GENETICS

CURRICULUM
OF
GENETICS
FOR
BS
&
MS/MPhil
(Revised 2017)
HIGHER EDUCATION
COMMISSION
ISLAMABAD
1
CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC
Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman, HEC
Prof. Dr. Arshad Ali Executive Director, HEC
Mr. Muhammad Raza Chohan Director General (Acad)
Dr. Muhammad Idrees Director (Curriculum)
Syeda Sanober Rizvi Deputy Director (Curri)
Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque Assistant Director (Curri)

Assistant Director (Curri)
Mr. Muhammad Faisal Khan
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Minutes of the final meeting 7

2. Bachelor of Science for BS in Genetics 11
3. Scheme of Studies for 4 years of BS Program 12
4. List of Courses for 4-Year in BS Genetics 14
5. Detail of Courses for BS Genetics 16
6. Scheme of Studies for MS/MPhil 2 – Year in Genetics
Program 43
7. Recommendations 46
8. Compulsory subjects (Annexures – A, B, C) 47
Composed by: Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC, Islamabad
PREFACE
The curriculum, with varying definitions, is said to be a plan of the
teachinglearning process that students of an academic programme are
required to undergo to achieve some specific objectives. It includes scheme of
studies, objectives & learning outcomes, course contents, teaching
methodologies and assessment/ evaluation. Since knowledge in all disciplines
and fields is expanding at a fast pace and new disciplines are also emerging;
it is imperative that curricula be developed and revised accordingly.
3
University Grants Commission (UGC) was designated as the competent
authority to develop, review and revise curricula beyond Class-XII vide Section
3, Sub-Section 2 (ii), Act of Parliament No. X of 1976 titled “Supervision of
Curricula and Textbooks and Maintenance of Standard of Education”. With the
repeal of UGC Act, the same function was assigned to the Higher Education
Commission (HEC) under its Ordinance of 2002, Section 10, Sub-Section 1
(v).
In compliance with the above provisions, the Curriculum Division of HEC
undertakes the revision of curricula regularly through respective National
Curriculum Revision Committees (NCRCs) which consist of eminent
professors and researchers of relevant fields from public and private sector
universities, R&D organizations, councils, industry and civil society by seeking
nominations from their organizations.
In order to impart quality education which is at par with indigenous needs and
international standards, HEC NCRCs have developed unified framework/
templates as guidelines for the development and revision of curricula in the
disciplines of Basic Sciences, Applied Sciences, Social Sciences, Agriculture
and Engineering.
It is hoped that this curriculum document, prepared by the respective NCRC’s,
would serve the purpose of meeting our national, social and economic needs,
and it would also provide the level of competency specified in Pakistan
Qualification Framework to make it compatible with international educational
standards. The curriculum is also placed on the website of HEC
http://hec.gov.pk/english/services/universities/RevisedCurricula/Pages/default.aspx
(Muhammad Raza Chohan) Director General (Academics)
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV
4
CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT
CONSIDERATION STAGE
FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP
COLLECTION OF
EXP NOMINATION
UNI, R&D, APPRAISAL OF 1ST
INDUSTRY & DRAFT BY EXP PREP. OF FINAL QUESTIONNAIRE
COUNCILS CURRI.
CONS. OF NCRC.
FINALIZATION OF COMMENTS
DRAFT BY NCRC PRINTING OF
CURRI.
PREP. OF DRAFT
BY NCRC REVIEW
Abbreviations
Used: IMPLE. OF
NCRC. National Curriculum Revision CURRI.
Committee
VCC. Vice Chancellor’s Committee
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges ORIENTATION BACK TO STAGE-I
COURSES BY
UNI. Universities LI, HEC
PREP. Preparation
REC. Recommendations
LI Learning Innovation
R&D Research & Development Organization
HEC Higher Education Commission
CONS: Constitution
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
5
MINUTES OF THE FINAL MEETING:
The Final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee in the discipline
of Genetics was held at HEC Regional Centre, Karachi from April 12-14, 2017,
with the objective to finalize the preliminary curriculum of BS and MS
Programme in Genetics prepared by the Committee in its previous meeting
that was held from November 9-11, 2016 and to make recommendations for
the promotion and development of the discipline. The following members
attended the meeting:-
6
Sr. No. Name & Address Status
1. Dr. Ghulam Sarwar Markhand,
Professor, CONVENER
Department of Botany,
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur.
2. Dr. Abdul Samad Mumtaz
Associate Professor SECRETARY
Department of Plant Sciences,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
3. Dr. Hidayat ur Rahman, MEMBER
Meritorious Professor/Chairman,
Department of Plant Breeding &
Genetics,
The University of Agriculture,
Peshawar.
4. Dr. Ali Muhammad, MEMBER
Professor/Chairman,
Department of Zoology,
Islamia College University, Peshawar.
5. Dr. Iftikhar Hussain Khalil, MEMBER
Professor,
Department of Plant Breeding &
Genetics,
University of Agriculture,
Peshawar.
6. Dr. Shaukat Iqbal Malik, MEMBER
Associate Professor,
Department of Bioinformatics &
Biosciences, Capital University of
Science and Technology, Islamabad
Expressway, Sihala, Islamabad.
7. Dr. Tayyaba Sultana, MEMBER

Professor,
Government College University,
Faisalabad.
7
8. Dr. Muhammad Ilyas, MEMBER
Director,
Centre for Human Genetics,
Hazara University, Mansehra.
9. Dr. Muhammad Qasim, MEMBER
Assistant Professor,
Department of Bioinformatics &
Biotechnology,
Government College University,
Faisalabad.
10. Dr. Nadia Khan,
Assistant Professor, MEMBER
Department of Genetics,
University of Karachi, Karachi.
11. Dr. Syed Kashif Nawaz. Assistant MEMBER
Professor,
University of Sargodha, Sargodha
12. Dr. Syyeda Samra Jafri MEMBER
Department of Biochemistry
Government College Women
University,
Madina Town, Faisalabad.
13. Dr. Shahid Ali, MEMBER
Centre for Biotechnology &
Microbiology,
University of Swat, Swat.
14. Dr. Noor Muhammad, MEMBER
Department of Biotechnology &
Genetic Engineering, Kohat University
of Science & Technology, Kohat.
15. Dr. Amjad Ali MEMBER
Centre for Human Genetics,
Hazara University, Mansehra.
16. Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, COORDINATOR

Assistant Director (Curriculum),
8
Higher Education Commission
Sector H-9, Islamabad.
Following Members attended the Preliminary meeting but could not attend the
final meeting:
Dr. Habib Ahmed (TI), (Honorary Member)

Professor/Vice Chancellor,
Islamia College University, Peshawar.
Dr. Raziuuddin,
Professor,
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, The
University of Agriculture, Peshawar.
Dr. Syed Mehar Ali Shah
Associate Professor,
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, The
University of Agriculture, Peshawar.
Dr. Muhammad Naeem
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics The
Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad
Campus, Bahawalpur.
2. The meeting started with recitation of verses from the Quran-e-Majeed

by Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant Director, HEC. Mr. Javed Memon,
Director Regional Centre, Karachi, HEC welcomed the participants and
thanked all the members of the committee for sparing precious time for
this national cause. He further added that their efforts will go long way
in developing workable, useful and comprehensive degree programmes
in Genetics.
Mr. Riaz ul Haque briefed the participants about the aims and objectives of the
meeting with a particular focus on horizontal and vertical alignment of course
contents, Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) according to Blooms Taxonomy,
in order to make the curriculum compatible with international standards,
indigenous demands as well as ensuring the uniformity of academic standards
within the country.
9
3. The members of the Committee unanimously selected Dr. Ghulam
Sarwar Markhand, Professor, Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif
University, Khairpur and Dr. Abdul Samad Mumtaz, Associate
Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad, as Convener and Secretary of the NCRC, respectively. Mr.
Riaz-ul-Haque then requested the Convener of the committee to head
the proceedings of all technical sessions of meeting for three days.
The Convener thanked the participants for his selection and started
proceedings of the meeting in accordance with the agenda. The Committee,
during the proceedings of the meeting, considered the inputs given by the
members of the Committee and incorporated their suggestions where
necessary in the curriculum.
4. After thorough discussion and having three days deliberations, the

committee achieved the following objectives:-
i. Finalized the Reviewed Curriculum of Genetics for BS

and MS Programmes, so as to bring it at par with
international standards.
ii. Incorporated latest reading and writing material

against each course.
iii. Made recommendations for promotion and

development of the discipline of Genetics.
The Convener of the NCRC thanked the members for their inputs in finalizing
the preliminary draft curriculum of Genetics by keeping in view of the
requirements of the country and to make it more practical, competitive and
effective.
5. Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant Director Curriculum HEC thanked the

Convener, the Secretary and all the members of the committee for
sparing their precious time and valuable contribution towards
preparation of the final draft curriculum in the discipline of Genetics.
6. The Committee appreciated the efforts made by the officials of HEC

Regional Centre, Karachi and Assistant Director, Curriculum for making
proper arrangements to facilitate the members of committee.
7. The meeting ended with vote of thanks to and from the chair.
10
Bachelor of Science (BS) in Genetics
Eligibility:
Intermediate or Equivalent with not less than 45% marks
Duration:
Four years program spread over 8 Semesters with two Semesters per Year.
Degree Requirement:
Minimum of 130 Credits are required to complete Bachelor of Science in

Genetics.
Evaluation:
For the uniformity in the evaluation system, NCRC recommends that the
minimum CGPA required to pass a semester is 2.0 out of 4.0 at
undergraduate level.
11
Scheme of Study for 4 - Year BS Genetics
(Total Credit Hours 136)
Course
Semester-1 Cr. Hrs
code
ENG300 English – I 3 (3+0)
GEN301 Cell Biology 3 (2+1)
MAT300 Mathematics - I 3 (3+0)
CS 300 Introduction to Computing 2 (1+1)
300 Elective –I** 3 (2+1)
300 Elective – II** 3 (2+1)
Total 17
Course
Semester-2 Cr. Hrs
code
ENG300 English - II 3 (3+0)
GEN302 Principles of Genetics 4 (3+1)
MAT300 Mathematics – II 3 (3+0)
SOC300 1 course of Social Sci.* 2 (2+0)
300 Elective –I** 3 (2+1)
300 Elective –II** 3 (2+1)
Total 18
Course
Semester-3 Cr. Hrs
code
ENG400 English – III 3 (3+0)
GEN401 Cytogenetics 3 (2+1)
GEN402 Principles of Biochemistry 4 (3+1)
PS 400 Pakistan Studies 2 (2+0)
400 Elective –I** 3 (2+1)
400 Elective –II** 3 (2+1)
Total 18
Course
Semester-4 Cr. Hrs
code
12
ENG400 English (Communication Skills) 3 (3+0)
GEN403 Molecular Biology 3 (2+1)
GEN404 Biometry – I 3 (2+1)
ISL 400 Islamic Studies/Ethics 2 (2+0)
400 Elective-I** 3 (2+1)
400 Elective-II** 3 (2+1)
Total 17
Course
Semester-5 Cr. Hrs
code
GEN501 Genetics and Evolution 4 (4+0)
GEN502 Molecular Genetics 4 (3+1)
GEN503 Microbial Genetics 4 (3+1)
GEN504 Population Genetics 3 (2+1)
GEN505 Principles of Breeding 3 (2+1)
Total 18
Course
Semester-6 Cr. Hrs
code
GEN506 Physiological Genetics 4 (3+1)
GEN507 Genetic Engineering 4 (3+1)
GEN508 Human Genetics 3 (2+1)
GEN509 Biometry – II 4 (3+1)
GEN510 Bioinformatics 3 (2+1)
Total 18
Course
Semester-7 Cr. Hrs
code
GEN601 Biosafety and Bioethics 3 (2+1)
GEN602 Developmental Genetics 3 (3+0)
GEN603 Biotechnology 3 (2+1)
GEN604 Research Techniques 4 (2+2)
GEN605 Genomics and Proteomics 3 (2+1)
GEN606 Seminar-I/Report Writing 1 (0+1)
Total 17
Course
Semester-8 Cr. Hrs
code
13
GEN607 Immunogenetics 3 (2+1)
GEN608 Genetic Resources and Conservation 3 (2+1)
Seminar-II
GEN609 Special Paper-I 1 (0+1)
GEN610 Special Paper II 3 (0+0)
onwards Or 3 (0+0)
Special Paper 3 (0+0)
Internship 3 (0+3)
Or
Research 6 (0+6)
Total 13
* Select from Sociology, Psychology, Social work, Criminology, Psychiatry,

Special Education
** Select from List of Minor (Elective Subject)
^ Student can opt for 2 special papers or 1 special paper and internship or
research of 6 Cr. Hrs. Credit hrs for special paper (theory & practical)
will be defined by the respective university
List of Courses for 4 - Year BS Genetics A.

Core Course
Course No. Courses Credit Hours
GEN301 – Cell Biology 3(2+1)
GEN302 – Principles of Genetics 4(3+1)
GEN401 – Cytogenetics 3(2+1)
GEN402 – Principles of Biochemistry 4(3+1)
GEN403 – Molecular Biology 3(2+1)
GEN404 – Biometry – I 3(2+1)
GEN501 – Genetics and Evolution 4(4+0)
GEN502 – Molecular Genetics 4(3+1)
GEN503 – Microbial Genetics 4(3+1)
GEN504 – Population Genetics 3(2+1)
GEN505 – Principles of Breeding 3(2+1)
GEN506 – Physiological Genetics 4(3+1)
GEN507 – Genetic Engineering 4(3+1)
GEN508 – Human Genetics 3(2+1)
GEN509 – Biometry – II 4(3+1)
GEN510 – Bioinformatics 3(2+1)
GEN601 – Biosafety and Bioethics 3(2+1)
GEN602 – Developmental Genetics 3(3+0)
GEN603 – Introduction to Biotechnology 3(2+1)
GEN604 – Research Techniques 4(2+2)
14
GEN605 – Genomics and Proteomics 3(2+1)
GEN606 – Seminar I/Report Writing 1(0+1)
GEN607 – Immunogenetics 3(2+1)
GEN608 – Genetic Resources and Conservation 3(2+1)
GEN609 – Seminar II 1(0+1)
GEN610 – Special Paper I/Special Paper II 3(0+0)
GEN610 – Internship 3(0+3)
GEN610 – Research 6(0+6)
B. Elective Courses to be opted in following disciplines
1. Microbiology
2. Botany/Plant Sciences
3. Zoology/Animal Sciences
4. Physiology
5. Chemistry
6. Biochemistry
7. Biotechnology
C. Compulsory Courses to be opted in following disciplines
1. English
2. Islamic Studies
3. Pakistan Studies
4. Mathematics
5. Introduction to Computing
D. Supporting Courses
1. Sociology
2. Community Services
3. Active Citizenship
4. Psychology
5. Management (Entrepreneurship Management)
15
DETAIL OF COURSES FOR BS GENETICS 4 –
YEAR DEGREE PROGRAM
GEN 301 - Cell Biology 3 (2 + 1)
Course Learning Outcomes:

This course will enable students to comprehend:
• Structure and basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
membranes and organelles
• Cellular components used to generate and utilize energy in cells, the
cellular components underlying cell division
• Apply the knowledge of cell biology to understand the cell function
Theory:
History and developments in cell biology. Features of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells. Ultrastructure of cell, cell organelles and their functions (plant,
animal, bacteria and viruses). Cell wall: physico-chemical structure. Plasma
membrane (permeability, active transport, endocytosis and cell to cell
interaction), endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, ribosomes, plastids, vacuoles, centrioles,
cytoskeleton (microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments),
nucleus and nucleolus. Chromosomes: morphology, physical and chemical
composition in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cell Cycle and control of cell
cycle. Mitosis; organizational and functional role of apparatus, cytokinesis and
significance. Meiosis; significance and genetic consequences, comparison of
mitosis and meiosis.
Practical:
• Introduction to laboratory equipment and safety measures.
• Handling and use of various types of microscopes.
• Demonstration of cell structure through micrograph of electron
microscope.
• Cell structure of plant and animal specimen.
• Streaming movement of cytoplasm in staminal hairs of Tradescantia
Histochemical staining of nucleic acids.
• Mitosis: smear preparation of onion roots.
• Meiosis: smear preparation from insects and plants.
• Observation of plastids (leucoplasts, chloroplast and chromoplast)
16
Recommended Books:
1. Campbell Biology 10th Edition by Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry Michael L.
Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson.
Publisher Pearsons 2013.
2. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th Edition. by Bruce Alberts, Alexander
Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter, Publisher
Garland Science 2014.
3. Essential Cell Biology 3rd Edition by Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Karen
Hopkin, Alexander D Johnson, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin
Raff, Keith Roberts. Publisher Garland Science, 2009
4. Molecular Cell Biology. 5th Edition by Lodish, H., D. Baltimore, A. Berk, S.
L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira, and J. Darnell, Scientific American Books, W.
H. Freeman and Company, New York. 2005.
5. Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology 3rd Edition by
Abraham L Kierszenbaum , Laura L.Tres Published by Elsevier, 2011.
6. www.cellsalive.com;
7. http://www.cellbiol.com;
8. http://www.cellimagelibrary.org
GEN 302 – Principles of Genetics 4 (3+1)

• Basic principles of inheritance at molecular, cellular and organismal
levels;
• Causal relationships between molecular/cellular processes and
organismal patterns of heredity
• Application of this knowledge in a variety of problem-solving situations
Theory:
Introduction and history of genetics. Heredity and variation. Mendel’s laws of
inheritance. Chromosomal theory of inheritance. Non-Mendelian inheritance
(epistasis and its types, lethality and pleiotropism). Multiple alleles (ABO blood
group system) and polygenic traits (Rh factor). Linkage and crossing over.
Gene mapping. Sex linkage, sex determination and sex linked inheritance, sex
influenced, sex limited, genomic imprinting and holandric genes. Qualitative
and quantitative inheritance. Gene and environment: penetrance, expressivity,
pleiotropism and phenocopies. Twin studies. Mutations. Extra–nuclear
inheritance: maternal inheritance. Pedigree analysis.
Practical:
• Problems related to the topics in theory.
17
• Pedigree analysis
• Preparation of culture medium and maintenance of Drosophila cultures
in lab.
• Detection of polytene chromosomes in Drosophila
• Blood groups-ABO blood groups and Rh factors
• Gene mapping
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Genetics, 7th Edition. D. Peter Snustad, Michael J. Simmons
published by Wiley, 2016.
2. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th Edition. Bruce Alberts, Alexander
Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter. Publisher
by Garland Science 2014.
3. Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology 3rd Edition by
Abraham L Kierszenbaum, Laura L. Tres. Published by Elsevier, 2011.
4. Lewin's GENES XI by Jocelyn E. Krebs, Elliott S. Goldstein, Stephen T.
Kilpatrick. Published by Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2013.
5. Genetics and Cytology: with an introduction to Evolution. Baquar, R.
Published by National Book Foundation. 2007.
6. Genetics: A conceptual approach, 4th Edition. Benjamin Pearce, Published
by Freeman and Company. 2012.
7. Genetics: Analysis and Principles. 4th Edition. Brooker R. J. McGraw-Hill
Book Co. Bostan. USA. 2011.
8. Introduction to Genetic Analysis. Griffiths, A. J. F, J. H. Miller, D. T. Suzuki,
R. C. Lewontin and M. W. Gelbart. Published by Freeman Company, 2005.
9. Essential Genetics: a genomic perspective. 5th edition. Hartl Daniel L.
Published by Jones and Bartlett, USA. 2011.
10. http://knowgenetics.org
11. http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm
12. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer5.htm
GEN 401 – Cytogenetics 3 (2+1)

• The theoretical scope of cytogenetics
• Its applications in genome biology, evolutionary genetics, crop
improvement and clinical pathology.
Theory:
18
Introduction and history of cytogenetics. Cell and DNA containing organelles.
Morphology and ultrastructure of chromosomes. Cell cycle: mitosis and
meiosis. Synaptonemal complexes, its mechanism and cytological evidences.
Nucleolar Organizing Regions (NORs). Chromosome function: Lyon
hypothesis, special types of chromosomes: polytene, lampbrush and
Bchromosomes. Position effects. Chromosomal aberrations: Numerical and
structural chromosomal aberrations. Chromosome systems (parthenogenesis
and apomixis). Induced chromosome doubling and behavior of chromosomes
in interspecific and intraspecific crosses. Karyotyping and banding
techniques. Molecular cytogenetic techniques (ISH, FISH, GISH)
Practical:
• Microscopy; simple, compound, phase contrast, dark field, fluorescent
and scanning, transmission electron microscopy Cell culture and
staining techniques.
• Study of mitosis and meiosis in plants and animals.
• Preparation of permanent slides.
• Study of special types of chromosomes.
• Problems on gametogenesis and chromosomal aberrations.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Genetics & Cytogenetics– Ponam Panday. Wiley Publsihers.
7th Edition. 2015.
2. Cytogenetics Abnormalities: Chromosomal, FISH, and Microarray-Based
Clinicial Reporting and Interpersonal of Result by Susan Mahler Zneimer,
Wiley Blackwell, 2014
3. The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics, Steven L. Gersen Martha B.
Keagle, Springer, 2013
4. A text book of Molecular Cytogenetics, Ashok Kumar & Meena Srivastan,
Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, 2012
5. Fundamentals of Cytogenetics and Genetics. Mahabal Ram. Published by
Prentics Hall India Learning private limited 2010
National Book Foundation. 2007
7. Cytogenetics. Rajan, S. S. Anmol Publications. 2004.
8. Plants Cytogenetics. 2nd Ed. Singh, R. J. CRC Press, USA. 2002.
9. Cytogenetics: The chromosome in division, inheritance and evolution 2 nd
Edition. Swanson, C. P., Merz, T. and Young, W. J. Prentice – Hall Inc.
1990.
10. http://cse.fra.affrc.go.jp/ksaitoh/C-banding-e.html
11. https://www.utmb.edu/pedi_ed/CORE/MedicalGenetics/page_01.htm
12. http://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com
13. http://bowlingsite.mcf.com/genetics
19
GEN 402 – Principles of Biochemistry 4 (3+1)

• Principles of biochemistry and role of biological molecules in cell
• The structure and function of major classes of biological molecules
Theory:
Introduction to biochemistry and its importance in life sciences.
Macromolecules: (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids) types
and their biological role. Carbohydrates: Occurrence, classification, chemistry
and metabolism, optical activity. Lipids: occurrence, classification, structure
and chemistry of fatty acids. Proteins: Amino acids occurrence, classification,
structure, and chemistry. Levels of proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary structures. Nucleic Acids: introduction, purine and pyrimidine
bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, structure and properties of DNA and RNA,
types and functions of RNA. Properties and role of enzymes, hormones and
vitamins in metabolism.
Practical:
• Preparation of standard solutions and buffers.
• Chromatographic separation of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.
• Extraction and quantification of macro-molecules (RNA, DNA and
Proteins).
• Estimation of enzyme activity from plant or animal source.
• Estimation of vitamin in a specimen.
Recommended Books:
1. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th Edition by Bruce Alberts, Alexander
Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter. Publisher
2. Principles of Biochemistry 6th Edition by Lehninger A. L., David L. Nelson,
Michael M. Cox, Publisher W.H. Freeman, 2012.
3. Essential Cell Biology 3rd Edition Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Karen
Hopkin, Alexander D Johnson, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin
Raff, Keith Roberts. Publisher Garland Science, 2009
4. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7th Edition, Thomas
M. Devlin ISBN: 978-0-470-60976-7 Es, 2010
5. Outlines of Biochemistry. Conn E. E. and P. K. Stumpf, John Wiley and
Sons Inc. Publishing Co. New York. 2002.
20
7. Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Mathews C. K., K. E. Van Holde, K. G. Ahern,
Benjamin/Cummings; 2000.
8. Biochemistry. 6th Edition. Stryer, L. W.H. Freeman Co. 2006.
9. Biochemistry: a short course. Tymoczko, J. L., Berg, J. N., Stryer, L. W. H.
Freeman. 2009.
10. http://www.prenhall.com/horton/
11. http://spdbv.vital-it.ch/TheMolecularLevel/Biochem/Text/Topics.html
GEN 403 – Molecular Biology 3 (2+1)

• The structure and function of nucleic acids and proteins
• Role and importance of the biomolecules in biological systems
Theory:
Introduction and concept of molecular biology. Molecular nature of hereditary
material, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. DNA replication in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes, Central dogma in molecular biology. Transcription, initiation
factors, Cis/Trans elements, post transcriptional modifications. Translation,
post-translational modifications. Gene structure. Gene expression and
regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Mutagenesis: DNA damage and
repair mechanisms. DNA recombination. Latest topics in molecular biology.
Practical:
• Extraction and quantification of DNA, RNA and proteins
• Qualitative separation of macromolecules using electrophoresis.
Detection of mutants and mutagens e.g. AMES test AT/GC content
estimation.
Recommended Books:
Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter Publisher
2. Molecular Biology: Genes to Proteins. (Biological Science) 4th Edition by
Tropp, Burton E. Tropp, Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 4 edition, 2011.
3. Molecular Biology 2nd Edition David Clark Nanette Pazdernik Imprint:
Academic Cell Publishers 2012.
5. Molecular Biology: Genes to proteins 3rd Edition. Burton, E. Tropp. Jones
and Bartlett Publishers. 2008.
21
7. Genes-XI. Lewin, B., J. E. Krebs, E. S. Goldstein, S. T. Kilpatrick. Jones
& Bartlett Publishers, 2011.
8. Molecular Cell Biology. 8th Edition. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S. L.,
Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., and Darnell, J. E. W. H. Freeman, USA.
2016.
9.http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/bcintro/default.html
10. http://www.cellbio.com/protocols.html
GEN 404 – Biometry – I 3 (2+1)

• The theoretical basis of biometric analysis
• Interpreting experimentally derived biological data
Theory:
Introduction to biometry, population and samples, discrete and continuous
variables. Likert scale and its analysis. Measures of central value: mean,
median, mode. Measures of variability: range, variance, standard deviation,
standard error, co-efficient of variation. Presentation of data: table formulation,
Bar graph, Pie chart, frequency polygon, histogram. Probability. Permutations.
Distributions: binomial, normal and poison distributions.
Introduction to inference: general statistical problem: estimation and

hypothesis testing: t-distribution: hypothesis testing on population mean,
comparing two means: t-test, F-test (confirm further from Samra). Chi-square
tests: goodness of fit and test of association.
Practical:
• Introduction to utility of Minitab/SAS/SPSS/MSTAT etc.
• Acquisition of random sample from a population, recording data about a
continuous variable, and to plot bar graphs, array graphs histogram and
frequency polygons.
• Calculations of basic statistics using various methods. Mean, variance,
standard deviation, standard error, co-efficient of variability.
• Solving problems on probability.
• Comparison of two population means through unpaired and paired t-
tests.
• Testing various genetic ratios through Chi-square test of goodness of fit
and heterogeneity.
• Problems on Chi-square test for independence.
22
Recommended Books:
1. Natural Resources Biometrics, Geneseo, NY: Open SUNY Textbooks, by
Diane Kiernan and Epub with commentary at opensuny.org. 2014.
2. Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures. 3rd Edition, Benda
T. S. and A. G. Piersol, Wiley-Interscience; 2000.
3. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-I by Sher Muhammad Chaudhry by
Ilmi Kitab Khan 2011.
4. Introduction to statistical theory Part-II by Sher Muhammad Chaudhry by
Ilmi Kitab Khana Pakistan, 2013.
5. Introduction to Applied Statistics: A modeling approach. 2nd Edition.
Lindsey, J.K. 2004.
6. Statistical methods in Agriculture and Experimental Biology. 3rd Edition.
Mead, R., R.N. Curnow, and A.M. Hasted. Chapman and Hall/CRC. 2003.
7. Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials, 2nd edition, Norman G. R., Streiner,
D.
L. Streiner, B C Decker; 2000.
8. The Handbook of Applied Acceptance Sampling: Plans, Procedures and
Principles, 1st Edition, Stephens, K. S., American Society for Quality,
2001.
9. http://www.real-statistics.com
10. https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Math/Statistics/Software
11. https://phpartners.org/health_stats.html
12. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/guide/Statistics.html
13. http://www.claviusweb.net/statistics.html
GEN 501 – Genetics and Evolution 4 (4+0)

• Knowledge of extant species sharing descent from common ancestry
and how this fact explains the traits of living species
• How changes in the genetic composition of populations be explained
under natural selection and in the absence of selection
Theory:
The process and concepts of evolution, theories of origin in life, source of
variability (point mutations, genetic recombination and chromosomal
aberrations and their role in evolution), organization of genetic variability in
population, synthetic theory of evolution and its development, evolution of
genetic systems, Speciation and genetics of species formation, systems of
23
reproductive isolation and their role in evolution. Theories of evolution
(Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Molecular evolution).
Recommended Books:
1. Evolution by Carl T Bergstrom Published by WW Norton and Co, 2015
2. Evolution by D Loxton, Jim WW Smit, 2010
3. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function Evolution by Kenneth V
Kardong Published by MCGraw Hill, 2014
National Book Foundation. 2007.
5. Genetics and Evolution. Din-yan Yip. Manhatan-Marshal Cavendish
Education. 2010.
6. Evolution. Strickberger, M. W. John and Bartlett Publishers International,
USA. 2000.
7. Evolution of Plants. Willis, K. J. and J. C. McElwain. Oxford University
Press, Oxford, UK. 2002.
8. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_17
9. http://life.mcmaster.ca/evoldir.html
10. https://popmodels.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/gsr/packages/
11. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk
GEN 502 – Molecular Genetics 4 (3+1)

• Role of genes within cell
• Elucidation of the genetic code
• DNA organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Theory:
Introduction to molecular genetics. Molecular basis of heredity. Structure and
types of nucleic acids. Watson and Crick’s model of DNA. DNA replication:
models, mechanism and enzymes of replication. Genetic code. Properties and
evidences, deviation from universal code. Gene expression in pro and
eukaryotes: Promotors and various consensus sequences, types of RNA
polymerase, initiation and termination of transcription, differences in pro- and
eukaryotes. Mechanism of splicing and its control, translation, post
translational modifications. Gene regulation in pro and eukaryotes: Operon
concept, lactose operon and histidine operon, factors involved in eukaryotic
24
gene regulation. Gene recombination. Molecular mechanisms of DNA
recombination, gene conversion. Mutation: molecular basis, types of
mutagens. DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Transposable elements in
pro and eukaryotes. Introduction to forensic genetics.
Practical:
• Media preparation and bacterial culturing.
• Extraction of plasmid DNA.
• Detection of antibiotic resistant genes in bacteria Detection of mutants
in bacteria, yeasts and plants.
• Induction of mutations in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Recommended Books:
Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter Publisher
2. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 4th Edition by Larry Snyder, Joseph E.
Peters, Tina M. Henkin, Wendy Champness, Publisher: ASM Press; 2013
3. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 4th Edition Jeremy W. Dale, Simon F. Park
ISBN: 978-0-470-09388-7, Published by Wiley. 2005.
4. Lewin's GENES XI 11th Edition by Jocelyn E. Krebs, Elliott S. Goldstein,
Stephen T. Kilpatrick, Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2013.
5. Principles of Genetics, 7th Edition D. Peter Snustad, Michael J. Simmons,
2016.
6. Gene cloning and DNA analysis 6th Edition TA Brown. Published by Wiley.
2010.
7. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria 3rd Edition. Snyder, L and W. Champness.
ASM Press USA. 2007
8. Cloning, Gene Expression and Protein Purification: Experimental
Procedures and Process Rationale, Hardin C. C. et al. Oxford University
Press, 2001.
9. E. coli Gene Expression Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology),
Vaillancourt P. E., Humana Press, 2002.
10. Molecular analysis and genome discovery. Rapley, R. John Wiley & Sons.
2004.
11. http://abmgg.org/pages/training_accredprog.shtml
12. http://mycology.cornell.edu/fgenetic.html
13. http://bioweb.ensam.inra.fr/spodobase/
GEN 503 – Microbial Genetics 4 (3+1)
25
This course will enable students to gain:
• Comprehension in principles and concepts of microbial genetics
• Insight into current exciting topics in microbial genetics
• Understanding of how microbial genetics has advanced science and
society
Theory:
Introduction to microbial genetics. Morphology and life cycle of bacteria; single
and double stranded viruses and retroviruses. Genetic recombination in
bacteria (transformation, transduction and conjugation), and its significance.
Virulent and avirulent phages. Mu-phage and HIV structure, life cycle
integration and significance. Integrons, Prions. Bacterial restriction enzymes.
Gene mapping in bacteria: Mode of action of antibiotics and development of
resistance. Extra chromosomal elements: Plasmid classification with emphasis
on R- factors, bacteriocins, bio-degradative and yeast plasmids. Transposable
elements and Transposons: IS elements (types and function), Transposition.
Practical:
• Growth curve of bacteria.
• Observation of plaque formation on lawn of Bacterial culture
• Chromosomal DNA extraction
• Transformation
• Detection of plasmids in bacterial strains (plate method and gel
electrophoresis)
• Detection of mutants using replica plating techniques
Recommended Books:
1. Microbial Gene Techniques (Methods in Molecular Genetics), Vol. 6.
Adolph K. W., Academic Press; 1995.
2. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics. 5th Edition, Birge, E. A. Springer,
2006.
3. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 3rd Edition, Dale J., John Wiley and Sons
Ltd; 1998
4. Microbial Genetics, 3rd Edition, Maloy S. R., J. Jr Cronan. Jones and
Bartlett Pub; 2008.
5. Modern Microbial Genetics 2nd Edition, Streips U. N., R. E. Yasbin, John
Wiley and Sons; 2002
6. Fundamental bacteria genetics. Trun, N. and J. Trempy. Blackwell Pub
Co.
2004.
7. http://www.methods.info/index.html
26
8. http://www.academicinfo.net/bioimage.html
9. http://www.biology-pages.info/C/Caen.elegans.html
10. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/W/Welcome.html
GEN 504 – Population Genetics 3 (2+1)

• The quantitative nature of population genetics and its connection to the
study of genetics
• The difference between microevolution and macroevolution
• The concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the factors necessary
to explain equilibrium
• The origin of new alleles in populations
Theory:
Introduction and scope of population genetics. Structure and genetic
constitution of a population: Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium. Changes in
gene and genotype frequency: migration, mutation, selection and genetic drift.
Inbreeding and inbreeding coefficient, heterosis. Components of genetic
variance: additive, dominance and epistatic. Variance, Covariance and
correlation (genetic and environmental); population mean, average effects,
breeding value, dominance deviation, offspring mid parent, half sibs, full sib
deviation. Familial aggregations, relative risk, family studies, twin studies,
adoption studies. Estimation of heritability and genetic advance. Repeatability.
Selection: response and its prediction. Changes of mean and variance in
inbred and crossbred populations. Emerging trends in population genetics.
Practical:
• Problems on changes in gene frequencies under migration, mutation,
selection and genetic drift.
• Estimation of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variances.
• Partitioning of genetic variance into additive, dominance and epistatic
Calculation of co-efficient of inbreeding through pedigrees.
• Estimations of genetic covariance through pedigrees.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Population Genetics, 4th Edition, Daniel L. Hartl and Andrew
G. Clark, 2007
2. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics Addison-Wesley Pub Co; 4th Edition
Falconer D. S., F. C. Trudy MacKay, 1996
3. Genetics of Populations, Hedrick P.W., Jones and Bartlett Pub; 2000
27
4. Population Genetics: A Concise Guide, John H. Gillespie, 2004
5. Quantitative Genetics, Genomics, and Plant Breeding, Kang M.S., CABI
Publishing, CAB International; 2002
6. Genetical Analysis of Quantitative Traits, Kearsey M. J., H. S. Pooni.
Stanley Thornes Pub Ltd; 1996
7. Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits, Lynch M., B. Walsh,
Sinauer Associates, Incorporated, 2002
8. Population Genetics; Matthew B. Hamilton, 2009
9. Genetic Data Analysis III, Weir B., Sinauer Assoc; 2002.
10. http://dna-view.com
11. http://www.y-str.org
12. http://www.cellmark.ie
GEN 505 – Principles of Breeding 3 (2+1)

• Understanding in principles of breeding
• Understanding the methods of varietal/breed development, testing and
release
• Acquaintance with current challenges in plant and animal breeding.
Theory:
Introduction to plant and animal breeding. Reproductive systems and
population control in plants and animals. Incompatibility and male sterility
systems. Selection procedures. Creation of variation. Genetic consequences
of hybridization. Genetic basis of inbreeding depression, heterosis and
estimation of combining ability. Breeding methods for self and open pollinated
populations. Pure line breeding and mass selection, pedigree and bulk
methods in plants, development of hybrid and synthetic varieties. Breeding for
disease and insect resistance in plants. Breeding methods in poultry and
animals. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Breeding for economic traits.
Practical:
• Study of floral biology of economically important plants of the season.
• Controlled pollination techniques: Emasculation and pollination by
different methods.
• Problems involving self and cross-incompatibility systems. Gametophytic
and sporophytic.
• Study of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variations.
• Pollen morphology and germination.
28
• Estimation of inbreeding depression and heterosis in plants and animals.
Recommended Books:
1. Understanding Genetics: DNA, Genes, and Their Real-World Application.
David Sadawa. The Great Courses, 2013
2. Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding 2nd Edition by George Acquaah
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012
3. Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 37. Jules Janick (Editor) ISBN: 978-
1118-49795-1, 2013, Wiley-Blackwell.
4. Principles of Plant Breeding. Allard R.W., John Wiley and Sons; 2nd Ed.
1999.
5. Understanding Animal Breeding. Bourdon, R. M. Prentice Hall Inc. Upper
Saddle River New Jersey, USA, 2000
6. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding: Biotechnological and
Conventional Approaches, Chahal G. S., S. S. Gosal, CRC Press; 2002.
7. Principles of plant genetics and breeding, George Acquah, John Wiley &
Sons; 2007.
8. Plant breeding. Lee M. and K. R. Lamkey, the Arnel R. Hallauer
International Symposium; 2006.
9. Animal Biotechnology, Ning L., and C. Yongfu, Intl Academic Pub House,
1997.
10. Breeding Field Crops. Pohlman, J. 1987
11. Plant Breeding Systems, Richards A. J., Stanley Thornes Pub Ltd; 1997
12. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/course/view.php?id=134
13. http://plantbreedingfordroughttolerance.colostate.edu/online_course.html
14. http://articles.extension.org/pages/60426/webinar-registration-andarchive
15. http://rye-gene-map.de/plant-breeding-update/
GEN 506 – Physiological Genetics 4 (3+1)

• The complexity of cellular functions in plants and animals
• The gene structure, mechanisms and regulation of expression
• The molecular mechanisms by which genes function
• Basic requirements for expression of genes
Theory:
Introduction and scope of physiological genetics. Effect of environment on plants,
animals and microbes. Genes and proteins related to biotic and abiotic
stresses. Physiological and genetic mechanisms of stress tolerance. Gene
families responsible for stress tolerance. Genes controlling the pathways
29
responsible for salt, drought, heat, cold, radiation and oxygen stresses.
Genetics of host-pathogen interaction.
Principles of physiological genetics: sex determination (role of hormones and

chromosomes with examples from Drosophila, Rat, Human, Bees and Wasps),
hereditary metabolic blocks, heterozygosity in blood coagulation proteins and
phenylalanine metabolism (dependence of physiological variability on genetic
factors). Balanced polymorphism: Heterozygote selective advantage (Sickle
Cell Anemia), Serum Protein Polymorphism (Lymph proteins of Drosophila).
Practical:
• Physiological and morphological effects of various stresses on microbes,
plants and animals.
• Characterization of heat shock/stress proteins by SDS–PAGE.
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Animal Physiology and Physiological Genetics. E. M.
Pantelouris, G. A. Kerkut. Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall,
Oxford. 2013
2. Physiological Genetics. Richard Benedict Goldschmidt. Biblio Life
Publishers. 2015.
3. Epigenetics: How Environment Shapes Our Genes by Richard C. Francis
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012
4. Evolutionary, Developmental and Physiological Genetics Edited by: Gerats,
Tom, Strommer, Judy (Eds.) Springer 2009
5. Crop Response to Environment. Hall, A. CRC Press. 2000.
6. Genes in the Environment. Hails, R. S., J. Beringer, and H. C. J. Godfray.
Blackwell Publishing.
7. Plant Responses to abiotic Stress. 4th Ed. Heribert, H. and K. Shinozaki.
Springer Verlag. 2003.
8. Cassidy Management of Genetic Syndromes. Suzanne B. C. and J. E.
Allanson, 2010.
9. http://www.concordcarlisle.org/rmahoney/cp-biology-useful-links/#
GEN 507 – Genetic Engineering 4 (3+1)

This course will enable students to gain understanding of:
• Basic genetic mechanisms
• Knowledge to manipulate genes, cells and organisms to address
emerging issues of food security, health and living standards.
30
Theory:
Basic concepts in recombinant DNA technology. DNA cloning: isolation and
purification of DNA. Restriction enzymes and modification system. Cloning
vectors: plasmids (bacterial and yeasts), viruses (CMV, SV40, lambda, M13),
Cosmids and Phosmids, YACs, BACs and PACs. Cloning strategies
(prokaryotic and eukaryotic); selection and characterization of recombinant
molecules, amplification of desired genes. Construction and analysis of DNA
libraries. Maximizing the cloned expression. Gel electrophoresis, hybridization,
PCR, its types and gene transformation techniques. Site directed
mutagenesis. DNA sequencing techniques. Applications of genetic
engineering in medicine, agriculture and environment. Recent trends in genetic
engineering.
Practical:
• Isolation of plasmid and chromosomal DNA from bacteria and yeast.
• Screening of bacteria for plasmid by electrophoresis of total cell lysate.
• Gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA (supercoiled, linear and digested
with restriction enzyme) chromosomal DNA and RNA.
• Plasmid transformation in E. coli.
• Primer designing
• DNA amplification by PCR
Recommended Books:
1. Lewin's GENES XI by Jocelyn E. Krebs , Elliott S. Goldstein , Stephen T.
Kilpatrick Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2013.
2. Principles of Genetics, 7th Edition D. Peter Snustad, Michael J. Simmons
2016.
3. Gene cloning and DNA analysis 6th Edition TA brown Blackwell Science
Inc 2010 Published by Wiley.
4. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering; Desmond S. T. Nicholl.
Cambridge University Press, 2008.
5. Genetic Engineering: Manipulating the Mechanisms of Life (Genetics &
Evolution). Hodge R. and N. Rosenthal, 2009.
6. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3-Volume Set), Sambrook J., D.
W. Russell, J. Sambrook. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001
7. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (Library in a Book); Yount, L.
2008.
8. Genetic Engineering, Yount, L., Gale Group, 2002
9. http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-
fairprojects/project_scientific_method.shtml
10. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
31
11. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/pi/
GEN 508 Human Genetics 3 (2+1)

• The principles of genetic implications
• The consequences of various hereditary diseases in humans.
Theory:
Introduction to human genetics. Study tools in human genetics: pedigree,
chemical and biochemical analyses. Chromosomal studies. Karyotype
analysis. Congenital malformations: Genetic defects in prenatal development,
oncogenes and genetical basis of cancer. Epigenetics. Metabolic variation and
diseases: In-born errors of metabolism, errors in transport system, inherited
variations, genetic linkage: family method, somatic cell hybridization. Gene
mapping: deletion and duplication. Eugenics. Forensic DNA study. Twin
studies (MZ, BZ etc.). Population analysis (mtDNA, Y-STRs), SNPs,
haplotyping. Ethical, legal and social issues in human genetics. Genetic
Counseling.
Practical:
• Study of different qualitative and quantitative traits.
• Pedigree drawing and analysis (screening of metabolic and other
disorders).
• Chromosome preparation and identification Analysis of sex
chromosomes in Inter-phase nuclei.
• Karyotyping of human chromosomes.
• Dermatoglyphics of healthy and affected subjects. SNP STRs and
mtDNA based analyses
• Problems solving on human genetics.
Recommended Books:
1. Genetics in Medicine Thompson &Thompson, Robert L. Nussbaum,
Roderick R. McInnes, Huntington F. Willard, Ada Hamosh. Elsevier, 2007.
2. Lewin's GENES XI by Jocelyn E. Krebs, Elliott S. Goldstein, Stephen T.
Kilpatrick, Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2013.
32
3. Principles of Genetics, 7th Edition D. Peter Snustad, Michael J. Simmons,
2016
4. Gene cloning and DNA analysis TA brown 6th Edition Published by Wiley.
2010.
5. Human Genetics 11th Edition by Ricki Lewis, McGraw-Hill Education,
2014.
6. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol 17, 2016.
7. Current topics in human genetics, Deng, Hong-Wen, Hui Shen, Yong-Jun
Liu, World Scientific; 2007.
8. The Human Genome, 3rd edition, Julia E. Richards, R. Scott Hawley,
Academic press 2010.
9. Human Natures: Genes, Cultures and the Human Prospect, 1st Edition,
Ehrlich P. R., Penguin USA Paper, 2002.
10. Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. 10th International edition,
Lewis, R. McGraw Hill Higher Education; 2011.
11. Genetics and the Search for Modern Human Origins. Relethford J. H.,
Wiley-Liss 2001.
12. Human Molecular Genetics; Strachan, T. and Andrew Read, Garland
Science/Taylor & Francis. 2010.
13. https://www.dnalc.org/
14. http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/omim
15. http://archive.uwcm.ac.uk/uwcm/mg/hgmd0.html
16. http://vector.cshl.org/dnaftb/
17. http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/100001772
GEN 509 Biometry – II 4 (3+1)

This course will enable students to understand:
• The designing of experiments, analysis and interpretation of results using
variety of software in Biometrics.
Theory:
Homogeneity of variance. Analysis of variance and covariance. Correlation
and regression analysis. Odds Ratio. Allele frequency analysis, Hardy-
Weinberg Equilibrium, Factor Analysis, General Linear Model, completely
randomized design, randomized complete block design, Latin Square, split
plot arrangements and factorial design. Mean separation test: LSD test, Tukey
test, Duncan test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, Levene’s
test. Use of statistical software: Excel, SPSS, MINITAB, MSTAT and R.
Practical:
33
• Analysis of Variance: one way and two way following CRD, RCBD and
Latin Square designs.
• Comparisons of means using LSD and DMR tests.
• Coefficient of linear regression and correlation.
• Data Analysis using software.
Recommended Books:
1. Statistical procedures for Agricultural research. IRRI. 2nd Edition Gomez,
A. K. & A. A. Gomez. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore. 1984.
2. Guide to Biometrics for Large-Scale Systems Technological, Operational,
and User-Related Factors, 1st Edition. Ashbourn, Julian. 2011,
3. Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures 3rd Edition,
Bendat, J. S. and A. G. Piersol, Wiley-Interscience; 2000
4. The Genetical Analysis of Quantitative Traits. Kearsey, M. J. and M. S.
Pooni. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, UK. 1996.
5. Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials, 2nd Edition, Norman G. R., Streiner and
D. L. Streiner, B C Decker; 2000.
6. Biometry: The Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research
Sokal, R. R. and F. James Rohlf September, 2011.
7. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach, 3rd
Edition, Steel R. G. D., J. H. Torrie, and D. A. Dickey, McGraw-Hill Higher
Education; 1996
8. The Handbook of Applied Acceptance Sampling: Plans, Procedures and
Principles, 1st Edition, American Society for Quality; Stephens, K. S., 2001
9. Biostatistical Analysis, 4th edition, Zar J. H., Prentice Hall Co. 1998
10. http://www.spss-tutorials.com/basics/
11. http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/spss/toc.htm
12. https://www.minitab.com/en-us/support/videos/
13. https://mcardle.wisc.edu/mstat/help/help/Mhelp-2.html
GEN 510 Bioinformatics 3 (2+1)

• The computational practices in bioinformatics; protein structure
prediction
• Data management and mining.
Theory and Practical:

Introduction to bioinformatics and global bioinformatic centres. Introduction to
genomics and genome browsers. Introduction to nucleic acids and protein
34
sequence databases, sequence motif databases, protein structure databases.
File formats. Alignment: local, global, pairwise and multiple sequence
alignment, similarity of homology, conserved regions, insertions/deletion
score, statistical significance. Structural and functional analysis of nucleic
acids and protein. Protein modeling. Introduction to systems biology: gene
regulatory networks, introduction to drug designing. Primer designing and in-
silico analysis. Dynamic programing. Uses of various bioinformatics tools for
solving biological problems.
Recommended Books:
1. Exploring Bioinformatics: A Project-Based Approach 2nd Edition by
Caroline St. Clair, Jonathan E. Visick, Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2013.
2. Bioinformatics: sequence and Genome Analysis David W. Mount, , CSHL
Press, 2004.
3. Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic models of proteins and nucleic
acids. Durbin, R., S. Eddy, A. Krogh and G. Mitchison. ISBN: 0521-62971-
3. 1998.
4. Essential bioinformatics. Jin Xiong. 2006.
5. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. Jonathan Pevsner, 2009.
6. www.embl.ac.uk
7. www.flybase.org (Drosophila)
8. www.ebi.ac.uk
9. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10. www.primer3.ut.ee
11. www.hapmap.org
12. http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il/cards/
13. http://silkworm.genomics.org.cn
14. http://www.ii.uib.no/~inge/list.html
GEN 601 Biosafety and Bioethics 3 (2+1)

• The safety procedures in experimental genetics
• How to address ethical issues emerging with the advancement in
genetics.
Theory:
Introduction to biosafety and bioethics. Biosafety committees and their role.
Role of institutional animal care committee. Biological, chemical, physical
hazards. Storage, handling and transportation of bio, chemical and physical
hazards. Laboratory waste disposal and management. Symbols used in bio,
35
chemical and physical hazards. Types and use of biosafety cabinets and fume
hood. Lab safety guidelines, good laboratory practices (GLPs) personal
protective equipment (PPEs), laboratory standard operating procedures
(SOPs). Emergency response plans (ERPs) Biosafety levels (BSLs),
laboratory containment levels, lab spill management. Incident and accident
reporting.
Introduction to bioethics. Commercialization and benefit sharing of

biotechnology. Ethical and legal aspect of genetic engineering, optimizing
safety and benefits of genetic testing. Experimentations on human embryos.
Biotechnology approach and perspectives of several religions. Stem cell
research and religion. Bioterrorism and justice. National bioethic policies,
patent laws at national and international level.
Practical:
• Lab spill response materials
• Use of biosafety cabinets, fume hoods etc. Guidelines for safe
use of PPEs, SOPs and display of biosafety symbols.
• Demonstration of aseptic techniques
• Disposal of laboratory waste material
• Handling of microorganisms
Recommended Books:
1. Bioethics and Biosafety–by M K Sateesh. 2008
2. IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics Kindle Edition by, Deepa Goel, Shomini
Parashar Publisher: Pearson; 2013
3. Environmental Risks and Hazards, Cutter, S. I. Prentice Hall, 1993.
4. Cloning (Issues). Donnellan, C., Independent educational Publication
2002
5. The ethics of genetic engineering, Donnellan, C. Independent Educational
Publication. 1998.
6. Gene and Future People: Philosophical Issues in Human Genetics.
Glannon, W. Westview Press, 2002.
7. The work environment; Healthcare, Laboratories and Biosafety. Hansen,
D. J.,. Lewis Publishers. 1992.
8. Responsible Genetics: The Moral responsibility of Geneticists for the
Consequences of Human Genetics Research, Nordgren, A. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2001.
9. Nature, Risk, and Responsibility: Discourses of Biotechnology. O’
Mahony, P. J.: Routhedge Publisher, 1999.
10. Bio-ethics for new Millennium, Torrance, l. Saint Andrew Press. 2000.
36
11. Bioethical Dilemmas in Pakistani Context. Muhammad Ilyas, Mukhtar
Alam and Habib Ahmad. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing Germany.
2013
12. http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/genechoice/index.html
13. http://www.nuffield.org/bioethics/index.html
14. www.siut.org/bioethics
GEN 602 Developmental Genetics 3 (3+0)

Fundamentals of developmental biology,
• Theory of differential gene expression,
• Concepts of gene regulation, principles of induction and autonomous
regulation.
Theory:
The constancy of genome. Evaluation and function of genes underlying
fundamental cellular, developmental and physiological processes such as
differentiation and growth, regeneration and evolution, program cell death,
cellcell communication, cell movement, tissue patterning. Gene activity such
as generating transgenic organisms. Role of heterochromatin. Cytoplasmic
regulation of gene expression during development: nuclear-cytoplasmic
interactions. Metamorphosis and regeneration: sexual differentiation in
mammals. An overview of developmental processes in model organisms
(Drosophila sp., Mus musculus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis
elegans). Introduction to stem cell research and gene therapy.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Developmental Genetics, 2nd Edition Academic Press S
MOODY 2014.
2. Essential Developmental Biology, 3rd Edition Jonathan M. W. Slack, Wiley-
Blackwell. 2012
3. Quantitative Genetic Studies of Behavioral Evolution. Christine R. B. B.,
University of Chicago Press; 1994.
4. Genes and Future People: Philosophical Issues in Human Genetics,
Glannon W., Westview Press, 2002.
5. Law and Ethics of Genetic Privacy. Laurie G., Cambridge University Press,
2002.
6. Developmental Genetics. Miglani, G. S. 2007
7. Principles of Developmental Genetics. Moody, S. A. 2007.
37
8. Responsible Genetics: The Moral Responsibility of Geneticists for the
Consequences of Human Genetics Research, Nordgren A., Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2001.
9. Behavioral Genetics. 4th Edition. Plomin R., John C. Defries, Gerald E.
McClearn, McGuffin, W. H. Freeman and Co. 2000.
10. Nature and Nurture: An Introduction to Human Behavioral Genetics,
Plomin R., Wadsworth Pub Co; 1990.
11. http://www.hudsen.org/
12. https://dmdd.org.uk/
13. http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unitwelcome/welcome_htms/co
ntents.htm
14. http://www.medicalmuseum.mil/index.cfm?p=collections.hdac.index
15. http://virtualhumanembryo.lsuhsc.edu/
GEN 603 Biotechnology 3 (2+1)

• Basic concepts of biotechnology
• Various methods and applications of biotechnology.
Theory:
Concepts, historical background, conventional and modern biotechnology.
Plant biotechnology: plant tissue culture and GM Crops. Environmental
biotechnology: Bioaccumulation and Bioremediation. Biological control.
Industrial biotechnology: fermentation techniques, bio products (enzymes,
amino acids etc.). Health biotechnology: animal and human tissue culture,
diagnostic tools, health care products. Bio-processing. Economic perspectives
of biotechnology. Biotech Companies. Biotech entrepreneurship. Practical:
• Bio degradation of toxic chemicals especially aromatics (pesticides &
crude oil components)
• Bio accumulation/Bio absorption of heavy metals by bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, and plants.
• Solubilizing insoluble metal complexes by bacteria.
• Plant tissue culture technology, callogenesis and organogenesis.
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering A. J. Nair, Infinity
Science Press, 2008
2. Basic Biotechnology, Attedge, C. R. and B. Kristiansen. Cambridge
University, Press UK. 2001
3. Molecular Biotechnology. Bernard R. Glick and Jack J Pastermak. ASM
Press 2003.
38
4. Introduction to Biotechnology. Herren, R. V.; 2012.
5. Introduction to Biotechnology. Saini, B. L., Laxmi Publications, Ltd.,2010.
6. Introduction to Biotechnology (3rd Edition). Thieman, W. J. and M. A.
Palladino, 2012.
7. http://biotechlearn.org.nz
8. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/biotechnology
9. http://www.bioedonline.org
10. http://www.biotechpicklist.com/bioinvesting/
11. https://gradpages.wustl.edu/bec
12. http://cabe-africa.org/index.php/important-links
13. https://www.irem.uzh.ch/en/teaching/bioentrepreneurship.html
GEN 604 Research Techniques 4 (2+2)

This course will enable students to train and equip:
• Various laboratory techniques for appropriate research activities.
Theory:
Microscopy, centrifugation, spectroscopy, chromatography, HPLC, LCMS and
electrophoresis. Genomic DNA extraction and purification, plasmid extraction,
PCR, DNA finger-printing, protein extraction and foot-printing. ELISA,
transformation, screening of transformed cells, restriction enzyme analysis,
sequencing and genotyping. Cloning, knockout mutagenesis, TILLING and
microarray technique.
Practical:
• Practical demonstration of techniques discussed in the theory.
Recommended Books:
1. Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3rd Edition): J. Sambrook and D.
Russell, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001.
2. Molecular Biology Techniques An Intensive Laboratory Course: J. Ream
and K. G. Field, Academic Press, 1999.
3. Research Methods in Education. 6th Edition. Cohen L., L. Manion, K.
Morrison, 2011.
4. Introduction to Research Methods, 3rd Edition. Howitt, D., D. Cramer. 2010
5. http://vector.cshl.org/resources/BiologyAnimationLibrary.htm
6. http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Molecular_Biology/index.html
39
7. http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/immunology/vlab.html
8. http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Immunology/index.html
GEN 605 Genomics and Proteomics 3 (2+1)

This course will enable students to develop:
• Understanding of the structural and functional genomics and proteomics
and their applications.
Theory:
Concepts of genomics and proteomics. Structural Genomics: Genetics and
physical maps, genome sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphism, copy
number variations, expressed sequence tags, bioinformatics, metagenomics,
synthetic biology. Functional Genomics: Prediction of function from
sequences, gene expression and microarrays, gene expression and reporter
sequences, genome wide mutagenesis. Comparative Genomics: Origin of
genomics, prokaryote genomics, eukaryotic genomics, comparative
Drosophila genome, the human genome. Proteomic Analysis: Determination
of cellular proteins, affinity capture, protein microarrays, structural proteomics.
Prediction of protein coding gene, prediction of RNA coding gene, Promoter
prediction through feature recognition, functional categories of genes, Genome
scale gene mapping, Genome perspective on horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
Practical:
• Genome and proteome analysis on aspects given in the theory.
• Complete genome investigation of E. coli and Neurospora.
• Genome Analysis of Arabidopsis.
• Isolation and identification of various proteins using different techniques
Recommended Books:
1. Genomics and Proteomics: Principles, Technologies, and Applications
Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Apple Academic Press.
2015
2. Concepts and Techniques in Genomics and Proteomics: A volume in
Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomedicine, N. Saraswathy and P.
Ramalingam. 2011
3. Genomics and Proteomics Engineering in Medicine and Biology Akay M.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2007.
4. Bioinformatics, genomics and proteomics, getting the big picture. Batiza
A.
40
F. Infobase publishers. 2006.
5. Plant Genomics and Proteomics. Cullis A. C. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Hoboken, New Jersey. 2004.
6. Data Mining for Genomics and Proteomics: Analysis of Gene and Protein
Expression Data. Dziuda M. D. John Willey & Sons, Inc, New Jersey USA.
2010.
7. Cancer genomics and proteomics, methods and protocols. Fisher B. P.
Humana Press Inc. 2007.
8. Genomics and proteomics, functional and computational aspects. Suhai
S. Kluwer Academics Inc. 2002.
9. http://genomesunzipped.org
10. http://thepersonalgenome.com
11. http://www.personalgenomes.org
12. http://expasy.org
13. http://proteome.dc.affrc.go.jp/Soybean/
14. http://www.oilseedproteomics.missouri.edu/
GEN 606 Seminar-I/Report Writing 1 (0+1)
Presentation on recent topics in genetics in consultation with the departmental

faculty.
GEN 607 Immunogenetics 4 (3+1)

• The advances in the field of immuno-genetics
• Genetics of disease resistance
• Immune response through experimentation in different disease models
Theory:
Concept of immune and immune system, anti-body response; nature of
antibodies, structure and heterogeneity of immunoglobulin, allelic exclusion;
monoclonal antibodies. Inheritance of immune response; Immune tolerance;
specific immune variations, human IR genes, anti-genic variation: genetic
pathways for synthesis of A, B & O antigens, secretor loci, Rh factor, other
blood groups. Histocompatibility: Histocompatibility of blood antigens,
transplantation. HLA complex: HLA haplotypes, MHC/HLA and diseases.
Immunological diseases: immune deficiency diseases, AIDS, auto immune
diseases, inherited abnormalities of complement system.
41
Practical:
• Coomb’s test
• Agglutination test (WIDAL, RF, CRP)
• Precipitin test (Radio-immunodiffusion technique)
• ELISA
• Immunochromatographic technique
• *Immunoflourescent technique for the detection of Autoantibodies
produced in autoimmune diseases
• *PCR for infectious diseases (HBV, TORCH, HIV)
• *HLA Typing
• *FISH
• Problem based learning in immunology
* If facilities are not available for IF Tech, PCR, HLA typing, FISH then
there should be visit to any diagnostic lab where these techniques are in
function.
Recommended Books:
1. Methods and Applications in Clinical Practice, Ch Immunogenetics,
Editors: Frank T. Christiansen, Brian D. Tait 2012.
2. Cellular and molecular immunology. 4th Ed. Abbas, A. K., A. H. Lichtman,
J, S. Pober. W. B. Saunders Co. 2000.
3. Advances in Immunology. Dixon, F. J., F. Alt, and K. F. Austen. Vol. 75.
Academic Press. 2000.
4. Immunogenetic: Webster's Timeline History, Icon Group International,
1950 – 2007. 2010
5. Fundamentals of immunology. 2nd Edition. Myrvik, W. LEA & Febiger.
1984.
6. Immunogenetics of Autoimmune Disease. Oksenberg, J. R.; B. David
(Eds.) 2006
7. Roitts Essential Immunology. 10th Edition. Roitt, I and P.J. Delves.
Blackwell Science. 2001.
8. Immunology. 5th Edition. Veir, D, M. Churchill Living Stone. 1983.
9. https://www.pharmgkb.org/
10. http://www.pgrn.org/
11. http://www.imgt.org
12. http://www.immunogenetics.nl
13. http://www.ufrgs.br/imunovet/molecular_immunology/immunogenetics.ht
ml
42
GEN 608 Genetic Resources and Conservation 3 (2+1)

• Understanding of options and challenges in the management and use of
genetic resources at national and international level.
Theory:
Introduction to genetic resources. Significance of genetic resources in genetic
research. Centers of origin and distribution pattern of important microbes,
plants and animal species. Synthetic crop species. Exploration of genetic
resources. Wild relatives of cultivated crops. Principles and strategies of
germplasm collection, maintenance, evaluation and conservation. Role of
molecular techniques in identification and preservation of genetic resources.
Introduction to national and international germplasm banks. Introduction to
Convention of Biodiversity, CITES, IPRs and SMTA.
Practical:
• Collection and identification of important plant and animal species.
• Isolation and characterization of bacteria and fungi from different sources.
• Visits to botanical gardens, national parks, museums, herbaria, gene
banks and hatcheries.
Recommended Books:
1. Conservation Genetics in the Age of Genomics; Amato, G., R. DeSalle,
O. A. Ryder, and Howard C. Rosenbaum 2009
2. Plant Genetic Resources Management, Bhillon, B. S., R. K. Tyagi and A.
Lal. Narosa, N. Delhi, India. 2004.
3. The use of Plant Genetic Resources. Brown, A. H. D., O. H. Frankel, D.
R. Marshall, and J, T. Williams. Cambridge University Press, UK. 1989.
4. Genetic Diversity in Plants. Muhammad, A., R. Aksel and R.C. Vonborstel.
Plenum Press NY, USA. 1977.
5. The Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany and Conservation; V.
Ramanatha Rao, P. J. Matthews, P. B. Eyzaguirre, D. Hunter (eds.) 2010
6. Community Biodiversity Management: Promoting Resilience and the
Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources; Walter Simon De Boef,
Abishkar Subedi, Nivaldo Peroni and Marja Thijssen, 2012
7. http://agbioworld.org/links/index.html
8. http://www.goldenrice.org
9. http://biotech.alltop.com
10. http://biotechprimer.com
43
11. http://www.bostoncommons.net/best-biotechnology-websites
GEN 609 Seminar-II 1 (0+1)
Presentation on recent topics in genetics in consultation with the departmental

faculty.
GEN 610 onwards - Special Paper I & II 3 (0+0)
Departments will offer special papers/courses according to the expertise

available. (Each special paper will comprise of 3 credit hours and the codes
will be as defined in the curriculum of respective departments).
GEN 000 Entrepreneurship Management 3(3+0)
(Note: The above cited course may be opted with the consideration of
Management Sciences faculty of respective university)
GEN 000 Internship 3 (0+3)
GEN 000 Research 6 (0+6)
44
MS/MPhil. (2-year) Program in Genetics
MS/M.Phil. (2-years program, 18-years of education) in Genetics will spread
over 4-semesters, comprising two semesters of course work and two
semesters of research. The students will be required to complete course work
of 24 credit hours. In addition, there will be 6-credit hours of research thesis.
The courses will be framed by the respective institutes according to the
available expertise and statutes of the university. A list of the proposed courses
is given below; however, more subjects can be added as per requirements of
the institute/university.
List of MS/MPhil Courses
Compulsory Courses:
1. Research Methodology 3(3+0)
2. Biostatistics 3(3+0)
Course Title:
1. Advanced Cytogenetics
2. Advanced Molecular Genetics
3. Advances in Plant Genomics
4. Advances in Population Genetics
5. Animal Biotechnology
6. Animal Breeding
7. Applied Genetic Analysis
8. Aquatic Biotechnology
9. Behavioral Genetics
10. Gene Therapy
11. Advances in Bioinformatics
12. Biometrical Techniques in genetics
13. Bioremediation and Biodegradation
14. Biosafety and Bioethics
15. Cancer Genetics
16. Cancer Biology
17. Cell and Tissue Culture
18. Clinical Genetics
19. Conservation Genetics
20. DNA Damage and Repair
21. Drug Discovery
22. Ecological Genetics
23. Evolutionary Genetics
24. Forensic Genetics
45
25. Functional Genomics
26. Gene Mapping
27. Medical Genetics
28. Genetic engineering and its applications
29. Genetics of Ageing
30. Advances in Genomics
31. Human Molecular Genetics
32. Advances in Laboratory Research Techniques
33. Metabolomics
34. Industrial Biotechnology
35. Modern Languages (any foreign language)
36. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria
37. Molecular Microbial Ecology
38. Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement
39. Molecular Virology
40. Nanobiotechnology
41. Advances in Physiological Genetics
42. Plant Biotechnology
43. Advances in Plant Breeding
44. Plant Microbe Interaction
45. Probiotics
46. Proteomics
47. Quantitative Genetics
48. Recombinant DNA technology
49. Technical Writing Skills
50. Signal Transduction
51. Special Problem
52. Stem Cell Biology
53. Advances in Biotechnology
54. Research Project
55. Epigenetics
56. Biostatistics
57. NeuroGenetics
58. Pharmaco-genomics
59. Genetic Epidemiology
60. Genetics of Infectious Diseases
61. Mitochondrial Genetics
GEN799 Thesis 6 (0+6)
Research Methodology
46
This course will enable students to understand:
• How to conduct research, Collect and analyze data,
• Publish the results.
Course Contents:
Introduction to research, history of research, Indicators of quality research and

good researcher, Plagiarism policy and use of available software classification
of research, sample collection, data collection. Questionnaire for research data
collection and characteristics. Interview types; advantages and disadvantages.
Data analysis and interpretation. Research report, synopsis, thesis,
review/paper writing criteria. Patent filing (local and international).
Recommended Books
1. Knowledge and policy. Anderson, D.S and Biddle, BJ (eds), London,
Falmer, 1991.
2. Field research: A source book and field manual, Burgess, R.G (eds),
London, Allen and Unwin, 1982.
3. The research process in educational settings, Burgess, R.G. (eds), London,
Faber, 1984.
4. Educational research: competencies for analysis and applications,Gay,
L.R. Newjersy, Prentice hall, 1996.
5. Research Methods Marshall, Peter, Oxford How to books-ltd, Oxford, 1998.
6. Research Design, Hakim, C. London, Allen and Unwin, 1987.
47
RECOMMENDATIONS
The National Curriculum Revision Committee (2017) in Genetics recommends

that:
1. The two years Associate Degree in Genetics may be introduced in

colleges with appropriate curriculum.
2. As Genetics is also a vital component of biomedical sciences, therefore

the committee reaffirms that Genetics should be taught as a compulsory
subject at all medical and dental colleges.
3. Computing and internet facilities should be provided to BS and MS

students to keep up with the pace of developments in the field of Genetics.
4. A fully equipped state of art laboratory needs to be established in major

institutions of the country offering degree program in Genetics.
5. It is pertinent to mention that an animal research facility may be

established in the department of genetics with animal care committee
which could address animal ethical issues.
6. Refresher courses may be arranged for concerned faculty members for
capacity building.
7. Adequate funds be allocated for replenishing the departmental libraries

with latest text books and online access to scientific journals.
8. Universities/DAIs should initiate with the assistance of HEC, a program

for MS/PhD students to conduct part of research at the universities/RI
where advanced research facilities are available.
9. In view of the emerging industrial trends in science of genetics,
universities/DAIs should launch degree programs in genetics with the
cooperation of HEC.
ANNEXURE - A English I (Functional English)
48
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents:
Basics of Grammar
Parts of speech and use of articles
Sentence structure, active and passive voice
Practice in unified sentence
Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension
Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be
at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by
subject teachers
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended Books:
49
1. Functional English
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet.
Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313492
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313506
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand
and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth
Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis.
Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19
453402 2.
d) Speaking
English II (Communication Skills)

Enable the students to meet their real-life communication needs.
Course Contents:
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
50
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading,
summary and précis writing and comprehension
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet
Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and
pronunciation)
Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review
Recommended Books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0
19 431350 6.
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne
Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note
taking).
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco.
Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406
5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to
presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403
0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
51
3. Study Skills by Riachard York.
English III (Technical Writing and Presentation Skills)

Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents:
Presentation skills Essay writing
Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative
Academic writing
How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper
How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content,

language, form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing Progress report writing
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended Books:
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing

1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary
Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3
(particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive,
argumentative and report writing).
52
2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education. 2004.
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G.
Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by
Northern Illinois University. General Editors: Janice Neulib;
Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton. (A
reader which will give students exposure to the best of twentieth
century literature, without taxing the taste of engineering
students).
53
ANNEXURE - B Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
• Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics,
contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
• Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising
in the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization ii. Muslim advent iii.
Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases: a.
1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Recommended Books:
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The MacMillan Press
Ltd 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University
Press, 2000.
3. S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical
analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore,
1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne. The Emergence of Bangladesh, Washington: American
Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-
eIslamia, Club Road, nd.
54
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute
of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: Wm
Dawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company,
1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad:
National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1967.
12. Aziz, K. K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission
on Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard,
1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad:
National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.
55
ANNEXURE - C ISLAMIC STUDIES (Compulsory)
This course is aimed at:

1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to
faith and religious life.
Detail of Courses
Introduction to Quran Studies

1) Basic Concepts of Quran
2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul-Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqara Related to Faith (Verse No-284-286)

2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18) 3)
Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful
(Verse No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77) 5)
Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam (Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No. 6, 21, 40,
56, 57, 58)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of
Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar, Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I
1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah (Before Prophet Hood)

2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
56
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
Introduction to Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah & Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture & Civilization

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science

1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quran & Science
Islamic Economic System

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam
57
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam

1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
3) Ethical Values of Islam
Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam”, IRI, Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,”
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf
Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research
Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jurisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes”
Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H. S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)
58

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CURRICULUM

Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman, HEC

Prof. Dr. Arshad Ali Executive Director, HEC

Mr. Muhammad Raza Chohan Director General (Acad)

Dr. Muhammad Idrees Director (Curriculum)

Syeda Sanober Rizvi Deputy Director (Curri)

Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque Assistant Director (Curri)

Mr. Muhammad Faisal Khan

1. Minutes of the final meeting 7

Composed by: Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC, Islamabad

(Muhammad Raza Chohan) Director General (Academics)

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

7. Dr. Tayyaba Sultana, MEMBER

16. Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, COORDINATOR

Sector H-9, Islamabad.

Dr. Habib Ahmed (TI), (Honorary Member)

2. The meeting started with recitation of verses from the Quran-e-Majeed

4. After thorough discussion and having three days deliberations, the

i. Finalized the Reviewed Curriculum of Genetics for BS

ii. Incorporated latest reading and writing material

iii. Made recommendations for promotion and

5. Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant Director Curriculum HEC thanked the

6. The Committee appreciated the efforts made by the officials of HEC

Intermediate or Equivalent with not less than 45% marks

Minimum of 130 Credits are required to complete Bachelor of Science in

* Select from Sociology, Psychology, Social work, Criminology, Psychiatry,

List of Courses for 4 - Year BS Genetics A.

B. Elective Courses to be opted in following disciplines

C. Compulsory Courses to be opted in following disciplines

GEN 301 - Cell Biology 3 (2 + 1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 302 – Principles of Genetics 4 (3+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 401 – Cytogenetics 3 (2+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 403 – Molecular Biology 3 (2+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 404 – Biometry – I 3 (2+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

Introduction to inference: general statistical problem: estimation and

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 502 – Molecular Genetics 4 (3+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 503 – Microbial Genetics 4 (3+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 505 – Principles of Breeding 3 (2+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 506 – Physiological Genetics 4 (3+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

Principles of physiological genetics: sex determination (role of hormones and

GEN 507 – Genetic Engineering 4 (3+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 508 Human Genetics 3 (2+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 509 Biometry – II 4 (3+1)

Course Learning Outcomes:

GEN 510 Bioinformatics 3 (2+1)