EXP.

NO 8 STUDY OF SHELL SCRIPTS AND SED

Aim: - Use sed instruction to process /etc/passwd file.

sed - stream editor for filtering and transforming text
Theory
SED command in UNIX is stands for stream editor and it can perform lot’s of function
on file like, searching, find and replace, insertion or deletion. Though most common
use of SED command in UNIX is for substitution or for find and replace. By using SED
you can edit files even without opening it, which is much quicker way to find and
replace something in file, than first opening that file in VI Editor and then changing it.
 SED is a powerful text stream editor. Can do insertion, deletion, search and
replace(substitution).
 SED command in unix supports regular expression which allows it perform
complex pattern matching.
Syntax:
sed OPTIONS... [SCRIPT] [INPUTFILE...]
Example:
Consider the below text file as an input.
$cat > exp8.txt
unix is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
unix linux which one you choose.
unix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful .

Sample Commands
1. Replacing or substituting string : Sed command is mostly used to replace the text in
a file.
The below simple sed command replaces the word “unix” with “linux” in the file.
$sed 's/unix/linux/' exp8.txt
Output :
linux is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
linux linux which one you choose.
linux is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
By default, the sed command replaces the first occurrence of the pattern in each line
and it won’t replace the second, third...occurrence in the line.

2. Replacing the nth occurrence of a pattern in a line :

Use the /1, /2 etc flags to replace the first, second occurrence of a pattern in a line.
The below command replaces the second occurrence of the word “unix” with “linux” in a
line.
$sed 's/unix/linux/2' exp8.txt

Output:
unix is great os. linux is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
unix linux which one you choose.
unix is easy to learn.linux is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
3. Replacing all the occurrence of the pattern in a line : The substitute flag /g (global
replacement) specifies the sed command to replace all the occurrences of the string in
the line.
$sed 's/unix/linux/g' exp8.txt
Output :
linux is great os. linux is opensource. linux is free os.
learn operating system.
linux linux which one you choose.
linux is easy to learn.linux is a multiuser os.Learn linux .linux is a powerful.

4. Replacing from nth occurrence to all occurrences in a line : Use the combination of
/1, /2 etc and /g to replace all the patterns from the nth occurrence of a pattern in a
line. The following sed command replaces the third, fourth, fifth... “unix” word with
“linux” word in a line.
$sed 's/unix/linux/3g' exp8.txt
Output:
unix is great os. unix is opensource. linux is free os.
learn operating system.
unix linux which one you choose.
unix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn linux .linux is a powerful.

5. Parenthesize first character of each word : This sed example prints the first character
of every word in paranthesis.
$ echo "Welcome To The Geek Stuff" | sed 's/\(\b[A-Z]\)/\(\1\)/g'
Output:
(W)elcome (T)o (T)he (G)eek (S)tuff
6. Replacing string on a specific line number : You can restrict the sed command to
replace the string on a specific line number. An example is
$sed '3 s/unix/linux/' exp8.txt
Output:
unix is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
linux linux which one you choose.
unix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
The above sed command replaces the string only on the third line.

7. Duplicating the replaced line with /p flag : The /p print flag prints the replaced line
twice on the terminal. If a line does not have the search pattern and is not replaced,
then the /p prints that line only once.
$sed 's/unix/linux/p' exp8.txt
Output:
linux is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
linux is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
linux linux which one you choose.
linux linux which one you choose.
linux is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
linux is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.

8. Printing only the replaced lines : Use the -n option along with the /p print flag to
display only the replaced lines. Here the -n option suppresses the duplicate rows
generated by the /p flag and prints the replaced lines only one time.
$sed -n 's/unix/linux/p' exp8.txt
Output:
linux is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
linux linux which one you choose.
linux is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.

If you use -n alone without /p, then the sed does not print anything.

9. Replacing string on a range of lines : You can specify a range of line numbers to the
sed command for replacing a string.
$sed '1,3 s/unix/linux/' exp8.txt
Output:
linux is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
linux linux which one you choose.
unix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
Here the sed command replaces the lines with range from 1 to 3. Another example is
$sed '2,$ s/unix/linux/' exp8.txt
Output:
unix is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
linux linux which one you choose.
linux is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful
Here $ indicates the last line in the file. So the sed command replaces the text from
second line to last line in the file.

10.Deleting lines from a particular file : SED command can also be used for deleting
lines from a particular file. SED command is used for performing deletion operation
without even opening the file Examples:
 To Delete a particular line say n in this example
Syntax:
$ sed 'nd' filename.txt
Example:
$ sed '5d' filename.txt
 To Delete a last line
Syntax:
$ sed '$d' filename.txt
 To Delete line from range x to y
Syntax:
$ sed 'x,yd' filename.txt
Example:
$ sed '3,6d' filename.txt
 To Delete from nth to last line
Syntax:
$ sed 'nth,$d' filename.txt
Example:
$ sed '12,$d' filename.txt

 To Delete pattern matching line

Syntax:
$ sed '/pattern/d' filename.txt
Example:
$ sed '/abc/d' filename.txt

Conclusion: Thus we studied shell programming with sed.