpr;nrhy; : rhy> jt> cW> edp> fb> fop> $h;> kh.
v.fh. rhyg;grpj;jJ edped;W
jtg; nghpJ fb efh;
cWgrp
 nkhop
%tif nkhopfs; : jdpnkhop
njhlh;nkhop
nghJ nkhop
jdp nkhop : xUnrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ. v.fh. ele;jhd;> fz;>
kuk;> epyk;
njhlh; nkhop :nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ. v.fh. epyk; fle;jhd;> kio
nghope;jJ.
nghJ nkhop : xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk; mr;nrhy;Ny gphpe;J
epd;W gy
nghUisAk; jUtJ.(jdpnkhopf;Fk; njhlh;;nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha;
mikAk;)
gyif - gy + if.
me;jkhd; - me;j + khd;
jhkiu - jh + kiu.(jhTfpd;w khd;)

XnuOj;J xU nkhop:
caphpdk; : 6 ‘k‛ tUf;f vOj;Jfs; : 6
M - gR kh - nghpa
< - g+r;rp ,dk; kP - NkNy (kPkpir)
C - ,iwr;rp % - %g;G
V - mk;G Nk - Nky;
I - moF> jiytd; ik - fUik (ikapUl;L)
X - kjfpy; ePh; milf;Fk; gyif Nkh - Kfh;jy;
‘j‛ tUf;fk; : 5 ‘g’ tUf;fk; : 5
jh - nfhL gh - moF> ghl;L
jP - neUg;G g+ - kyh;
J} - ntz;ik Ng - mr;rk;
Nj - nja;tk; ig - ifg;ig
ij - jkpo;khjk;> ijj;;jy; Ngh - Ngh
e tUf;fk; : 5 ‘f‛ tUf;fk; : 4
eh - ehf;F fh - Nrhiy
eP - eP $ - g+kp
Ne - ,uf;fk; if - cWg;G
ie - tUe;J Nfh - Nte;jd; murd;
Neh - NehT
‘t‛tUf;fk; : 4 ‘r‛ tUf;fk; : 4
th - tUif rh - ,wj;jy;> fopjy;
tP - kyh; rP> Nr - ntWg;Gr;nrhy;
it - itj;jy; Nrh - kjpy;
nts - tt;Tjy; (m)nfsTjy;
(xypf; Fwpg;G)
ah - 1 neh - 1 J-1
ah xU tif kuk; neh - tUe;J J - cz;

caph;> k tpy; MWk; j g e tpy; Ie;Jk; f t r tpy;

ehYk; a tpy; xd;Wk; MFk; neby; Neh J Mq;Fwpy;
,uz;NlhL XnuOj;J ,ay;gjk; MNwo; rpwg;gpid - ed;D}y;

*******
 ghlk; - 4
jpUtUl;gh - ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
gpwg;G - 05.10.1823
ngw;Nwhh; - ,uhikah - rpd;dk;ikahh;
Ch; - flY}h; khtl;lk;> kUJ}h;
gilg;Gfs; - [Ptfh&z;a xOf;fk;> kdKiw fz;l thrfk;> jpUtUl;gh
njhz;Lfs; - kj ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;Fr; rd;khh;f;f rq;fk;> grpg;gpzp Nghf;f
mwr;rhiy
Kof;fk; - mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp> jdpg;ngUq;fUiz> thba gapiu
fz;lNghnjy;yhk; thbNdd;.
jpUf;Fws; :
jpUts;Sth; - fhyk; fp.K. 31
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; - nre;ehg;Nghjhh;> nja;tg;Gyth;> ehazhh;
jpUf;Fws; :
mwk; - 38 mjpfhuk; nghUs; - 70 mjpfhuk; ,d;gk; - 25 mjpfhuk;
133 mjpfhuk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fs;. cyfg; nghJkiw vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ
jpUts;Stuhz;L  Mq;fpy Mz;L + 31  2013 + 31 = 2043

jkpo;jj
; hj;jh - c.Nt.rh (cj;jkjhdGuk; Ntq;flRg;igah; kfdhd rhkpehjd;)
fhyk; - 19.2.1855 - 28.4.1942.
gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; - vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L> rPtfrpe;jhkzp>rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
kzpNkfiy> Guhzq;fs; 12> cyh 9> J}J 6> Nfhit 6> me;jhjp 3> guzp 2>
Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> ,ul;il kzp khiy
c.Nt.rh. E}yfk; - 1942 - nrd;id ngrd;l; efh;
mQ;ry; jiy - 2006
ehybahh; : rkz Kdpth;fs;
gjpndd;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y; - 400 ghly;fs; nfhz;lJ
ehyb ehD}W
ghujNjrk; - kfhftp ghujpahh;
ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; - ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh
fhyk; - 11.12.1882-11.9.1921
tz;ik - nfhil ; cOgil - tptrhaf; fUtpfs;
Qhyk; - cyfk;; jkpo;kfs; - xsitahh;
gwitfs; gytpjk;:
gl;lhR ntbf;fhj Ch; - jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; - $e;jd; Fsk;
gwitfs; Xhplj;jpypUe;J ,lk;khWjy; - tyir Nghjy;
rkntspapy; thOk; gwitfs; rpy -
kQ;rs; rpl;L> nrq;fhfk;> Rliyf; Fapy;> gdq;fhil> J}f;fzhq;FUtp.
ePh;epiyapy; thOk; gwitfs; :
nfhf;F> jhiof;Nfhop> gtsf; fhyp> Mw;W cs;shd;> Kf;Fspg;ghd;> ehiu>
mhpths; %f;fhd;> fuz;bthad;> Crpthy; thj;J
kiyapy; thOk; gwitfs; :
,Uthr;rp> nre;jiyg;g+q;FUtp> kpd;rpl;L> fUQ;rpd;dhd;> ePyfphp nel;ilf;fhyp>
nghd;KJF kuq;nfhj;jp> ,uhrhsp> g+kd; Me;ij
jkpo;ehl;Lg; gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs; :
Ntle;jhq;fy;> fhpf;fpsp - fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;
fQ;rpuq;Fsk;>rpj;jpuq;Fb
Nky;nry;tD}h; - ,uhkehjGuk;
 goNtw;fhL - jpUts;@h;
cja khh;jj
; hz;lk; - jpUth&h;
tLt+h; - jQ;rht+h;
fiuntl;b - nguk;gY}h;
Ntl;lq;Fb - rptfq;if
nts;NshL - <NuhL
$e;jd;Fsk; - jpUney;Ntyp
Nfhbaf;fiu - ehfg;gl;bdk;

ghk;Gfs;: $Lfl;b thOk; ghk;G - ,uh[ehfk;

tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1972
ey;yg;ghk;gpd;eQ;rpypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; typePf;fp kUe;J - Nfhg;uhf;rpd;
ghk;G mbf;fb ehf;if ePl;LtJ - Rw;Wg;Gw thridia mwpa
ehd;kzpf;fbif - tpsk;gpehfdhh;
fbif - mzpfyd; (fOj;jzp)
klths; - ngz; ; jifrhy; - gz;gpy; rpwe;j;
gps;isfSf;F tpsf;fhtJ - fy;tp
FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;F - ngz;
ngz;Zf;F tpsf;F - gps;isfs;
fy;tpf;F tpsf;F - ey;nyz;zk;
,iraKJ - ghujpjhrd;
fhyk; - 29.4.1891 - 21.4.1964
,aw;ngah; - fdf. Rg;gpuj;jpdk;
gilg;Gfs; - ghz;bad; ghpR> mofpd; rphpg;G> FLk;g tpsf;F
rpwg;Gg; ngah; - Gul;rpf;ftp> ghNte;jh;
gonkhop ehD}W: Kd;Wiw miuadhh;
gjpndd;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y; - ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ
xt;nthU ghlypYk; xU gonkhop ,lk;ngWk;.

kfs; ,e;jpuhTf;F NeU vOjpa fbjk; :

[t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;jpuhTf;F fbjk; vOjpa Mz;L 1922 Kjy; 1964 tiu - 42
Mz;Lfs;
1935 gpg;uthp 22 - my;Nkhuh khtl;lr; rpiwapypUe;J vOjpa fbjk;.
NeU gbj;jJ - Nfk;gphpl;[; gy;fiyf;fofk;
,e;jpuh gbj;jJ - rhe;jpdpNfjd;
Mq;fpyg; gilg;ghspfs; - Nrf;];gpah;> kpy;ld;
fhspjhrhpd; ehlfk; - rhFe;jyk;
lhy;];lhapd; E}y; - NghUk; mikjpAk;
NeUTf;Fg; gpbj;jth; - ngl;uz;l; u];]y;
rpj;jh; ghly; - fLntspr; rpj;jh;
nta;a tpid - Jd;gk; jUk; nray;
Ntk;G - frg;ghd nrhw;fs;
tPwhg;G - ,Wkhg;G
Gfy; xz;zhNj - nry;yhNj
flk; - clk;G

nghpahh; :
fhyk; : 17.9.1879-24.12.1973
1970 - And];Nfh tpUJ
1978 - mQ;ry;jiy
GwehD}W - xsitahh;
Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W - vl;Lj;njhif E}y;
mty; - gs;sk; ; kpir - NkL ; ey;iy - ed;whf ,Ug;gha;;
jpz;izia ,bj;Jj; njUthf;F - jhuhghujp
fhyk; - 26.2.1947 - 13.5.2000
gilg;G - Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F> jhuhghujpapd; ftpijfs;
rpwg;G - jkpof murpd; ey;yhrphpah; tpUJ.

Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky; : Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; :

gpwg;G - 30.10.1908
ngw;Nwhh; - cf;fpug;ghz;bj;Njth; - ,e;jpuhzp
Mrphpah; - Fiwts thrpj;jhd; gps;is
rpwg;G - Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky;> Ntjhe;j gh];fh;> gpuzt Nfrhp>
rd;khh;f;f rz;l khUjk;> ,e;J Gj;j rka Nkij.
kiwT - 30-10-1963
mQ;ry;jiy ntspaPL- 1995
Rl;nlOj;Jfs; - m>,> c.
tpdh vOj;Jfs; : v> ah> M> X>V.

nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; : gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;

fhyk; - 13.4.1930 - 8.10.1959.
gpwg;gplk; - gl;Lf;Nfhl;il mUfpYs;s nrq;fg;gLj;jhd; fhL.
fy;ypNy fiytz;zk; - (fiyfspd; ruzhyak;)
jhuhRuk; - IuhtjPRtuh; Nfhtpy; fl;bath; - ,uz;lhk;
,uhr,uhrNrhod;
rpwg;Gfs; - Guhz fijfis tpsf;Fk; rpw;gq;fs;.
,irf; fUq;fw;gbfs;> XUly; rpw;gq;fs;
tpkhk;> ,uj kz;lgk;> thd;ntsp ,ufrpaj;ijf; fl;LfpwJ. fhh;y;Nfrd; (thdtpay;
mwpQh;)
kuG milahsr; rpd;dk; - (UNESCO) And];Nfh

Nkhp fpa+hp :
gpwg;G - 1867 Nghye;J
fzth; - gpa+hp fpa+hp
fz;Lgpbg;G - nghNyhdpak;> Nubak;
Nehgy; ghpR - 1903> 1911(,UKiw)
(1903 - Nkhpfpa+hp> gpa+hpfpa+hp ,UtUf;Fk;> 1911 - Nkhpfpa+hp
kiwT - 1934
kfs; Ihpd; kUkfd; N[hypahl; fpa+hpf;F - 1935 y;
nraw;iff; fjph;tPrR
; f;fhd Ntjpapay; Ma;Tf;F Nehgy; ghpR

jdpg;ghly; ,uhkr;re;jpuf;ftpuhah;
jdpg;ghly; jpul;L - Gyth; gyh; ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G
gJke;jhd; - gpukd; gJkd; - jhkiu guq;Fd;Wshd; - KUfd;
me;jf;fhyk; - ,e;jf;fyk; - cLkiy ehuhazftp
fhyk; - 25.9.1899 - 23.5.1981
rpwg;G - gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhah;
Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp - jphp$l ftpuhah; 96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W
thduk; - Mz;Fuq;F ke;jp - ngz;Fuq;F
ghp - Fjpiu $dy; - tise;j
Ntzp - ril kpd;dhh; - ngz;fs;
kUq;F - ,il
rpNyil kuKk; gioa (FilAk; - mofpa nrhf;fehjg;Gyth;)
gpwg;G - jpUney;Ntyp - jr;rey;Y}h;
fhyk; - 19Mk; E}w;whz;L
Nfhl;Lkuk; - fpisfisAila kuk;
gPw;wy; Fil - gpa;e;jFil
tzf;fk; Iah
re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gl;lJ - thh;ji; j
mg;ghtp thq;fpaJ - ‘tzf;fk;‛
kfpo;r;rpaha; ,Uq;fs;
jpiz 2
cah;jpiz > m‡wpiz
ghy; 5
Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyh;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd; ghy;.
,lk; 3

jd;ik - ehd;> ehq;fs;

Kd;dpiy - eP> ePq;fs;
glh;f;if - mtd;> mts;> mth;fs;> mJ> mit
*********
 ghlk; 5
jpU.tp.f - jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh; .
ngw;Nwhh; - tpUj;jhrydhh; rpd;dk;ikahh;
gpwe;j Ch; - fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; Js;sk;
rpwg;G - jkpo;j; njd;wy;
gilg;Gfs; -kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk; ngz;zpd;ngUik jkpo;jn ; jd;wy;
chpik Ntl;if KUfd; my;yJ moF nghJik Ntl;ly;.
fhyk; - 26.08.1883 - 17.09.1953
gzp - nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;il nt];yp gs;spapy; jkpohrphpah;.
Ky;iy epy Ch;fs; -
Mh;f;fhL ( mj;jpkuk; (Mh;) #o;e;j Ch; )
Myq;fhL>fshf;fhL> khq;fhL> gidaGuk;> gl;b> ghb>
Ml;ilahk;gl;b> fhspg;gl;b> Nfhtpy;gl;b> rpW$ly; gl;b> rpd;dnfhy;yg;
gl;b> nghpa nfhy;yg;gl;b.
kUj epy Ch;fs; -
Mw;W}h; (Mj;J}h;) flk;g+h;>flk;gj;J}h;>Gspaq;Fb>GspaQ;Nrhiy> Gspak;gl;b>
Gspaq;Fsk;> khq;Fsk;> Ntg;Nghp> rPtyg;Nghp> Nguht+uzp.
nea;jy; epy Ch;fs; -
( flw;fiug; Ng&h;fs; -gl;bdk;
rpw;W}h;fs; - ghf;fk; )
fPof;fiu> Nfhbaf;fiu>ePyhq;fiu>kPdth;> thOk;gFjp -Fg;gk; .
FwpQ;rp epy Ch;fs; :-
ehfkiy>Midkiy> rpWkiy> jpUtz;zhkiy> tpuhypkiy> ts;spkiy>
g+k;ghiw> rpg;gpg;ghiw> kl;lg;ghiw> thy;ghiw> Fl;lg;ghiw> rptfphp> ePyfphp>
Nfhj;jfphp> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> Mo;thh;f;Fwpr;rp.
ney;Yk; capud;Nw ; ePUk; capud;Nw ( GwehD}W ) - NkhrprPudhh;.
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp -
kJiuf; $lY}h;fpohh; .
rpwe;jgj;J. Kjyhd gj;J gj;JfisAilaJ.
KJnkhopf; fhQ;rpapd; rpwg;Gg; ngah; - mwpTiuf;Nfhit.
gj;J mjpfhuq;fs; - E}W ghly;fs;.
gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y; - ( fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; JiwfSs; xd;W)
kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; - c.Nt rhtpd; Mrphpah; .
Ch; - vz;nza;f;fpuhkk; ( jpUr;rp)
ngw;Nwhh; - rpjk;guk; -md;dj;jhr;rpahh;
Neha;f;F kUe;J ,yf;fpak; vd;W $wpath; :
jyGuhzk; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;.
eyq;fps;sp - jiyefh; ciwa+h;
Nruh; - gdk;g+
Nrhoh; - Mj;jp khiy
ghz;bah; - Ntk; g+ (Ntg;gk;g+)
kiyakhd; gps;isfisf; fhj;jth;
,se;jj;jdhiur; rpiwkPl;lth; . ” Nfht+h; fpohh;
eyq;fps;sp- neLq;fps;spf;fpilNa eilngw;w ,Ue;j Nghiuj; jLj;jth;
jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh;
fzpj Nkij ,uhkhD[k; :- gpwg;G : 22.12.1887 <NuhL
Nfk;gphpl;[; gy;fiyf; fofg; Nguhrphpah; - `hh;b
,uhkhD[j;jpw;F ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1918- ,y; v‡g; Mh; v]; (FRS) gl;lk;
toq;fpaJ.
,ul;Lw nkhopjy; - fhsNkfg; Gyth;
jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy - FkuFUguh;
ngw;Nwhh; - rz;Kf rpfhkzpf; ftpuhah; - rptfhkRe;jhp
Ch; - jpU itFz;lk;
gilg;Gfs; - ePjp newptpsf;fk; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp
gps;isj;jkpo;>fe;jh;fyp ntz;gh>
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isjkpo;>kJiuf; fyk;gfk; .
nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp - thzpjhrd;
,aw;ngah; - vj;jpuhrY (v) muq;frhkp
Ch; - GJitia mLj;j tpy;ypaD}h;
ngw;Nwhh; - muq;f jpUf;fhK - Jsrpak;khs;
rpwg;G - ftpQNuW> ghtyh; kzp> jkpofj;jpd; Nth;l;]; nthh;j;
nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp - Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; ghly; njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ.
J}q;fh efh; - kJiu
jpUtpoh efh; > njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Vnjd;]; > ehd;khlf;
$ly; Mytha;> jkpo;nfO $ly; ( GwehD}W)
NruehL - NtoKilj;J
NrhoehL - NrhWile;J
ghz;ba ehL - Kj;Jilj;J
njhz;il ehL - rhd;NwhUilj;J
Vh;Kid -m.kUj fhrp jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk;.
nghq;fy; topghL - e. gpr;r%h;j;jp
,aw;ngah; - Ntq;flkfhypq;fk;
njhopy; - 1924 -1938 tiu tof;FiuQh;
1938-1954 tiu Nfhtpy; epUthf mYtyh;.
jkpo; ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs; :
ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; ( jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah; ) ehlftpay; (tlnkhop Nkdhl;L
kuGfisj; jkpo; kuGfNshL ,izj;J vOjg;gl;l E}y; )
khdtp[ak; - fstop ehw;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
&ghtjp> fyhtjp - ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; vOjpait.
jhNd ngz;Ntlk; Gide;J ebj;j ehlfq;fs; .
rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; - (jkpo; ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;)
ts;sp jpUkzk;> Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> ,ytFrh> rhpRNyhrdh> gf;jg;gpufyhjh>
ey;yjq;fhs;> tPu mgpkd;A> gtsf;nfhb.
gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; : ( jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij )
94 ehlfq;fisg; gilj;jth; .
kNdhfuh> aahjp > rpWj;njhz;ld;> fh;zd;> rghgjp> nghd; tpyq;F.
Kf;$lw;gs;S - coth; ghl;L coj;jp ghl;L
gs;sh; ( coth;) tho;itr; rpj;jhpf;Fk; ,yf;fpak;. 96 tifr; rpw;wpayf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W
tlfiu - M#h;
njd;fiu - rPtyg;Nghp
,aw;if Ntshz;ikapd; kWngah; mq;ff Ntshz;ik .
gQ;r ft;tpak; -Nfhkak;>rhzk;>ghy;> japh;> nea;> fye;J nra;Ak; g+r;rp kUe;J.
milnkhop - ,dKs;s milnkhop - jkpo;g;ghlE}y; fzpjg;ghlE}y;
,dkpy;yh milnkhop - ntz;zpyT>fUq;fhf;if>nrq;fjpNuhd;
me;jff; ftp tPuuhfth; :-
Ch; - fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; GJ}h;
tho;e;j Ch; - nghd; tpise;j fsj;J}h;
je;ijahh; - tLfehjh;
 ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;- re;jputhzd; Nfhit> Nra+h;KUfd;gps;isj; jkpo;>Nra+h;f;
fyk;gfk;> jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk; .
ahidf;Fhpa NtW ngah;fs; :- fsgk;> khjq;fk;> Ntok;> gfL> fk;gkh
NtWnghUs; :-
fsgk; - re;jdk;
khjq;fk; - kpFe;j nghd;
Ntok; - fUk;G
gfL - vUJ
fk;gkh - fk;G khT
jhyhl;Lg; ghly; :-
kiyaUtp - fp.th. [fe;ehjd;
jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrz;l; -%tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;
%tifg; Nghypfs; :-
XnuOj;J ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; NtW vOj;J epd;W nghUs; khwhky;
,Ug;gJ Nghyp.
Kjw;Nghyp :- kQ;R- ikQ;R kay; - ikay;
,ilg;Nghyp:- KuR -KiuR murpay; - miurpay;
filg;Nghyp (,Wjpg;Nghyp ) :- mwk;-mwd; ge;jy; -ge;jh;
Kw;Wg;Nghyp :- Ie;J -mQ;R
mk;khid :- Rthkpehj Njrpfh;-
rpw;wpyf;fpa tifahd fyk;gf cWg;GfSs; xd;W.xU tiff; fha; tpisahl;L .
Rthkpehj Njrpfh; (v) <rhd Njrpfh; . jpUr;nrw;jpw;fyk;gfk; ,aw;wpath;.
je;ij - jhz;lt %h;jj ; p Mrphpah; - kapNyWk; ngUkhd;
rPtfrpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;f Njth;
(kzE}y;) Nrhoh; Fyj;jth; rkzrkaj;jth; ehptpUj;jk; ghbath; .
vq;fs; jkpo; - ghujpjhrd;
cotpd; rpwg;G - fk;gh;
fk;gh;-
Ch; - NjuOe;J}h;
je;ij - Mjpj;jd;
Mjhpj;jth; - rilag;g ts;sy;
E}y;fs; - fk;guhkhazk; >rlNfhgh; me;jhjp>Vh; vOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp >
jpUf;if
tof;fk;.
rpwg;G - fy;tpapy; nghpah;> fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;.
fhyk; - 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L
Xtpaf;fiy :-
Xtpak; - fz;nzOj;J
Xtpah; - fz;Zs; tpidQh;
Neh;f;NfhL>Nfhzf;NfhL tisNfhL Kjypatw;wpy; tiuag;gLtJ Nfhl;Nlhtpak; .
NtWngah;fs; - XT. Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> glk; >glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp.
Xtpa Mrphpah; - Xtpag;Gytd;
Xtpah; FO - Xtpa khf;fs;
Mz; Xtpah; - rpj;uhq;fjd;
ngz; Xtpah; - rpj;jpuNrdh
tz;zk; jPl;Lk;gyif - tl;bifg; gyif
tiutplk; - rpj;jpuf; $lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;>vOJ epiykz;lgk;> vOnjopy;
mk;gyk;.
,iw eldk; GhpAk; rig - rpj;jpu rig.
tz;zk; fythky; fhpe;Jz;Lfshy; tiutJ - Gidah Xtpak; .
kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd;
- rpj;jpuf;fhug; Gyp
jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; vDk; E}Yf;F ciu vOjpath; .
rpj;jd;d thry; Xtpak; :
tiue;jth; -( ,sk; nfsjkd; ) 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L
ghz;bad; mtdpg Nrfu =ty;ygd; fhyk;
jhkiuj;jlhfk; >Mly; > mzq;Ffs;> murd;> murp>
mzp:- moF
,ay;G etpw;rp mzp - cs;sj;ij cs;sthW $Wjy;
cah;T etpw;rp mzp - kpifg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ.
CUk; NgUk; - uh.gp NrJg;gps;is
Nfht+h; fpohh; - Nr. Re;juuhrd;
ed;wpg; ghpR - ePytd;
chpaJ - fpUghde;jthhpahh;
mwpT El;gk; - Xtpah; uhk;fp
jkpo;ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs; ”””-
epiyj;j nry;tk; fy;tpr; nry;tk; gp.vk;.Kj;J
J}uj;J xsp - f.nfs. Kj;jofh;
ez;gd; - Xtpah; uhk;fp
nfhilf;Fzk; - fodpa+ud;
______
 ghlk; 6
jhAkhdth;
o ngw;Nwhh; : Nfbypag;gh; - nfrty;yp
o kidtp : kl;Lthh;Foyp
o Ch; : jpUkiwf;fhL (ehfg;gl;bdk;)
o E}y; : jpUg;ghly; jpul;L
o gzp : jpUr;rpia Mz;l tprauFehj nrhf;fypq;fhplk; fUt+y
mYtyh;
o fhyk; : fp.gp. 18Mk; E}w;whz;L
o epidT ,y;yk; : ,yl;RkpGuk; (,uhkehjGuk;)

[p.A. Nghg; :
o [pahh;[;> Af;Nsh> Nghg;.
o ehL : gpuhd;];
o ngw;Nwhh; : [hd;Nghg;> Nfjhpd; Ashg;
o jikadhh; : n‘d;wp
o Muha;r;rpf;fl;Liufis vOjpa gj;jphpiffs; : ,e;jpad; RQ;rpif>
,e;jpahtpd; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T
o mfuhjpfs; : jkpo; - Mq;fpyk;> Mq;fpyk; - jkpo;
o kiwT : 11.02.1908
o rpwg;G : ‘,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;‛
“ vdj;jk; fy;yiwapy; vOJkhW $wpath;.

njhlh; tiffs; :
o nra;tpid - fay;tpop ghlj;ijg; gbj;jhs;
o nrag;ghl;L tpid - ghlk; fay;tpopahy; gbf;fg;gl;lJ
o tpdhj;njhlh ; - vd;d nra;fpwha;?
o tpioTj;njhlh; - ePLop tho;f.
o czh;r;rpj; njhlh; - vd;Nd> ky;ypifapd; kzk;!
o cld;ghl;Lj; njhlh; - fz;zd; glk; tiue;jhd;.
o vjph;kiwj; njhlh; - fz;zd; glk; tiue;jpyd;

jkpo; vz;fs; :
o 1 - f
o 2 - c
o 3 - Ë
!
o 4 - Ì
o 5 - Í
o 6 - Î
o 7 - Ï
o 8 - Ð
o 9 - Ñ
o 10 - É0
,dpait ehw;gJ : g+jQ;Nre;jdh;
o gjpnzz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;
Fotp (Foe;ij) - gzpapd;wp tho;jy; ,dpJ
rytu; (tQ;rfh;) - tQ;riur; Nruhky; tho;jy; ,dpJ
foWk; - NgRk;
kd;Daph; - epiyngw;w caph;
jkpo;g;grp : f. rr;rpjhde;jd;.
o Ch; - ,yq;if “ aho;g;ghzk; - guj;jpj;Jiw
o gzp - Mrphpah; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}hp tphpTiuahsh;
o gilg;Gfs; - Mde;jj;Njd; (ftpij) md;dg+uzp (Gjpdk;) aho;;g;ghz
fhtpak;
o Fit - Ftpay;> khud; - kd;kjd;

mfuKjyp tuyhW :
o epfz;L - mfuhjp
o goikahd epfz;L - Nre;jd; jpthfuk; - jpthfuh;
o rpwe;j epfz;L - #lhkzp epfz;L - kz;lyG&o;
o jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; mfuhkp - rJufuhjp - tPukhKdpth;
(rJh; ehd;F)
o jkpo; - jkpo; mfuhjp - nytp - ];ghy;b];
o jkpo; nrhy;yfuhjp - aho;g;ghzk; fjpiuNtydhh;
o jkpo;g;Ngufuhjp - Fg;Grhkp
o glq;fSld; $ba mfuhjp - ,uhkehjd;
o jkpo; Mq;fpyg; Ngufuhjp - tpd;RNyh
o jw;fhyj; jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp - ghthde;jk;
jkpo; - jkpo; mfuKjuyp - K. rz;Kfk; ntspaPL - jkpo;g;ghl;Lg; ghlE}y;
epWtdk;
o 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kpfg;nghpa
mfuKjyp - nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp (jkpo; nyf;rpfd; - 6
njhFjpfs;)

nre;jkpo;g; nrhw;gpwg;gpag; Ngufuhjp “ NjtNeag; ghthzh;.

o fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fspd; Kd;Ndhb - mgpjhd Nfhrk;
o mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp - rpq;fhu Ntydhh;.
o Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; - jkpo;tsh;r;rpf; fofk;
o fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjp - fiyf;fjph;
o mwptpay; Jiwf;fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjp - kzit - K];jgh

,yf;fpatifr; nrhw;fs; - 4
1. ,aw;nrhy; - ,ay;ghd vspa jkpo;r;nrhy;
- fhL> kuk;> tz;L
 ngah; ,aw;nrhy; - epyT> fly;
 tpid ,aw;nrhy; - gbj;jhd;> ele;jhd;
 2. jphpnrhy; - fw;wth;fSf;F kl;LNk tpsq;Fk; nrhy;
- gPyp “ kapy;Njhif> Mop “ fly;> rf;fuk;
ngah; jphpnrhy; - vapW - gy;> Nta; - %q;fpy; 0; kb “ Nrhk;gy;
tpid jphpnrhy; - tpdtpdhd;> tpspj;jhd;
3. jpirr;nrhy; -jkpo;ehl;ilr; Rw;wpAs;s gpw gFjpapypUe;J toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;.
Nfzp “ fpzW> ngw;wk; - gR.
4. tlnrhy; -tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jphpe;Jk; jphpahkYk; jkpopy; toq;FtJ
fkyk; - jhkiu
tplk; - tp\k;
G\;gk; - kyh;

jpUts;Stkhiy :
jpUts;Stkhiy jpUf;FwisAk; Gfo;e;J ghlg;ngw;w E}y;
55 ghly;fs; - 53 Gyth;fs;
jpidasT Nghjh ---- .. fgpyh; (mwptpay; mZFKiwiar; rhh;e;j ghly;)
xspiaf; Nfhl;lk; milar; nra;jy; njhiytpYs;s nghUs;fis mz;ikapy; fhl;Lk; -
fypypNah fypyp.
ts;is - xUtifg;ghl;L ; msF “ Nfhop ; nts;isf; Fws; - ntz;gh

esntz;gh - GfNoe;jpg; Gyth;

o Ch; - nghd;tpise;j fsj;J}h;
o rpwg;G - tuFzghz;badpd; mitg;Gyth;> ntz;ghtpw;
GfNoe;jp
o Mjhpj;j ts;sy; - re;jpud; Rth;f;fp
o fhyk; -12Mk; E}w;whz;L (fk;gh; - xl;lf;$j;jhpd; rkfhyg;Gyth;)
o esntz;gh -Rak;tu fhz;lk;> fypnjhlh; fhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk;.
o 431 ntz;ghf;fs; nfhz;l E}y;
o esd; - eplj ehL
o jkae;jp - tpjh;g;g ehL
o Mop - fly; ; jhh; - khiy ; tpRk;G - thdk; ; fhrpdp - cyfk; ; muT -
ghk;G ; Gs; - gwit ; nkjp - vUik ; Qhyk; - cyfk; ; kotpil - ,sq;fhis ;
klehL - ,isagR ; ky;yy; - tsk; ; kWF - murtPjp.

cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy; :
o fzpdp cUthf mbg;gil - kzpr;rl;lk;
o fzf;fpLk; fUtp - gpNs]; gh];fy;
o Kjy; fzpdp -rhh;y]; ghg;Ng[; (1833) (fzpdpapd; je;ij)
o Kjy; nray;jpl;l tiuthsh; - Nyb yt;Nt];.
o vz;zpyf;ff; fzpdp - N`hthh;L [f;fd;(`hh;th;L khh;f; -1)
o ,izak; - [hd; gh];ly;
o cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;dy;(itaf tphpT tiy) -gpk;ngh;dh; yP. (1989)

,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;F :

I ,ay;G tof;F -
1) ,yf;fzKilaJ (,yf;fzg; gpioaw;w nrhy;) ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;
ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;
2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp - ,yf;fzKilaJ Nghy toq;fp tUk;nrhy;
fhy;tha;> Gwefh;>
tha;f;fhy;
3. k&c - rpije;J toq;Fk; nrhy;
 jQ;ir> Nfhit> NrhzhL
II jFjp tof;F -
 ,lf;fh; mlf;fy; - fhy; fOtp te;jhd;
 kq;fyk; - ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh;.
 FOcf; Fwp - nghd; - gwp.
tpNtf rpe;jhkzp :
jid cz;L kaq;fpf; fple;j tz;bid ehtw;gonkd vz;zp ifapy; vLj;jhs;.
tz;L mts; Kfj;ij epyT vd vz;zpaJ.
kJ - Njd; ; rk;G - ehty; ; kjpak; - epyT
gujj;jha; : mryhk;gpif mk;ikahh;
o Ch; - jpz;btdj;jpw;F mUNfAs;s ,ul;liz.
o tho;e;j Ch; - jpUg;ghjphpg;Gypa+h;(flY}h;) tlY}h;
tlY}hpy; tho;e;j NghJ vOjpa nra;As; E}y; - ,uhkypq;f
Rthkpfs; rhpjk; (409 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;
o gilg;Gfs; - Mj;jpr;#b ntz;gh> jpyfh; Guhzk;> Foe;ij Rthkpfs;
gjpfk;.
o rpwg;G - ,f;fhy xsitahh; (jpU.tpf.)
o fhe;jpGuhzk; - 2034 ghly;fs; nfhz;lJ. fhe;jpabfisg; ghl;Lilj;
jiytuhff; nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpatpLjiyg; Nghhpy; jkpofg; ngz;fspd; ghq;F :
NtY ehr;rpahh;.
o ngw;Nwhh;- nry;yKj;J NrJgjp> rf;fe;jp Kj;jhj;jhs;
o Mz;L - fp.gp. 1730
o fzth; - Kj;JtLfehjh; (rptfq;ifg; Nghh; 1772)
o rpwg;G - rptfq;ifg; Nghh;(1780)
o cjtpath; - Ijh;myp
flY}h; mQ;riyak;khs; :
o 1980 - flY}h; KJefh;
o gq;Nfw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; -
1921 - fhe;jpabfspd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
ePyd; rpiy mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk;
cg;Gf; fha;rR; k; Nghuhl;lk;
jdpahs; mwg;Nghuhl;lk;
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;.
kfs; - mk;khf;fz;Z( 9 taJ)
(fhe;jpbafs; thh;jh Mrpukj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W yPyhtjp vdg; ngahpl;Lg;
gbf;f itj;jhh;)
rpwg;G - njd;dhl;bd; [d;rpuhzp
mk;G[k;khs; :
o 1899 - [dthp 8.
o fhe;jpbfshy; jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth;.
o rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak; - njhz;L epWtdk; epWtpah;.
njhifepiyj; njhlh;fs; :
(i) ctikj; njhif - fay;tpop> kyub
(ii) Ntw;Wikj;njhif - (Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J tUjy;)
ghy; gUfpNdd; (I)
jiy tzq;fpNdd; (My;)
Ntyd; kfd; (F)
Ch;ePq;fpdhd; (,d;)
nre;jpy; rl;il(mJ)
 Fifg;Gyp (fz;)
(iii) tpidj;njhif - (fhyk; fue;j nganur;rk;) (Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghJtha; tUk;)
ML nfhb> gha;Gyp> tphpRlh;> vhpjoy;
(iv) gz;Gj;njhif ( epwk;> msT> Rit> tbtk;)
ntz;zpyT> tl;lf;fy;> Kg;ghy;> ,d;Rit
(v) ck;ikj;njhif : (ck; - vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J tUtJ)
fgpy guzh;> jha; je;ij> mz;zd; jk;gp> ,uT gfy;
(vi) md;nkhopf; njhif:
Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik> ck;ik Mfpait my;yhj nkhopfs;
njhf;fp tUtJ.
fay;tpop te;jhs;.
tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg;ngah;fs; :
mzpy;> fPhp - gps;is
gd;wp> ML> Fjpiu> g+id> eha;> Fuq;F - Fl;b
vUik> khd;> ahid> gR - fd;W
rpq;fk; - FUis> Gyp - gwo;
xyp kuG
Me;ij- myWk;
Fjpiu - fidf;Fk;
ehp - CisapLk;
fOij - fj;Jk;
Gyp - cWKk;
rpq;fk; - Koq;Fk;
ahid - gpspWk;
tz;L - KuYk;
Fuq;F - myg;Gk;
Fapy; - $Tk;

fpsp - nfhQ;Rk;
fhf;if - fiuAk;
kapy; - mfTk;
Nfhop - nfhf;fhpf;Fk;
Nrty; - $Tk;
Gwh - FDFk;
vUJ - vf;fhskpLk;
gR - fjWk;.

**************
 ghlk; : 7
fhto rpe;J :- mz;zhkiy bul;oahh;.
yhgk; - kapy; njhif : tpntfd; - "hdp : thtp - bgha;if.
mz;zhkiyahh; :-
Ch; - brd;dp Fsk; (jpUbey;ntyp)
bgw;nwhh; - brd;dth; - Xt[ mk;khs;
E]y;fs; - fhtor; rpe;J/ tPiu me;jhjp/ nfhkjp me;jhjp/ tPiug; gps;isj; jkpH;.
tpf;fpukr; nrhHd; cyh :- xl;lf; Tj;jh;.
FtL - kiy • bghd;dp - fhtphp • nfhJ - Fw;wk; • mutk; - ghk;g[ • fspW - Mz; ahid.
Xl;lf; Tj;jh;.
rpwg;g[g; bgah; :- ftpr; rf;futh;j;jp
rpwg;g[ :- tpf;fpuknrhHd;/ ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J’;fd;/ ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; Mfpa _d;W
kd;dh;fspd; mitapYk; bry;thf;nfhL tps’;fpath;.
,aw;wpa E]y;fs; :- _tUyh/ jf;fahfg; guzp/ Fnyhj;J’;fd; gps;isj; jkpH;.
tpf;fpukr; nrhHdpd; jha; :- kJuhe;jfp.
kyhpd; VG gUt§fs; :- mUk;g[/ bkhl;L/ Kif/ kyh;/ myh;/ tP/ brk;ky;.
bgz;fspd; VG gUt§fs; :-
ngij/ bgJk;ig/ k§if/ kle;ij/ mhpit/ bjhpit/ nghpsk;bgz}.
bra;jp cUthFk; tuyhW :-
bra;jpia mwpar; bra;a[k; md;g[j; bjhz;lh; mWth; Vd;? vd;d? vg;nghJ? vg;go? v§nf? ahh;?
Bulletin - rpwg;g[r; bra;jp ,jH;
Editorial - jiya§fk;
Fake news - bgha;r; bra;jp
Folio No. - ,jH; vz;
Green proof - jpUj;jg;glhj mr;Rg;go
fhhpUs; mfj;jpy; ey;y fjpbuhsp ePjhd; ™ ,e;jg;
ghhpilj; Japy;nthh; . . . . . . - ghujpjhrd;.
kjpapdhy; rjpia bty;yyhk;.
- Xtpad; tiue;j glk; - Fjpiu.
ghpRj; bjhif - 1000 bghw;fhRfs;.
bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; :-
1) vGtha;j; bjhlh; - fz;zd; vGjpdhd;
2) fjph;ntyh ™ th - tpspj; bjhlh;
3) tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh; - fz;nld; rPijia
4) tpGe;j kuk; - bgabur;rj; bjhlh;
5) te;J brd;whd; - tpidbar;rj; bjhlh;
6) tPl;ilf; fl;odhd; - ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;
7) kw;bwhd;W - ,ilr; brhw;bwhlh;
8) chpr; brhw;bwhlh; - khkiy
9) mLf;Fj; bjhlh; - thH;f thH;f
 ,ul;ilf; fpstp mLf;Fj; bjhlh;
 gphpj;jhy; bghUs; juhJ gphpj;jhy; bghUs; jUk;
xypf;Fwpg;g[/ milbkhHpaha; tUk; tpiut[/ btFsp/ ctif/ mr;rk;/ mtyk; Mfpa bghUspy;
tUk;.
 fy fy/ ry ry/ gs gs thH;f/ thH;f • ghk;g[/ ghk;g[
jpUke;jpuk; - jpU_yh;
jpUke;jpuk; - gj;jhk; jpUKiw
jkpH; _thapuk;- vd;Dk; ntWbgah; bfhz;l E]y; (_thapuk; ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ)
‘xd;nw Fyk; xUtnd njtd;
clk;ghh; mHpapd; capuhh; mHpth;. g[fH; bgw;w bjhlh;fs;
clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd.
njk;ghtzp - tPukhKdpth;
,aw;bgah; - fhd;!;lhz;od; n#hrg; bg!;fp
bgw;nwhh; - bfhz;ly; nghbg!;fp - vyprbgj;
gpwe;j Ch; - (,j;jhyp) fh!;jpf; fpspnahd;
jkpH;f; fw;gpj;jth; - Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhah;
E]y;fs; -"hndhgnjrk;/ gukhh;j;j FU fij/ rJufuhjp/ jpUf;fhtY]h;f; fyk;gfk;/
bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fk;.
njk;ghtzp - njk;gh + mzp (thlhj khiy)
njd; + gh + mzp - (njd; nghd;w ,dpa ghkhiy)
fpwp!;jtr; rkaj;jhhpd; fiyf;fs‛;rpak;
E]yikg;g[ - 3 fhz;l§fs;
36 gly§fs;
3615 ghly;fs;
ghlg;gFjp ,lk; bgw;Ws;s glyk; - kftUs; glyk;.
ehlff; fiy
ehlfk; - ehL + mfk;
ehlfk; - (ntW bgah;) Tj;Jf;fiy
ghpjpkhw; fiy"h; - ehlftpay; (bra;a[s; tot ehlf E]y;)
Rthkp tpoyhe;jh; - kj§f Nshkzp
kiwkiyaofs; - rhFe;jyk;
gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; - ehlfj; jkpH;
knfe;jpu th;k gy;ytd; - kj;j tpyhrk;
fhrp tpRtehjh; - lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk;
nguh. Re;judhh; - kndhd;kzpak;
(yhh;l; ypl;ldpd; kiwtHp vd;Dk; M§fpyf; fijiaj; jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ)
ehlf cyfpd; ,kakiy - r§fu jhR Rthkpfs;
jkpH; ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah; - ‛
jkpH; ehlfj; je;ij - gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh;
jkpH; ehlf kWkyh;r;rpapd; je;ij - fe;jrhkp
fz; jpwe;jJ - tPjp ehlfk; - bgz; fy;tp Fwpj;j ehlfk;
MF bgah; : -
xd;wd; bgah; jd;idf; Fwpf;fhky; jd;ndhL bjhlh;g[ila ntbwhU bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ
1) KjyhF bgah; (bghUshF bgah;) : ky;ypif Nodhs;
2) ,lthF bgah; : ,d;iwa nghl;oapy; jkpHfk; btd;wJ
3) fhythF bgah; : jprk;gh; No te;jhs;
4) rpidahF bgah; : btw;wpiy el;lhd;
5) FzthF bgah; : bts;is moj;jhd;
6) bjhHpyhF bgah; : bgh§fy;/ tw;wy;.
jkpHh; thdpay; :- Ik;g{j§fs; : epyk;/ ePh;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ thdk;.
"hapW tl;lk; : Nhpad; ("hapW)
rpte;j nfhs; : brt;tha;
 btz;ikahd nfhs; : bts;sp
g[jpjhff; fz;lwpe;j nfhs; : g[jd;
bghpa nfhs; : tpahHd; (tpah - bghpa/ epiwe;j)
thy; el;rj;jpuk; : J]knfJ
tytd; Vth thD]h;jp : (g[w ehD]W)

fyPypnah fypyp :- (Cry; tpjpiaf; fz;lwpe;jth;)

ehL - ,j;jhyp
je;ij - tpd;brd;nrh fyptp
goj;j gy;fiyf; fHfk; - igrh efug; gy;fiyf; fHfk;
Kjy; fz;Lgpog;g[ - Cry; tpjp
g[tp mz;lj;jpd; ikag;gFjp m~J mirahjJ/ - mhp!;lhl;oy;/ jhykp
epiyahdJ
mz;lj;jpd; ikak; - Nhpad; - fyPypnah fypyp

,th; E]y;fisg; gpd;gw;wpna Irf; epa{l;ld; jk; bfhs;iffis cUthf;fpdhh;.

kug[j; bjhlh;fs; :- czt[f;nf jhsk; nghLjy; - Jd;gg;gLjy;

fapW jphpj;jy; - (,y;yhjij) bgha; ngRjy;
Kjiyf; fz;zPh; - bgha; mGif

———————-
fk;guhkhazk; : ghlk; : 8
Mrphpah; : fk;gh;
Ch; : njuGe;J]h;
Mjhpj;jy; : rilag;g ts;sy;
E]y;fs; :rlnfhgue;jhjp/VbuGgJ/rpiybaGgJ/ruRtjp me;jhjp/ jpUf;if tHf;fk;.
thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;ijj; jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ.
- tHp E]y; - MW fhz;l§fisa[ilaJ.
-ghy fhz;lk;/ mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ Muzpa fhz;lk;/ fpl;fhe;jh fhz;lk;/ Re;ju
fhz;lk;/ a[j;j fhz;lk;.
cl;gphpt[ - glyk;.
jhJ - kfue;jk; g{fk; - fKF (ghf;F) nghJ - kyh;
tpGJk; ntUk; - ghujpjhrd;. (Mykuk; gw;wpa ghly;)
jpwy; - typik/ kwth; - tPuh;.
mHfpd; rphpg;g[ vd;Dk; E]ypy; mike;Js;s ghly;.
fhl;Laphpfs; :
Xuwpt[ caph;fs; - (bka;) - g[y;/ kuk;
<uwpt[ caph;fs; - (bka;/ fz;) - ej;ij/ r§F
_twpt[ caph;fs; - (bka;/ tha;/ _f;F) - vWk;g[/ fiuahd;/
ml;il
ehywpt[ caph;fs; - (bka;/ tha;/ _f;F/ fz;) - ez;L/ Jk;gp/ tz;L
Iawpt[ caph;fs; - bka;/ tha;/ _f;F/ fz;/ brtp) - tpy§F/ gwit
Mwwpt[ caph;fs; - (bka;/ tha;/ _f;F/ fz;/ brtp/ kdk;) - kdpjh;
cyfpnyna mjpf mst[ kiHbaDk; ,lk; - rpug[Šrp
thdtpy§F thuk; - mf;nlhgh; Kjy; thuk;
tdtpy§F ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk; - 1972
,e;jpahtpYs;s tdtpy§F ghJfhg;g[ ,l§fs; - 17
njrpa tdtpy§F g{§fhf;fs; - 66
g[fypl§fs; - 368
cyf tdtpy§F ehs; - mf;;nlhgh; - 4
brd;id mU§fhl;rpafk; - brd;id vGk;g{h;
bjhl§fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1851
bkhj;jf; fhl;rpaf§fs; - 13
fl;ll§fs; - 6
1) jiyikf; fl;llk;
2) Kd; fl;llk;
3) btz;fyf; fhl;rpf; Tlk;
4) rpWth; mU§fhl;rpafk;
5) njrpa Xtpaf; fhl;rpf; Tlk;
6) rkfhy Xtpaf; fhl;rpf; Tlk;
g[zh;r;rp
caphPJ - gyh + Ris - gyhr;Ris (,ay;gPJ)
kuk; + fpis - kuf;fpis (tpjpaPJ)
bka;aPW - E]y; + Mil - E]yhil
- fz; + mHF - fz;zHF
clk;gL bka; :
g{ + mHF - g{tHF (g{ + t; + mHF)
nfh + ,y; - nfhtpy; (nfh + t; + ,y;)
nr + mo - nrao nr + a; / t; + mo
nrto
 , < I te;jhy; ‘a;’ - clk;gL bka;ahfj; njhd;Wk;.
Vid caph; ‚t;‛.
V te;jhy; a;/ t; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; clk;gL bka;ahf tUk;.
Kj;Jf; Fkhurhkp gps;isj; jkpH; - Fku FUguh;
,iwtdo nrh;e;j ,lk; - fhrpg[s;spUf;F ntqhpy; vGe;jUspa[s;s Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpapd;
kPJ ghlg;bgw;wJ.
,yf;fpaj;jpy; eifr;Rit :-
eifr;Ritf; fsŠrpak; - ftpkzp njrpf tpdhafdhhpd; kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;.
FHe;ijapd; ,ay;g[ - ahidiag; ghidapy; nfhl FHe;ij mlk;gpoj;jy;.
ahg;g[/ mzp :
mir (2) - neuir/ epiuair
jis (7) - 1) nebuhd;whrphpaj; jis
2) epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis
3) ,aw;rPh; btz;lis
4) btz;rPh; btz;lis
5) xd;wpa tŠrpj;jis
6) xd;wh tŠrpj;jis
7) fypj; jis
mo (5) -
1) Fwso (2 mo)
2) rpe;jo (3 mo)
3) msto (m) neuo (4 mo)
4) beoyo (5 mo)
5) fHp beoyo (5f;F nkw;gl;l mofs;)
gh tif (4)
btz;gh
Mrphpag;gh
tŠrpg;gh
fypg;gh
mzp - (mHF)
mzpapyf;fz E]y;fs; - jz;oy§fhuk;/ khwdy§fhuk;.
ctikazp - ctik/ ctnkak; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,izf;Fk; ctk cUg[
btspg;gilahf tUtJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp - ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUtJ.
cUtf mzp :
ctkhdk; ntW/ ctnkak; ntW vdj; njhd;wh tifapy; ctkhdj;jpd;
,ay;g[fis ctnkaj;jpd;nky; Vw;wpf; TWtJ.
Kfkjp
tha;g;gtsk;
vGj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;g[ :-
vGj;J gpwf;Fkplk;
caph; vGj;Jf;fs; - 12
,ilapdk; - 6 fGj;J
bky;ypdk; - 6 _f;F
ty;ypdk; - 6 khh;g[
MFbgah; :-
vz;zy; msit - xd;W bgw;why; xspikak;
vLj;jy; msit - Ie;J fpnyh
Kfj;jy; msit - _d;W ypl;lh;
ePl;ly; msit - ehd;F kPl;lh;
brhy;yhF bgah; - ts;Sth; brhy;
jhdpahF bgah; - ghiy ,wf;F
fUtpahF bgah; - ahH; nfs;
fhhpathF bgah; - rikay; fw;nwd;
fUj;jthF bgah; - fk;gidg; goj;Jg; ghh;
ctikahF bgah; - ehujh; tUfpwhh;
Fwpg;g[ :- ,lk; bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ - ,lthF bgah;
bghUs; ,lj;jpw;F ‛ - jhdpahF bgah;
fUtp fhhpaj;jpw;F ‛ - fUtpahF bgah;
fhhpak; fUtpf;F ‛ - fhhpathF bgah;
gfhg;gjk;/ gFgjk; -
bgah;g; gfhgjk; - kuk;/ eha;
tpidg; gfhg;gjk; - cz;/ fhz;
,ilg; gfhg;gjk; - jpy;/ kd;/ kw;W
chpg; gfhg;gjk; - rhy/ edp
gFgjk;
bgah;g; gFgjk; - bghd;dd; - bghd; + d; + md;
tpidg; gFgjk; - bra;jhd; - bra; + j; + Md;
gFgj cWg;g[fs; :
gFjp/ tpFjp/ re;jp/ rhhpia/ ,ilepiy/ tpfhuk;.
gFjp : - goj;jhd; - go + j; + j; + Md;
gFjp
tpFjp :- 1) md;/ Md; - Mz;ghy;
2) ms;/ Ms; - bgz;ghy;
3) mh;/ Mh; - gyh;ghy;
4) J - xd;wd;ghy;
5) m - gytpd;ghy;
,ilepiy :-
,we;jfhyk; - j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d;
epfH;fhyk; - fpW/ fpd;W/ M epd;W.
vjph;fhyk; - g;/ t;
vjph;kiw ,ilepiy : ,y;/ my;/ M.
tHh epiy/ tG/ tGtikjp.
tHh epiy - gpiHapd;wp tUtJ
tG - 7
jpiz tG - vd; khkh te;jJ
ghy; tG - fz;zd; te;jhs;
,l tG - ehd; te;jhd;
fhy tG - ehis te;jhd;
tpdh tG - Kl;ilapl;lJ nrtyh/ bgl;ilah?
tpil tG - ehis gs;sp cz;lh? vd; mj;ijf;F cly; elkpy;iy?
kug[ tG - eha; fj;Jk;.
tGtikjp
tGbtdpDk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sjy;
Kjy;th; ehis tUfpwhh;.
ctik cUtf khw;wk;.
ctik cUtfk;
jhkiu Kfk; - Kfj; jhkiu
kyuo - mokyh;
njd;bkhHp - bkhHpj;njd;
kyh;f;if - ifkyh;
mor;brhy; tpidKw;W tpidbar;rk; bgabur;rk; bjhHpw;bgah;
th te;jhd; te;J te;j tUjy;
ngR ngrpdhs; ngrp ngrpa ngRjy;
nfs; nfl;lhh; nfl;L nfl;l nfl;ly;
el ele;jJ ele;J ele;j elj;jy;

_____
 ghlk; : 9
bjhHpw;bgah; tiffs; :-
1) Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; - fgpyDf;F mo tpGe;jJ
2) Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; -mwptwpe;j kf;fl;ngW bfLthd; nfL epidg;ghd;.
tHhepiy :
,yf;fz Kiwg;go Fw;wkpy;yhky; ngRtJk; vGJtJk;
(v.L) bry;td; goj;jhd;.
fz;zd; te;jhd;.
tG : ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wp vGJtJk;/ ngRtJk;.
jpiz tG : vd; khkh te;jJ.
ghy; tG : bry;tp te;jhd;
,l tG : ehk; te;jhh;.
tpdh tG : Kl;ilapl;lJ nrtyh/ bgl;ilah?
tpil tG :ehis gs;spf;F tUthah? ,t;tpdht[f;F vd; mj;ijf;F cly; eykpy;iy
vdf; TWjy;.
kug[ tG : eha; fj;Jk;.
tGtikjp : gRit/ vd; mk;ik te;jhs;/ ,yl;Rkp te;jhs; vdf; TWjy;.
ctik - cUtf khw;wk;
jhkiu Kfk; - Kfj;jhkiu
njd;bkhHp - bkhHpj;njd;
Kj;Jg;gy; - gy; Kj;J
gtstha; - tha;g;gtsk;
kyh;f;if - ifkyh;
gpwbkhHpr; brhy; - jkpH;r; brhy;
m§fj;jpdh; - cWg;gpdh;
mh;j;jk; - bghUs;
my§fhuk; - xg;gid
tpujk; - nehd;g[
tpŠ"hdk; - mwptpay;
jPgk; - tpsf;F
rhtp - jpwt[nfhy;
rhjk; - nrhW
Fk;ghgpn\fk; - FlKGf;F
g[zh;r;rp (2)
1. ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp - thiH + kuk; - thiHkuk;
bghd; + tz;L - bghd}tz;L
tpfhug; g[zh;r;rp - (3)
1. njhd;wy; - thiH + gHk; - thiHg;gHk;
2. jphpjy; - kz; + Flk; - kl;Flk;
bghd; + rpiy - bghw;rpiy
3. bfLjy; - kuk; + nth; - kunth;
(ahg;g[) bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; - (6)
1) vGj;J (3) - Fwpy;/ beoy;/ xw;W
2) mir (2) - nehpir/ epiuair
3) rPh; : (i) Xuirr; rPh; (4) ehs;/ kyh;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[
(ii) <uirr; rPh; - 4
neh; - neh; - epiu epiu
epiu - neh; - neh; epiu
iii) _tirr;rPh; (8)
neh; neh; neh;
epiu neh; neh; fha;r;rPh; - (4)
epiu epiu neh;
neh; epiu neh;

neh; neh; epiu

epiu neh; neh; fdpr;rPh; - (4)
epiu epiu neh;
neh; epiu neh;
ehyirr;rPu; (16)
iv) jis - (7)
nebuhd;whrphpaj; jis
epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis
,aw;rPh; btz;lis
btz;rPh; btz;lis
fypj;jis
xd;wpa tŠrpj; jis
xd;whj tŠrpj; jis
v) mo - (5)
Fwso - 2 mofs;
rpe;jo - 3 mofs;
neuo (m) msto - 4 mofs;
beoyo - 5 mofs;
fHpbeoyo - 5f;F nkw;gl;l mofs;
vi) bjhil (8)
1) nkhid - KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ
vz;zpj; Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd;
vz;Qtk; vd;g jpGf;F.
2) vJif - ,uz;lhbkGj;J xd;wp tUtJ.
,d;gk; tpiHahd; ,Lk;ig ,ay;bgd;ghd;
Jd;gk; cWjy; ,yd;.
3) Kuz; - vjph;r; brhw;fs; (Kuz;gl;l brhw;fs;) bfhLg;gJ
gpwh;f;fpd;dh Kw;gfy; bra;apd; jkf;fpd;dh
gpw;gfy; jhnk tUk; .
4) ,iag[ - ,Wjpr; rPh; xd;wj; bjhLg;gJ
bfhz;ly; nfhg[uk; mz;ilapy; TLk;.
bfhofs; thdk; goju _Lk; .
5) msbgil - monjhWk; Kjy;rPh; msbgLg;gJ
bfLg;gJ]ck; bfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha;kw; wh’;nf
vLg;gJ]ck; vy;yhk; kiH.
6) ,ul;il
7) me;jhjp - bgah; kw;Wk; mwpf.
8) bre;jhil
mzp :-
Vfnjr cUtf mzp -xUbghUis cUtfg;gLj;jp mjndhL bjhlh;g[ila kw;bwhd;iw
cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ
,y;bghUStik mzp - cyfpy; ,y;yhj bghUis ctkpj;jy;.
gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp - neuoahff; Twhky; nthwhU bghUisf; Twp bghUs; bgwr; bra;jy; .
ntw;Wikazp - xg;g[ikiaf; Twpg;gpd;dh; ntWgLj;Jjy;
epuy; epiuazp - brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; thpirahff; Twy; .
jkpH; vz;QUf;fs; :-
1 - f
2 - c
3 - '
4 - r
5 - U
6 - rh
7 - v
8 - m
9. - rh
10. - f0
11 - ff
12 - fc
13 - fe
14. - fr
15. - fU
16 - fR
17 - fv
18 - fm
19. - ffh
20. - c0
xU bghUl;gd;bkhHp
kPkpir "hapW
X§fp cah;e;j kuk;
eL ikak;
FHpe;jhH;e;j gs;sk;
tpdhtif : (6)
1. mwp tpdh
2. mwpah tpdh
3. bfhsy; tpdh
4. bfhil tpdh
5. Vty; tpdh
6. Ia tpdh
tpil tif (8)
1.Rl;L tpil 2. neh; tpil 3.kiw tpil 4. Vty; tpil
5. cw;wJ ciuj;jy; 6. cWtJ Twy; 7. tpdh vjph; tpdhjy; 8. ,d bkhHp
bghUs; ,yf;fzk; - 2
mfg; bghUs;
g[wg; bghUs;
mfg; bghUs; :
jpizfs; - 7
FwpŠrp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz
md;gpd; Ie;jpiz -
FwpŠrp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy.
 Kjw;bghUs; - epyKk; bghGJk;.
jpiz epyk;
FwpŠrp - kiya[k; kiy rhh; ,lKk;
Ky;iy - fhLk; fhL rhh; ,lKk;
kUjk; - taYk; tay; rhh; ,lKk;
bea;jy; - flYk; fly; rhh; ,lKk;
ghiy - kzYk; kzy; rhh; ,lKk;
jpiz bgUk; bghGJ rpW bghGJ
FwpŠrp Fsph;/ Kd; gdpf;fhyk; ahkk;
Ky;iy fhh;fhyk; khiy
kUjk; MW bgUk; bghGJk; itfiw
bea;jy; MW bgUk; bghGJk; Vw;ghL
ghiy ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy; gpd;gdp ez;gfy;

fUg;bghUs; FwpŠrp Ky;iy kUjk; bea;jy; ghiy

bja;tk; KUfd; jpUkhy; ,e;jpud; tUzd; bfhw;wit
czt[ kiy tuF/ rhik bre;bey;/ kPd;/ cg;g[f;Fg; Niwahlyhy;
bea; jpid btz;bza; bgw;w bghUs; tUk; bghUs;
kf;fs; Fwtd;/Fwj;jpah; Mah; - cHth; - gujd;-guj;jpah; vapdh;-
Ma;r;rpah; cHj;jpah; vaw;wpah;
tpy§F g[yp/ fuo/ rp§fk; Kay;/ khd;/g[yp vUik/ ePh;eha; Kjiy/
Rwh typapHe;j ahid
g{ FwpŠrp/ fhe;js; Ky;iy/ njhd;wp br§fGePh; jhiH/ bea;jy; Futk;/ ghjphp
kuk; mfpy;/ nt§if bfhd;iw/ fhah fhŠrp/ kUjk; g[d;id/"hHy;
,Yg;ig/khiy
gwit fpsp/ kapy; fhl;Lf;nfhHp ehiu/ ePh;f;nfhHp flw;fhfk; g[wh/ gUe;J
kapy; md;dk;
Ch; rpWFo gho/ nrhp ng%h;/ KJ]h; gl;odk;/ ghf;fk; FWk;g[
giw bjhz;lfk; VWnfhl;giw kzKHh/ kPd; nfhl;giw Jo
bey;yhp fpiz
ahH; FwpŠrp Ky;iy kUjk; tpshp ghiy
gz; FwpŠrp Ky;iy kUjk; brt;tHp gŠRug;gz;
bjhHpy; njbdLj;jy;/fpH§F VWjGt[jy;/ bey;yhpjy; kPd; gpoj;jy;/
mfH;jy; epiu nka;j;jy;fis gwpj;jy; cg;g[ tpistpj;jy; tHpg;gwp/ epiu fth;jy;
g[wj;jpizfs; - 12
1. btl;rp : Mepiu fth;jy;
2. fue;ij : Mepiu kPl;ly;
3. tŠrp : kz;zhir fUjp gifth; ehl;od; kPJ nghh; bra;jy;
4. fhŠrp : ehl;ilf; fhf;f giftUld; nghhply;
5. behr;rp : kjpy; fhj;jy;
6. cHpi" : kjpiy Kw;Wifaply;
7. Jk;ig : btw;wp xd;iwna vz;zpg; nghh; bra;jy;
8. thif : btw;wp bgw;wth; No kfpH;jy;
9. ghlhz; : Mz;kfdpd; xGfyhWfisg; ghLjy;
10. bghJtpay; : nkw;fz;l jpizfSf;Fg; bghJthdJ (m)
vj;jpizapYk; tuhj epfH;t[
11. iff;fpis : xUjiyf;fhkk;
12. bgUe;jpiz : bghUe;jhjf; fhkk;
btz;ghtif-(6) Mrphpag;gh tif - (4)
Fws; btz;gh nehpir Mrphpag;gh
nehpir btz;gh ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh
,d;dpir btz;gh epiykz;oy Mrphpag;gh
g~bwhil btz;gh mokwp kz;oy Mrphpag;gh
nehpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh
,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh
kug[ bgah;fs;
xyp kug[ (tpy§F) gwit
g[yp - cWKk; Me;ij - myWk;
rp’;fk; - KG§Fk; Fapy; - Tt[k;
ML - fj;Jk; g[wh - FQFk;
Fjpiu - rpidf;Fk; kapy; - mft[k;
Fu’;F - myg;g[k; fhfk; - fiua[k;
vUJ - vf;fhs kpUfk; Tif - FHWk;
g{id - rPWk; tz;L - KuYk;
ahid - gpspWk; nfhHp - bfhf;fhpf;Fk;
vyp - fPr;rpLk; nrty; - Tt[k;
eha; - Fiuf;Fk;
,sik kug[
rp§fk; -FUis
g[yp - gwH;
khd; - fd;W
ahid - fd;W
gR - fd;W
ML - Fl;o
nfhHp - FŠR
fPhp - gps;is
mzpy; - gps;is
tpid kug[
mk;g[ va;jhh; Rth; vGg;gpdhh;
Mil bea;jhh; bra;a[s; ,aw;wpdhh;
Til Kile;jhh; nrhW cz;lhh;
gha; gpd;dpdhh; ghy; gUfpdhh;
Xtpak; g[ide;jhh; g[{g; gwpj;jhs;
glk; tiue;jhh; ckp fUf;fpdhh;
tz;zk; jPl;odhh; KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;
bjhFg;g[g; bgah;
Ml;L ke;ij jpuhl;irf;Fiy bjd;de;njhg;g[
fw;Ftpay; khl;Lke;ij njapiyj; njhl;lk;
rhtpf;bfhj;J itf;nfhw;nghh; g{Šnrhiy
gRepiu My§fhL nrhsf;bfhy;iy
ahidf; Tl;lk; rt[f;Fj; njhg;g[ gyhj; njhg;g[ fk;g§ bfhy;iy
jhtu cWg;g[g; bgah;
<r;r Xiy bjd;idnahiy thiH ,iy
jhiH kly; _§fpy; ,iy bew;whs;
nrhsj; jl;il fKf§Te;jy;
khtpiy gidnahiy
ntg;te;jiH gyh ,iy
bjhluhy; Fwpf;fg; bgWgth;
jkpH;j;bjd;wy; - jpU.tp. fypahzRe;judhh;
jkpH;j;jhj;jh - c.nt.rh
etPd fk;gh; - kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is
fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; - vr;.V. fpUl;odg;gps;is
rpWfij kd;dd; - g[Jik gpj;jd;
g[Jf;ftpij gpjhkfh; - eh. gpr;r _h;j;jp
jkpH; ehl;od; thy;lh; !;fhl; - fy;fp. uh. fpU\;z _h;j;jp
gz;oj kzp - fjpnurŠbrl;oahh;
bjd;dfj;J bgh;dhl;\h - mz;zh
jkpH; ehl;od; khg;grhd; - b#a fhe;jd;
ftpkzp - njrpa tpehak; gps;is
FHe;ijf; ftp"h; - mH. ts;spag;gh
bjhz;lh;rPh; nfhkhd; - nrf;fpHhh;
FwpŠrpf;nfhkhd; - fgpyh;
ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp - fk;gh;
ftpuhl;r\d; - xl;lf;Tj;jh;
gFj;jwpt[f; ftpuhah; - cLkiy ehuhaz ftp
jpiuapirj;jpyfk; - m. kUj fhrp
ehkf;fy; ftp"h; - bt. ,uhkyp§fk;
,iwaUs; bgw;w bja;tf; FHe;ij - ,uhkyp§fmofs;
bkhHp "hapW - njtneag; ghthzh;/ jhz;lf nte;jh;/ thfPrh;
jUknrdh; - jpUeht[f;furh;/ mg;gh;
jpuhtpl rpR - jpU"hd rk;ge;jh;
jk;gpuhd; njhHh; - Re;juh;
mKJ moaile;j md;gh; - khzpf;f thrfh;
jkpH;ehl;od; nth;l;!; bthh;j; - thzpjhrd;
kfhftp/ ePLJapy; ePf;fg; gho te;j
epyh/ ige;jkpH; njh;g;ghfd; - ghujpahh;
g[ul;rpf;ftp/ ghnte;jh;/ g[Jitf;Fapy;- ghujpjhrd;
cyfpd; vl;lhtJ mjprak; - bAyd; bfy;yh;
gh - Xir
btz;gh - brg;gnyhir
Mrphpag;gh - mftnyhir
fypag;gh - Js;snyhir
tŠrpg;gh - J]§fnyhir
bjhlUk; - TwpatUk;
mg;gh;
vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj
ahkhh;f;Fk; Foay;nyhk; ekid mŠnrhk;
ehkf;fy; ftp"h; ,uhkyp§fk;
jkpHd; vd;nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpna mtw;bfhU FzKz;L
jkpHbdd;W brhy;ylh jiy epkph;e;J epy;ylh
fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp a[j;jbkhd;W tUFJ
ifj;bjhHpy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; bfhs;
gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;
bra;a[k; bjhHpny bja;tk; - mjpy;
jpwik jhd; cdJ bry;tk;
xsitahh;
md;ida[k; gpjht[k; Kd;dwp bja;tk;
vt;tHp ey;yth; Mlth; mt;tHp ey;iy thHpa eynd
rhjp ,uz;blhHpa ntwpy;iy
rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gHf;fk;
kPJ]z; tpUk;ngy;

fzpad; g{§Fd;wdhh;
ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;
jpU_yh;
xd;nw FyKk; xUtnd njtDk;
md;ng rptk;
ahd;bgw;w ,d;gk; bgWf ,t;itafk;
clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd
kzpnkfiy
cz;o bfhLg;nghh; caph;bfhLj;njhnu
#pa[. nghg;
,§nf xU jkpH; khztd; cw§Ffpwhd;
f. mfj;jpayp§fk;
,e;jpah/ bkhHpfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiyahf tps§FfpwJ
E]y; - rpwg;g[ bgah;
jpUf;Fws; - Kg;ghy;/ ts;Stg; gad;/ cyfg; bghJkiw/ bja;t E]y;/
cj;jpuntjk; bgha;ah bkhHp
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;/ rpyk;g[/ xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;/ Knte;jh;
fhg;gpak;/ Kjy; fhg;gpak;/ njrpa fhg;gpak;/ Kj;jkpH;f;
fhg;gpak;/ rKjhaf; fhg;gpak;
rPtf rpe;jhkzp - kz E]y;/ Kf;jp E]y;
fk;guhkhazk; - ,uhjkhtjhuk;/ ,uhk fhij
mf ehD]W - beLe;bjhif
bghpa g[uhzk; - jpUj; bjhz;lh; g[uhzk;
,yf;fz tpsf;fk; - Fl;oj; bjhy;fhg;gpak;
gl;odg; ghiy - tŠrp beLk;ghl;L
kiygL flhk; - Tj;juhw;Wg;gil
Ky;iyg;ghl;L - beŠrhw;Wg; gil
Fwp‛;rpg;ghl;L - bgU§FwpŠrp/ fhg;gpag; ghl;L
btw;wp ntw;if - eWe;bjhif
_Jiu - thf;Fz;lhk;
rpyk;g[ -nkfiy - ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak;
kzp nkfiy - kzpnkfiyj; Jwt[
ePynfrp - ePynfrpj; bjUl;L

*********************
 ghlk; 10
jis :
kh Kd; neh; - nebuhd;whrphpah; jis
tps Kd; epiu - epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis
kh Kd; epiu -
tps Kd; neh; - ,aw;rPh; btz;lis
fha; Kd; neh; - btz; rPh; btz;lis
fha; Kd; epiu - fypj;jis
fdp Kd; epiu - xd;wpa tŠrpj;jis
fdp Kd; neh; - xd;whj tŠrpj;jis
jpiza[k; bghGJk; :
bgUk;bghGJ (6) (Xh; Mz;od; MW TWfs;)
fhh; fhyk; - Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp
Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif
Kd;;gdpf;fhyk; - khh;fHp/ ij
gpd;gdpf;fhyk;- khrp/ g§Fdp
,sntdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp
KJntdpw;fhyk; - Mdp/ Mo
rpWbghGJ :
fhiy- fhiy 6 kzp - 10 kzp
ez;gfy; 10-12 (fhiy)
vw;ghL 2-6 (gpw;gfy;)
khiy 6-10(,ut[)
ahkk; 10-2(,ut[)
itfiw 2-6(,ut[)
bjhiltpfw;gk; rPh;
,iz nkhid 1/ 2
bghHpg;g[ ‛ 1/ 3
x%c ‛ 1/ 4
TiH ‛ 1/ 2/ 3
nkw;fJtha; ‛ 1/ 3/ 4
fPH;;f;fJtha; ‛ 1/ 2/ 4
Kw;Wnkhid ‛ 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
rhd;W :
1. ,d; brhy; ,dpjPd;wy; (,iz nkhid)
1 2
2. Jwe;jhh; bgUik Jizf;Twpd; (bghHpg;g[)
1 3
3. epiwbkhHp khe;jh; bgUik epyj;J (x%c)
1 4
4. jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; j§fh tpaDyfk;. (TiH)
1 2 3
 5. fw;f frlwf; fw;git fw;wgpd; (Kw;W)
1 2 3 4

2012 rpj;jpiu Kjy; ehs; tH§fg;bgw;w tpUJfs;

1. jkpH;j;jha; tpUJ - (kJiuj; jkpH;r; r§fj; jiyth;). eh. Fku nrJgjp

( 5yl;rk;/ nflak;/ ghuhl;Lr;rhd;wpjH;)
2. mt;itahh; tpUJ - jpUkjp. xa;. #p. ghh;j;jrhujp
3. fgpyh; tpUJ - nguhrphpah; m. m. kzthsd;
(brd;idg; gy;fiyfHf Kd;dhs; jiyth;/ jkpH;j;Jiw)
4. c.nt.rh. tpUJ - br. uhR (bjhy;ypay; Jiw Kd;dhs; jiyth;)

(2-4 tiuapyhd tpUJfs; jyh 1 ,yl;rk; %gha;/ 8 rtud; j§fg;gjf;fk;/

ghuhl;Lg;gj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
**********************

ghl¤Â£l xU§»iz¥ò

e. jhkiu¡f©z‹ M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.,

b#a nfhghš fnuhoah njÁa nkšãiy¥gŸë
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