CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Translation plays an important role in human life, because it has made

communication between people with different languages could be done

differently. It’s hard to imagine how the intercultural dialouge is condected to

improve understanding and cooperation among nations. Circulation of ideas,

knowledge, information, and the values from one nation to another nation would

also got hindrance without using translation.

In general, translation is seen a process of transferring meaning or messege

that is similar to the original author of intended source language (SL) into another

language (target language=TL), so a proper translation should has equivelence

with the source text. The equivelence, which is often regarded as the important

aspect of a aquality translation, in essence is a problematic thing because of the

differences in linguistic aspect (morphological, syntactic, semantic) and cultural

between TL and SL.1 Translation is an activity that involves two language and

two culture at the same time, greater differences between TL and SL, in both

aspect, the higher difficulty level of meaning or message transfer between the two

language for example, the prhase “ I lost my money”, which when viewed from

1
M.R. Nababan. “Equivalence in Translation : Some Problem-Solving Strategies”.
(Jakarta:Grasindo, 2008), p.45

1
the structure is an active sentence, transleted into Indonesian by passive structure

prhase “uang saya hilang”. Therefore, the SL text and the TL text can’t be realy

equal in all aspect of linguistic and cultural.

Tranlation becomes a necessity in many fields. It is proven with many

books, articles and other texts that have been translated from one language into

another language to fill people’s need of information. Not only books contain

scientific knowladge, but also other genres of books such as novel, short story,

and other mediums of entertaiment have been translated as well.

Reading a translation of literary work is no more unusual in the

circumstaces of readership. One of literary works is novel. Beside popular, novel

has become an intersting reading for many people as a medium of entertainment.

To satisfy the reader, translator must make an effort to produce a good

translation product. The best translation is the one which uses the normal language

forms of the receptor language, communicates, as much as possible, to receptor

language speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of the

source language, and maintains the dynamic of the original source language text.2

Producing a good translation is not an easy work. I requires understanding

of relevant theories and broad knowledge in many fields. One of the obstacles that

may be found by the translator is translating English words combinations into

Indonesian, for example, is in translating collocation.

2
Mildred L. Larson, 1984, Meaning-Based Translation. (University Press of America), p. 6.

2
 Etymologically, collocation can be defined as “a combination of words in

a language, that hapens very often and more frequently than would happen by

chance”.3 Simatupang stated that collocation is also fixed combination of some

words and each meaning of the former words is basically kept. “Kolokasi juga

merupukan kombinasi tetap beberapa kata dan makna masing-masing kata

pembentuknya dipertahankan”4. English collocation can be translated into

Indonesia collocation, for example the pharse a pieces of paper can be translated

to secarik kertas. Combination of word secarik and kertas often occurs and

becomes the natural combination in Indonesia. Sometimes, a pairs of word may

not be absolutely wrong, and people will understand what it does mean, but it may

not be the natural ,normal collocation. If someone says I did few mistakes they

will be understood, but a fluent speaker of English would probably say I made a

few mistakes. 5As McCarthy and O’Dell said, some collocations are fixed, and

some of them are more open. However, both kinds of collocations are quite hard

to guess especially English non-native speakers. “Learning collocation is an

important part of learning the vocabulary of a language. Some collocation are

fixed , or very strong, for example take a photo, where no word other than take

collocates with photo to give the same meaning. Some collocations are more

open, where several different words may be used to give similar meaning, for

example keep to/stick to the rules.”

3
Albert Sidney Hornby. 2005, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (Oxford University Press),
p. 293.
4
Maurtis D. S. Simatupang, 1999/2000, Pengantar Teori Penerjemahan, (Direktorat Jendral
Pendidikan tinggi Departement Pendidikan Nasional), p.57
5
Michael McCarthy. Felicity O’Dell, 2005, English Collocations in use, (Cambridge University
Press), p. 6.

3
 Sentences below is taken from Novel Angels & Demons by Dan Brown

and Malaikat & Iblis translated by Isma B. Koesalamwardi.

“We’re see the river runs,” the pilot said, pulling Langdon from his

daydream. It is translated to “Kami seperti air sungai mengalir,” kata si pilot

seperti menyadarkan Langdon dari lamunannya. Words river and runs collocate

each other and create a meaning air sungai mengalir (atau air sungai yang

mengalir)

B. Focus of the Study

To limit the research problem findings, the writer’s attention is only focus

on the sentences consist of collocation in the novel Angels & Demons by Dan

Brown and Malaikat & Iblis translated by Isma B. Koesalamwardi to analyzing

how the meaning equivalence of the translation.

C. Research Questions

The Problems are discussed in this study, as formulated through the

following questions:

1. How are the English collocations in the novel Angels & Demons by

Dan Brown translated into Indonesia?

2. To what extent does the Indonesia translation text equal with the

original text of the novel Angels & Demons by Dan Brown, especially

in the sentences consist of collocation?

4
D. Significance of the Study

Through this research, the writer hopes this reseach can develop our

potential in translating and especialy to make the writer understands about the

translation and collocation deeply. The writer also expects this study will be

useful for further researchers who are interested to do research on similar subject

of the study as the additional reference.

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of the Research

Related to the research question above, the objectives of this study are:

a) To know how the English collocations in the novel Angels &

Demons by Dan Brown are translated into Indonesia.

b) To know what extent does the Indonesia translation text equal

with the original text of the novel Angels & Demons by Dan

Brown, especially in the sentences containing collocation.

2. The Method of the Research

The method of this research is qualitative research, which is the

writer analyzes sentences containing collocation in the novel Angels &

Demons along with the translation of the novel.

5
3. Technique of Data Analysis

The research data will be analyzed by using qualitative analysis

based on the relevant theories and data from other supporting theories. The

steps for analyzing data collocation technique of this research are:

a) Reading both of the novels which is in English and

Indonesia, then put a mark on the sentences containing

collocation.

b) Writing the sentences containing collocatin found in the

novel followed by the Indonesia translation of the

sentences.

c) Identifying the types of collocation found in the novel.

d) Comparing between English collocation and the Indonesian

translation.

4. Research Instrument

The instrument of the research is the researcher as the subject who

is reading, putting a mark, collecting, classificating, comparing and

analyzing the data from the novel Angels & Demons.

6
5. Unit Analysis

The unit analysis in this research is the text in the novel Angels &

Demons by Dan Brown which has published from New York London

Toronto Sydney Singapore in May 2000. Written in 137 chapters and 480

pages and the verses Indonesian Malaikat & Iblis translated by publisher

Serambi (Pt Serambi Ilmu Semesta) in 2005 which is translated by Isma B.

Koesalamwardi, 137 chapters, 651 pages.

6. Procedure of the Research

The procedure of the research will be as follows:

a) Reading both of the novels, Angels & Demons in English

and also the translation, and the observe the sentences

containing collocation that may occurs.

b) Analyzing how the translator translated sentences

containing collocation.

c) Analyzing the meaning equivalence of the translation

especially sentences containing collocation

d) Making conclusion.

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 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Definition of Translation

Translation is not only the transfer of words in source language (SL) into

target language (TL). It cannot ignore from culture, sentence, semantic, syntactic,

and other linguistic component such as the structure or phrase, position of

attributes, clause orders. Elliptical construction there are many translation works,

which are rather difficult to be understood, especially in the form and meaning.

Catfords defines translation as replacement text in one language (SL) with

equivalent text in another language (TL). “Tranlation is the replacement of textual

material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language

(TL)”.6

Translation is a craft consisting in attempt to replace a written message

and statement in one language by the same message or statement in another

language (TL).7 Nida and Taber argued that translation consist in producing in the

receptor language the closet natural equivalent of the source language message,

first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.8

6
Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 20
7
Peter, Newmark. Approaches to translation. (Oxford: pergamon press, 1981), p. 7
8
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation.
(Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), p. 12

8
 Simatupang stated in his book that translation is generally divided into two

big parts: literal translation and non-translation.9 Larson also divided translation

into: form-based translation (literal translation) and meaning-based translation

(idiomatic translation).10 Literal translation can be considered as translation type

concerning on the ‘form’ whereas idiomatic translation can be considered as

translation type concerning ‘meaning’. Furthermore, Nida and Taber divided

translation into literal translation and dynamic translation. According to

Simatupang, Nida dynamic translation equals with Larson meaning-based

translation.11

1. Literal Translation

Literal is “being the basic or usual meaning of a word or phrase”.12

Literal translation in which the SL (Source Language) grammatical

constructions are converted to their nearest target language but the lexical

words are again translated singly.13 It means the literal translation is a type

of translation that follows the form or grammar of the source language but

it is normalized according to use the TL (Target Language). For example:

SL: Her heart is in the tight place.

TL: Hatinya berada ditempat yang benar.

9
Maurits D. S. Simatupang, 1999/2000, Pengantar Teori Penerjemahan, (Direktorat Jendral
Pendidikan tinggi Departement Pendidikan Nasional), p. 39
10
Mildred L. Larson (translated by Kencanawati Taniran), 1989, Penerjemahan Berdasarkan
Makna: Pedoman untuk Pemadanan Antarbahasa. (Jakarta: Arcan), p. 16.
11
Maurits D. S. Simatupang, Loc. cit.
12
Albert Sidney Hornby. 2005, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (Oxford University
Press), p. 898.
13
Peter Newmark, Op. cit., p. 45.

9
 If it is analyzed, the translation of target language is compatible

with the English grammar. TL follows the form of SL.

Literal translation emphasized the form rather than the meaning.

Text translated literally sometime becomes unnatural in the target

language and understood hardly by the readers. For example:

SL: After I wake up in the morning, I make a bed.

TL: Setelah saya bangun tidur tadi pagi hari. Saya membuat tempat tidur.

There is no problem with the translation of subordinate clause

because it is still understandable and contextually suitable. On the other

hand, the main clause translated literally causes a misunderstanding

especially in meaning because it is contextually not suitable. Make literally

means membuat, but to keep the contextual meaning I make bed should be

translated to saya merapikan tempat tidur.

2. Dynamic Translation

Penerjemahan dinamis adalah penerjemahan yang bertujuan untuk

menghasilkan padanan dinamis pada suatu teks, (Dynamic translation is a

translation aimed to produce dynamic equivalence in a Text). 14 Dynamic

equivalence is translation which preserves the effect the ST had on its

readers and which tries to elicit a similar response from the target

14
Maurits D. S. Simatupang, Op. cit., p. 41.

10
 readers.15 Essentially, dynamic translation emphasizes the meaning rather

than form as literal translation does. For example:

Green Leaf = Daun Hijau

Be my guest = Silakan

The river runs = Air sungai mengalir

First phrase, ‘green leaf’, is not too difficult to be translated into

Indonesia. The phrase above is talking about a leaf which has green color.

It can be expressed in Indonesia as ‘daun hijau’, ‘daun yang berwarna

hijau’, or ‘daun itu hijau warnanya’. The translation presents the real

meaning of the source language and also presents the acceptable form of

the target language.

The second sentence ‘be my guest’, is translated into Indonesian as

‘silakan’, not ‘jadilah tamu saya’. The form ‘silakan’ is different with ‘be

my guest’, but the meaning of these phrases are equals.

The meaning of the third phrase ‘the river runs’ is ‘air sungai

mengalir’. The word ‘runs’ is translated in Indonesian as ‘mengalir’, not

‘berlari’. It is translated so in order to bring the most natural equivalence

in the target language.16

15
Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, 2004, Translation: An Advanced Resource Book, (London:
Routledge), p. 339.
16
Maurits D. S. Simatupang, Op. cit., p. 42

11
B. Cultural Words

12
 I define culture as the way of life and it manifetation that are peculiar to a

community that uses a particular language as its means of expression. More

specifically, I distinguish ‘cultural’ from ‘universal’ and ‘personal’ language.

‘Die’, ‘live’, ‘star’, ‘swim’ and event almost virtually ubiquitous artefact like

‘mirror’ and ‘table’ are universals-usually there is no translation problem there.

‘Monsoon’, ‘steppe’, ‘dacha’, ‘tagliatelle’ are cultural words- there will be

translation problems unless there is cultural overlap between source and target

language (and it readership). Universal words such as ‘breakfast’, ‘embrace’,

‘pile’, often cover the universal funcion, but not cultural description of the

referent. And if I express myself in personal way-‘you’re weaving ( creating

conversation) as usual, ‘his “underlife” (personal qualities and private life) is

evident in the poem’, ‘he’s monologger’ ( never finishes the sentence) I use

personal, not immediately social, language, what is often called idiolect, and there

is normally transslation problem.

All these are broad and fuzzy distinction. You can have several cultures

(and sub-cultures) within ane language: fause (Austria tea), jujendwihe (GDR-

‘coming-out’ caremony for twelve years old), Beamter (Austria, Switzerland,

FRG-but not GDR) are all cultural words which may need translation within

German. However dialect are not cultural words if they designate universal

(e.g.,’loch’, ‘moors’), any more than the notorious pain,vin, Gemutlichkeit,

‘privacy’, insouciance, which are admittedly over laden with cultural connotation.

When a speech community focuses its attention on particular topic (this is

usually called ‘cultural focus’), it spawn a plethora of words to designate its

13
special language or terminology- the English on sportm notably the crazy cricket

words (‘a maiden over’, ‘silly mio-on’, howzzat’), the Franch on wines and

cheeses, the German on sausage, Spanlards on bull fighting, Arabs on camels,

Eskimos, notoriously, on snow, English and Franch on sex in mutual

recrimination; many cultures have their words for cheap liquor for the poor and

deperate; ‘vodka’, ‘grappa’, ‘silvovitz’, ‘sake’, ‘schnaps’ and ‘gin’. Frequently

where there is a translation problem due to the cultural ‘gap’ or distance’ between

the source and target language.

Note that opranationally I do not regard language as a component or

feature of culture. If it were so, translation would be impossible. Language does

however contain all kinds of cultural deposits, in the grammar (genders of

inanimate nouns), forms of address (like Sie, usted) as well as the lexis (‘the sun

sets’) which are not taken account of in universal either in consciousness or

translation. Further, the more specific a language becomes for natural phenomena

(e.g. flora and fauna) the more it becomes embedded cultural features and

therefore creates translation problem. Which is worrying, since it is notorious that

the translation of the most general words (particularly of morals and feelings, as

Tytler noted in 1790)-love, temperance, temper, right, wrong-is usually harder

than that of specific words.

Most cultural words are easy to detect, since they are associated with a

particular language and cannot be literally translated, but many cultural customs

are described in ordinary language (‘topping out a building’, ‘time’, ‘gentleman’,

‘please’, ‘mud in your eye’), where literal translation would distort the meaning

14
and a translation may include an appropriate descriptive-functional equivalent.

Cultural objects may be referred to by a relativly culture-free generic term or

classifer (e.g., ‘tea’) plus the various addition in different cultures, and you have

to account for these addition (‘rum’, ‘lemon’, ‘milk’, ‘biscuits’, ‘cake’, other

course, various times of day) which may appear in the course of the SL text.17

C. Cultural Strategies

Peter Newmark also catagorized the cultural words as follows:

1. Ecology: Flora, Fauna, Plains, and Hills

This type of term includes geographical features that can be normally

distinguish from other cultural terms which connected to social and material

culture. Nevertheless, their diffusion depands on the importance of their country

of origin a well as their degree of specificity. The species of Flora and Fauna are

local and cultural, and are not translated unless they appear in the SL and TL

environment (‘red admiral’, Admiral). For technical texts, the latin botanical and

zoological classification can be used as an international language, e.g, ‘snail’. For

winds like ‘down’. Many countries have ‘local’ words for plains like ‘savannahs’

and ‘bush’ and these word exist with strong elements of local color. For hills like

‘dune’.

2. Material Culture: Food, Clothes, House, Town, and Transport.

Material culture includes the terms that used in daily life as a trend. Food

is for many the most sensitive and important expression of national culture; food
17
Peter, Newmark. A Text book of Translation. (New york:Prentice-Hall International, 1988), p.
94

15
term are subject to the widest varirty of translation procedure. Various setting:

menus-straight, multilingual, glossed, cookbooks, food guides; tourist brochures;

jurnalism increasingly contain forgein food terms.

For English, other food terms are in different catagory. Macaroni came

over in 1600, spagetti in 1880, ravioli and pizza are current: many other Italian

and Greek terms may have to be explained. Food term have normally been

transferred, only the french making continous effort to naturalize them.

Traditionally, upper class men’s clothes are English and women’s French (note

‘slip’, ‘bra’) but national costumes when distinctive are not translated, e.g. sari,

kimono, ‘jeans’(which is an internationalism and an American symbol like ‘coke’)

Clothes are cultural term may be sufficiently explained for TL general readers if

the generic noun or classified is added: e.g., ‘shintigin trouser’ or ‘basque skirt’,

or again, if the particular is no interest, the generic word caan simply replace it.

However, it has to be borne in mind that the function of the generic clothes term is

approximately constant, indacating the part of the body that is covered, but the

description varies depending on climate and material used.

Many language communities have a typical house which for general

purpose remains untranslated such as: palazzo (large house); bungalow pension.

French shows cultural focus on towns (being until 50 years ago a country of small

town) by having ville, bourg and bourgade which have no corresponding

translation into English.

16
 Transport is dominated by American and the car, a female pet in English, a

‘bus’, a ‘crate’, a sacred symbol in many countries of sacred private property.

American English has 26 words for the car. The system has spawned new

features with their neologism: ‘lay bay’, ‘roundbout (traffic circle), fly over,

interchange. There are many vogue words produced not only by innovations but

by the salesman’s talk, and many Anglicism. In fiction, the names of various

carriages (caleche, cabriolet, tilbury, landau, coupe, phateon) are often used to

provide local colour and to the transferred and to connote prestige; in text book of

transport, an accurate description has to be appended to the transferred word.

Now, the names of planes and cars are often near-internationalism for educated

readership such as: jumbo jet;ford, BMW and Volvo, etc.

Notoriously the species of flora and

17