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CHAPTER:-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR ENERGY

In today's world of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concern,

alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be
investigated. One such alternative is solarenergy.

Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly by the sun and
collected elsewhere, normally the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a
thermonuclear process that converts about 650,000,0001tons of hydrogen to
helium every second. The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation.
The heat remains in the sun and is instrumental in maintaining the thermonuclear
reaction. The electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-red light,
and ultra-violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions.

Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The
radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of
energy used today. The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission
and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they were once living
plants and animals whose life was dependent upon the sun.

Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power.
More still can be provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be
examined, as well as the benefits and drawbacks. In addition, the uses solar
energy is currently applied to will benoted.

Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a
functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and a
storage unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and
converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or
heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of
solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be
received. At night or during heavy cloud cover, for example, the amount of

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energy produced by the collector will be quite small. The storage unit can hold
the excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and
release it when the productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is
usually added, too, for the situations when the amount of energy required is
greater than both what is being produced and what is stored in the container.

1.2 NEED OF SOLAR INVERTER

There are two types of sources for electrical power generation. One is
conventional and other is non- conventional. Today to generate most of electrical
power conventional sources like coal, gas, nuclear power generators are used.
Some of conventional source are polluted the environment to generate the
electricity. And nuclear energy is not much preferable because of its harmful
radiation effect on the mankind. After some of ten years conventional sources
will not sufficient enough to fulfill the requirements of the mankind. So some of
the electrical power should be generated by non-conventional energy sources like
solar, wind .With the continuously reducing the cost of PV power generation and
the further intensification of energy crisis, PV power generation technology
obtains more and more application.

Conventionally, there are two ways in which electrical power is transmitted.

Direct current (DC) comes from a source of constant voltage and is suited to
short-range or device level transmission. Alternating current (AC) power consists
of a sinusoidal voltage source in which a continuously changing voltage (and
current) can be used to employ magnetic components. Long distance electrical
transmission favors AC power, since the voltage can be boosted easily with the
use of transformers. By boosting the voltage, less current is needed to deliver a
given amount of power to a load, reducing the resistive loss throughconductors.

The adoption of AC power has created a trend where most devices adapt AC
power from an outlet into DC power for use by the device. However, AC power
is not always available and the need for mobility and simplicity has given
batteries an advantage in portable power. Thus, for portable AC power, inverters
are needed. Inverters take a DC voltage from a battery or a solar panel as input,
and convert it into an AC voltage output.
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CHAPTER:-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of our project is to design and construct a PV based inverter
system that produces electric energy and operates in dual mode, supplying stand-
alone AC loads, while minimizing its cost and size.

1. The author Radhey Shyam, Meena Singh, published a paper in the year 2014
and is entitled as ‘Grid Connected Roof Top Solar Power Generation: A Review’
(2014) was based upon photovoltaic rooftop installation at the tail end of the grid .
 It provide generation of environmental clean energy and consumer becomes
generator for his own electricity requirement,but drawback of energy production.

2. The author Ruchika Thukral, Gulshan Kumar, published a paper in the year
2015 and the survey paper entitled as ‘Microcontroller Based Solar Power
Inverters’ (2015) was based upon power inverters and single chip
microcontroller.

 It provides reliable and easy implementation of system but it’s costing was more
than other system.

3. Author santhosh kumar published a paper entitled as ‘PIC16F72 Microcontroller

Based Solar Powered UPS’(2016) was based upon maximum voltage amplifier
and Boost charging method.

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Here we design and develop an solar inverter system that provides an AC output at a
certain required voltage level and frequency with controlled rectification. The inverter
will supply an AC source from a DC source. The described design of the system will
produce the desired output of the project.

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CHAPTER:-3

3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The world demand for electric energy is constantly increasing, and conventional
energy resources are diminishing and are even threatened to be depleted.
Moreover; their prices are rising. For these reasons, the need for alternative
energy sources has become indispensable, and solar energy in particular has
proved to be a very promising alternative because of its availability and
pollution-free nature.
Due to the increasing efficiencies and decreasing cost of photovoltaic cells and
the improvement of the switching technology used for power conversion, our
goal is to design an inverter powered by PV panels and that could supply stand-
alone ACloads.

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CHAPTER:-4

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

FIG 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR BASED UPS

4.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output
of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current
(AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid
electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing
the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions
adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point
tracking and anti-islanding protection

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4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG 4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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4.5 DESCRPITION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

This circuit is DC to AC inverter, the dc power generated from solar panel is

supplied to the battery through charge controller circuit where the battery charging is
controlled and the dc voltage is stored in battery and the output of the battery is
connected to input if the inverter circuit, where the circuit work based on the stable
multi-vibrator does. On this circuit using CD4047 IC as the heart of multi-vibrator that
functions to generate a wave 50Hz is not stable, because this type of IC to provide a
complementary output stage, contrary to the other (pins 10 and 11, as shown), and 50%
of the cycle to meet the obligation to produce pulse inverter.

Circuit is called a simple DC to AC inverter, as there is no output signal is not sinusoidal,

and there were lots of harmonic signals on the output. To suppress this signal we have to
use a filter such as capacitor C. Because of this simplicity is only suitable circuits for
lighting needs. To build a sinusoidal inverter DC to AC. At the circuit this multivibrator is
used to make power is too high, then we have to use the MOSFET IRFZ44. IRFZ44
provide high current to drive step-up transformer, so power is available in addition to the
high voltage transformer.

The power MOSFETs are connected in Push Pull configuration (Power amplifier).
The MOSFETs will switch according to the pulse from CD4047 astablemultivibrator.
Thus an AC voltage is transferred to the primary of transformer; it is stepped up to 230V.
The transformer used here is an ordinary step down transformer which is connected in
inverted manner. That is, the primary of a 230V to 12V-0-12V step down transformer
can be treated as secondary for this inverter project. This circuit uses 12V input (12V
battery) to out 220V 50HZ.

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CHAPTER:-5

a. COMOPNENTS REQUIRED

TABLE 5.1 COMPONENTS AND SPECIFICATION

COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS
SOLAR PANEL
IC LM317 LM317
IC CD4047 CD4047
RESISTORS 1K,18K, 100Ω- 0.5W
CAPACITORS 0.22µF
MOSFET IRFZ44
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 230V/12V-0-12V,5A
BATTERY 12V,4.5Ah
MISCELLANEOUS

5.2 COMOPNENTS DESCRIPTION

IC LM317 -VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The LM317 adjustable three terminal Positive voltage Regulator used here and it can give
output voltage range from 1.25 V to 37 V with more than 1.5A current rating. final output
from the regulator is given to 12/4.5Ah SLA Battery, this Battery provides DC bias to the
inverter circuit.

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RESISTOR

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current
in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an
active device such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC)
circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and
directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law.
In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not
contain inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The
most common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor.
Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance
depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the
resistance.

Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an insulating
form. This component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to handle higher currents than
a carbon composition resistor of the same physical size. However, because the wire is
wound into a coil, the component acts as an inductors as well as exhibiting resistance.
This does not affect performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in
AC circuits because inductance renders the device sensitive to changes in output.

MOSFET

MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a special type of field-

effect transistor (FET) that works by electronically varying the width of a channel
along which charge carriers (electrons or holes) flow. The wider the channel, the better
the device conducts. The charge carriers enter the channel at the source, and exit via the
drain. The width of the channel is controlled by the voltage on an electrode called the
gate, which is located physical between the source and the drain and is insulated from
the channel by an extremely thin layer of metal oxide.

The MOSFET has certain advantages over the conventional junction FET, or JFET.
Because the gate is insulated electrically from the channel, no current flows between the
gate and the channel, no matter what the gate voltage (as long as it does not become so
great that it causes physical breakdown of the metallic oxide layer).
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Thus, the MOSFET has practically infinite impedance . This makes MOSFETs
useful for power amplifiers. The devices are also well suited to high-speed switching
applications. Some integrated circuits (ICs) contain tiny MOSFETs and are used in
computers.

FIG 5.3 MOSFET

Because the oxide layer is so thin, the MOSFET is susceptible to permanent

damage by electrostatic charges. Even a small electrostatic buildup can destroy a
MOSFET permanently. In weak-signal radio-frequency (RF) work, MOSFET devices do
not generally perform as well as other types of FET.

IC CD4047

The CD4047B is capable of operating in either the monostable or astable mode. It

requires an external capacitor (between pins 1 and 3) and an external resistor (Between
pins 2 and 3) to determine the output pulse width in the monostable mode, and the output
frequency in the astable mode. Astable operation is enabled by a high level on the astable
input or low level on the astable input. The output frequency (at 50% duty cycle) at Q
and Q outputs is determined by the timing components. A frequency twice that of Q is
available at the Oscillator Output; a 50% duty cycle is not guaranteed.

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Monostable operation is obtained when the device is triggered by LOW-to-HIGH

transition at + trigger input or HIGH-to-LOW transition at - trigger input. The
device can be retriggered by applying a simultaneous LOW-to-HIGH transition to
both the + trigger and retrigger inputs. A high level on Reset input resets the outputs Q to
LOW, Q to HIGH.

FIG 5.2 IC CD4047

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CHAPTER:-6

6.1 ADVANTAGES

 Constant and uninterrupted supply.

 There is no requirement of electricity and manpower to operate the

device.

 With no moving parts involved, its efficiency is further enhanced.

 It acts as a power back up solution.

 Circuit can be checked with 12 volt (DC) universal power supply.

 It is one of the methods of renewable generation.

 This is an ecofriendly means of power generation.

 It can be used in distant villages where transmission cost is much high.

 Reduction in consumption from conventional sources of energy.

DISADVANTAGES

 Initial cost of installation is very high.

 Area required for installation is large.

 It will be less effective in rainy days.

 Protection system installment is very high.

 Cause problems to eye sight because of solar reflectors

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6.2 APPLICATIONS

 DC POWER SOURCE UTILIZATION

 REMOTE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.

 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION.

 SOLAR POWER BASED TRANSPORT SYSTEM.

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CHAPTER:-7

7.1 EXPECTED RESULT

The described design of the system will produce the desired output of the project. The
inverter will supply an AC source from a DC source.

The project described is valuable for the promising potentials it holds within, ranging
from the long run economic benefits to the important environmental advantages. This
work will mark one of the few attempts and contributions in the Arab world, in the field
of renewable energy; where such projects could be implemented extensively. With the
increasing improvements in solar cell technologies and power electronics, such projects
would have more value added and should receive more attention and support.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

As whole world is facing a problem of global warming and energy crisis, our project will
help to reduce these problems by using solar energy to generate electricity. Solar energy
is an infinite source of energy. Main motto of our project is to promote use of renewable
energy sources. This project is most useful in our life because in this project one time
investment fixed on life time. In future one day nonrenewable energy will end then we
will use to the renewable energy.

The solar inverter made by us is just a prototype for making future projects which
incorporate advanced technologies like micro controlled solar tracking, charge control,
etc. this is to show that solar inverters are very cheap and easy to install so that the energy
demands are shifted on using renewable sources of energy. There is more advancements
pending in this field which will revolutionise the energy stream and solar energy will be
playing the most important role of all.

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REFERENCES

[1] Mr. Radhey Shyam Meena, Mr. Jeetendra Singh Rathore, Ms. Shivani Johri.,
2014, Grid Connected Roof Top Solar Power Generation: A Review, International
Journal of Development and research.
,
[2]Ruchika Thukral, Gulshan Kumar, Ankit Gupta.,2015., Microcontroller Based
Solar Power Inverters, IJEE .

[3] Santhosh Kumar, M. L. Sudheer., 2016, Microcontroller Based Solar Powered

UPS, International Journal of Electrical Systems & Control (IJESC).

[4]Protik Kumar Das, Mir Ahasan Habib,Mohammed Mynuddin., 2015,

Microcontroller Based Automatic Solar Tracking System with Mirror Booster,
International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy .

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