THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL MIXED WITH BAKING

SODA AS FACE CLEANSER AND BLACKHEADS REMOVER

A Research Paper
Presented to the Division of Ilocos Sur
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Course
Practical Research 2

By

Mark Vincent Jaramillo

And

Carlo Fagela

2018
 ABSTRACT

The researchers believe that an alternative homemade face cleanser and blackheads
remover made up of coconut oil and baking soda cannot harm the skin especially to the face.
However, there are actually several face cleansing alternatives that do not require traditional soap
based washes that could work just as well for the skin and perhaps even better. There are so
many ways to get no harm and have no side effects when using alternative face cleanser and
blackheads remover like the researchers investigatory projects which is the used of coconut oil
and baking soda as homemade face cleanser and blackheads remover. They used a development
method to produce a product out of virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda as face cleanser and
black heads remover. The researchers focused their research project on the effectiveness of the
virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda as face cleanser and black heads remover. The
researchers used an observation method in gathering their data. The researchers used the simple
random sampling that the researchers selected using lottery technique. Also they used table to
present the effect of virgin coconut oil mixed with baking soda and they take pictures which are
the before and after the effect of using the homemade face cleanser and blackheads remover.
 ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Like King David who thanked God after having been delivered out of the hand of all his

enemies and out of the hand of Saul, the researchers gives praises to the Lord, for his kindness

and because his love endure forever.

The researcher conveys their most profound gratitude to God Almighty for giving them

strength and specially knowledge, for the endowment of good health and well-being for the

completion of this research work.

The researchers also convey gratitude to the people who were instrumental toward in the

finish product of this research work and without them; this dissertation would not have been

possible.

Dr. Glenn A. Guira, Adviser, who motivates the researchers to finish this piece of work,

for her patience, encouragement, suggestions, support and being an inspiration to the researchers

and proved this study.

 iii
DEDICATION

It is with utmost sincerity that we offer this piece of work

to God almighty,

who the one created us, our pillar, and he is the source of our strength and knowledge.

to our Parents

the one who taught us to be knowledgeable enough to do such things like this by ourselves and
whose good model for us to work harder for the things we want to reach or to achieve

and to our relatives and all of our friends

who always there for us to support in such things we want to achieve, who made our lives
wonderful.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction.................................................................................................................1

Review and Related Literature........................................................................................................2

Statement of the Problem................................................................................................................3

Conceptual/Theoretical Framework................................................................................................4

Scope and Limitation......................................................................................................................5

Significance of the Study................................................................................................................6

Operational Definition of Terms.....................................................................................................7

II. Research Methodology

Research Design..............................................................................................................................8

Respondents/ Participants of the Study...........................................................................................9

Instrumentation..............................................................................................................................10

Data Gathering Procedure..............................................................................................................11

Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................12

III. Results and Discussion...............................................................................................13

IV. Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary of Findings....................................................................................................................14

Conclusions...................................................................................................................................15

Curriculum Vitae...........................................................................................................................16

Appendices....................................................................................................................................17

References.....................................................................................................................................18

Documentation..............................................................................................................................19

CHAPTER I.
 INTRODUCTION

Everyday skin is aging. The very simple process of washing your face before bed is an
excellent way to mitigate the external factors associated with aging and to stimulate the internal
process of anti-aging. Overnight, the skin needs oxygen to repair itself. And sleeping with make-
up or deprives it of this vital nutrient. So many of us are using face cleanser and blackheads
remover in the stores which are commercial products that are used to remove make-up and dead
skin cells, oil, dirt, and other type of pollution from skin of the face. This helps also to unclog
pore and prevent skin conditions such as acne. And also blackheads are composed of dried
sebum and dead skin cells that can be present in a number of skin diseases. Blackheads are a
prime component of teenage acne. When the opening of the pore becomes occluded with oil and
dead skin cells, which then solidifies the surface colour after darkens. So, many of us are using
of this skin care products to protect our face in many types of pollution.

Undeniably, facial cleansers are meant to serve as a good cause for face. They are
especially formulated to clear the face of free radial, pollutant and make remnants that can be
toxic when left to pile up on the skin layers. However, the problem with this cleanser is the fact
that it may be harmful to the skin. Although some products claimed to the best facial cleanser,
people should know that they contain bad chemicals. And this chemicals strip the skin’s lipid,
essential oils and anti-oxidant properties. As such the face becomes more prone to cell damage
and wrinkles. For those who have dry skin, using the wrong skin care cleanser can make the
epidermis more dehydrated and brittle. For those who have oily skin, facial cleanser can make
your skin temporarily drier but because of the temporary stripping off of oil, the skin reacts by
producing more oil which eventually leads to logged breakouts. And also some face cleanser and
blackheads remover is very much expensive to those people who can‘t afford to buy those skin
care products.

The researchers believe that an alternative homemade face cleanser and blackheads
remover made up of coconut oil and baking soda cannot harm the skin especially to the face.
However, there are actually several face cleansing alternatives that do not require traditional soap
based washes that could work just as well for the skin and perhaps even better. There are so
many ways to get no harm and have no side effects when using alternative face cleanser and
blackheads remover like the researchers investigatory projects which is the used of coconut oil
and baking soda as homemade face cleanser and blackheads remover.

The focus of this study is to prove how effective the coconut oil and baking soda as face
cleanser and blackheads remover. The researchers want to know what is the possibility outcome
or and if it is good to the face skin. Likewise the researchers want to prove that this product is
better and cheaper comparing to the commercial products. People can make their own face
cleanser and blackheads remover at home and it would lessen their expenses.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 According to K. Isoda et al (2014) that washing a face twice a day with a facial cleanser
based on AEC/soap is an effective care for moderate or less grade facial acne. Washing the face
with a mild cleanser is generally recommended for acne care. Occasionally, the general public
has the misconception that acne is exacerbated by cleansers and furthermore it has concerns
about inducing skin irritation and xerosis by intensive washing. Recently, the researchers
developed a new cleanser based on sodium laureth carboxylate and alkyl carboxylates
(AEC/soap) that cleans sebum well without penetrating the stratum corneum.

Y. Yokagi (2015) confirmed that a facial cleanser formulated with alkyl ether carboxylate
(AEC) and alkyl carboxylate (AC) effectively removed sebum and decrease acne prompt without
inducing dry skin on Japanese male subjects. Assessment of the efficacy was conducted prior to
the start of the study, and at the end of weeks 2 and 4. Following usage of this cleanser for 4
weeks, sebum secretion levels on the forehead skin significantly decreased. Corresponding to
decrease in facial sebum, 10 subjects had decrease in non-inflammatory acne. Furthermore eight
subjects decreased in inflammatory acne, and the decreases in the number of inflammatory acne
within 4 weeks were statistically significant. These decreases in sebum and acne prompt were
recognized by subjects. Despite the sebum were cleansed well, the cutaneous capacitance
increased significantly within 4 weeks, and there were no complaints of dryness or irritation of
the skin during the study.

“Acne RA- 1, 2 we tolerated and effective at reducing com domes and sebum production
and improving epidermal function. This results suggest that acne RA- 1,2 is useful against acne-
prone facial skin, particularly as it targets sebum production, which tropical pharmacological
acne therapies do not address” (E. Cestone et al, 2017).

K. Isoda et al (2014) hypothesized that skin care combining mild skin cleansing and
intensive moisturizing (“combination skin care”) maybe effective in the care of acne in subjects
with dry skin and/or sensitive skin. The researchers developed a combination skin care with a
weakly acidic foaming facial skin cleanser based on a mild detergent, an aqueous lotion with
eucalyptus extract and a moisturizing gel containing pseudo-ceramide and eucalyptus extract. To
optimize an ideal facial skin care system for mild acne on sensitive skin,the researchers
performed a 4-week clinical trial with 29 post-adolescent Japanese women with mild acne with
dry and sensitive skin. The acne significantly decreased after this trial accompanied by the
improvement of dry skin, a significantly increased endogenous ceramide level in the stratum
corneum and an elongated alkyl chain length of the non-hydroxy acyl sphingosine type ceramide.
No adverse events due to the test samples were observed. Based on diagnosis by a dermatologist,
97% of the subjects found the combination skin care to be “useful” or “slightly useful”. Based on
these findings, the combined use of a facial skin cleanser and moisturizers is safe and effective
for the care of acne in post-adolescent Japanese women with sensitive skin.
 According to K. Mizukushi, K. Takahashi(2013) that facial pores do not appear to close
again in old skin. Therefore, the tissue structure around the pore has been speculated to keep the
pore open. To elucidate the reason for pore enlargement, they examined the relationship between
the skin surface and inner skin structural characteristics in the same regions especially around the
space.

S. Spike et al (2015) hypothesized that facial purification should have particularly potent
moral effects in a face culture. Data show that face-cleansing (but not hands cleansing) reduces
guilt and regret most effectively against East Asian cultural background.

According to A. Firooz et al (2015) that a fractional Er: YAG laser can deliver an
effective and minimally invasive treatment for acne scars. Fractional ablative lasers have recently
been used for the treatment of skin scars. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy
and safety of the fractional erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser (2940 nm) in
the treatment of skin scars. Materials and methods: A total of 9 patients (8 female, 1 male) with
Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV suffering from atrophic facial acne scars were treated with a
fractional Er:YAG laser for 2–5 (mean 3.3) sessions 4–6 weeks apart. One independent
investigator assessed the efficacy, using standardized photographs, before and 1 month after the
last treatment. The patients’ satisfaction rate was also evaluated. The treatment was well tolerated
by all patients without any anesthesia. The downtime was 2–3 days. All patients showed
improvement in scars: excellent in 1, good in 1, and fair in 7 patients. Six patients were highly
satisfied and 3 were satisfied with treatment. No adverse effect was noted.

”Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit and it is

observed equally in both sexes and nearly all races. It generally begins at puberty, but the healing
period is variable. There is no known etiological factor, except genetic tendency. Androgens play
a very limited role in some female patients. The effects of cosmetics, foods and drinks are also
discussible and too limited” ( E. Aydemir,2014 ).

D. Forrest (2013) hypothesized that the current invention is intended to be a disinfectable

blemish remover. Blemish means blackhead, whitehead, pimple or ingrown hair. Said invention
is for use to remove blemishes without having a greater risk of infection. Disinfectable or
disposable parts tool extracts blemishes with minimal trauma to the skin and decreased spread of
bacteria.

Remover is comprised of two handles having two shaped arms with disposable or fixed polymer
clamping wedges in contact with each other, pivot means coupling the handles and the arms,
characterized in that the part of each handle through which the pivot extends defines an integral
extension extending from the pivot outward over part of the arm to support and apply pressure
onto said polymer clamps during the pinching movement to remove said.

According to S. Amoo (2017) that overcoming acne and pimples are one of the worst
nightmares for a lot of men and women, who always desire a clear and smooth skin. Acne and
Pimples can appear everywhere on your body, face, back and shoulders even your chest and
neck. It doesn't only feel painful, but it also makes you look less confident and beautiful. But the
Good News! is that, it is easy to cure naturally from home without any complicatins. This book
has all the informations In this Acne, Blackhead and pimple essential oils and natural home
remedies cure book, you are going to extensively learn how to treat all skin issues and enjoy a
perfectly healthy skin. The remedies are 100% Tested working, no more cosmetics.

“Nevus comedonicus (NC) is a hamartoma of pilosebaceous unit, which clinically

appears as a group of closely dilated follicular openings with keratin plugs resembling open
comedones. It is considered as a rare subtype of epidermal nevus. NC usually occurs as an
isolated finding but may be associated with extracutaneous anomalies in the context of nevus
comedonicus syndrome. We herewith describe a 12 year-old girl with this particular class of
epidermal nevus” (P. Morais et al, 2016)

. “The aim of the study was to determine the mechanism of action of the 800 nm
semiconductor laser on skin blackheads and coarse pores. A total of 24 healthy purebred short-
haired male guinea pigs, weighing 350-400 g, were selected and smeared with 0.5 ml coal tar
suspension evenly by injector once daily. Treatment was continued for 14 days to form an
experimental area of 8x3 cm on the back of the guinea pigs. The animals were divided into the
following groups: Normal control group (NC), low-dose laser treatment group (L-LS), high-dose
laser treatment group (H-LS), and Q-switched Nd:YAG treatment group (QC). Samples were
extracted 1, 7 and 14 days after surgery and hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to identify
the following: Epidermis, dermis, sebaceous gland change and hair follicle damage; the
expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of sebaceous gland cells using
immunohistochemistry; sebaceous gland cell apoptosis using TUNEL; and the protein expression
of caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 using western blot analysis. With the extension of time, we observed
inflammatory cell infiltration, an increase in hair follicle distortion and necrosis of the
surrounding hair follicles. The expression levels of PCNA of the L-LS, H-LS and QC groups
decreased with time. Regarding the respective time points, the NC group was highest, the L-LS
and H-LS groups were next highest and the H-LS group was lowest. The difference was
statistically significant (P<0.05). The apoptotic rate of the L-LS, H-LS and QC groups increased
with time. With regard to the respective time points, the NC group was lowest, the L-LS and QC
groups were next lowest and the H-LS group was highest. The difference was statistically
significant (P<0.05). The protein expression of caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 of the L-LS, H-LS and
QC groups increased with time. Regarding the respective time points, caspase-3 and Bax protein
expression of the NC group was lowest, the L-LS and QC groups were next lowest and the H-LS
group was highest. Bcl-2 protein expression of the NC group was highest, protein expression of
the NC group was next highest and the H-LS group was lowest. The difference was statistically
significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, the low-dose 800 nm semiconductor laser is an effective
treatment on skin blackheads and coarse pores, and promotes hair follicle cell apoptosis without
reducing the expression of PCNA” ( J. Lin et al, 2016).
 According to N. Batchvarova ( 2016) that leave-on compositions, articles of manufacture
and methods of dissolving and otherwise treating blackheads are provided that employ
neutralized fatty acids.

“Morality is associated with bodily purity in the custom of many societies. Does that
imply moral purity is a universal psychological phenomenon? Empirically, it has never been
examined, as all prior experimental data came from Western samples. Theoretically, we suggest
the answer is not so straightforward—it depends on the kind of universality under consideration.
Combining perspectives from cultural psychology and embodiment, we predict a culture-specific
form of moral purification. Specifically, given East Asians' emphasis on the face as a
representation of public self-image, we hypothesize that facial purification should have
particularly potent moral effects in a face culture. Data show that face-cleaning (but not hands-
cleaning) reduces guilt and regret most effectively against a salient East Asian cultural
background. It frees East Asians from guilt-driven prosocial behavior. In the wake of their
immorality, they find a face-cleaning product especially appealing and spontaneously choose to
wipe their face clean. These patterns highlight both culturally variable and universal aspects of
moral purification. They further suggest an organizing principle that informs the vigorous debate
between embodied and amodal perspectives” (S. Lee et al, 2015).

M. Chang (2015) hypothesized that microplastics (< 5 mm) have been discovered in fresh
and saltwater ecosystems, sediments, and wastewater effluent around the world. Their ability to
persist and accumulate up food chains should be a concern as research is still experimenting with
techniques to assess their long-term effects on the environment. I sought to characterize the
microbeads found in facial exfoliating cleansers so as to better understand how to reduce this
source of pollution through consumer use and wastewater treatment solutions. By sampling
products from national-grossing cosmetic personal care brands, I was able to gather information
on the size, color, volume, mass, and concentration of polyethylene beads in the cleansers. From
that data, I modeled onto a consumer survey the estimated volume of microplastics entering a
wastewater stream. Through inquiry, I learned the practices of two local wastewater treatment
facilities. My findings show that consumer decisions and treatment protocols both play crucial
parts in minimizing microplastic pollution.

According to W. Li (2013) that in daily life, cosmetics can play important roles in facial
skin moisturizing, whitening and sun protecting. Unfortunately, the aged skin stratum corneum
(SC) often impedes the penetration for cosmetics. Regular removal of the extra aged horny cells
can facilitate the penetration for cosmetics and improve the performance of the skin. However,
no study has assessed the detailed effects of exfoliating facial cleanser on the friction properties
of human skin and the degree of aged SC removal. In this paper, the effects of three kinds of
scrub facial cleanser with different sizes, amounts and hardness scrub particles on the
tribological properties of human skin have been investigated in vivo using a UMT-II tribometer
under the simulated face washing conditions. The hardness of the scrub particles were measured
by using a Nano-Hardness/Scratch Tester. The results showed that the aged SC has all been
removed by the three kinds of scrub cleanser under the reciprocating sliding wear mode, which
resulted in decrease of skin surface roughness and increase of skin conductance and hydration.
Thus, the adhesion force and friction coefficient between the hydrated skin and a probe increased
due to the increased contact area and skin hydration. Compared with the other two cleansers, the
cleanser with two kinds of size and moderate hardness scrub particles made the skin to deform
more elastically and removed more aged SC, which led to greater decrease in skin surface
roughness and greater increase in skin conductance, hydration and adhesion. Hence the skin
friction coefficient and penetration were higher and the moisturizing persistence lasted longer
time after the same moisturizer was used. This indicated that the properties of scrub particles in
cleanser played important roles in skin tribological behavior and penetration. The results may be
instrumental in developing and testing skin cosmetics.

“The addition of hydrophobically modified polymers (HMPs) to cleansers that contain

surfactants can create polymer–surfactant complexes that are less irritating to the skin than
commercially available mild cleansers. Our objective was to compare the tolerability and
efficacy of a test foaming liquid facial cleanser containing HMPs with a commercial liquid
nonfoaming facial cleanser in women with sensitive skin. Both the test foaming cleanser
containing HMPs and the commercial nonfoaming cleanser were effective and well accepted by
most women in the study. Improvements were observed by both clinicians and subjects in the
group using the test cleanser containing HMPs in all evaluated skin categories” (Z. Draelos MD
et al, 2013).

According to S. Zhong et al(2014) that the aim of the present study was to evaluate the
efficacy and safety of lignin peroxidase (LIP) as a skin-lightening agent in patients with
melasma. A self-controlled clinical study was performed in 31 women who had melasma on both
sides of the face. This study involved 8 weeks of a full-face product treatment. The skin color
was measured at days 0, 7, 28 and 56 using a chromameter on the forehead and cheeks.
Standardized digital photographic images of each side of the face of all subjects were captured
by a complexion analysis system. Clinical scores of the pigmentation were determined by two
dermatologists. After using the LIP whitening lotion for 7 days, the luminance (L*) values of the
melasma and the normal skin were significantly increased from baseline. The L* values
continued to increase at days 28 and 56. The melasma area severity index (MASI) score was
statistically decreased after 28 days of treatment. No treatment-related adverse events were
observed. LIP whitening lotion was able to eliminate the skin pigmentation after 7 days of
treatment, and provides a completely innovative approach to rapid skin lightening. The LIP
whitening lotion exhibited good compatibility and was well tolerated.

“Skin cleansers may be an important adjunct to the regimen of those who use cosmetics,
have sensitive or compromised skin, or utilize topical therapies. Cleansers emulsify dirt, oil and
microorganisms on the skin surface so that they can be easily removed. During cleansing, there is
a complex interaction between the cleanser, the moisture skin barrier, and skin pH. Cleansing,
with water, soap or a liquid cleanser, will affect the moisture skin barrier. Soap will bring about
the greatest changes to the barrier and increase skin pH. Liquid facial cleansers are gentler,
effecting less disruption of the barrier, with minimal change to skin pH, and can provide people
with a cleanser that is a combination of surfactant classes, moisturizers and acidic pH in order to
minimize disruption to the skin barrier”(B. Kuehl et al, 2013).

D. Miller(2015) hypothesized that acne vulgaris can be distressing to patients no matter

the clinical level of severity due to the change in physical appearance and the resulting emotional
impact, including reduced self-confidence. In addition, patients are dissatisfied with many
current treatment options due to the perception that acne lesions do not resolve fast enough and
the frustration that they continue to experience acne even when they think they are effectively
treating their skin. Patients are often unable to achieve successful clearing of their existing
lesions and help prevent the formation of future lesions due to a lack of understanding of what
types of products to use and how to appropriately apply them in order to achieve continued
results. Daily treatment of the full face with a uniquely formulated acne cleanser that
incorporates benzoyl peroxide (BPO) can be a successful approach for clearing existing lesions,
often providing fast resolution of visible signs of acne. This product form also allows for
application of the acne medicine over a large affected area of the face and ease of compliance,
which can both lead to prevention of new acne lesions and, therefore, skin clearing. As daily
cleansing is often already a part of a patient’s daily skincare habit, this is often a convenient and
effective form for incorporating an acne treatment into the skincare routine.

“A facial cleanser comprises a narrow, thin, elongate strip that can be bent about its mid-
point to form a bight portion and a pair of wing portions extending from the bight portion. The
facial cleanser includes first and second opposed surfaces, the second surface being treated with
an agent such as sunscreen, detergent, facial cream or an antiseptic. An alternative embodiment
includes an absorbent pad for dispensing the skin-treating agent” ( M. Glover, 2013).

According to R. Mestri et al (2017) that daily cleansing does not remove dead epithelial
cells and impurities which are trapped in pores of skin. These dead cells and impurities affect the
skin life if it trapped in pores of skin resulting the less life of skin, problems of Acne and
blackheads. Solution of these problem is use of face scrubber ones or twice in week which is
exfoliating, mild and contains natural traditional ingredients. Generally face scrubber contains
crushed seeds for removing dead cells of skin but that crushed seeds are not uniform in size and
finely crushed particles causes for skin crashes or damage. To overcome this problem we replace
the crushed seeds with granules or beads which removes the dead cells from pores of skin safely
and without damaging the skin. The mild micro beads face scrubber contains Gram flour,
aloevera, sugar, starch, milk, Skin care oil etc. in this scrubber-beads are outer cover with Gram
flour and inside is oil. When we massage with this beads outer layer are exfoliate dead skin and
black heads and inside oils is spread on skin which will help to growth of new fresh cells. The
result is ever youthful and fresh look.
 B. Kim et al ( 2013) hypothesized that male, increased sebum and decreased skin
elasticity were mostly correlated with facial pore development. Further studies on population
with various demographic profiles and more severe acne may be helpful to elucidate the potential
effect of aging and acne severity on facial pores.

J. Waugh, J. Lee (2013) conclude that this invention provides anti-acne kits that are
useful for treating acne, especially severe cases of acne. The anti-acne kits include a
vasoconstrictor and an anti-acne agent, and optionally one or more of a a skin lightening
therapeutic, a sealing layer, a skin cleanser, an astringent, a skin penetration enhancer, a
sunscreen, and nutritional supplements that promote healing of acne lesions. This invention also
provides methods for treating acne using a vasoconstrictor in conjunction with an anti-acne
agent.

According to B. Dreno (2015) that acne is one of the most common skin complaints in
the world. It can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in prepubescent teenagers. Acne
tends to be more prevalent, and more severe, in male teenagers, but more frequent and persistent
in the adult female population.

More and more is now understood about the exact causes of acne, and among them,
hormones, diet, lifestyle and genetic factors are thought to play roles. The spectrum of acne is
broad, and presentation varies from mild acne (small collections of comedones with a small
proportion of papules and pustules) to moderate acne (larger numbers of lesions with a greater
proportion of papules and pustules) and even to severe acne (where, in addition to large numbers
of papules and pustules, large, painful nodules and cysts are also present). While acne is most
common on the face, lesions may also be found on the forehead, chest, upper back and deltoid
areas. Severe acne on the upper back and chest can be aggravated by sweating during exercise
and by the wearing of overly tight clothing.

Three distinct but closely interrelated processes are believed to play critical roles in the
formation of acne lesions: (i) alteration of the keratinization process of the wall of the
pilosebaceous follicle, leading to comedo formation; (ii) increased sebum production with
modification of its composition; and (iii) follicular colonization by Propionibacterium acnes,
secreting inflammatory mediators around pilosebaceous units and activating the skin's innate
immunity.

Although the exact sequence of events resulting in acne remains to be fully elucidated,
more is understood about the progression from mild to more severe forms of acne, which is
dependent on sebum production and colonization of open and closed comedones (blackheads and
whiteheads, respectively) by P. acnes.[1] It is the body's immune response to the presence of the
bacteria that leads to inflammation and the formation of papules, pustules and cysts – which, in
the most severe forms, may be associated with pain and disfigurement. Recently, a number of
novel concepts for acne physiopathology have been proposed based on new research and
approaches, providing new avenues of research to elucidate this complex disease fully.

The physical effects of moderate and severe acne can persist even after the lesions
themselves have healed. A large proportion of these patients develop persistent erythema,
postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and/or scarring, yet their impact is often
underestimated. It can be many months before melanin in the dermis from PIH is removed,
giving the appearance of persistent acne in some patients. Scarring is caused by disruption of the
skin structure during the disease process and/or by overproduction of collagen following the
production of inflammatory cytokines as a result of the immune response. Without treatment,
these scars will be permanent. For reasons that are not fully understood, PIH and scarring are
more prevalent in darker skin types, and there are reports that suggest that, in these patient
groups, this is not restricted to severe forms of acne. Timely treatment to control P. acnes and
inflammation therefore is particularly important in this patient population.

In addition to the physical impact of acne and its sequelae, evidence shows that they can
have a profound emotional and psychological impact on patients regardless of the severity of
acne. Therefore, a strong relationship of trust between healthcare professionals and patients is
needed in order to treat acne effectively.

Acne has recently been recognized as a chronic disease, and experts agree that it should
be managed as such. The choice of topical treatments for acne varies according to the type and
severity of the lesions, and currently includes topical benzoyl peroxide and retinoids. Topical
antibiotics remain the most commonly prescribed treatment for acne, in spite of international
guidelines discouraging their use due to the induction of bacterial resistance. The most frequent
systemic treatments that are prescribed for acne are tetracyclines, hormonal treatment for female
patients and isotretinoin. Dermocosmetics may also have an important synergistic effect when
combined with acne treatments. However, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a lack
of new treatment options available at present.

“Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disorder of the pilosebaceus unit.

Although most common among teenagers, acne can also occur in younger patients and can
persist into, or develop in, adulthood. Acne presents with a spectrum of noninflammatory and
inflammatory lesions commonly occurring on the face, chest and back. The major goals of acne
therapy are treatment of existing acne lesions, prevention of new lesions, limiting duration of the
disorder and preventing permanent scarring. This article will look at the pathogenesis, clinical
features and diagnosis of acne, followed by a discussion of available treatments” (I. Lavers,
2014).

According to A. Godal et al(2013) that the invention provides use of a photosensitiser,

which is a derivative (e.g., an ester) of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prevention or treatment
of acne. This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
11/667,504, filed Nov. 9, 2007, which is the U.S. national phase of PCT Application No.
PCT/GB2005/004253, filed Nov. 4, 2005, which claims priority to British Patent Application No.
0424833.2, filed Nov. 10, 2004, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein. This
invention relates to the treatment of acne, and in particular to the use of derivatives of 5-
aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in a method of treating acne, e.g. acne vulgaris. Most particularly,
the invention relates to the use of 5-ALA esters for the treatment of such conditions. Acne is one
of the most common skin disorders throughout the world. Although particularly prevalent during
puberty, it may continue for many years. It affects approximately 83-95% of 16 year olds of both
sexes in the UK and about 20% of sufferers seek help from a clinician. It can in some cases cause
permanent scarring and is often the source of considerable emotional distress.

M. Nasri et al (2015) Hhypothesized that acne vulgaris affects about 85% of teenagers
and may continue to adulthood. There are about two million visits to physicians per year for
teenagers and the direct cost of acne treatment in the US exceeds $1 billion per year.
Consumption of alternative and complementary medicine, including medicinal plants, is
increasing and is common amongst patients affected by acne and infectious skin diseases.
Medicinal plants have a long history of use and have been shown to possess low side effects.
These plants are a reliable source for preparation of new drugs. Many plants seem to have
inhibitory effects on the growth of bacteria, fungi and viruses in vitro. However, there are a few
clinical evidences about the effectiveness and safety of these plants in the treatment of acne and
other skin infections.

“A skin disease, like acne, is very common and normally happens to everyone at least
once in their lifetime. The structure of the stratum corneum is often compared with a brick wall,
with corneocytes surrounded by the mortar of the intercellular lipid lamellae. One of the best
options for successful drug delivery to the affected area of skin is the use of elastic vesicles
(niosomes) which can be transported through the skin through channel-like structures. In this
study, a combination of tretinoin (keratolytic agent) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (a potent
antibacterial) was given by using niosomes as promising carriers for the effective treatment of
acne by acting on a pathogenic site. In this section, niosomal gel formulation encapsulated drugs
have been evaluated for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, for their predetermined characteristics; and
finally the stability of the niosome gel was tested at different temperature conditions for
understanding of the storage conditions required for maintaining the quality of formulation
attributes. The prepared niosome was found to be in the range of 531 nm with a zeta potential of
−43 mV; the entrapment efficiencies of tretinoin (TRA) and BPO niosomes were found to be
96.25%±0.56% and 98.75%±1.25%, respectively. The permeated amount of TRA and BPO from
the niosomal gel after 24 hours was calculated as 6.25±0.14 μg/cm2 and 5.04±0.014 μg/cm2,
respectively. A comparative drug retention study in Wistar rat skin using cream, an alcoholic
solution, and a niosomal gel showed 11.54 μg, 2.68 μg, and 15.54 μg amounts of TRA and 68.85
μg, 59.98 μg, and 143.78 μg amounts of BPO were retained in the layers of skin, respectively. In
vivo studies of the niosomal gel and antiacne cream of TRA and BPO showed that the niosomal
gel was more efficacious than the antiacne cream because niosomal gels with a 4.16-fold lower
dose of BPO provided the same therapeutic index at targeted sites in comparison to the antiacne
cream” (A. Gupta et al, 2014).

N. Benner, D. Sammons (2013) conclude that acne vulgaris is one of the most common
conditions presented to the family physician. The vast array of topical and systemic medications
available can make choosing an appropriate treatment seem overwhelming. Because every case
of acne is different, the choice of medication should be selected on a case-by-case basis based on
the type of acne, its location and patient factors. In this article, we attempt to provide a concise
review of how to quickly diagnose acne based on the type(s) of lesion(s), and how to choose a
treatment regimen appropriate for each type. We review the pathophysiology and key clinical
features of acne, in addition to treatment options.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 Based on the different reading and literature above, the researchers conceptualized this
research project. The conceptual framework of this study is presented below:

Planning

Buying

Drying

Mixing

Applying
Washing

In the first step, the researchers planned what could be the best research project and how
they will do it. After that, the researchers are now buying their materials. They prepare the
materials needed, which are the virgin coconut oil, baking soda, teaspoon and plastic cups. The
researchers conduct the experiment at Borobor, Sto. Domingo Ilocos Sur.
Then after preparing the materials needed, the researchers mixed the coconut oil and
baking soda. After that the researchers applied the mixed coconut oil and baking soda to the face
of respondents. After 15 minutes they washed it with water and then lastly, dried it.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A cleanser is a facial care product that is used to remove make-up, dead skin cells, oil,
dirt, and other types of pollutants from the skin of the face. This helps to unclog pores and
prevent skin conditions such as acne. A cleanser can be used as part of a skin care regimen
together with a toner and moisturizer.
Ordinary water does not remove dirt, make-up, dead cells, oil, blackheads or other types
of pollutants. Soaps and other commercial face cleanser and blackheads remover are one of the
most commonly used and are capable of reacting with water to remove it. They are commonly
plant in origin. Bar soap has a high pH (in the area of 9 to 10), and the skin's surface pH is on
average 4.7. This means that soap can change the balance present in the skin to favour the
overgrowth of some types of bacteria, increasing acne. Bar cleansers have thickeners that allow
them to assume a bar shape. These thickeners can clog pores, leading to acne.
Using bar soap on the face can remove natural oils from the skin that form a barrier
against water loss. This causes the sebaceous glands to subsequently overproduce oil, a condition
known as reactive seborrhoea, which will lead to clogged pores. In order to prevent drying out
the skin, many cleansers incorporate moisturizers.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Can be virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda is effective as a face cleanser
and blackheads remover?
2. How effective is coconut oil mixed with baking soda as face cleanser and
blackheads remover?

Hypotheses/sis

H1:

-Virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda is effective as face cleanser and blackheads
remover

-Virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda is not effective as face cleanser and blackheads
remover

H2:

-It is very effective that coconut oil mixed to baking soda as face cleanser and blackheads
remover.

-It is not very effective that coconut oil mixed to baking soda as face cleanser and
blackheads remover.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research project aims to assess the effectiveness of coconut oil mixed to baking soda
as homemade face cleanser and blackheads remover. It also aims to seek the difference/s of
homemade face cleanser and blackheads remover and the commercial face cleanser and
blackheads remover. It will be test in the chosen testing area often making the homemade face
cleanser and blackheads remover.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 The research project will determine the effectiveness of coconut oil mixed to baking soda
as homemade face cleanser and blackheads remover. As a result to these research project, the
people of the community especially teenagers who are wanting to remove make-up, dead skin
cells, oil, dirt and other types of pollutants will be beneficial to this homemade face cleanser and
blackheads remover.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

a) Coconut oil- it is the main ingredient to make homemade face cleanser and
blackheads remover.
b) Baking soda- it is used to mixed with coconut oil and the second ingredient to
make this homemade face cleanser and blackheads remover.
c) Face cleanser- it is used to clean dirt, oil, make-ups, and other type of pollutants
and it is our research project.
d) Blackheads remover- it is used to remove blackheads using the homemade
blackheads remover.
e) Blackheads-it is a kind of pollutant that found in the face which is black dirt and
we will remove it using the homemade blackheads remover which is our research
project.

Chapter II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 This chapter present the research design. Respondents of the study, Instrument, and Data

Analysis of the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design will use a development method to produce a product out of virgin

coconut oil mixed to baking soda as face cleanser and black heads remover. The researchers

focused their research project on the effectiveness of the virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda

as face cleanser and black heads remover.

RESPONDENTS/PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

The researcher’s respondents are ten (10) students of Lussoc National High School with

some problems on their face. The researchers used the simple random sampling that the

researchers selected using lottery technique.

INSTRUMENTATION

The researchers used an observation method in gathering their data. The researchers

observed if the face cleanser and black heads remover made up of virgin coconut oil and baking

soda is effective or not. The effect used to describe are effective and not effective.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

 Before conducting the study, preparation of the necessary equipment’s are made. After

making the experimentation of virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda, the researchers look for

10 student who have different problems on their face. After that, the researchers already did their

experimentation. Then, the data was ready for presentation, analysis and interpretation.

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the data gathered in this research and the researchers’

analysis and interpretation to determine the effectiveness of virgin coconut oil mixed to baking

soda as face cleanser and black heads remover.

Table 1. The Effectiveness of the Virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda as face cleanser
and black heads remover.

RESPONDENT EFFECT OF THE FACE CLEANSER

AND BLACK HEADS REMOVER

1 Effective

2 Not Effective

3 Not Effective

4 Not Effective

5 Not Effective
 6 Effective

7 Not Effective

8 Not Effective

9 Not Effective

10 Effective

Effective/ Not Effective

The Table 1 presents that the number of respondents which is effective are three and the
number of respondents which is not effective are seven. It shows that the effect of the face
cleanser and black heads remover is Not Effective.

Table 2. Before and After Applying the Face Cleanser and Blackheads Remover.

RESPONDENT BEFORE AFTER

2
 3

5
6

8
9

10

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion based from the data gathered

and the recommendation forwarded by the student researcher.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of virgin coconut oil mixed to

baking soda as face cleanser and black heads remover. It was conducted at Lussoc National High

School (LNHS) S.Y. 2018-2019.

The selected ten (10) students with different problems on their face were use as

respondents. The effectiveness of virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda that they used to

described was: effective and not effective. The data gathered were properly tabulated and

interpreted.

In the first question, Can be virgin coconut oil mixed to baking soda is effective as a face

cleanser and blackheads remover. The researchers found out that virgin coconut oil mixed with

baking soda is alternative as face cleanser and blackheads remover. Therefore, this research study

is beneficial for us especially teenagers who have face problems. It is also efficient for us to use

this homemade face cleanser and blackheads remover because there’s no chemical added to this.

In the second question, how effective is coconut oil mixed with baking soda as face

cleanser and blackheads remover. The researchers found out that the majority effect of the face

cleanser and blackheads remover is not effective. Therefore, it is not effective to use this face

cleanser and blackheads remover out of virgin coconut oil and blackheads remover.

CONCLUSIONS
 I therefore conclude that the majority effect of that virgin coconut oil mixed with baking

soda is not effective as face cleanser and blackheads remover.

It is not effective but it is an alternative face cleanser and blackheads remover. Also it is

beneficial to us especially teenagers who have face problems and it is efficient because there is

no chemical added to it.

RECOMMENDATIONS

I recommend you that you may still use this homemade face cleanser and blackheads

because even many of the respondents didn’t worked to them, it‘s still effective. The ingredient

is no chemical substances added and it depends on the skin of a human if it is allergic to coconut

oil mixed to baking soda. Also if the process of applying is not properly applied, of course it will

not work. But if you are allergic to coconut oil mixed to baking soda, I recommend you to use

commercial face cleanser and blackheads remover that are good to your skin if necessary.

CURRICULUM VITAE
 PERSONAL DATA

NAME : Mark Vincent Jaramillo

Age : 18
Sex : Male
Date of Birth : March 22, 1999
Address : Borobor, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur
Civil Status : Single
Contact Number : 09064772474
E-mail address : mvjaramillo22@gmail.com

Family Background
Father : Regie Jaramillo
Occupation : Musician
Mother : Marites Jaramillo
Occupation : Housekeeping

Educational Background
Elementary : Lussoc Elementary School
Secondary : Lussoc National High School
Tertiary : N/A
Course : N/A

Seminars Attended
N/A

PERSONAL DATA
NAME : Carlo Fagela
Age : 18
Sex : Male
Date of Birth : June 12, 1999
Address : Borobor, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur
Civil Status : Single
Contact Number :
E-mail address :

Family Background
Father : Gilbert Fagela
Occupation : Farming
Mother : Eliza Tabuyo
Occupation : Midwifery

Educational Background
Elementary : Lussoc Elementary School
Secondary : Lussoc National High School
Tertiary : N/A
Course : N/A

Seminars Attended
N/A

APPENDICES
Table 1.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL MIXED WITH BAKING SODA AS
FACE CLEANSER AND BLACKHEADS REMOVER

Trials Time Majority Effect

1 1 month Not Effective
2 1 month Not Effective

Table 2.

COMMERCIAL FACE CLEANSER AND BLACKHEADS REMOVER

Trial Time Effect

1 1 month Effective
 REFERENCES

Webliography:

Skin Research and Technology ( 2014, August 13). Effects of washing of the face with a mild
facial cleanser formulated with sodium laureth carboxylate and alkyl carboxylates on acne in
Japanese adult males

Retrieved from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/srt.12183./full

International Clinical Dermatology and Research ( 2015, June 22). An Alkyl Ether Carboxylate
and Alkyl Carboxylate Formulated Cleanser Decreases Facial Sebum and Inflammatory Acne
Without Inducing Dry Xerotic Skin in Thai Females

Retrieved from: scidoc .org /HCDR-2332-2977-03-301.php

Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology ( 2017, January 29). Acne RA-1,2, a novel UV-selective face
cream for patients with acne: Efficacy and tolerability results of a randomized, placebo-
controlled clinical study

Retrieved from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jocd.12309/full

The Journal Of Dermatology ( 2014, December 6). Efficacy of the combined use of a facial
cleanser and moisturizers for the care of mild acne patients with sensitive skin

Retrieved from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1346-8138.12720/full

Skin Research and Technology (2013, June 10). Analysis of the skin surface and inner structure
around pores on the face

Retrieved from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/srt.12078/full

Frontiers in Technology ( 2015, May 12). A cultural look at moral purity: wiping the face clean

Retrieved from: https:/www.ncbi.nlm.gob/pmc/articles/PMC4428058/

Journal of Cosmetics and Laser Therapy ( 2016, May 12). Treatment of atrophic facial acne
scars with fractional Er:YAG laser in skin phototype III–IV: A pilot study

Retrieved from: www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/14764172.2016.1157354

Turkish Archives of Paediatrics (2014, March 1). Acne vulgaris

Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462260/

Google Patents (2013, June 6). Blackhead and Blemish Extractor

Retrieved from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130144308A1/en

ACMDL Digital Library (2017). Blackheads, Acne & Pimple: Blackheads, Acne, Pimple home
remedies & Treatment Book

Retrieved from: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3161517

Archive of Clinical Cases (2016). BLACKHEADS IN THE FOREARM: A CASE OF NEVUS

COMEDONICUS

Retrieved from: http://www.clinicalcases.eu/index.php/acc/article/view/212

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine (2016, November 30). Fundamental research on

the action mechanism of the 800 nm semiconductor laser on skin blackheads and coarse pores

Retrieved from: https://www.spandidospublications.com/etm/13/1/235?

text=fulltext

Google Patents ( 2016, August 19). Compositions and methods for treating blackheads

Retrieved from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170087109A1/en

Frontiers in Psychology (2015, May 12). A cultural look at moral purity: wiping the face
clean

Retrieved from:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00577/full

Science Direct (2015, December 15). Reducing microplastics from facial exfoliating cleansers
in wastewater through treatment versus consumer product decisions

Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X15301478

Science Direct (2013, April 1). Influence of exfoliating facial cleanser on the bio-tribological
properties of human skin

Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164812004164

Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (2013, December 4). Hydrophobically modified polymers

can minimize skin irritation potential caused by surfactant-based cleansers

Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jocd.12061/full

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine (2014, December 8). Reduction of facial
pigmentation of melasma by topical lignin peroxidase: A novel fast-acting skin-lightening
agent

Retrieved from: https://www.spandidos-publications.com/etm/9/2/341

Skin Therapy Letter (2013, March 1). Cutaneous Cleansers

Retrieved from:

http://www.skintherapyletter.com/cosmetic-dermatology/cutaneous-cleansers/

World Congress of Dermatology (2015, June 8). Rapid and continued improvement of mild to
moderate acne with a single-step benzoyl peroxide facial cleanser

Retrieved from:

https://www.neutrogenamd.com/sites/neutrogenahcp_us/files/pdf/1dot8_Acne_P
hysRes2_MillerD.pdf

Google Patents (2013, November 27). Facial cleanser

Retrieved from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5466456A/en

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (2017). FORMULATION OF

MILD NATURAL BIODEGRADABLE MICRO BEADS FACE SCRUBBER

Retrieved from:
http://www.ripublication.com/irph/ijert_spl17/ijertv10n1spl_55.pdf

Skin Research and Technology (2013, December 28). Sebum, acne, skin elasticity, and
gender difference – which is the major influencing factor for facial pores?

Retrieved from:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00605.x/full

Google Patents (2013, November 12). Compositions and methods for treating acne

Retrieved from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8580317B2/en

British Journal of Dermatology (2015, June 16). The changing faces of acne

Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjd.13933/full

Nurse Prescribing (2014, July 8). Diagnosis and management of acne vulgaris
 Retrieved from:
http://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/npre.2014.12.7.330

Google Patents ( 2013, October 1). Treatment of acne using derivatives of 5-aminolevulinic
acid

Retrieved from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8546447B2/en

Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology (2015, November 8). Medicinal Plants for the
Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: A Review of Recent Evidences

Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4740760/

International Journal of Nanomedicine (2014, December 24). Formulation and evaluation of

a topical niosomal gel containing a combination of benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin for
antiacne activity

Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4283991/

Science Direct (2013, September). Overview of the treatment of acne vulgaris

Retirved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877573X13000828