Dynamic Voltage Restorer: Prof. Shilpa Kapse

A PROJECT REPORT ON
DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirement for Degree of
Electrical Engineering
Unversity of Mumbai.
By
 Shweta Bodiwala
 Deeksha Shetty
 Komal Dongre
 Prathamesh Dalvi
 Sushant Saldur
Guided By
Prof. Shilpa Kapse
Department of Electrical Engineering

Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering
Navi Mumbai
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us great pleasure on bringing out the project report on “DYNAMIC VOLTAGE
RESTORER” We greatly accept this opportunity to convey our heartiest thanks and
express our deep sense of gratitude to our guide, her invaluable guidance Prof. Shilpa
Kapse , the most knowledgeable and experienced person on the topic of power systems
for her kind co-operation and meticulous care with which she examined our work
throughout the duration of our project..
We wish to express our sincere thanks to our Head of Department prof. C.M
Wankhede for his valuable suggestions.

No words could be good enough to express our deep sense of gratitude to our respected
principal prof. Dr. V.K.Yakkundi.
For his kind blessing and inspiration and providing us such good opportunity.
Last but not the least, we would like to thanks our family members, to the non-teaching
staff, to all our friends whose help & criticism which helped us improve our work.
PREFACE
We take an opportunity to represent this project on “DYNAMIC VOLTAGE
RESTORER” and put forth special information regarding this project.

Considering the level of presentation every effort has been made to ensure that the
material included in the report is presented in the state of art and the current expectation
of the direction of the future developments.
This report has covered all the important poinst about our project. The information in this
report is accurate and great care has been taken for accurate facts and figure mentioned in
this report.
The task of the project though difficult was made quite simple and interesting due to deep
involvement and complete dedication of our group members.
ABSTRACT
Power quality is one of major concerns in the present era. It has

become important, especially, with the introduction of sophisticated
devices, whose performance is very sensitive to the quality of power
supply. Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a
nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end
use equipment’s.Sensitive industrial loads and utility distribution
networks suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions
which may result in a significant financial 1oss.
To improve the power quality, custom power devices are used.
The device considered in this work is Dynamic Voltage Restorer. This
thesis presents modelling, analysis and simulation of a Dynamic Voltage
Restorer (DVR) constructed in Simulink environment. In this work, PLL
based dq controller and Discrete PWM pulse generator are used for the
control purpose. Here, different supply voltage conditions are considered
for linear loads(R-load, R-L load). The major problems dealt here are
voltage sag, voltage swell, and voltages unbalances. The role of DVR to
compensate load voltage is investigated during the different supply
conditions like voltage sag, voltage swell, and supply voltage unbalance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES.................................................................... vii
ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS .......................................................................... viii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................10

1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 literature survey................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 Object Of Thesis ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Outline of thesis ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 2 Power Quality.......................................................................................12

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Power Quality ..................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Problems Associated With Power Quality............................................................................ 13
2.3.1 Momentary phenomena ................................................................................................ 13
2.3.2 Steady state phenomena ............................................................................................... 14
2.3.3 Voltage fluctuations and flicker ................................................................................... 14
2.3.4 Power frequency variations ........................................................................................... 15
2.4 Voltage Unbalance .............................................................................................................. 15
2.4.1 Definitions of voltage Unbalance: ............................................................................... 15

2.4.2 Causes of Voltage Unbalance ...................................................................................... 16
2.4.3 Effects of Voltage Unbalance ...................................................................................... 17
2.4.4 Methods to Overcome Voltage Unbalance .................................................................. 17
2.5 Solution To Power Quality Problems ................................................................................... 17
Chapter 3 Custom Power Devices ........................................................................19

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Need of Custom Power Devices ......................................................................................... 20
3.2.1. Converter Based Classification ................................................................................... 20
3.2.2. Topology Based Classification ................................................................................... 21
3.2.3. Supply System Based Classification ........................................................................... 22
3.2 Benefits With The Application Of Custom Power Devices ............................................... 23
Chapter 4 Dynamic Voltage Restorer ..................................................................24

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Principle of DVR operation ................................................................................................ 24
4.3 Basic Configuration of DVR .............................................................................................. 25
4.4 Equivalent circuit of DVR .................................................................................................. 27
4.5 Voltage injection methods of DVR..................................................................................... 27
4.5.1 Pre-sag/swell Injection method .................................................................................... 28
4.5.2 In-phase Injection method............................................................................................ 29
4.6 DVR operating states .......................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 5 Dynamic Voltage Restorer control Algorithm ..................................30

5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 30
5.2 Control Algorithm ............................................................................................................... 30
5.3 Reference Voltage Signal Generation for Dynamic Voltage Regulator (DVR): ................ 33
Chapter 6 Simulation results ................................................................................34
6.1 Case I: Balanced supply voltage ......................................................................................... 35
6.2 Case II: Balanced supply voltage (sag) ............................................................................... 37
6.3 case III: Balanced supply voltage (swell) ........................................................................... 40
6.4 Case IV: Unbalanced supply voltage (Magnitude) ............................................................. 42
6.5 Case V: Unbalanced supply voltage (Phase& Magnitude) ................................................. 45
References ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figures
Figure 3-1: Dstatcom .................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3-2: dvr .............................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 3-3: upqc ............................................................................................................................ 22
Figure 4-1: Location of DVR ........................................................................................................ 25
Figure 4-2: Basic Configuration Of DVR ..................................................................................... 26
Figure 4-3: Equivalent circuit diagram of DVR ........................................................................... 27
Figure 4-4: Pre-sag/swell Injection method .................................................................................. 28
Figure 4-5: In-Phase Injection method ......................................................................................... 29
Figure 5-1: Reference Voltage Signal Generation Block Diagram .............................................. 32
Figure 6-1: MATLAB Simulation Circuit Diagram. .................................................................... 35
Figure 6-2: (a), (b) source voltage ................................................................................................ 36
Figure 6-3: (a), (b) load voltage .................................................................................................... 37
Figure 6-4: (a), (b) Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis voltages .................................................... 37
Figure 6-5: (a) source voltage ....................................................................................................... 38
Figure 6-6: (a), (b) Load voltage................................................................................................... 39
Figure 6-8: (a), (b) Direct , Quadrature and Zero axis voltage ..................................................... 40
igure 6-11: (a) Injected voltage ..................................................................................................... 42
Figure 6-12: (a) Direct , Quadrature and Zero axis voltage .......................................................... 42
Figure 6-13: (a) source voltage under Unbalanced supply Voltage ............................................. 43
Figure 6-14: (a) load voltage......................................................................................................... 43
Figure 6-15: (a) injected voltage ................................................................................................... 44
Figure 6-16: (a) Direct , Quadrature and Zero axis voltage .......................................................... 45
Figure 6-17: (a) Unbalanced source voltage. ................................................................................ 45
Figure 6-18: (a) load voltage......................................................................................................... 46
Figure 7-1: The circuit arrangement of hardware implementation Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
DC - Direct Current
SMES - Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage
FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission Systems
AC - Alternating Current
CPD - Custom Power Device APF
- Active Power Filters
BESS - Battery Energy Storage Systems
DSTATCOM - Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators

DVR - Dynamic Voltage Restorer
UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supplies
PQD - Power Quality Device
UPQC - Unified Power Quality Compensator
ESS - Energy Storage System
SSSC - Static Synchronous Series Compensator
SVC - Static Var Compensator
ASVC - Advanced Static VAR Compensator
VSI - Voltage Source Inverter
CSI - Current Source Inverter
PCC - Point Of Common Coupling
IGBT - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The technological advancements have proven a path to the modern industries to
extract and develop the innovative technologies within the limits of their industries for the
fulfilment of their industrial goals and their ultimate objective is to optimize the production
while minimizing the production cost and thereby achieving maximized profits while
ensuring continuous production throughout the period.
As such a stable supply of un-interruptible power has to be guaranteed during the
production process. The reason for demanding high quality power is basically the modern
manufacturing and process equipment, which operates at high efficiency, requires high
quality defect free power supply for the successful operation of their machines. More
precisely most of those machine components are designed to be very sensitive for the
power supply variations. Adjustable speed drives, automation devices, power electronic
components are examples for such equipment’s. Failure to provide the required quality
power output may sometimes cause complete shutdown of the industries which will make a
major financial loss to the industry concerned. Thus the industries always demands for high
quality power from the supplier or the utility.
Following shows some abnormal electrical conditions caused both in the utility end and
the customer end that can disrupt a process.
1. Voltage sags & swells.
2. Voltage interruptions.
3. Transients due to Lighting loads, capacitor switching, nonlinear loads, etc.
4. Harmonics.
5. Voltage unbalances, etc.
As a result of above abnormalities the industries may undergo burned-out motors, lost
data on volatile memories, erroneous motion of robotics, increased maintenance costs and
burning core materials especially in plastic industries, paper mills & semiconductor plants.
Among those power quality abnormalities voltage sags and swells or simply the
fluctuating voltage situations are considered to be one of the most frequent type of
abnormality.
As the power quality problems are originated from utility and customer side, the
solutions should come from both and are named as utility based solutions and customer based
solutions respectively. The best examples for those two types of solutions are FACTS devices
(Flexible AC Transmission Systems) and Custom power devices. FACTS devices are those
controlled by the utility, whereas the Custom power devices are operated, maintained and
controlled by the customer itself and installed at the customer premises. Both the FACTS
devices and Custom power devices are based on solid state power electronic components.
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR) and Active
Power Filters (APF) are examples for commonly used custom power devices. Among those
APF is used to mitigate harmonic problems occurring due to non-linear loading conditions,
whereas UPS and DVR are used to compensate for voltage sag, voltage swell and voltage
unbalance conditions. In this report the control of a Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) for
supply voltage disturbances has been studied.
1.2 literature survey

 Power Quality in electric networks is one of
today's most concerned areas of electric power
system. The power quality has serious economic
implications for consumers, utilities and
electrical equipment manufacturers. The impact
of power quality problems is increasingly felt by
customers - industrial, commercial and even
residential. Some of the main power quality
problems are sag, swell, transients, harmonic,
and flickers etc [1].
By custom power devices, we refer to power electronic static controllers used for
power quality improvement on distribution systems rated from 1 to 38 kV [2], [4]. This
interest in the practice of power quality devices (PQDs) arises from the need of growing
power quality levels to meet the everyday growing sensitivity of customer needs and
expectations [5]. One of those devices is the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is
the most efficient and effective modern custom power device used in power distribution
networks. Its application includes lower cost, smaller size, and its fast dynamic response to
the disturbances [6].
Several research papers and reports addressed the subject of improving power
quality in distribution system by the use of custom power devices. The followings present a
brief review of the work undertaken so far.
.
Chapter 2
Power Quality
2.1 Introduction
The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics defines power quality as “the
concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner that is suitable
to the operation of that equipment.” Power quality may also be defined as “the measure,
analysis, and improvement of bus voltage, usually a load bus voltage, to maintain that
voltage to be a sinusoid at rated voltage and frequency. “Another definition of power quality
reported in the literature [1] is as follows:
Power quality is “the provision of voltages and system design so that the user of
electric
power can utilize electric energy from the distribution system successfully without interference
or interruption.” A broad definition of power quality borders on system reliability, dielectric
selection on equipment and conductors, long-term outages, voltage unbalance in three-phase
systems, power electronics and their interface with the electric power supply and many other
areas.
2.2 Power Quality

Power quality in electric networks is one of today's most concerned areas of electric
power system. The power quality has serious economic implications for consumers, utilities and
electrical equipment manufacturers. Modernization and automation of industry involves
increasing use of computers, microprocessors and power electronic systems such as adjustable
speed drives. Integration of non-conventional generation technologies such as fuel cells, wind
turbines and photo-voltaic with utility grids often requires power electronic interfaces. The
power electronic systems also contribute to power quality problems (generating harmonics).
Under the deregulated environment, in which electric utilities are expected to compete with each
other, the customer satisfaction becomes very important. The impact of power quality problems
is increasingly felt by customers - industrial, commercial and even residential.
2.3 Problems Associated With Power Quality
2.3.1 Momentary phenomena
2.3.1.1 Transients
Transients are unwanted decay with time and hence not a steady state problem. A broad
definition is that a transient is “that part of the change in a variable that disappears during
transition from one steady state operating situation to the other". Another synonymous term
which can be used is surge.
Transients are further classified into two categories:
(a) Impulsive
(b) Oscillatory
2.3.1.2 Long Duration Voltage Variations

When RMS (root mean square) deviations at power frequency last longer than one
minute, then we say they are long duration voltage variations. They can be either over
voltages which is greater than 1.1p.u or under voltages which is less than 0.9p.u. Over voltage
is due to switching off a load or energizing a capacitor bank. Also incorrect tap settings on
transformers can result in over voltages. Under voltage are the results of actions which are the
reverse of events that cause over voltages i.e. switching in a load or switching off a capacitor
bank.
2.3.1.3 Sustained Interruptions

If the supply voltage becomes zero for a period of time which is greater than one minute,
then we can say that it is a sustained interruption. Normally, voltage interruption lasting for
more than one minute is often unending and requires human intervention to restore the
supply. The term “outage” is also used for long interruption. However it does not bring out the
true impact of the power interruption. Even an interruption of half a cycle can be disastrous for a
customer with a sensitive load.
2.3.1.4 Short Duration Voltage Variations

The short duration voltage variations are generally caused by fault conditions like single
line to ground or double line to ground and starting of large loads such as induction motors.
The voltage variations can be temporary voltage dips i.e. sag or temporary voltage rise i.e. swells
or a absolute loss of voltage which is known as interruptions [4].
a) Voltage Sags
Voltage sag is defined as the reduction of RMS voltage to a value between 0.1 and
0.9p.u and lasting for duration between 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. Voltage sags are mostly caused
by system faults and last for durations ranging from 3 cycles to 30 cycles depending on the
fault clearing time. It is to be noted that under-voltages (lasting over a minute) can be
handled by voltage regulation equipment. Starting of large induction motors can result in
voltage dip as the motor draws a current up to 10 times the full load current during the starting.
Also, the power factor of the starting current is generally poor.
b) Voltage Swells
A voltage swell is defined as a raise in RMS voltage which is between 1.1 and 1.8p.u
for time duration between 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. A voltage swell is characterized by its
magnitude (RMS) and duration. As with sag, swell is associated with system faults. A SLG
(single line to ground) fault can result in a voltage swell in the healthy phases. Swell can
also result from energizing a large capacitor bank. On an ungrounded system, the line to
ground voltages on the ungrounded phases is 1.73p.u during a SLG fault. However in a
grounded system, there will be negligible voltage rise on the unfaulted phases close to a
substation where the delta connected windings of the transformer provide low impedance
paths for the zero axis current during the SLG fault.
c) Interruption
If the supply voltage or load current decreases to less than 0.1 p.u for a period of time
not more than one minute is known as interruption. Interruption can be caused either by
system faults, equipment failures or control malfunctions. The interruptions are measured
by their duration alone. The duration due to a fault is determined by the operating time of the
protective devices. Duration of an interruption due to equipment malfunction can be
irregular. Some interruptions may also be caused by voltage sag conditions when there are
faults on the source side.
2.3.2 Steady state phenomena
2.3.2.1 Waveform Distortion

This is defined as a steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency.
There are five types of waveform distortion:
(a) DC offset
(b) Harmonics
(c) Inter harmonics
(d) Notching
(e) Noise
2.3.3 Voltage fluctuations and flicker

Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations of the voltage or a series of
random
changes in the voltage magnitude which lies in the range of 0.9 to 1.1p.u. High power loads
that draw fluctuating current, such as large motor drives and arc furnaces, cause low frequency
cyclic voltage variations that result in flickering of light sources like incandescent and
fluorescent lamps which can cause significant physiological discomfort or irritation in
human beings. The voltage flicker can also affect stable operation of electrical and electronic
devices such as motors and CRT devices. The typical frequency spectrum of voltage flicker
lies in the range from1Hz to 30 Hz.
2.3.4 Power frequency variations

Power frequency variations are defined as the deviations of the system frequency from
its
particular value of 50 or 60 Hz. The variations in the frequency begin from the changes in
the
load and the response of the generators to meet the load. Thus the load characteristics
which
dependence on the frequency and the control characteristics of the generators change the shift
in
the frequency. In current interconnected power systems, frequency variations are
insignificant
most of the time unless governor and load frequency controls are disabled under a system of
power shortages and a lack of grid discipline. Profitable incentives or disincentives that
ensure balance between existing generation and load may help control over frequency
variations under normal operating conditions. [2]
2.4 Voltage Unbalance
2.4.1 Definitions of voltage Unbalance:

The three definitions of voltage unbalance [3] are stated and analyzed below
1) NEMA (National Equipment Manufacturer’s Association) Definition:
The NEMA definition (2.1) of voltage unbalance, also known as the line voltage
unbalance rate (LVUR), is given by
max voltag e deviation from the avg line volatge

% LVUR   100
avg line voltage
(2.1)
The NEMA definition assumes that the average voltage is always equal to the rated
value, which is 480 V for the US three-phase systems and since it works only with
magnitudes, phase angles are not included.
2) IEEE Definition: The IEEE definition (2.2) of voltage unbalance, also known as the phase
voltage unbalance rate (PVUR), is given by
max voltag e deviation from the phase line volatge

% PVUR   100
avg phase voltage
(2.2)
The IEEE uses the same definition of voltage unbalance as NEMA, the only difference
being that the IEEE uses phase voltages rather than line-to-line voltages. Here again, phase
angle information is lost since only magnitudes are considered.
True Definition: The true definition of voltage unbalance is defined as the ratio of the negative
axis voltage component to the positive axis voltage component (2.3). The percentage voltage
unbalance factor (% VUF), or the true definition, is given by
negative sequence volatge component

%VUF   100
negative sequence volatge componen
(2.3)
The positive and negative axis voltage components are obtained by resolving three-phase
unbalanced line voltages Vab, Vbc, Vca (or phase voltages) into two symmetrical components
Vp and Vn (of the line or phase voltages).The two balanced components are given by
Vab  a  Vbc  a 2  Vca

Vp 
3
(2.4)
Vab  a 2  Vbc  a  Vca

Vn 
3
(2.5)
where a  1120 0 , a 2  1240 0
2.4.2 Causes of Voltage Unbalance

1) Major cause of voltage unbalance is the uneven distribution of single-phase loads that
can be continuously changing across a three-phase power system.
2) Incomplete transposition of transmission lines.
3) Open delta transformer connections.
4) Blown fuses on three-phase capacitor banks.
5) Arc furnaces loads.
6) Adjustable speed drives.
7) Asymmetry of line and transformer winding impedances.
8) Frequent or cyclic motor operations involving speed variations.
2.4.3 Effects of Voltage Unbalance
Unbalanced voltages can result in adverse effects on equipment and on the power
system, which is intensified by the fact that a small unbalance in the phase voltages can cause
a disproportionately larger unbalance in the phase currents. Under unbalanced conditions, the
power system will incur more losses and heating effects, and be less stable because when the
phases are balanced, the system is in a better position to respond to emergency load transfers.
The effect of voltage unbalance can also be severe on equipment such as induction motors,
power electronic converters and adjustable speed drives (ASDs).
2.4.4 Methods to Overcome Voltage Unbalance

1. Rearrange or redistribute the loads in such a way that the system becomes more
balanced.
2. Use of special transformers, such as Scott and Steinmetz Transformers.
3. Using Fast acting power electronic circuits.
2.5 Solution to Power Quality Problems

For the improvement of power quality there are two approaches. According to
first
approach the solution to the power quality problems can be done from the utility side. The
first
approach is called load conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is less sensitive to
power
disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion. The other
solution
is to install line conditioning systems that suppress the power system disturbances. In
this
approach the compensating device is connect to low and medium voltage distribution system
in
shunt or in series. Shunt active power filters operate as a controllable current source and series
active power filters operates as a controllable voltage source. Both schemes are
implemented
preferable with voltage source PWM inverters, with a dc source having a reactive element
such
as a capacitor. However, with the restructuring of power sector and with shifting trend
towards
distributed and dispersed generation, the line conditioning systems or utility side solutions
will
play a major role in improving the inherent supply quality; some of the effective and
economic
measures can be identified as following:
Energy storage systems

Storage systems can be used to protect sensitive production equipment’s from
shutdown
which is caused by voltage sag or temporary interruptions. These are generally DC
storage
systems such as UPS, batteries, superconducting magnet energy storage (SMES), storage
Capacitors or even fly wheels driving DC generators are used. The output of these devices can
be supplied to the system through an inverter on a momentary basis by a fast performing
electronic switch like GTO or IGBT etc. Sufficient energy is fed to the system to compensate
for the energy that would be lost by the fault conditions like voltage sag or interruption.
However there are many different methods to mitigate voltage sags and swells, but the
use of a custom Power device is considered to be the most efficient method. Flexible
AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) for transmission systems, the term custom power pertains to
the use of power electronics controllers in a distribution system, particularly, to deal with a
variety of power quality problems. Just as FACTS improves the power transfer capabilities and
stability limits, custom power makes sure customers get pre-specified quality and reliability
of supply. [3], [5]. There are many types of Custom Power devices like Active Power Filters
(APF),Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), Distribution static synchronous compensators
(DSTATCOM), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Surge Arresters (SA), Super conducting
Magnetic Energy Systems (SMES), Static Electronic Tap Changers (SETC), Solid-State
Transfer Switches (SSTS), Solid State Fault Current Limiter (SSFCL), and unified power
quality conditioner (UPQC).
Chapter 3 Custom Power
Devices
3.1 Introduction
Initially for the improvement of power quality or reliability of the system FACTS
devices
like static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series
compensator(SSSC), interline power flow controller (IPFC), and unified power flow
controller (UPFC) etc. are introduced. These FACTS devices are designed for the
transmission system. But now a day as more attention is on the distribution system for the
improvement of power quality, these devices are modified and known as custom power
devices. The term “custom power” describes the value-added power that electric utilities will
offer to their customers. The value addition involves the application of high power
electronic controllers to distribution systems, at the supply end of industrial, commercial
consumers.
The main custom power devices which are used in distribution system for power
quality improvement are distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM),
dynamic voltage
Restorer (DVR), active filter (AF), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) etc. N.G
Hingorani [5] was the first to propose FACTS controllers for improving PQ. He termed them
as Custom Power Devices (CPD). These are based on VSC and are of 3 types given below.
1) Shunt connected Distribution STATCOM (DSTATCOM)
2) Series connected Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
3) Combined shunt and series, Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC).
The DVR is similar to SSSC while UPQC is similar to UPFC. In spite of the similarities,
the control techniques are quite different for improving PQ. A major difference involves the
injection of harmonic currents and voltages to separate the source from the load. A DVR can
work as a harmonic isolator to prevent the harmonics in the source voltage reaching the load in
addition to balancing the voltages and providing voltage regulation. A UPQC can be considered
as the combination of DSTATCOM and DVR. A DSTATCOM is utilized to eliminate the
harmonics from the source currents and also balance them in addition to providing reactive
power Injection to improve power factor or regulate the load bus voltage.
Several power providers have installed custom power devices for mitigating power
quality problems. In particular, three major power quality devices (PQDs)—an advanced
static VAR compensator, a dynamic voltage restorer, and a high-speed transfer switch are
used these days. Over the past ten years, advanced power electronic devices have been the centre
of various research studies, installation projects, and development technologies.
By custom power devices, we refer to power electronic static controllers used for power
quality development on distribution systems rated 1 through 38 kV. This interest in the usage of
power quality devices (PQDs) arises from the need of mounting power quality levels to meet the
everyday growing sensitivity of consumer needs and expectations [5]. Power quality levels, if
not achieved, can cause costly downtimes and customer dissatisfaction. According to
contingency planning research company’s annual study [6], downtime caused by power
Disturbances results in major financial losses. In order to face these new needs, advanced power
electronic devices have developed over the last years. Their performance has been demonstrated
at medium distribution levels, and most are available as commercial products [7], [8].
3.2 Need of Custom Power Devices

Power quality is one of major concerns in the present era. Distribution system locates
the end of power system and is connected to the customer directly, so the reliability of power
supply mainly depends on distribution system. It has become important, especially, with the
introduction of sophisticated devices, whose performance is very sensitive to the quality of
power supply. Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage,
current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipment’s. The electrical distribution
network failures account for about 90% of the average customer interruptions. As the
customer’s demand for the reliability of power supply is increasing day by day, so the
reliability of the distribution system has to be increased. One of the major problems dealt here
is the power sag. Power distribution systems, ideally, should provide their customers with an
uninterrupted flow of energy at smooth sinusoidal voltage at the contracted magnitude level and
frequency. However, in practice, power systems, especially the distribution system, have
numerous nonlinear loads, which significantly affect the quality of power supplies. As a result
of the nonlinear loads, the purity of the waveform of supplies is lost. This ends up producing
many power quality problems.
While power disturbances occur on all electrical systems, the sensitivity of today’s
sophisticated electronic devices makes them more disposed to the quality of power supply. For
some sensitive devices, a temporary disturbance can cause scrambled data, interrupted
communications, a frozen mouse, system crashes and equipment failure etc. A power
voltage spike can damage valuable components.
To solve this problem, custom power devices are used. One of those devices is
the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is the most efficient and effective modern
custom power device used in power distribution networks. Its appeal includes lower cost,
smaller size, and its fast dynamic response to the disturbance.
3.2 configurations
The compensating type custom power devices can be classified on the basis of
different topologies and the number of phases. For power quality improvement the voltage
source inverter (VSI) bridge structure is generally used for the development of custom power
devices, while the use of current source inverter (CSI) is less reported. The topology can be
shunt (DSTATCOM), series (DVR), or a combination of both (UPQC).
3.2.1. Converter Based Classification

For the development of compensating type custom power devices the VSI is used
usually,
because of self-supporting dc voltage bus with a large dc capacitor, while the use of CSI is
less
reported. The current source inverter topology finds it application for the development of
active
filters, DSTATCOM and UPQC. The voltage source inverter topology is popular because it
can
be expandable to multilevel, multi-step and chain converters to enhance the performance
with
lower switching frequency and increased power handling capacity. In addition to this,
this
topology can exchange a considerable amount of real power with energy storage devices in
place
of the dc capacitor.
3.2.2. Topology Based Classification

Compensating type custom power devices can be classified based on the topology
used as shunt (DSTATCOM), series (DVR) and combination of both series and shunt
(UPQC). DSTATCOM is most widely used for power factor correction, to eliminate
current based distortion and load balancing, when connected at the load terminals. DVR can
perform voltage regulation when connected to a distribution bus.
1. DSTATCOM
A DSTATCOM is a custom power device which is utilized to eliminate the harmonics from
the source currents and also balance them in addition to providing reactive power Injection to
improve power factor or regulate the load bus voltage.
LINE
VSC
STORAGE
UNIT
Figure 3-1: Dstatcom
2. DVR (DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER)

A DVR is a custom power device which can work as a harmonic isolator to prevent the
harmonics in the source voltage reaching the load in addition to balancing the voltages and
providing voltage regulation.
LINE
VSC
STORAGE
UNIT
Figure 3-2: dvr
3. UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner)

A UPQC is also a custom power device which can be considered as the combination
of DSTATCOM and DVR.
LINE
VSC VSC
Figure 3-3: upqc
3.2.3. Supply System Based Classification

This classification of compensating devices is based on the supply and/or the load system
having single-phase (two wire) and three-phase (three-wire or four-wire) systems. There are
many nonlinear loads, such as domestic appliances, connected to single-phase supply systems.
Some three-phase nonlinear loads are without neutral, such as ASD's, fed from three-wire supply
systems. There are many nonlinear single-phase loads distributed on four-wire three-phase
supply systems, such as computers, commercial lighting, etc. Hence, compensating devices may
also be classified accordingly as two-wire, three wire, and four-wire types [11].
3.2 Benefits with the Application of Custom Power Devices
The custom power devices such as DVR, DSTATCOM, UPQC, etc. are used to increase
the reliability of the distribution system by providing voltage support at critical buses in the
system (with series connected controllers) and regulate power flow in critical lines (with shunt
connected controllers like DSTATCOM. Both voltage and power flow are controlled by the
combined series and shunt controller which is known as UPQC. As we know that the power
electronic control is quite fast and this enables regulation both under steady state and
dynamic conditions as compared to other controllers when the system is subjected to
disturbances. The benefits due to custom power devices are listed below.
1. The power flow in critical lines can be improved as the operating margins can be reduced
by
fast controllability.
2. The power carrying capacity of lines can be increased to values up to the thermal limits
by
imposed by current carrying capacity of the conductors).
3. The transient stability limit is improved thereby improving dynamic security of the system
and
reducing the incidence of blackouts caused by cascading outages.
4. They contribute to best possible system operation by improving voltage profile and
reducing
power losses.
5. The steady state or small signal stability region can be increased by providing
auxiliary
stabilizing controllers to damp low frequency oscillations.
6. FACTS controllers such as TCSC can counter the problem of Sub synchronous
Resonance
(SSR) experienced with fixed series capacitors connected in lines evacuating power
from thermal power stations (with turbo generators).
7. The problem of voltage fluctuations and in particular, dynamic over voltages can be
overcome
by these controllers [4],[5].
8. The problem of starting voltage dip in case of industrial loads like induction motor can also
be reduced by these devices.
Chapter 4
Dynamic Voltage Restorer
4.1 Introduction
Among the power quality problems (sags, swells, harmonics…) voltage sags, swells
and supply voltage unbalances are the most severe disturbances. In order to overcome these
problems the concept of custom power devices is introduced recently. One of those devices is
the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is the most efficient and effective modern
custom power device used in power distribution networks. DVR is a recently proposed series
connected solid state device that injects voltage into the system in order to regulate the load
side voltage. It is normally installed in a distribution system between the supply and the
critical load feeder at the point of common coupling (PCC). Other than voltage sags and
swells Injection, DVR can also be added other features like: line voltage harmonics Injection,
reduction of transients in voltage and fault current limitations.
4.2 Principle of DVR operation

A DVR is a solid state power electronics switching device consisting of either
GTO or IGBT, a capacitor bank as an energy storage device and injection transformers. It
is linked in series between a distribution system and a load that shown in Figure 4.1. The
basic idea of the DVR is to inject a controlled voltage generated by a forced commuted
converter in a series to the bus voltage by means of an injecting transformer. A DC to AC
inverter regulates this voltage by sinusoidal PWM technique. All through normal operating
condition, the DVR injects only a small voltage to compensate for the voltage drop of the
injection transformer and device losses. However, when voltage sag occurs in the distribution
system, the DVR control system calculates and synthesizes the voltage required to
preserve output voltage to the load by injecting a controlled voltage with a certain
magnitude and phase angle into the distribution system to the critical load.
Note that the DVR capable of generating or absorbing reactive power but the
active power injection of the device must be provided by an external energy source or
energy storage system. The response time of DVR is very short and is limited by the power
electronics devices and the voltage sag detection time. The predictable response time is
about 25 milliseconds, and which is much less than some of the traditional methods of
voltage correction such as tap-changing transformers.
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
LOAD 1
SENSITIVE
DVR
AC STEP DOWN
LOAD
STEP DOWN
SOURCE TRANSFORMER
PCC TRANSFORMER
TRANSMISSION LINE DISTRIBUTION LINE
Figure 4-1: Location of DVR
4.3 Basic Configuration of DVR

The basic configuration of DVR is shown in figure 4.2.
The DVR consists of:
1. An Injection transformer
2. A Harmonic filter
3. Storage Devices
4. A Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
5. DC charging circuit
Line
impedence Vdvr
SERIES
TRANSFORMER
supply
FILTER
LOAD
+ PWM
Vdc Cdc INVERTER
-
DC LINK
DVR
Figure 4-2: Basic Configuration of DVR

Injection transformer
Three single phase transformers are connected in series with the distribution feeder
to couple the VSC (at the lower voltage level) to the higher distribution voltage level. It links
the DVR system to the distribution network via the HV-windings and transforms and couples
the injected compensating voltages generated by the voltage source converters to the
incoming supply voltage. In addition, the Injection transformer also serves the purpose of
isolating the load from the DVR system (VSC and control mechanism).
Ripple Filter
The output of the inverter contains high frequency switching harmonics. To remove
these switching harmonics, a three phase ripple filter (Electro Magnetic Interference-EMI)
filter is used.
Voltage Source Converter (VSC)

A VSC is a power electronic device consists of a storage device and switching
devices which can generate a sinusoidal voltage at any required frequency, magnitude, and
phase angle. In the DVR application, the VSC is used to inject the voltage or part of the
voltage into the system to maintain load voltage balanced.
DC Charging Circuit
The dc charging circuit has two main tasks.
1. The first task is to charge the energy source after sag /swell Injection.
2. The second task is to maintain dc link voltage at the nominal dc link voltage.
4.4 Equivalent circuit of DVR

The equivalent circuit of DVR is shown in figure 4.3.
Vdvr
Line
Vinj
impedence
IL
ZL Zdvr
Vs
supply
VL
LOAD
Figure 4-3: Equivalent circuit diagram of DVR
When the system voltage (Vs) sags/swells, the DVR injects a series voltage Vdvr through
the injection transformer so that the desired load voltage magnitude VL can be maintained.
The series injected voltage of the DVR can be written as
Vdvr = VL + IL * ZL- Vs (4.1)
Where VL= Desired Load voltage

IL= Load current
ZL= Line Impedance
VS= source voltage under unbalance condition
4.5 Voltage injection methods of DVR

Voltage injection or Injection methods by means of a DVR depend upon the limiting
factors such as; DVR power ratings, various conditions of load, and different types of voltage
Sags/swells. Some loads are sensitive towards phase angel jump and some are sensitive
towards change in magnitude and some are sensitive to both magnitude and phase angle
change. Therefore the control strategies depend upon the type of load characteristics.
There are four different methods of DVR voltage injection which are
1. Pre-sag Injection method
2. In-phase Injection method
4.5.1 Pre-sag/swell Injection method

The pre-sag/swell method tracks the supply voltage continuously and if it detects any
disturbances in supply voltage it will inject the difference voltage so that the load voltage can
be restored back to pre-sag/swell condition. Injection of voltage sags/swells in the both phase
angle and amplitude to sensitive loads would be achieved by pre-sag/swell Injection method.
This requires higher rating of the DVR.
Before a sag occurs, VS = VL = Vo. VO is pre sag voltage. The voltage sag
results in drop in the magnitude of the supply voltage to VS1. The phase angle(𝛿) of the
supply also may shift (see Figure-4.4). The DVR injects a voltage Vdvr s u c h that the load
voltage (VL = VS1 + Vdvr) remains at Vo i.e. pre sag voltage (both in magnitude
and phase). It is claimed that some loads are sensitive to phase jumps and it is essential
to compensate for both the phase jumps and the voltage sags.
In this method DVR supplies both active and reactive power from the voltage source
converter (VSC).
Vdvr = V0– Vs1 (4.2)
Vs=VL =V0
δ
θ
Vdvr
VS1
I1L=IL
Figure 4-4: Pre-sag/swell Injection method

Where Vs=source voltage
VO = pre sag voltage
IL1=IL=Line current
VS1=source voltage under unbalance condition
Vdvr =injected voltage
θ =load angle.
4.5.2 In-phase Injection method

This is the most straight forward method. In this method the injected voltage is in
phase with the supply voltage irrespective of the load current and pre-sag/swell voltage. The
phase angles of the pre-sag/swell and load voltage are different but the most important criteria
for power quality that is the constant magnitude of load voltage are satisfied.
Vs-pre-sag
δ Vs-sag Vdvr
VL
IL
Figure 4-5: In-Phase Injection method
|VL|=|Vs-pre-sag| (4.3)
θ =load angle.
One of the advantages of this method is that the amplitude of DVR injection voltage
is minimum for certain voltage sag in comparison with other strategies. Practical application
of this method is in non-sensitive loads to phase angle jump.
4.6 DVR operating states

The DVR is designed to inject a dynamically controlled voltage i.e. Vdvr, which
is generated by a forced commutated converter. This voltage is injected in series to the bus
voltage by means of an injection transformer. The momentary amplitudes of the three
injected phase voltages are controlled such as to remove any harmful effects of a bus fault
to the load voltage VL. This means that any differential voltages caused by transient
disturbances in the ac feeder will be compensated by a equivalent voltage generated by
the converter and injected on the medium voltage level through the injection transformer.
The DVR has three modes of operation which are: protection mode, standby mode,
injection/boost mode.
In protection mode, if the current on the load side exceeds a tolerable limit due to
any fault or short circuit on the load, DVR will isolate from the system.
In standby mode the voltage winding of the injection transformer is short circuited
through converter.In the Injection/Boost mode the DVR is injecting a compensating voltage
through the injection transformer due to the detection of a disturbance in the supply voltage.
Chapter 5
Dynamic Voltage Restorer control Algorithm
5.1 Introduction
The basic functions of a controller in a Dynamic Voltage Restorer are the detection of
voltage disturbances in the supply voltage, computation of the correcting voltage, and
generation of trigger pulses to the sinusoidal PWM based DC-AC inverter. The controller
may also be used to shift the DC-AC inverter into rectifier mode to charge the capacitors in
the DC energy link in the absence of voltage abnormalities.
5.2 Control Algorithm

The control algorithm [9] is based on synchronously rotating reference frame
transformation i.e. abc to dq0 transformation technique or Park’s transformation. The
expression of Vsa, Vsb, and Vsc in terms of V0, Vd, and Vq can be described as follows:
 1 1 1 
V0   2   Vsa 
  2 2 2
 V 
Vd   3  sin( wt ) sin( wt  120) sin( wt  240)   sb  (5.1)
Vq  cos( wt ) cos( wt  120) cos( wt  240)  Vsc 
 
 
Where Vsa, Vsb, Vsc are the supply voltage, V0, Vd, Vq are the zero axis, direct and
quadrature axis voltages.
The supply voltage to the load is given in equation (5.2). When rated balanced voltage is
applied Vm1  Vm 2  Vm3  Vm and   0 .The respective V0, Vd, and Vq are calculated in the
following equations.
v sa  Vm1 sin( wt   ) 


v sb  Vm 2 sin( wt  120   ) 
 (5.2)

v sc  Vm3 sin( wt  240   ) 


1
v0  (v sa  v sb  v sc )
3
1
 [Vm sin( wt )  Vm sin( wt  120)  Vm sin( wt  240)]
3
1
 Vm [sin( wt )  sin( wt  120)  sin( wt  240)]
3
(5.3)
 v0  0
2
v d  [v sa * sin( wt )  v sb * sin( wt  120)  v sc * sin( wt  240)]
3
2
 [Vm sin( wt ) * sin( wt )  Vm sin( wt  120) * sin( wt  120)  Vm sin( wt  240) * sin( wt  240)]
3
2
 [Vm sin 2 ( wt )  sin 2 ( wt  120)  sin 2 ( wt  240)]
3
1  1  cos 2( wt )   1  cos 2( wt  120)   1  cos 2( wt  240) 

 Vm    
3  2   2   2 
 Vm cos( 2wt )   cos( 2wt  240)   cos( 2wt  480) 

1
3
1
 Vm [3  cos( 2wt )  cos( 2wt )
3
1
 * 3Vm
3
 vd  Vm (5.4)
2
v q  [v sa * cos( wt )  v sb * cos( wt  120)  v sc * cos( wt  240)]
3
2
 [Vm sin( wt ) * cos( wt )  Vm sin( wt  120) * cos( wt  120)  Vm sin( wt  240) * cos( wt  240)]
3
 Vm sin( 2wt )   sin( 2wt  240)   sin( 2wt  480) 

1
3
 Vm sin( 2wt )  sin( 2 wt ) 

1
3
 vq  0 (5.5)
From equations (5.3),(5.4),(5.5) we can analyse that quadrature axis voltage and zero
axis voltage are of zero value and direct axis voltage is a DC quantity of Vm.
When unbalanced voltage is applied Vm1  Vm 2  Vm3  Vm and   0 , by solving the

equation (5.2) the quadrature axis voltage and zero axis voltage are not zero value. The
quadrature axis voltage is ac voltage with a frequency of twice the supply frequency and zero
axis voltage is ac voltage with frequency of supply frequency. The direct axis voltage is a
pulsating voltage with DC quantity of average value of Vm1 , Vm 2 , and Vm3 and ac quantity with
a frequency of twice the supply frequency.
Equations above defines the transformation from three phase abc to dqo reference
frame. In this transformation, phase a-axis is aligned to the d-axis which is in quadrature with
q-axis. Here ωt is the angle between phase a-axis and the d-axis.
Vsa V0 Via*
V0
abc 0 dq0
Vib* Sinusoidal
-
To Vd Vd* To
Vsb PWM
dq0 LPF 1 abc
+
Vq
transform V 0 transformation Vic* Pulses to
Vsc q inverter
ation
PLL ᶿ ᶿ
Figure 5-1: Reference Voltage Signal Generation Block Diagram

5.3 Reference Voltage Signal Generation for Dynamic Voltage Regulator
(DVR):
In this control algorithm all the voltages are taken in per unit system because in real
time simulation the control strategy is developed in per unit system. This control algorithm
monitors the supply voltage continuously. Whenever there is any disturbances (sag/swell,
unbalance) in the source voltage there will be an immediate deviation in the dq0 components
of the source voltage from those of the load voltage of one per unit. The reference injected
voltages Via*, Vib*, Vic* are calculated as explained below.
The source voltages are transformed to dq0-transformation by using abc to dq0

transformation by using the equation (5.1).The balanced direct quantity Vd is extracted by
using low pass filter under unbalanced voltages. By keeping quadrature voltage Vq and zero
axis voltage V0 to zero, the reference injected voltages are calculated by transforming V0, Vd,
and Vq to abc transformation or inverse dq0 transformation given in equation (5.6). A PLL
block is used to synchronize generated voltages of Voltage source inverter (VSI) with line
voltages. Sinusoidal PWM technique is used to generate firing pulses to voltage source
inverter.
via  1 sin( wt ) cos( wt )  0 

     
vib   1 sin( wt  120) cos( wt  120)  v d  (5.6)
v   1 sin( wt  240) cos( wt  240)  0 
 ic    
via  Vd sin( wt ) 



vib  Vd sin( wt  120) 
 (5.7)

vic  Vd sin( wt  240) 


The reference injected voltages Via*, Vib*, Vic* are calculated from equation (5.7), and the
references injected voltages are used for the generation of pulses to inverter to fire IGBTs.
Chapter 6
Simulation results
This chapter analyses the performance of the Dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR) with
different supply voltage conditions (voltage sag, voltage swell, and voltage unbalance) to R-L
load. The complete model of the DVR is constructed in Simulink environment (MATLAB).
DVR CIRCUIT PARAMETERS:

Table 6-1 Simulation parameters used in simulation:
Sr. No. Quantity Value
1 Supply Voltage 415V, 50Hz (line-line)
2 Source Impedance Rs = 0.5 Ω, Ls = 0.1 mH
3 DC Capacitor 5000 uF
4 DC Link Voltage 680V
5 Ripple filter Lf = 2 mH, Cf = 50 uF
9 Series Transformer 1:1
10 Switching Frequency 20 kHz
Three Phase Balanced Linear Load
11 Load
R-L load(R=30 Ω,L=0.302H)
Figure 6-1: MATLAB Simulation Circuit Diagram.
Figure 6.1 shows the complete model of DVR constructed in Simulink environment
(MATLAB). The model consists of source, inverter, control block, EMI filter, Injection
transformer, comparator, and load. The different supply voltage disturbances are generated by
using source. The inverter is used to convert DC supply to AC supply. The output of the
inverter contains fundamental voltage and the voltages of switching frequencies and multiples
of switching frequencies. The voltages of switching frequencies and multiples of switching
frequencies are eliminated by using EMI filter. The pulses are generated by the comparator by
comparing sinusoidal signal with triangular signal. The AC voltage of the inverter is injected
in each phase of the line by using injection transformers. The reference signals to the PWM
inverter are generated by using control block.
6.1 Case I: Balanced supply voltage

The voltage across the load is maintained constant for different supply voltage disturbances.
When rated balanced voltage is applied to the load, the injected voltage by the voltage source
converter is zero ideally but supplies very small voltage to compensate drop in injection
transformer.
The following equations represent the Balanced source voltage.
v sa  338.846 sin( wt ) (6.1)
vsb  338.846 sin( wt  120) (6.2)
v sc  338.846 sin( wt  240) (6.3)
Source Voltage Vs Time

400
Vsa
Vsb
300
Vsc
200
Source Voltage(Volts)
100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
`
(b)
Figure 6-2: (a), (b) source voltage

Figure 6-2 (a) shows the waveform of Balanced Source Voltage (simulation is done in
Matlab Simulink.
Load Voltage Vs Time
400
Vla
300 Vlb
Vlc
200
Load Voltage(volts)
100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
Figure 6-3: (a), (b) load voltage
Figure 6-3 (a) shows the waveform of Load Voltage (simulation is done in Matlab
Simulink).
Vdq0 Vs Time
350
Vd
300 Vq
v0
250
200
Vdq0(volts)
150
(a)
100
50
-50
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)
Figure 6-4: (a), (b) Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis voltages
Figure 6-4 (a) shows the waveform of Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis voltages under
balanced supply Voltage (simulation is done in Matlab Simulink. The Quadrature and zero
axis voltages are of zero voltage after converting the source voltage to synchronously rotating
reference frame (abc to dq0).
Figure 6-5 (a) shows the waveform of injected Voltage (simulation is done in Matlab
Simulink.
6.2 Case II: Balanced supply voltage (sag)

The following equations represent the balanced sag voltage with 20% of sag .The line to line
voltage of 415V and the peak value of phase voltage is 338.846V.
v sa  (338.846  0.8) sin( wt ) (6.4)
vsb  (338.846  0.8) sin( wt  120) (6.5)

vsc  (338.846  0.8) sin( wt  240) (6.6)
Source Voltage Vs Tme

400
Vsa
Vsb
300
Vsc
200
Source Voltage(volts)
100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
Figure 6-5: (a) source voltage
Figure 6-5 (a) shows the waveform of Balanced Sag Source Voltage (simulation is
done in Matlab Simulink). The voltage sag is supplied from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds (6 cycles).
400
Vla
Vlb
300
Vlc
200
Load Voltage(volts)
100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
Figure 6-6: (a), (b) Load voltage
Simulink). The voltage is injected by DVR from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds. From the waveform it
can be observed that the voltage across load is maintained to rated voltage.
Injected Voltage Vs Time
80
Via
Vib
60
Vic
40
Injected Voltage(Volts)
20
0
(a)
-20
-40
-60
-80
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
Figure 6-7(a) shows the waveform of Injected Voltage (simulation is done in Matlab
Simulink). The voltage is injected by DVR from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds.
Vdq0 Vs Time
350
Vd
Vq
300
V0
250
200
Vdq0(volts)
150
(a)
100
50
-50
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)
Figure 6-7: (a), (b) Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis voltage
Figure 6-8 (a) shows the waveform of Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis
voltages under Balanced Sag supply Voltage (simulation is done in Matlab Simulink. By
observing the waveform of 6-8 (a), (b) under Balanced Sag Supply voltage the direct quantity
voltage is a DC voltage with amplitude of phase voltage. From the wave form it can be
observed that there is a dip in Direct Quantity voltage from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds where the sag
voltage is applied. The Quadrature and Zero axis voltages are of zero voltage after converting
the source voltage into synchronously rotating reference frame (abc to dq0).
6.3 case III: Balanced supply voltage (swell)

The following equations represents the Balanced swell voltage.
vsa  (338.846 1.2) sin( wt ) (6.7)
vsb  (338.846 1.2) sin( wt  120) (6.8)
vsc  (338.846 1.2) sin( wt  240) (6.9)

500
Vsa
400 Vsb
Vsc
300
200
100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)
Figure 6-9 (a) shows the waveform of Balanced Swell Voltage (simulation is done in
Matlab Simulink). The voltage Swell is supplied from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds (6 cycles)
400
Vla
Vlb
300
Vlc
200
Load Voltage(volts)
100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)

80
Via
60 Vib
Vic
40
Injected Voltage(volts)
20
0
(a)
-20
-40
-60
-80
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)
igure 6-8: (a) Injected voltage
Simulink). The voltage is injected by DVR from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds
Vdq0 Vs Time
450
Vd
400 Vq
V0
350
300
Vdq0(volts)
250
200
(a)
150
100
50
-50
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)
Figure 6-9: (a) Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis voltage
Figure 6-12 (a) shows the waveform of Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis voltages
under Balanced Swell supply Voltage (simulation is done in Matlab Simulink. By observing
the waveforms of 6-8 (a),(b) under Balanced Swell Supply voltage the Direct quantity voltage
is a DC voltage of magnitude phase voltage. From the wave form it can be observed that there
is a swell in Direct Quantity voltage from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds where the Swell voltage is
applied. The Quadrature and Zero axis voltages are of zero voltage after converting the source
voltage into synchronously rotating reference frame (abc to dq0).
6.4 Case IV: Unbalanced supply voltage (Magnitude)

The following equations represents the Balanced swell source voltage.
(6.10
v sa  338.846 sin( wt )
)
(6.11
vsb  (338.846  0.8) sin( wt  120)
)
vsc  (338.846  0.6) sin( wt  240) (6.12

)
400
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(a)
(b)
Figure 6-10: (a) source voltage under Unbalanced supply Voltage
Figure 6-13 (a) shows the waveform of Unbalanced Source Voltage (simulation is
done in Matlab Simulink).The Unbalance is supplied from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds (6 cycles).
400
Vla
Vlb
300
Vlc
200
Load Voltage(volts)
100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)
Figure 6-11: (a) load voltage


150
Via
Vib
100 Vic
Injected Voltage(volts)
50
0
(a)
-50
-100
-150
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time(sec)
(b)
Figure 6-12: (a) injected voltage
Vdq00.08
Simulink). The voltage is injected by DVR from Vs Time
to 0.2 seconds.
350
Vd
Vq
300
V0
250
200
Vdq0(volts)
150
(a)
100
50
-50
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)
Figure 6-13: (a) Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis voltage
Figure 6-16 (a) shows the waveform of Direct, Quadrature and Zero axis voltages under
Unbalanced supply Voltage (simulation done in Matlab Simulink). By observing the
waveforms of 6-16 (a) under Unbalanced Supply voltage the direct quantity voltage is a
oscillating DC voltage of magnitude phase voltage and frequency of 100Hz from 0.08 to 0.2
seconds where unbalance is created. The Quadrature and Zero axis voltages are of oscillating
with average value of zero voltage after converting the source voltage into synchronously
rotating reference frame (abc to dq0).
6.5 Case V: Unbalanced supply voltage (Phase& Magnitude)

The following equations represent the unbalanced source voltage. The Unbalance is in both
magnitude and Phase.
(6.13)
v sa  338.846 sin( wt )
(6.14)
vsb  (338.846  0.8) sin( wt  140)
v sc  (338.846  0.6) sin( wt  250) (6.15)

400
Vsa
300 Vsb
Vsc
200
Source Voltage(Volts)
100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(sec)
(b)
Figure 6-14: (a) unbalanced source voltage.

Figure 6-17 (a) shows the waveform of Unbalanced Source Voltage (simulation is
done in Matlab Simulink).The Unbalance is created from 0.08 to 0.2 seconds (6 cycles).
400
Vla
300 Vlb
Vlc
200
Load Voltage(volts) 100
0
(a)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
Time(Sec)
(b)
Figure 6-15: (a) load voltage
.
References
1.K.R. Padiyar “Facts controllers in power transmission and distribution” new age
international (P) Ltd publishers, 2007.
2.Michael D. Stump, Gerald J. Keane “The role, of custom power products in enhancing
power quality at industrial facilities”, Energy Management and Power Delivery, vol. 2,
pp.507-517, International Conference 1998.
3.P.pillay, M. Manyage “Definitions of Voltage Unbalance” IEEE Power Engineering eview,
May 2001.
4.D. Daniel Sabin, and Ambra Sannino, “A Summary of the Draft IEEE P1409 Custom
Power Application Guide” Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition,
IEEE PES, vol. 3, pp. 931-936, 2003.
5.Masoud Aliakbar Golkar, “Power Quality in Electric Networks: Monitoring and Standards”
the second world engineering conference, pp. 137-141 July 2002.
6.N.G. Hingorani and L Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS – Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission Systems, IEEE Press, New York, 2000.
7.N.G. Hingorani, Flexible AC Transmission",IEEE Spectrum, vol. 30, pp. 40-44, 1993.
8.Yash Pal, A. Swarup, and Bhim Singh, “A Review of Compensating Type Custom Power
Devices for Power Quality Improvement” IEEE Power India Conference, pp. 1-8, 2008.
9.Fawzi AL Jowder “Modeling and Simulation of Different System Topologies for Dynamic
Voltage Restorer” Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, EPECS '09.
International Conference, IEEE, pp. 1-6, 2009.
10.John Godsk Nielsen and Frede Blaabjerg “Control Strategies for Dynamic Voltage
Restorer Compensating Voltage Sags with Phase Jump”, Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, IEEE, vol. 2, pp. 1267-1273, 2001.
11.H.P. Tiwari and Sunil Kumar Gupta “Dynamic Voltage Restorer against Voltage Sag”
International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 232-237,
2010.
12.Paisan Boonchiaml, Nadarajah Mithulananthan, Rajamangala University of Technology
Thanyaburi Thailand, “Detailed Analysis of Load Voltage Injection for Dynamic Voltage
Restorers” TENCON, IEEE region 10 conference, pp. 1-4, 2006.
PART 2
DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER FOR OPEN LOOP

CONDITION
INTRODUCTION
As we have implemented DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER on the
close loop system condition and the result is obtained on the matlab
simulation. We can also perform this project in the open loop system
wherein it consist of all the hardware equipment’s. We have done this
project to compare the output result by taking different cases of fault
conditions in case of closed loop system and open loop system. This
will help us to know the accuracy and the fast response to any change
or any fault condition that take place in the transmission and
distribution lines.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DVR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DVR
3.2.3 ADC
Features
• Easy interface to all microprocessors
• Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or analog span adjusted voltage reference
• No zero or full-scale adjust required
• 8-channel multiplexer with address logic
• 0V to VCC input range
• Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications
• ADC0808 equivalent to MM74C949
• ADC0809 equivalent to MM74C949-1
Description
The ADC 0809 is an 8-bit A/D converter with 8-channel multiplexer. The ADC 0809 contains
on chip 8 channel multiplexer. 8 analog inputs can be applied to ADC 0809. The analog on
chip multiplexer selects one out of 8 inputs for conversion of analog to digital signal.
Some important characteristics of ADC 0809 are listed below.
1. Resolution/digital output …………..….....8bits

2. Clock frequency…………………………..10 KHz to 1280 KHz
3. Conversion time…………………………..100microsec at 640 KHz
4. Minimum start pulse width……………….100ns
5. Minimum ALE pulse width………………100ns
6. Error……………………………………….+/- 1 LSB
7. Supply…………………………………….5 VDC
The ADC used here is the ‘’SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ADC’’.
3.2 Microcontroller:
3.2.1 Definition
An embedded microcontroller is a chip which has a computer processor with all its support
functions (clock & reset), memory (both program and data), and I/O (including bus interface)
built into the device. These built in functions minimize the need for external circuits and
devices to be designed in the final application.
The microcontroller 89C51 is the core of this unit. Its responsibility is to take input
from different sections, process it and to provide visual interface on LCD or LED. It is a 40
pin IC having 4 input/output ports. This is the main central controller of the complete H/W.
Its job is to scan all the inputs and sequentially & con omputer which provides a highly-
flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89C51is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two Software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other
chip functions until the next Hardware reset.
3.2.5 Features of AT89C51

Following are the features of microcontroller AT89C51:
 Compatible with MCS-51TM Products
 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase
Cycles;
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz;
 Three-level Program Memory Lock;
 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM;
 32 Programmable I/O Lines;
 Two 16-bit Timer/Counters;
 Six Interrupt Sources;
 Programmable Serial Channel;
 Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.
3.2.6 Pin Diagram Of AT89C51:
Fig 3.
3.2.7 Architecture of AT 89C51
Fig 3.4
Pin Description
 VCC
Power supply positive voltage. Operating voltage of the IC.
 GND
Power supply Ground.
 Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode
P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-
ups are required during program verification.
 Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming
and verification.
 Port 2
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit
addresses (MOVX @ DPTR).In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when
emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2
also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification
 Port 3
that are externally being pulled low will source Current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed
below:
Port Pin Alternate Functions:

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
 RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles, while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
 ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during
Flash programming.
In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency,
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be
disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.
With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise,
the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode.
 PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access
to external data memory.
 EA/VPP (External Access Enable)

EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external
program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock
bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to
VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming
enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
 XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
 XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
we are using ADC 0809 which is having 8 bit analog channel to which we can apply
0 to +5V analog in put which gets converted in to 00 to FF hex value. Thus we get
resolution of 20mV for one binary increment.
This ic is having A,B & C input for analog channel selection and ALE (address latch
enable) for confirmation after applying ALE signal we have to give SOC (start of conversion)
signal by which we analog value of selected channel will get sample and hold. Sample and
hold is needed as analog input is variable and IC needs some time depending on clock signal
to convert analog value to digital.
After conversion IC ADC0809 will make EOC (end of conversion) pin high. Converted data
inside the IC to make it available on output pins we have to make OE (output enable) high
otherwise output will remain in high impedance state as this IC is having tri-state output.
This IC needs external clock signal around 10 KHz which is applied by 555 timers IC
configure in astable mode. Conversion time is depending on this clock frequency. If IC’s
conversion time is less, then IC can process high frequency signals by taking more samples of
input.
IR sensor
IR sensor is connected with current limiting resistor of 560 ohm; it emits IR rays
continuously which are invisible. IR receiver is connected to the base of transistor in reverse
bias. When IR rays are falling on IR receiver it offer low resistance and hence transistor base
gets ground and hence transistor gets off. Led is connected in series with RE (collector
resistor). Transistor is off and LED is off and hence collector voltage is high.
When IR rays are not fallen on IR receiver diode it will offer high resistance and
transistor will get on due to base biasing resistor connected to it from +ve supply. Now led
will be on and collector voltage will be low.
IR transmitter and receiver are placed side by side , so when any object when appear in
front of the transmitted rays gets reflected from the object and received from the receiver thus
it needs a proximity detector. This are commonly use for the detection position of motor.
LCD
LCD is having a 8 bit data line& three control signals RS (resistor select), R/W &
(read/write) and CE (chip enable). We can interface LCD with 8 bit data or 4 bit data lines.
We have apply ASCII code byte by byte or nibble by nibble. RS is use to configure LCD.
R/W is used to read data from lcd or to write data to LCD. Normally data is to write on LCD
and this pin is kept low.
LCD needs +5v supply for its working which is given to pin no 1(GND) & 2 (VCC) pin
no. 15 (LED VCC) and pin no.16 (LED GND). LCD provides back light option for night and
better vision
Pin no 3 is contact by which we can adjust the back ratio of character which is adjusted
with a preset of 10 k ohm, which is a series of resistor which is used as voltage dividing
network.
DIAGRAM OF LCD DISPLAY

MAX 232
●Operates With Single 5-V Power Supply

●Operates Up to 120 kbit/s
●Two Drivers and Two Receivers
● ±30-V Input Levels
Applications
►TIA/EIA-232-F
►Battery-Powered Systems
►Terminals
► Modems
Logic 0 Logic1
TTL/CMOS 0V 5V
EIA-232 +3 to +15V -3 to
levels +15V
Note: EIA-232 levels are inverted as well as level shifted compare to TTL/CMOS signals.
Personal computer serial port, GSM/GPS modems are having EIA-232 levels. These devices
are made compatible to use with PC serial port. Microcontroller is having TTL/CMOS signals
so when we want to interface microcontroller with such devices we need signal compatibility
and it is achieved with the help of IC MAX 232.
Description/ordering information Of MAX

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply
EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-
V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical
hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept +/-30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input
levels into EIA-232 levels
. 3.2.4 IC 555
Fig.3.6 Internal Block Diagram
 The NE555 monolithic timing circuit is a highly stable controller capable of producing
accurate time delays or oscillation.
 In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external
resistor and capacitor.
 For a stable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle
are both accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor.
 The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure
can source or sink up to 200mA.
Fig.3.7 Astable mode operation
Explanation:
 When the circuit is connected as shown in figure above (pin 2 and 6 connected) it
triggers itself and free runs as a multivibrator.
 The external capacitor charges through R1 and R2 and discharges through R2 only.
 Thus the duty cycle may be precisely set by the ratio of these two resistors.
 In the astable mode of operation, C1 charges and discharges between 1/3 Vcc and 2/3
Vcc.
 As in the triggered mode, the charge and discharge times and therefore frequency
are independent of the supply voltage.
 The charge time (output HIGH) is given by : t1 = 0.693 (R1 + R2) C1
3.2.5 RELAY CIRCUIT
Fig.3.8
 A relay is basically a Switch.
 There are three relays operative in this circuit .Based on the microcontroller output, the relay
circuit switches control from one source to another.
 An LED is connected to each relay which glows whenever the particular source is currently
activated.
 When the relay output is high, then NC (Normally closed) is enabled otherwise NO
(Normally opened) is enabled.
Relay Driver
ULN2803
The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally suited for
interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS)
and the higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar
loads for a broad range of computer, industrial, and consumer applications. All devices
feature open–collector outputs and freewheeling clamp diodes for transient suppression.
The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families while the ULN2804
is optimized for 6 to 15 volt high level CMOS or PMOS.
Features
1. Eight Darlington’s with common emitters;

2. Output current to 500 Ma;
3. Output voltage to 50 V;
4. Integral suppression diodes;
5. Versions for all popular logic families;
6. Output can be paralleled;
7. Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify board layout.
Description
The ULN2801A-ULN2805A each contains eight Darlington transistors with common

emitters and integral suppression diodes for inductive loads. Each Darlington features a peak
load current rating of 600mA (500mA continuous) and can withstand at least 50V in the off
state. Outputs maybe paralleled for higher current capability.
Five versions are available to simplify interfacing to standard logic families: the ULN2801A
is designed for general purpose applications with a current limit resistor; the ULN2802A has a
10.5k input resistor and zener for 14-25V PMOS; the ULN2803A has a 2.7k input resistor for
5V TTL and CMOS; the ULN2804A has a 10.5k input resistor for 6-15V CMOS and the
ULN2805A is designed to sink a minimum of 350mA for standard and Schottky TTL where
higher output current is required. All types are supplied in an 18-lead plastic DIP with a
copper lead from and feature the convenient input opposite-output pinout to simplify board
layout.
RESET CIRCUIT:
Reset circuit is designed with RC & NOT gate. Reset switch is connected in
parallel of capacitor. Whenever switch is pressed positive pulse is applied to reset pin
of microcontroller. Which is level operating, when it is high mc gets reset and
program gets initialized.
SOLDERING
 For soldering of any joints first the terminal to be soldered are cleaned to remove oxide
film or dirt on it. If required flux is applied on the points to be soldered.
 Now the joint to be soldered is heated with the help of soldering iron. Heat applied
should be such that when solder wire is touched to joint, it must melt quickly
 The joint and the soldering iron is held such that molten solder should flow smoothly
over the joint.
 When joint is completely covered with molten solder, the soldering iron is removed.
 The joint is allowed to cool without any movement.
 The bright shining solder indicates good soldering.
 In case of dry solder joint an air gap remains in between the solder metal and the joint. It
means that soldering is improper. This is removed and again soldering is done.
POWER SUPPLY
The performance of the master box depends on the proper functioning of the power
supply unit. The power supply converts not only A.C into D.C, but also provides o/p voltage
of 5volts, 1 amp. The essential components of the power supply are:
TRANSFORMER:
As name suggests it transforms the voltage level from one level to another.
Transformer used is the step down transformer to step 230 v to +5v. It provides isolation too
from the mains.
RECTIFIER:
The rectifier is used to convert A.C to D.C voltage. The design that we have carried out
is of the full wave rectifier, using 1N4001 diodes.
The full wave bridge rectifier has advantage over the full wave centre tap rectifier like:-
The need for the centre-tapped transformer is eliminated.
The PIV is one half of the centre–tap circuit.

FILTER:
A filter circuit is a device, which removes ac component of rectified output but

allows the dc component to reach the load. The filter used is a simple capacitor of 100µf /25v.
REGULATOR:
A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of

changes in load current. The regulator used in our project is IC 7805, which is a three
terminal voltage regulator. A heat sink is used, So that the heat produced by the regulator
dissipating power has a larger area from which it can radiate the heat into the air by holding
the case temperature to a much lower value than that which would result without the heat
sink.
IC 7805 has an internal thermal overload protection and the internal short circuit
current limiting device.
IC 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
Provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes

The 78 xx series of three terminal regulators is available with one of this is local regulation,
eliminating the distortion problems associated with single point regulation. The voltage
available allows these regulators to be used in logic systems instrumentation, Hi-Fi and other
solid state equipment.
The LM 7805 is available in aluminium (3 terminals) packages, which will allow over
1.0 Ampere load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to
limit the peak output current to a safe value. Protection for the output transistors is provided to
limit internal power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat
sinking provided; the thermal shut circuit takes place over preventing the IC from
overheating.
Considerable efforts were expended to make the LM 7805 regulators easy to use and
minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output
although this does improve transient response.

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A PROJECT REPORT ON

DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for Degree of

Prof. Shilpa Kapse

Department of Electrical Engineering

Wankhede for his valuable suggestions.

RESTORER” and put forth special information regarding this project.

Power quality is one of major concerns in the present era. It has

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................v

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES.................................................................... vii

ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS .......................................................................... viii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................10

1.2 literature survey................................................................................................................... 11

1.3 Object Of Thesis ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4 Outline of thesis ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Chapter 2 Power Quality.......................................................................................12

2.2 Power Quality ..................................................................................................................... 12

2.3 Problems Associated With Power Quality............................................................................ 13

2.3.1 Momentary phenomena ................................................................................................ 13

2.3.2 Steady state phenomena ............................................................................................... 14

2.3.3 Voltage fluctuations and flicker ................................................................................... 14

2.3.4 Power frequency variations ........................................................................................... 15

2.4 Voltage Unbalance .............................................................................................................. 15

2.4.1 Definitions of voltage Unbalance: ............................................................................... 15

2.4.3 Effects of Voltage Unbalance ...................................................................................... 17

2.4.4 Methods to Overcome Voltage Unbalance .................................................................. 17

2.5 Solution To Power Quality Problems ................................................................................... 17

Chapter 3 Custom Power Devices ........................................................................19

3.2 Need of Custom Power Devices ......................................................................................... 20

3.2.1. Converter Based Classification ................................................................................... 20

3.2.2. Topology Based Classification ................................................................................... 21

3.2.3. Supply System Based Classification ........................................................................... 22

3.2 Benefits With The Application Of Custom Power Devices ............................................... 23

Chapter 4 Dynamic Voltage Restorer ..................................................................24

4.2 Principle of DVR operation ................................................................................................ 24

4.3 Basic Configuration of DVR .............................................................................................. 25

4.4 Equivalent circuit of DVR .................................................................................................. 27

4.5 Voltage injection methods of DVR..................................................................................... 27

4.5.1 Pre-sag/swell Injection method .................................................................................... 28

4.5.2 In-phase Injection method............................................................................................ 29

4.6 DVR operating states .......................................................................................................... 29

Chapter 5 Dynamic Voltage Restorer control Algorithm ..................................30

5.2 Control Algorithm ............................................................................................................... 30

6.2 Case II: Balanced supply voltage (sag) ............................................................................... 37

6.3 case III: Balanced supply voltage (swell) ........................................................................... 40

6.4 Case IV: Unbalanced supply voltage (Magnitude) ............................................................. 42

6.5 Case V: Unbalanced supply voltage (Phase& Magnitude) ................................................. 45

References ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS

PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

SMES - Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage

FACTS - Flexible AC Transmission Systems

BESS - Battery Energy Storage Systems

DSTATCOM - Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators

UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supplies

PQD - Power Quality Device

UPQC - Unified Power Quality Compensator