D S L R-Introduction
D S L R-Introduction
D S L R-Introduction
CHAPTER1
D S L R-introduction
- Common term used to describe advanced models of P&S(now also used to describe
many entry level DSLR's)
- Tend to favor manual control, lacking many automatic settings found on P&S
CHAPTER 2
A camera based on the single-lens reflex (SLR) principle uses a mirror to show in a
viewfinder the image that will be captured. The cross-section (side-view) of the optical
components of an SLR shows how the light passes through the lens assembly (1), is
reflected into the pentaprism by the reflex mirror (which must be at an exact 45 degree
angle) (2) and is projected on the matte focusing screen (5). Via a condensing lens (6)
and internal reflections in the roof pentaprism(7) the image is projected through the
eyepiece (8) to the photographer's eye. Focusing is either automatic, activated by
pressing half-way on the shutter release or a dedicated AF button, as is mainly the case
with an autofocusing film SLR; or manual, where the photographer manually focuses the
lens by turning a lens ring on the lens barrel. When an image is photographed, the mirror
swings upwards in the direction of the arrow, the focal-plane shutter(3) opens, and the
image is projected and captured on the sensor (4), after which actions, the shutter closes,
the mirror returns to the 45 degree angle, the diaphragm reopens, and the built in drive
mechanism re-tensions the shutter for the next exposure. There is often a ring of soft
material around the focusing screen, which helps to both cushion the impact of the
mirror slapping up and helps seal the mirror box from light entering through the eye
piece.[1] Some high end cameras incorporate a shutter into the eyepiece to further
eliminate light that may enter there during long exposures
Compared to some low cost cameras that provide an optical viewfinder that uses a small
auxiliary lens, the DSLR design has the advantage of being parallax-free; that is, it never
provides an off-axis view. A disadvantage of the DSLR optical viewfinder system is that
while it is used it prevents the possibility of using the LCD for viewing and composing
the picture before taking it. Some people prefer to compose pictures on the display – for
them this has become the de-facto way to use a camera. Electronic viewfinders may also
provide a brighter display in low light situations, as the picture can be electronically
amplified; conversely, LCDs can be difficult to see in very bright sunlight.
CHAPTER3
WORKING OF A DSLR
Fig3.1)When DSLR is not Capturing Image
The photographic lens located in
front of the camera directs lights into the
camera body. Light is then reflected by
the mirror to the pentaprism and finally
travels to the viewfinder where
photographers can observe the scene.
Notice that the mirror is flipped down
and the shutter covers the image sensor
from recording lights.
CHAPTER4
The Image Sensor – The Introduction
Image Sensor is the key device in DSLR, and serves the same function of capturing
images as traditional films
Image sensor is basically a silicon chip containing millions of light sensitive element
called photosite, and is covered by a layer of color filter
Green pixels outnumber red and blue by a ratio of 2:1. The reason for this is that
human vision is most sensitive to green, which is why 50 percent of the pixels in a
CCD are dedicated to this color.
A Bayer mask isn’t the most efficient way to capture color for several reasons:
■ Three pixels are required for each ”virtual” pixel. Three separate pixels
devoted to red, green, and blue are combined in software to create a virtual
pixel in the center of these sensors. The end result is a virtual pixel that represents
the light and color at that point in the CCD. The problem is that pixels
are wasted in this system, and the space between pixels adds up over the
width of the CCD. In addition, only a percentage of green is captured. The
lost part of green results in a loss of sharpness.
■ A square shape isn’t the most efficient. By placing three pixels together to create
a virtual pixel in the center, the amount of space between the actual pixels
and the virtual pixel is sizable. Fuji has developed a SuperCCD technology
using hexagonal pixels to reduce this blank space, but even this technology
results in a loss of sharpness.
College of EngIneerIng,Perumon 15 Dept. o
f ElectronIcs & CommunIcatIon
DSLR
Once the light passes through the Bayer layer, the photosites located beneath will
start recording the brightness of the light by accumulating a charge. The charge goes
higher when the image sensor is exposed longer under lights. Each charge will become a
single pixel after processing, and all pixels will finally form a digital image and be stored
in the memory card for future reconstruction and editing.
- Each digital image is made from millions of tiny squares, known as pixels.
- Essentially, an image is recorded by tiny microlenses (pixels) which make up the
cameras sensor
4.7)RESOLUTION
CHAPTER5
USE OF LENSES
The ability to swap optics is the reason why the word lens is so important in the
abbreviation SLR. Some factors to consider when choosing a camera include
Lens quality: Are the lenses of a particular vendor known for their quality,both
optically and mechanically (what’s known as build quality)?Does this vendor
offer multiple lens lines that include economy lenses,which might be a little less
rugged but affordably priced, as well aspro-style lenses that have the ultimate in
sharpness and ruggedness?Depending on the type of photography you do, trading
off a little weightand replacing a few metal parts with tough plastic might be
important.Or, you might require lenses that can take punishment and still
deliversparkling results.
Focal length ranges: Somevendors are stronger in thetelephoto lens department
andweaker when it comes to providingwide-angle lenses. Canon,for example,
sells an amazingarray of long lenses, many with built-in image stabilization, and
offered at amazing prices. Nikon has some exquisite wide-angle lenses. Some
vendors do a better job with certain kinds of zooms than others. Make sure that
the vendor of the camera you’re contemplating offerslenses in the focal lengths
and maximum apertures that you require. If not, see whether you can fill in the
lenses you require from third-party vendors, suchas Tokina, Tamron, and Sigma.
These manufacturers’ optical offerings might be completely satisfactory — or
they might not. See whether the lenses you need are readily available at a price
that you can afford. Figure 3-6 shows a typical lens that’s often used as basic
optics for some Nikon dSLRs
Special features: Focal lengths, zoom ranges, and maximum aperture
aren’t the only features that you want in a lens. You might need close focusing,
fast autofocus (which is partially dependent on the design of the lens), or the
ability to control the out-of-focus areas of an image. (Nikon, for example, has a
line of DC lenses that are great for portraiture because you can control how the
defocused areas look.).
CHAPTER7
Advancements in dslr technology over the past decade
Movement Compensation
Refers to the cameras ability to correct small movements by the user while taking a
picture, in order to reduce the blur caused by camera shake. Veryuseful in low-light or
telephoto situations
Represented differently by different companies:
Nikon – VR – Vibration Reduction
Canon – IS – Image Stabilization
Pentax – SR – Shake Reduction
Sony – SSS – Super Steady-Shot
Dust Reduction
Dust is more of a problem in DSLR's due to changing lenses
Once dust gets on your sensor, it can be difficult to remove
Dust reduction is essentially a mechanism which shakes the cameras sensor to free any
clinging dust particles
Special anti-static coatings or filters may also be used
Live View
Refers to the ability to use the lcd screen on the camera the same way you would use the
viewfinder
Shots can be composed even while holding the camera away from your face
College of EngIneerIng,Perumon 22 Dept. o
f ElectronIcs & CommunIcatIon
DSLR
Originally only a feature in P&S, DSLR’s now use Live View also
Facial Recognition
Camera detects faces in your frame based on color, contrast change, etc.
Focus is automatically adjusted so detail in faces is high
Color and contrast are automatically adjusted to create pleasing skin tones
Scene Modes
Scene Modes are basically fully automatic modes designed specifically for a certain
situation. They typically place emphasis on one or more settings based on the typical
circumstances of the situation chosen.
Most digital cameras have very similar scene modes available
Backlight - eliminates dark shadows when light is coming from behind a subject, or
when the subject is in the shade. The built-in flash automatically fires to "fill in" the
shadows.
Beach/Snow - photograph beach, snow and sunlit water scenes. Exposure and white
balance are set to help prevent the scene from becoming washed out looking.ds. Use of
tripod recommended.
Fireworks Macro
Landscape Portrait
Night Portrait Sports.
Night Scene Party
Night Portrait
Night
Metering Modes
The metering system within a camera measures the amount of light in a frame and
determines the best exposure. Many cameras have more than one metering mode and
each evaluates a scene in a different way. Essentially, by changing the metering mode
you are telling the camera to evaluate the scene in a different way.
Center-weighted metering
Currently the most common digital camera metering system. Center-weighted is the
metering system of choice on digicams that do not offer other metering modes.
Exposure metering is averaged over the entire frame with emphasis placed on the central
area. Used for general and portrait photography.
Matrix (evaluative) metering
A complex metering system whereby a scene is split up into a series of zones. Overall
exposure is based on evaluating each zone individually and taking an average of the total
light readings.
Spot metering
Spot metering covers just under 4 percent of the viewfinder area. It takes a precise
exposure reading only at the very center of the frame and disregards the rest. A spot
meter is used when a subject is backlit or has bright light upon it and the background is
dark -- for example, when there are extremes in brightness in a scene.
Partial metering
Partial metering is similar to spot metering but covers a larger area of the viewfinder,
about 13.5 percent. It is useful for taking portrait photos when the subject is back lit
Underexposure is minimized by metering on the face.
Both spot and partial metering are considered advanced settings. They give the skilled
photographer more control over exposure than do matrix and center-weighted metering.
CHAPTER8
ADVANTAGES
Greater lens versatility
Better performance
CHAPTER9
DISADVANTAGES
Increased complexity
Higher price
C H A P T E R 10
LEADING BRANDS
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C H A P T E R 11
CONCLUSION
The digital single-lens reflex (dSLR) is the great step upward for
photographerswho want to expand their creative horizons — or simply just getbetter
pictures. Whether you want to become a serious photo hobbyist, havea hankering to turn
pro, or want to take advantage of the improved controlthat digital SLRs give you over
your photography, discovering how to usethis tool of the future should be high on your
priorities list.The latest digital SLRs have features that no one had even dreamed of .All
the major bugs of the earliestdSLRs have been magically transformed into killer features
in the latestmodels. Today, you can preview your images by using Live View
featuresbefore you snap the shutter. Dust that collects on the sensor causes muchless of a
problem thanks to built-in sensor-cleaning features. You get betterimage quality than in
earlier models, thanks to higher resolutions (you cancommonly get 15 megapixels and
up, even in low-cost dSLRs), super-sensitivesensors that can capture images in near
darkness, and inexpensive but effectiveAnti-shake technology built into cameras or
lenses.Most recently, the only remaining drawback of digital SLRs — the fact thatyou
couldn’t shoot movies (long a common feature in point-and-shootcameras) — was swept
aside with the introduction of new models that grab HDTV-quality video with
sound.Best of all, all these capabilities are eminently affordable.
C H A P T E R 12
REFERENCES
http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/marketplace/index.cfm?MARKETPLA
CEID=2&OFFERINGTYPEID=5&EVENT=marketplace.categories&c
www.cerious.com
www.photodex.com
www.photo.net
www.dpreview.com
www.luminous-landscape.com/reviews
www.steves-digicams.com
www.digitalreview.ca
www.wikipedia.com