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Energy and Heat Transfer

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Energy and Heat

Transfer
Objectives
Comprehend
• Forms of energy
• Energy conversion
• Heat transfer processes
• Principles of operation of various heat
exchangers
What is
Thermodynamics?
• The science concerned with the
interrelationship between thermal energy
and mechanical energy
• i.e. how to convert Thermal Energy to
Mechanical Energy
ENERGY
T h e U n iv e rs e

T h e rm a l M e c h a n ic a l

S to re d T r a n s is tio n a l S to re d T r a n s itio n a l

In te r n a l K in e tic Heat K in e tic W o rk


In te r n a l P o te n tia l P o te n tia l
HEAT TRANSFER
• Science that deals with methods by which
thermal energy is able to move from one
location to another
THREE MODES OF
HEAT TRANSFER
• CONDUCTION
• RADIATION
• CONVECTION
CONDUCTION
• Heat flows from hotter to colder region
when there is physical contact between
the two regions
• EX: Touching a hot pot of water
GENERAL CONDUCTION
EQUATION
Q = ktA (T1-T2)/L
where
Q : Quantity of heat (Btu or cal)
k : Coefficient of thermal conductivity (Btu/((hr)(F)
(ft))
t : Time (hr)
T1 : Temp at hot end (F)
T2 : Temp at cold end (F)
L : Distance between the two ends (in)
A : Cross sectional area (sq ft)
RADIATION
• Heat transfer via infrared electromagnetic
waves (infrared - wavelength just below
visible light)
• Infrared radiation passes through transparent
substances (air, glass, space) without warming
them to any significant extent
• EX: Thermal radiation from sun warms earth
w/o warming space in between
Radiation
• Heat transfer - Hot Cold
• No physical contact between regions
• Heat Sink:
– Absorbs radiant energy (Dark/Opaque)
– Reflects radiant energy (White/Shiny/Polished)
• Ex. Sun warms the earth
CONVECTION
• The transportation or movement of some
portions of a FLUID within a larger mass of
fluid
• This results in mixing within the fluid
• As mixing takes place, heat transfer occurs
from one part of the fluid to another and
between fluid and its surroundings
• EX: Air Conditioner and fan
Convection
• Combined conduction/radiation
• Heating of adjacent molecules
• Occurs in liquids and gases
• Types
– Natural
– Forced
TYPES OF
CONVECTION
• NATURAL CONVECTION: Density
differences (usually caused by differences
in temperature) within different parts of
a fluid create flow
• FORCED CONVECTION: Use of a
mechanical device (pump, fan) to
produce movement of the fluid mass
HEAT EXCHANGER
(HX)
• A device that takes thermal energy from
one substance and adds it to another
substance
• EX: Car radiator
HX CLASSIFICATION
• (1) Relative direction of fluid: parallel,
counter, cross-flow
• (2) Number of passes the fluid makes
• (3) type of contact between fluids: direct
(they mix) or indirect
• (4) Phases of the working substances
Heat Exchangers
• Counter flow
• Parallel flow
• Cross flow
• Single pass
• Multi-Pass
Counter Flow
Parallel Flow
Cross Flow
Main Condenser
Heat Exchangers
• Single pass - One fluid passes the other
fluid only once.
• Multi-Pass - One fluid passes the other
more than once via the arrangement of
the tubes, inlet/outlet ports, or by baffles
used to guide a fluid through a specific
path.
Boundary Layers
• Boundary Layer - Thin layer of stagnant
fluid adjacent to heat exchanger wall. Poor
at transferring heat.
Boundary Layers (cont)
• Effect on heat transfer
– Velocity
– Turbulent Flow
– Large temperature gradients
• Scale/Chemical deposits
• Soot/Dirt buildup
BOUNDARY
LAYER - The
relatively
stagnant layers
between fluids
in convection -
sometimes
called fluid
films
Thermodynamic Cycles
• Def’n: a recurring series of thermodynamic
processes through which an effect is
produced by transformation or
redistribution of energy
• One classification:
– Open: working fluid taken in, used, &
discarded
– Closed: working medium never leaves cycle,
except through leakage; medium undergoes
state changes & returns to original state
Five Basic Elements of
all Cycles
• Working substance: transports energy
within system
• Heat source: supplies heat to the working
medium
• Engine: device that converts the thermal
energy of the medium into work
– Heated: heat added in engine itself
– Unheated: heat received in some device
separate from engine
Five Basic Elements of
all Cycles
• Heat sink/receiver: absorbs heat from the
working medium
• Pump: moves the working medium from the
low-pressure side to the high-pressure side
of the cycle
Basic Thermodynamic
Cycle
HEAT SOURCE

Qin
Working
Substance
Engine W

Qout

Pump HEAT SINK


THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Clausius Statement
• It is impossible to construct a device that
operates in a cycle and produces no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a lower
temperature body to a higher temperature
body
• Heat flows only from a hotter to a colder
substance
Entropy
• Entropy is the theoretical measure of energy that cannot be
transformed into mechanical work in a thermodynamic
system; entropy may be viewed as an index of the
unavailability of energy (energy that is not converted to
useful work)
• The second law of thermodynamics may also be stated as:
No process can occur in which the entropy of an isolated
system decreases; the total entropy of an isolated system can
theoretically remain constant in some reversible (ideal)
processes, but in all irreversible (real) processes the total
entropy of an isolated system must increase
Reversible v. Irreversible
• A reversible thermodynamic process
– could be made to occur in precisely reverse order, so that
the energy system and all associated systems would be
returned from their final condition to the conditions that
existed before the process started
– could return all energy that was transformed or
redistributed during the process from its final to its original
form, amount and location
• ALL REAL PROCESSES ARE IRREVERSIBLE TO
SOME DEGREE, AND THEREFORE INVOLVE
AN INCREASE IN ENTROPY

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