April 2014 PDF

Technical Publications Catalog
April 2014
Table of Contents
American Gear Manufacturers Association ..................................................................................................iii

How to Purchase Documents........................................................................................................................ 1
Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Number ................................................................... 1
Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Topic ....................................................................... 7
Aerospace ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Calibration and Measurement Uncertainty ................................................................................................ 7
Couplings ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Design and Assembly - Bevel ................................................................................................................... 7
Design - Fine Pitch .................................................................................................................................... 7
Design - Spur and Helical .......................................................................................................................... 7
Design - Wormgear ................................................................................................................................... 7
Drive Components ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Enclosed Drives......................................................................................................................................... 8
Failure Modes ............................................................................................................................................ 8
High Speed Units....................................................................................................................................... 8
Inspection and Tolerances ........................................................................................................................ 8
Lubrication ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Materials .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Metric Usage ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Mill Drives .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Plastics Gears ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Powder Metallurgy Gears .......................................................................................................................... 9
Proportions ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Rating: Spur, Helical and Bevel Gears ..................................................................................................... 9
Sound and Vibration ................................................................................................................................ 10
Style Manual ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Thermal.................................................................................................................................................... 10
Vehicle ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
Wind Turbine Units .................................................................................................................................. 10
Wormgears .............................................................................................................................................. 10
AGMA Standards and Information Sheets .................................................................................................. 11
ISO Standards by Technical Committee 60 ................................................................................................ 23
Gear Software (for ANSI/AGMA 2001 and ISO 6336) ................................................................................ 25
AGMA’s Gear Rating Suite ...................................................................................................................... 25
AGMA’s Bevel Gear Rating Suite............................................................................................................ 25
Fall Technical Meeting Papers: 2000 – 2013............................................................................................. 27
2013 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 27
2012 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 34
2011 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 42
2010 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 50
2009 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 56
2008 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 60
2007 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 64
2006 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 68
2005 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 71
2004 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 75
2002 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 78
2001 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 80
2000 PAPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 82
Publications Catalog ii April 2014

American Gear Manufacturers Association
AGMA is a voluntary association of companies, consultants and academicians with a direct interest in the
design, manufacture, and application of gears and flexible couplings. AGMA was founded in 1916 by
nine companies in response to the market demand for standardized gear products; it remains a member-
and market-driven organization to this day. AGMA provides a wide variety of services to the gear industry
and its customers and conducts numerous programs which support these services. Some of these
services and programs are:
 STANDARDS: AGMA develops all U.S. gear related standards through an open process under
the authorization of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
 ISO PARTICIPATION: AGMA is Secretariat to TC60, the committee responsible for developing
all international gear standards. TC60 is an ISO (International Organization of Standardization)
committee.
 MARKET REPORTS AND STATISTICS: AGMA’s Operating Ratio Report, Wage & Benefit
Survey, and Monthly Market Trend Reports help you stay competitive by giving you up-to-date
information on the gear industry.
 THE MARKETING AND STATISTICAL COUNCILS enhance your competitiveness by sharing
information and by developing creative solutions to common industry problems.
 THE PUBLIC AFFAIRS COUNCIL gives you an active voice in Washington, promoting the gear
industry to our nation’s legislators and regulators.
 GEAR EXPO: This is the only trade show dedicated solely to the gear industry.
 TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEETINGS are the core of the open AGMA standard writing process
keeping members abreast of new developments while ensuring that AGMA standards are kept
current.
 THE AGMA TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GEAR MANUFACTURING uses current technology to
offer hands-on training in hobbing, shaping, and inspection. At the “Gear School”, operators learn
how to maximize their productivity. Enrollment is open to all.
 NEWS DIGEST, AGMA’s quarterly newsletter, offers you timely, useful information you can use
immediately.
If you would like additional information about our programs, or on how to become a member of AGMA,
please contact AGMA Headquarters.
American Gear Manufacturers Association

1001 N. Fairfax Street, Suite 500
Alexandria, VA 22314-1560
Phone: (703) 684-0211

FAX: (703) 684-0242
E-Mail: tech@agma.org
website: www.agma.org
Leading the Gear Industry Since 1916
Obsolete documents should not be used, please use replacements. Most obsolete and superseded documents are
available for purchase. Contact AGMA Headquarters for pricing and availability.
Publications Catalog iii April 2014

How to Purchase Documents
Unless otherwise indicated, AGMA Standards, Information Sheets and papers presented at Fall Technical
Meetings are available for purchase, in electronic form, through the AGMA website, www.agma.org.
Current document pricing is also available on the AGMA website.
Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Number

Italicizing denotes a current standard
Number Page Title or reference
110.04 Replaced by 1010-E95
112.05 Incorporated into 1012-G05
114.02 Replaced by 910-D12
115.01 Replaced by 933-A03
116.01 Incorporated into 1012-G05
120.01 Withdrawn
121.02 Replaced by 120.01
141.01 Withdrawn
170.01 Replaced by 6002-B93
201.02 Withdrawn
203.03 Withdrawn
207.06 Replaced by 1003-G93
211.02A Replaced by 420.04
215.02 Replaced by 218.01 & 2003-B97
217.01 Withdrawn
218.01 Replaced by 2001-D04 & 908-B89
224.01 Incorporated into 240.01
Publications Catalog 1 April 2014

230.01 Replaced by 2007-C00
234.01 Replaced by 390.03a
236.05 Replaced by 390.03a
239.01A Replaced by 390.03a
246.02A Replaced by 926-A99
297.01 Replaced by 6025- D98
298.01 Replaced by 6025- D98
321.05 Replaced by 6004-F88
360.02 Withdrawn
374.04 Withdrawn
390.03 Replaced by 390.03a & 2000-A88

390.03a Replaced by 2009-B01 and 2011-A98
420.04 Replaced by 6010-F97
421.06 Replaced by 6011-i03
422.03 Withdrawn
424.01 Withdrawn
427.01 Incorporated into 6011-H98
431.01 Withdrawn
514.02 Withdrawn
900-H06 11 Style Manual for the Preparation of Standards, Information Sheets and
Editorial Manuals
901-A92 11 Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears
904-C96 11 Metric Usage
906-A94 Withdrawn
908-B89 11 Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and Bending
Strength of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth
909-A06 11 Specifications for Molded Plastic Gears
910-D12 11 Formats for Fine-Pitch Gear Specification Data
911-A94 11 Design Guidelines for Aerospace Gearing
912-A04 11 Mechanisms of Gear Tooth Failure
913-A98 12 Method for Specifying the Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears
914-B04 12 Gear Sound Manual - Part I: Fundamentals of Sound as Related to
Gears; Part II: Sources, Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound;
Part III: Gear Noise Control
915-1-A02 12 Inspection Practices - Part 1: Cylindrical Gears - Tangential
Measurements
915-2-A05 12 Inspection Practices - Part 2: Cylindrical Gears - Radial
Measurements

915-3-A99 12 Inspection Practices - Gear Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and
Parallelism
917-B97 12 Design Manual for Parallel Shaft Fine-Pitch Gearing
918-A93 12 Numerical Examples Demonstrating the Procedures for Calculating
Geometry Factors for Spur and Helical Gears
920-A01 12 Materials for Plastic Gears
921-A97 Replaced by 6006-A03
922-A96 12 Load Classification and Service Factors for Flexible Couplings
923-B05 12 Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing
925-A03 13 Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress
926-C99 13 Recommended Practice for Carburized Aerospace Gearing
927-A01 13 Load Distribution Factors - Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears
929-A06 13 Calculation of Bevel Gear Top Land and Guidance on Cutter Edge
Radius
930-A05 13 Calculated Bending Load Capacity of Powder Metallurgy (P/M)
External Spur Gears
931-A02 Replaced by 10064-5-A06
932-A05 13 Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Hypoid Gears
933-B03 13 Basic Gear Geometry
935-A05 13 Recommendations Relative to the Evaluation of Radial Composite
Gear Double Flank Testers
937-A12 14 Aerospace Bevel Gears
938-A05 14 Shot Peening of Gears
939-A07 14 Austempered Ductile Iron for Gears
940-A09 14 Double Helical Epicyclic Gear Units
942-A12 14 Metallurgical Specifications for Powder Metallurgy, PM, Steel Gearing
1003-H07 14 Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Spur and Helical Gears
1006-A97 14 Tooth Proportions for Plastic Gears
1010-E95 14 Appearance of Gear Teeth - Terminology of Wear and Failure
1012-G05 15 Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols
1102-B13 15 Tolerance Specification for Gear Hobs
1103-H07 15 Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Spur and Helical Gears (Metric
Edition)
1104-A09 15 Tolerance Specification for Shaper Cutters
1106-A97 15 Tooth Proportions for Plastic Gears
1328-1 Replaced by 2015-1-A01
1328-2 Replaced by 2015-2-A06
2000-A88 Replaced by 915-1-A02, 915-2-A05, 2015-1-A01, and 2015-2-A06
2001-D04 15 Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute
Spur and Helical Gear Teeth
2002-B88 15 Tooth Thickness Specification and Measurement
2003-C10 15 Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated
Straight Bevel, Zerol Bevel, and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth
2004-C08 15 Gear Materials, Heat Treatment and Processing Manual
2005-D03 16 Design Manual for Bevel Gears
2007-C00 16 Surface Temper Etch Inspection After Grinding

2008-D11 16 Assembling Bevel Gears
2009-B01 Replaced by 10064-6-A10 and 17485-A08
2011-A98 16 Cylindrical Wormgearing Tolerance and Inspection Methods
2015-1-A01 16 Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurements for
Cylindrical Gears
2015-2-A06 16 Accuracy Classification System - Radial Measurements for Cylindrical
Gears
Supplement to 16 Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurement Tolerance
2015/915-1-A02 Tables for Cylindrical Gears
2101-D04 16 Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute
Spur and Helical Gear Teeth (Metric)
2111-A98 17 Cylindrical Wormgearing Tolerance and Inspection Methods (Metric)
2116-A05 17 Evaluation of Double Flank Testers for Radial Composite
Measurement of Gears
6000-B96 17 Measurement of Linear Vibration on Gear Units
6001-E08 17 Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
6002-B93 17 Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears
6004-F88 Replaced by 6014-A06
6005-B89 Withdrawn
6006-A03 17 Standard for Design and Specification of Gearboxes for Wind Turbines
6008-A98 17 Specifications for Powder Metallurgy Gears
6011-I03 17 Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units
6013-A06 17 Standard for Industrial Enclosed Gear Drives
6014-A06 18 Gear Power Rating for Cylindrical Shell and Trunnion Supported
Equipment
6015-A13 18 Power Rating of Single and Double Helical Gearing for Rolling Mill
Service
6017-E86 Replaced by 6035-A02
6019-E89 Replaced by 6009-A00
6021-G89 Replaced by 6009-A00
6022-C93 18 Design Manual for Cylindrical Wormgearing
6023-A88 Replaced by 6123-B06
6025-D98 18 Sound for Enclosed Helical, Herringbone and Spiral Bevel Gear Drives
6030-C87 Replaced by 6035-A02
6032-B13 18 Standard for Marine Gear Units: Rating and Application for Spur and
Helical Gear Teeth
6033-C08 18 Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing
6034-B92 18 Practice for Enclosed Cylindrical Wormgear Speed Reducers and
Gearmotors
6035-A02 19 Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing

6101-E08 19 Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
(Metric)
6113-A06 19 Standard for Industrial Enclosed Drives (Metric)
6114-A06 19 Gear Power Rating for Cylindrical Shell and Trunnion Supported
Equipment (Metric)
6115-A13 17 Power Rating of Single and Double Helical Gearing for Rolling Mill
Service (Metric Edition)
6123-B06 19 Design Manual for Enclosed Epicyclic Metric Module Gear Drives
6132-B13 20 Standard for Marine Gear Units: Rating and Application for Spur and
Helical Gear Teeth (Metric Edition)
6133-C08 20 Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing (Metric)
6135-A02 20 Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing
(Metric)
6336-6-A08 20 Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical gears - Part 6:
Calculation of Service Life Under Variable Load
9000-D11 20 Flexible Couplings - Potential Unbalance Classification
9001-B97 20 Flexible Couplings - Lubrication
9002-B04 20 Bores and Keyways for Flexible Couplings (Inch Series)
9003-B08 20 Flexible Couplings - Keyless Fits
9004-B08 21 Flexible Couplings - Mass Elastic Properties and Other Characteristics
9005-E02 21 Industrial Gear Lubrication
9008-B00 21 Flexible Couplings – Gear Type – Flange Dimensions, Inch Series
9009-D02 21 Flexible Couplings - Nomenclature for Flexible Couplings
9103-B08 21 Flexible Couplings - Keyless Fits (Metric Edition)
9104-A06 21 Flexible Couplings - Mass Elastic Properties and Other Characteristics
(Metric Edition)
9110-A11 21 Flexible Couplings - Potential Unbalance Classification (Metric Edition)
9112-A04 21 Bores and Keyways for Flexible Couplings (Metric Series)
10064-1 Replaced by 915-1-A02
10064-2 Replaced by 915-2-A05
10064-5-A06 21 Code of Inspection Practice - Part 5: Recommendations Relative to
Evaluation of Gear Measuring Instruments
10064-6-A10 22 Code of Inspection Practice – Part 6: Bevel Gear Measurement
Methods
14179-1 22 Gear Reducers - Thermal Capacity Based on ISO/TR 14179-1
17485-A08 22 Bevel Gears - ISO System of Accuracy
Supplement to 22 Supplemental Tables for ANSI/AGMA ISO 17485-A08, Bevel Gears -
17485-A08 ISO System of Accuracy - Tolerance Tables
18653-A06 22 Gears - Evaluation of Instruments for the Measurement of Individual
Gears
23509-A08 22 Bevel and Hypoid Gear Geometry

To search this document, CTRL “F”
Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Topic

Aerospace
AGMA 911-A94 Design Guidelines for Aerospace Gearing
AGMA 926-C99 Recommended Practice for Carburized Aerospace Gearing
AGMA 937-A12 Aerospace Bevel Gears
Calibration and Measurement Uncertainty

AGMA 935-A05 Recommendations Relative to the Evaluation of Radial Composite Gear Double Flank Testers
ANSI/AGMA 2116-A05, Evaluation of Double Flank Testers for Radial Composite Measurement of Gears
AGMA ISO 10064-5-A06, Code of Inspection Practice - Part 5: Recommendations Relative to Evaluation of
Gear Measuring Instruments
ANSI/AGMA ISO 18653-A06, Gears - Evaluation of Instruments for the Measurement of Individual Gears
Couplings
AGMA 922-A96 Load Classification and Service Factors for Flexible Couplings
ANSI/AGMA 9000-D11 Flexible Couplings - Potential Unbalance Classification
ANSI/AGMA 9001-B97 Flexible Couplings - Lubrication
ANSI/AGMA 9002-B04 Bores and Keyways for Flexible Couplings (Inch Series)
ANSI/AGMA 9003-B08 Flexible Couplings - Keyless Fits
ANSI/AGMA 9004-B08 Flexible Couplings - Mass Elastic Properties and Other Characteristics
ANSI/AGMA 9008-B00 Flexible Couplings – Gear Type – Flange Dimensions, Inch Series
ANSI/AGMA 9009-D02 Flexible Couplings - Nomenclature for Flexible Couplings
ANSI/AGMA 9103-B08 Flexible Couplings - Keyless Fits (Metric Edition)
ANSI/AGMA 9104-A06 Flexible Couplings - Mass Elastic Properties and Other Characteristics (Metric Edition)
ANSI/AGMA 9110-A11 Flexible Couplings - Potential Unbalance Classification (Metric Edition)
ANSI/AGMA 9112-A04 Bores and Keyways for Flexible Couplings (Metric Series)
Design and Assembly - Bevel

AGMA 929-A06 Calculation of Bevel Gear Top Land and Guidance on Cutter Edge Radius
AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10 Code of Inspection Practice – Part 6: Bevel Gear Measurement Methods
ANSI/AGMA 2005-D03 Design Manual for Bevel Gears
ANSI/AGMA 2008-D11 Assembling Bevel Gears
ANSI/AGMA ISO 17485-A08 Bevel Gears - ISO System of Accuracy
ANSI/AGMA ISO 23509-A08 Bevel and Hypoid Gear Geometry
Design - Fine Pitch

AGMA 910-D12 Formats for Fine-Pitch Gear Specification Data
AGMA 917-B97 Design Manual for Parallel Shaft Fine-Pitch Gearing
Design - Spur and Helical

AGMA 901-A92 A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears
AGMA 913-A98 Method for Specifying the Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears
Design - Wormgear
ANSI/AGMA 6022-C93 Design Manual for Cylindrical Wormgearing

Drive Components
ANSI/AGMA 6001-E08 Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
ANSI/AGMA 6101-E08 Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives (Metric Edition)
Enclosed Drives
AGMA 940-A09 Double Helical Epicyclic Gear Units
AGMA ISO 14179-1 Gear Reducers - Thermal Capacity Based on ISO/TR 14179-1
ANSI/AGMA 6013-A06 Standard for Industrial Enclosed Gear Drives
ANSI/AGMA 6113-A06 Standard for Industrial Enclosed Gear Drives (Metric)
ANSI/AGMA 6123-B06 Design Manual for Enclosed Epicyclic Gear Drives (Metric)
Failure Modes
AGMA 912-A04, Mechanisms of Gear Tooth Failure
ANSI/AGMA 1010-E95 Appearance of Gear Teeth - Terminology of Wear and Failure
High Speed Units

ANSI/AGMA 6011-I03 Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units
Inspection and Tolerances

AGMA 915-1-A02 Inspection Practices - Part 1: Cylindrical Gears - Tangential Measurements
AGMA 915-2-A05 Inspection Practices - Part 2: Cylindrical Gears - Radial Measurements
AGMA 915-3-A99 Inspection Practices - Gear Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism
ANSI/AGMA 1102-B13, Tolerance Specification for Gear Hobs
ANSI/AGMA 1104-A09, Tolerance Specification for Shaper Cutters
ANSI/AGMA 2002-B88 Tooth Thickness Specification and Measurement
ANSI/AGMA 2007-C00 Surface Temper Etch Inspection After Grinding
ANSI/AGMA 2011-A98 Cylindrical Wormgearing Tolerance and Inspection Methods
ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01 Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears
ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-A06 Accuracy Classification System - Radial Measurements for Cylindrical Gears
ANSI/AGMA 2111-A98 Cylindrical Wormgearing Tolerance and Inspection Methods (Metric)
Supplemental Tables for AGMA 2015/915-1-A02 Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurement
Tolerance Tables for Cylindrical Gears
Lubrication
ANSI/AGMA 9005-E02 Industrial Gear Lubrication
Materials
AGMA 920-A01 Materials for Plastic Gears
AGMA 923-B05 Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing
AGMA 938-A05, Shot Peening of Gears
AGMA 939-A07, Austempered Ductile Iron for Gears
ANSI/AGMA 2004-C08 Gear Materials, Heat Treatment and Processing Manual
ANSI/AGMA 6033-C08 Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing
ANSI/AGMA 6133-C08 Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing (Metric)
Metric Usage
AGMA 904-C96 Metric Usage

Mill Drives
ANSI/AGMA 6014-A06 Gear Power Rating for Cylindrical Shell and Trunnion Supported Equipment
ANSI/AGMA 6015-A13 Power Rating of Single and Double Helical Gearing for Rolling Mill Service
ANSI/AGMA 6114-A06 Gear Power Rating for Cylindrical Shell and Trunnion Supported Equipment (Metric)
ANSI/AGMA 6115-A13 Power Rating of Single and Double Helical Gearing for Rolling Mill Service (Metric
Edition)
Nomenclature
AGMA 933-B03 Basic Gear Geometry
ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols
Plastics Gears
AGMA 909-A06 Specifications for Molded Plastic Gears
ANSI/AGMA 1006-A97 Tooth Proportions for Plastic Gears
Powder Metallurgy Gears

AGMA 930-A05 Calculated Bending Load Capacity of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) External Spur Gears
AGMA 942-A12 Metallurgical Specifications for Powder Metallurgy, PM, Steel Gearing
ANSI/AGMA 6008-A98 Specifications for Powder Metallurgy Gears
Proportions
ANSI/AGMA 1003-H07 Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Spur and Helical Gears
ANSI/AGMA 1103-H07 Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Spur and Helical Gears (Metric Edition)
ANSI/AGMA 1106-A97 Tooth Proportions for Plastic Gears (Metric Edition)
Rating: Spur, Helical and Bevel Gears

AGMA 908-B89 Information Sheet-Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and Bending
Strength of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth
AGMA 918-A93 A Summary of Numerical Examples Demonstrating the Procedures for Calculating Geometry
Factors for Spur and Helical Gears
AGMA 925-A03 Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress
AGMA 927-A01 Load Distribution Factors - Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears
AGMA 932-A05 Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Hypoid Gears
ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04 Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical
Gear Teeth
ANSI/AGMA 2003-C10 Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight Bevel,
ZEROL Bevel, and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth
Gear Teeth (Metric Edition)
ANSI/AGMA 6032-B13 Standard for Marine Gear Units: Rating and Application for Spur and Helical Gear
Teeth
Teeth (Metric Edition
ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336-6-A08 Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears - Part 6: Calculation of
Service Life Under Variable Load

Sound and Vibration

AGMA 914-B04 Gear Sound Manual - Part I: Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears; Part II: Sources,
Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound; Part III: Gear Noise Control
ANSI/AGMA 6000-B96 Specification for Measurement of Linear Vibration on Gear Units
ANSI/AGMA 6025-D98 Sound for Enclosed Helical, Herringbone, and Spiral Bevel Gear Drives
Style Manual
AGMA 900-H06 Style Manual for the Preparation of Standards and Editorial Manuals
Thermal
Vehicle
ANSI/AGMA 6002-B93 Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears
Wind Turbine Units

ANSI/AGMA/AWEA 6006-A03 Standard for Design and Specification of Gearboxes for Wind Turbines
Wormgears
ANSI/AGMA 6034-B92 Practice for Enclosed Cylindrical Wormgear Speed Reducers and Gearmotors
ANSI/AGMA 6035-A02 Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing
ANSI/AGMA 6135-A02 Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing (Metric)

AGMA Standards and Information Sheets

Many standards require additional documents for their proper use. A list of these standards is normally
supplied after the scope, in the normative references section of a document. Be sure to inquire whether
the standard you need requires other documents listed herewith.
AGMA 900-H06 Style Manual for the Preparation of Standards, Information Sheets and Editorial Manuals
Presents the requirements for preparing AGMA standards, editorial manuals, and other technical literature. A
new annex ”ISO symbols used in metric documents”, has been added, which includes a comprehensive listing of
the symbols used in ISO gear rating standards. Revision of AGMA 900-G00.
ISBN: 1-55589-775-4 Pages: 38
AGMA 901-A92 A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears
Presents a simple, closed-form procedure as a first step in the minimum volume spur and helical gearset
design. Includes methods for selecting geometry and dimensions, considering maximum pitting resistance,
bending strength, and scuffing resistance, and methods for selecting profile shift.
ISBN: 1-55589-579-4 Pages: 37
AGMA 904-C96 Metric Usage

Serves as a guide in preparing AGMA metric standards.
ISBN: 1-55589-681-2 Pages: 20
AGMA 908-B89 Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Spur,
Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth
Gives the equations for calculating the pitting resistance geometry factor, I, for external and internal spur and
helical gears, and the bending strength geometry factor, J, for external spur and helical gears that are generated
by rack-type tools (hobs, rack cutters or generating grinding wheels) or pinion-type tools (shaper cutters).
Includes charts which provide geometry factors, I and J, for a range of typical gear sets and tooth forms.
ISBN: 1-55589-525-5 Pages: 78
AGMA 909-A06 Specifications for Molded Plastic Gears

The objective of this information sheet is to inform the plastic gear designer of the importance to clearly and
thoroughly define the gear specifications to the plastic gear producer. It discusses the specifications for gear tooth
geometry, inspection, other gear features and manufacturing considerations for involute external and internal spur
and helical gears. Suggested data forms are provided in the annexes.
ISBN: 1-55589-889-8 Pages: 25
!! NEW !!
AGMA 910-D12 Formats for Fine-Pitch Gear Specification Data
This information sheet consists of a series of printed forms for gear drawings that contain the appropriate data to
be tabulated by the gear designer for the gear manufacturer. It also includes a series of definitions of the various
tabulated items. Replaces AGMA 910-C90.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-999-8 Pages: 32
AGMA 911-A94 Guidelines for Aerospace Gearing

Covers current gear design practices as they are applied to air vehicles and spacecraft. Goes beyond the
design of gear meshes. Presents the broad spectrum of factors which combine to produce a working gear
system, whether it be a power transmission or special purpose mechanism. Covers only spur, helical and bevel
gears. (Does not cover wormgears, face gears, and various proprietary tooth forms). Replaces AGMA 411.02.
ISBN: 1-55589-629-4 Pages: 97
AGMA 912-A04 Mechanisms of Gear Tooth Failure

This information sheet describes many of the ways in which gear teeth can fail and recommends methods for
reducing gear failure. It provides guidance for those attempting to analyze gear failures. It should be used in
conjunction with ANSI/AGMA 1010-E95 in which the gear tooth failure modes are defined. They are described in
detail to help investigators understand failures and investigate remedies. This information sheet does not discuss
the details of disciplines such as dynamics, material science, corrosion or tribology. It is hoped that the material
presented will facilitate communication in the investigation of gear operating problems. Supplement to
ANSI/AGMA 1010-E95.
ISBN: 1-55589-838-6 Pages: 22

AGMA 913-A98 Method for Specifying the Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears
Provides information to translate tooth thickness specifications which are expressed in terms of tooth thickness,
center distance or diameter into profile shift coefficients. It describes the effect that profile shift has on the
geometry and performance of gears. Annexes are provided which contain practical examples on the calculation
of tool proportions and profile shift.
ISBN: 1-55589-714-2 Pages: 25
AGMA 914-B04, Gear Sound Manual - Part I: Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears; Part II: Sources,
Specifications and Levels of Gear Sound; Part III: Gear Noise Control
This information sheet discusses how noise measurement and control depend upon the individual
characteristics of the prime mover, gear unit, and driven machine, as well as their combined effects in a particular
acoustical environment. It indicates certain areas that might require special attention. This document is a revision
of AGMA 299.01 to include updated references and a discussion of Fast Fourier Transform analysis. Replaces
AGMA 299.01.
ISBN: 1-55589-820-3 Pages: 37
AGMA 915-1-A02 Inspection Practices - Part 1: Cylindrical Gears - Tangential Measurements

Provides a code of practice and measuring methods dealing with inspection relevant to tangential element and
composite deviations of cylindrical involute gears (measurements referred to single flank contact). Replaces
elemental measurement section of AGMA 2000-A88.
ISBN: 1-55589-798-3 Pages: 39
AGMA 915-2-A05 Inspection Practices - Part 2: Cylindrical Gears - Radial Measurements

This information sheet discusses inspection of cylindrical involute gears using the radial (double flank)
composite method, with recommended practices detailed. Also included is a clause on runout and eccentricity
measurement methods. This information sheet is a supplement to the standard ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-A06. It
replaced AGMA ISO 10064-2 and replaces double flank composite measurement section of AGMA 2000-A88.
ISBN: 1-55589-843-2 Pages: 24
AGMA 915-3-A99 Inspection Practices - Gear Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism
Provides recommended numerical values relating to the inspection of gear blanks, shaft center distance and
parallelism of shaft axes. Discussions include such topics as methods for defining datum axes on components;
the use of center holes and mounting surfaces during manufacturing and inspection; and, recommended values of
in-plane and out-of-plane deviations of shaft parallelism. Modified adoption of ISO/TR 10064-3:1996.
ISBN: 1-55589-738-X Pages: 9
AGMA 917-B97 Design Manual for Parallel Shaft Fine-Pitch Gearing

Provides guidance for the design of spur and helical gearing of 20 through 120 diametral pitch including internal
and rack forms. Manual contains such specialized subjects as inspection, lubrication, gear load calculation
methods, materials, including a wide variety of plastics. Replaces AGMA 370.01.
ISBN: 1-55589-694-4 Pages: 84
AGMA 918-A93 A Summary of Numerical Examples Demonstrating the Procedures for Calculating Geometry
Factors for Spur and Helical Gears
Provides numerical examples for calculating the pitting resistance geometry factor, I, and bending strength
geometry factor, J, for typical gearsets that are generated by rack- type tools (hobs, rack cutters or generating
grinding wheels) or pinion-type tools (disk-type shaper cutters). Supplement to AGMA 908-B89.
ISBN: 1-55589-617-0 Pages: 42

This document serves to aid the gear designer in understanding the unique physical, mechanical and thermal
behavior of plastic materials. Topics covered include general plastic material behavior, gear operating conditions,
plastic gear manufacturing, tests for gear related material properties, and typical plastic gear materials.
ISBN: 1-55589-778-9 Pages: 40
AGMA 922-A96 Load Classification and Service Factors for Flexible Couplings
This Information Sheet provides load classifications and related service factors that are frequently used for
various flexible coupling applications. Typical applications using smooth prime movers and special considerations
involving unusual or more severe loading are discussed. Replaces AGMA 514.02.
ISBN: 1-55589-680-4 Pages: 6
AGMA 923-B05 Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing

This document identifies metallurgical quality characteristics which are important to the performance of steel
gearing. The AGMA gear rating standards identify performance levels of gearing by heat treatment method and
grade number. For each heat treatment method and AGMA grade number, acceptance criteria are given for
various metallurgical characteristics identified in this document. Revision of AGMA 923-A00.
ISBN: 1-55589-848-3 Pages: 31

AGMA 925-A03 Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress

This document provides currently available information pertaining to oil lubrication of industrial gears for power
transmission applications. It is intended to serve as a general guideline and source of information about gear oils,
their properties, and their tribological behavior in gear contacts. Equations provided allow the calculation of
specific film thickness and instantaneous contact (flash) temperature for gears in service, and to help assess the
potential risk of surface distress (scuffing, micropitting and macropitting, and scoring) involved with a given
lubricant choice. Supplement to ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04.
ISBN: 1-55589-815-7 Pages: 51
AGMA 926-C99 Recommended Practice for Carburized Aerospace Gearing

Establishes recommended practices for material case and core properties, microstructure and processing
procedures for carburized AISI 9310 aerospace gears. This document is not intended to be a practice for any
gears other than those applied to aerospace. Replaces AGMA 246.02a.
ISBN: 1-55589-758-4 Pages: 9
AGMA 927-A01 Load Distribution Factors - Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears
Describes an analytical procedure for the calculation of face load distribution factor. The iterative solution that is
described is compatible with the definitions of the term face load distribution of AGMA standards and longitudinal
load distribution of the ISO standards. The procedure is easily programmable and flow charts of the calculation
scheme, as well as examples from typical software are presented. Supplement to ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04.
ISBN: 1-55589-779-7 Pages: 31
AGMA 929-A06 Calculation of Bevel Gear Top Land and Guidance on Cutter Edge Radius
Has the calculations for bevel gear top land and guidance for selection of cutter edge radius for determination of
tooth geometry. It integrates various publications with modifications to include face hobbing. It adds top land
calculations for non-generated manufacturing methods. It is intended to provide assistance in completing the
calculations requiring determination of top lands and cutter edge radii for gear capacity in accordance with
ANSI/AGMA 2003-B97. Supplement to standard ANSI/AGMA 2005-D03
ISBN: 1-55589-873-4 Pages: 38
AGMA 930-A05 Calculated Bending Load Capacity of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) External Spur Gears
This information sheet describes a procedure for calculating the load capacity of a pair of powder metallurgy
external spur gears based on tooth bending strength. Two types of loading are considered: 1) repeated loading
over many cycles; and 2) occasional peak loading. It also describes an essentially reverse procedure for
establishing an initial design from specified applied loads. As part of the load capacity calculations, there is a
detailed analysis of the gear teeth geometry, including tooth profiles and various fillets.
ISBN: 1-55589-845-9 Pages: 78
AGMA 932-A05 Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Hypoid Gears
This information sheet provides a method by which different hypoid gear designs can be compared. The
formulas are intended to establish a uniformly acceptable method for calculating the pitting resistance and
bending strength capacity of both curved and skewed tooth hypoid gears. They apply equally to tapered depth
and uniform depth teeth. Annexes contain graphs for geometry factors and a sample calculation to assist the
user. Supplement to ANSI/AGMA 2003-B97.
ISBN: 1-55589-869-6 Pages: 18
AGMA 933-B03 Basic Gear Geometry

This information sheet illustrates important geometrical relationships which provide a sound basis for a
thoroughly logical and comprehensive system of gear geometry. Replaces AGMA 115.01.
ISBN: 1-55589-814-9 Pages: 18
AGMA 935-A05 Recommendations Relative to the Evaluation of Radial Composite Gear Double Flank Testers
The condition and alignment of gear measuring instruments can greatly influence the measurement of product
gears. This information sheet provides qualification procedures for double flank testers that are used for the
evaluation of radial composite deviations of gears. It discusses guidelines for alignment of double flank tester
elements such as centers, ways, probe systems, etc. It also covers the application of artifacts to determine
instrument accuracy. Supplement to standard ANSI/AGMA 2116-A05.
ISBN: 1-55589-872-6 Pages: 11

!! NEW !!
AGMA 937-A12 Aerospace Bevel Gears
This information sheet covers aerospace bevel gears for power, accessory and actuation applications. It
provides additional information on the design, manufacturing and quality control unique to the aerospace
environment. The new information sheet was developed to fill the void following the withdrawal of AGMA
431.01. It expands the scope to include all applications of aerospace bevel gearing.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-030-8 Pages: 142
AGMA 938-A05 Shot Peening of Gears

This information sheet provides a tool for gear designers interested in the residual compressive stress
properties produced by shot peening and its relationship to gearing. It also discusses shot media materials,
delivery methods and process controls.
ISBN: 1-55589-847-5 Pages: 14
AGMA 939-A07 Austempered Ductile Iron for Gears

This information sheet gives the background and basic guidelines to consider the feasibility of austempered
ductile iron (ADI) for gear applications. It contains experimental, experiential and anecdotal information to assist in
the specification, purchase and manufacture of ADI components. The metallurgy of ADI, relevant factors in its
production, allowable stress numbers, and stress cycle curves are reviewed. It also has references, relevant
standards, and evaluation methods used in the manufacture of ADI components.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-901-1 Pages: 10
AGMA 940-A09 Double Helical Epicyclic Gear Units

This information sheet addresses epicyclic gear drives which utilize double helical type gearing on the planetary
elements. It is intended to be a supplement to and used in conjunction with ANSI/AGMA 6123-B06, Design
Manual for Enclosed Epicyclic Gear Dives. It covers only those topics which are unique to double helical gear
arrangements in epicyclic gear drives.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-953-0 Pages: 28
AGMA 942-A12 Metallurgical Specifications for Powder Metallurgy, PM, Steel Gearing
This information sheet recommends powder metallurgy, PM, steel materials and metallurgical quality
characteristics for use in specifying PM gearing. It identifies specifications and requirements for various PM steel
materials for as--sintered, through hardened or sinter hardened, carburized case hardened, and induction
hardened gearing. Requirements are coded by process and class number, the latter based on the density of the
PM gear teeth. Characteristics covered include material composition, density, sinter processing (conventional,
high temperature and sinter hardening), secondary heat treatments and post heat treatment processing, and their
associated inspections.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-031-5 Pages: 17
ANSI/AGMA 1003-H07 Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Spur and Helical Gears
Tooth proportions for fine-pitch gearing are similar to those of coarse pitch gearing except in the matter of
clearance. This standard is applicable to external spur and helical gears with diametral pitch of 20 through 120
and a profile angle of 20 degrees. It provides a system of enlarged pinions which use the involute form above 5
degrees of roll. Data on 14-1/2 and 25 degree profile angle systems, and a discussion of enlargement and tooth
thicknesses are provided in annexes. In addition, it addresses, in a new annex, an analysis of comparative
systems of selecting tooth thicknesses of pinions. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 1003-G93.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-902-8 Pages: 25

Presents a new basic rack, AGMA PT, which, with its full round fillet, may be preferred in many applications of
gears made from plastic materials. It contains a description, with equations and sample calculations, of how the
proportions of a spur or helical gear may be derived from the design tooth thickness and the basic rack data. In
several annexes, there are discussions of possible variations from the basic rack and also a procedure for
defining tooth proportions without using the basic rack concept.
ISBN: 1-55589-684-7 Pages: 47
ANSI/AGMA 1010-E95 Appearance of Gear Teeth -Terminology of Wear and Failure

This standard provides nomenclature for general modes of gear tooth wear and failure. It classifies, identifies
and describes the most common types of failure and provides information which will, in many cases, enable the
user to identify failure modes and evaluate the degree or progression of wear. Replaces AGMA 110.04.
ISBN: 1-55589-665-0 Pages: 40

ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols

This standard establishes the definitions of terms, symbols and abbreviations which may be used to
communicate the technology and specifications of external and internal gear teeth. it provides definitive meanings
by the use of words and illustrations, for commonly used gearing terms. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 1012-F90.
ISBN: 1-55589-846-7 Pages: 72
!! NEW !!
ANSI/AGMA 1102-A03 Tolerance Specification for Gear Hobs
The standard provides specifications for nomenclature, dimensions, tolerances, and inspection for gear hobs for
modules 0.63 to 40 mm. It establishes a basis for understanding the use and manufacture of these tools.
Replaces ANSI/AGMA 1102-A03.
ISBN: 1-55589-816-5 Pages: 49
ANSI/AGMA 1103-H07 Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Spur and Helical Gears (Metric Edition)
Tooth proportions for fine-pitch gearing are similar to those of coarse pitch gearing except in the matter of
clearance. This standard is applicable to external spur and helical gears with diametral pitch of 1.25 through 0.2
and a profile angle of 20 degrees. It provides a system of enlarged pinions which use the involute form above 5
degrees of roll. Data on 14-1/2 and 25 degree profile angle systems, and a discussion of enlargement and tooth
thicknesses are provided in annexes. In addition, it addresses, in a new annex, an analysis of comparative
systems of selecting tooth thicknesses of pinions. Metric version of ANSI/AGMA 1003-H07.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-903-5 Pages: 25
ANSI/AGMA 1104-A09 Tolerance Specification for Shaper Cutters

The purpose of this standard is to provide specifications for nomenclature, dimensions, tolerances, and
inspection of shaper cutters, and thereby establish a basis for mutual understanding in this respect in the use and
manufacture of these tools.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-974-5 Pages: 54

Presents a new basic rack, AGMA PT, which, with its full round fillet, may be preferred in many applications of
gears made from plastic materials. It contains a description, with equations and sample calculations, of how the
proportions of a spur or helical gear may be derived from the design tooth thickness and the basic rack data. In
several annexes, there are discussions of possible variations from the basic rack and also a procedure for
defining tooth proportions without using the basic rack concept. Metric edition of ANSI/AGMA 1006-A97.
ISBN: 1-55589-685-5 Pages: 47
Gear Teeth
Presents a comprehensive method for rating the pitting resistance and bending strength of spur and helical
involute gear pairs. Contains detailed discussions of factors influencing gear survival and calculation methods.
Revisions reflected in this version include incorporating the latest AGMA accuracy standard (ANSI/AGMA -A01)
into the determination of dynamic factor, and change to the relationship between service factor and stress cycle
factor. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2001-C95.
ISBN: 1-55589-839-4 Pages: 56
ANSI/AGMA 2002-B88 Tooth Thickness Specification and Measurement

Presents procedures for determining tooth thickness measurements of external and internal cylindrical involute
gearing. Includes equations and calculation procedures for commonly used measuring methods.
ISBN: 1-55589-503-4 Pages: 47
ANSI/AGMA 2003-C10 Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight Bevel, Zerol
Bevel and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth
This standard specifies a method for rating the pitting resistance and bending strength of generated straight
bevel, zerol bevel and spiral bevel gear teeth. A detailed discussion of factors influencing gear survival and a
calculation method are provided. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2003-B97.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-975-2 Pages: 71
ANSI/AGMA 2004-C08 Gear Materials, Heat Treatment and Processing Manual

This standard provides information pertaining to ferrous and nonferrous materials used in gearing. Factors in
material selection, including material forms, properties, and associated processing and heat treatments are
discussed. Manufacturing procedures to prepare materials for machining and final heat treatment are included.
Heat treating procedures used for gearing are covered in detail, including process description, product
specifications, process controls, and characteristics of heat treated gearing. Post-heat treatment processes to
meet gearing requirements are discussed. Product inspection methods and documentation are covered. Term

definitions, test methods, distortion and residual stress, sources for additional information and bibliography are
included. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2004-B89.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-904-2 Pages: 68
ANSI/AGMA 2005-D03 Design Manual for Bevel Gears

Provides the standards for designing straight bevel, zerol bevel, spiral bevel and hypoid gears along with
information on fabrication, inspection and mounting. Covers preliminary gear design parameters, blank design
including standard taper, uniform depth, duplex taper and tilted root. Also includes drawing format, inspection,
materials, lubrication, mountings and assembly. An Annex contains examples for ease of understanding.
Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2005-C96.
ISBN: 1-55589-667-7 Pages: 94
ANSI/AGMA 2007-C00 Surface Temper Etch Inspection After Grinding [Same as New ISO 14104]
Explains the materials and procedures to determine and evaluate localized overheating on ground surfaces.
Includes a system to describe and classify the indications produced during this inspection. However, does not
provide specific acceptance or rejection criteria. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2007-B92.
ISBN: 1-55589-761-4 Pages: 6
ANSI/AGMA 2008-D11 Assembling Bevel Gears

This Standard was prepared for the assembly man in the factory and for the service man in the field. Each
definition, explanation, and instruction is directed toward the physical appearance of the gears as they are
inspected and assembled by these personnel. The definitions are simple. The explanations are thorough. An
Annex provides detailed instructions on performing contact pattern checks. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2008-C01.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-998-1 Pages: 49

Establishes a classification system for the geometrical accuracy specification of wormgearing. It also provides
uniform measurement procedures including discussions on single and double flank composite testing and tooth
thickness measurements. The standard establishes ten accuracy grades, W3 through W12, based on the relative
effect of geometrical errors on conjugate action for wormgear sets.
ISBN: 1-55589-716-9 Pages: 43
ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01 Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears
This standard, for spur and helical gearing, correlates gear accuracy grades with gear tooth tolerances and
geometry. It provides information on minimum requirements for accuracy by elemental measurement methods.
Annex material provides guidance on measurement filtering influences and information on comparison of gear
inspection methods. Users of this standard should have a copy of the companion information sheet, AGMA 915-
1-A02. Replaces elemental tolerance section of AGMA 2000-A88.
ISBN: 1-55589-797-5 Pages: 37
ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-A06 Accuracy Classification System - Radial Measurements for Cylindrical Gears
This standard establishes a classification system relevant to radial (double flank) composite deviations of
individual cylindrical involute gears. It serves as a concise means of specifying gear accuracy without the need of
supplying individual element tolerances. It simplifies discussions of gear accuracy between gear manufacturer
and purchaser. It specifies the appropriate definitions of gear tooth accuracy terms, the structure of the gear
accuracy system, and the tolerances (allowable values of deviations). Annex A provides information on the
accuracy of master gears. Annex B provides information on runout tolerance values. Replaces double flank
composite tolerance section of AGMA 2000-A88.
ISBN: 1-55589-874-2 Pages: 13
Supplemental Tables for AGMA 2015/915-1-A02 Accuracy Classification System - Tangential Measurement
Tolerance Tables for Cylindrical Gears
Only provides tolerance tables as a supplement to AGMA 2015-1-A01, Accuracy Classification System -
Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears.
ISBN: 1-55589-813-0 Pages: 101
Gear Teeth (Metric Edition)
Presents a comprehensive method for rating the pitting resistance and bending strength of spur and helical
involute gear pairs. Contains detailed discussions of factors influencing gear survival and calculation methods.
Revisions reflected in this version include incorporating the latest AGMA accuracy standard (ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-
A01) into the determination of dynamic factor, and change to the relationship between service factor and stress
cycle factor. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2101-C95.
ISBN: 1-55589-840-8 Pages: 56


Establishes a classification system for the geometrical accuracy specification of wormgearing. It also provides
uniform measurement procedures including discussions on single and double flank composite testing and tooth
thickness measurements. The standard establishes ten accuracy grades, W3 through W12, based on the relative
effect of geometrical errors on conjugate action for wormgear sets. Metric edition of ANSI/AGMA 2011-A98.
ISBN: 1-55589-717-7 Pages: 43
ANSI/AGMA 2116-A05 Evaluation of Double Flank Testers for Radial Composite Measurement of Gears
This standard provides the evaluation criteria for double flank testers. Recommended artifact sizes and
geometry are provided along with measurement system conditions. Annexes contain methods for estimating
calibration uncertainty and specifying artifact.
ISBN: 1-55589-871-8 Pages: 9
ANSI/AGMA 6000-B96 Specification for Measurement of Linear Vibration on Gear Units

Presents a method for measuring linear vibration on a gear unit. Recommends instrumentation, measuring
methods, test procedures and discrete frequency vibration limits for acceptance testing. Annexes list system
effects on gear unit vibration and system responsibility. The ISO vibration rating curves from ISO 8579-2,
Acceptance code for gears - Part 2: Determination of mechanical vibrations of gear units during acceptance
testing are introduced.
ISBN: 1-55589-666-9 Pages: 21
ANSI/AGMA 6001-E08 Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
This standard outlines the basic practices for the design and selection of components, other than gearing, for
use in commercial and industrial enclosed gear drives. Fundamental equations provide for the proper sizing of
shafts, keys, and fasteners based on stated allowable stresses. Other components are discussed in a manner to
provide an awareness of their function or specific requirements. This standard applies to the following types of
commercial and industrial enclosed gear drives, individually or in combination: spur, helical, herringbone, bevel
and worm. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 6001-D97.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-951-6 Pages: 44
ANSI/AGMA 6002-B93 Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears
A guide to the design, fabrication, and inspection of spur and helical gears for vehicles and for power
transmission on vehicles.
ISBN: 1-55589-616-2 Pages: 38
ANSI/AGMA/AWEA 6006-A03 Standard for Design and Specification of Gearboxes for Wind Turbines
This standard is intended to apply to wind turbine gearboxes. It provides information for specifying, selecting,
designing, manufacturing, procuring operating and manufacturing reliable speed increasing gearboxes for wind
turbine generator system service.
Annex information is supplied on: wind turbine architecture, wind turbine load description, quality assurance,
operation and maintenance, minimum purchaser gearbox manufacturing ordering data, lubrication selection and
monitoring, determination of an application factor from a load spectrum using equivalent torque, and bearing
stress calculations. Replaces AGMA 921-A97.
ISBN: 1-55589-817-3 Pages: 94
ANSI/AGMA 6008-A98 Specifications for Powder Metallurgy Gears

Defines the minimum detailed information to be included in the powder metallurgy gear specifications submitted
by the gear purchaser to the gear producer. Specifications on gear tooth geometry are described in detail for
external spur and helical gears and for straight bevel gears. In addition, there are discussions on specifications
for gear drawings and gear material data. The standard applies to gears made by the conventional P/M process
consisting of compaction followed by sintering and, in some cases, by post sintering treatments.
ISBN: 1-55589-713-4 Pages: 17
ANSI/AGMA 6011-I03 Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units

This standard includes information on design, lubrication, bearings, testing and rating for single and double
helical external tooth, parallel shaft speed reducers and increasers. Units covered include those operating with at
least one stage having a pitch line velocity equal to or greater than 35 meters per second or rotational speeds
greater than 4500 rpm and other stages having pitch line velocities equal to or greater than 8 meters per second.
Annex material includes discussions on service factors, rotor dynamics, efficiency and newly configured
purchaser’s data sheets. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 6011-H98.
ISBN: 1-55589-819-X Pages: 51
ANSI/AGMA 6013-A06 Standard for Industrial Enclosed Gear Drives

This standard includes design, rating, lubrication, testing and selection information for enclosed gear drives,
including foot mounted, shaft mounted, screw conveyor drives and gearmotors. These drives include spur,
helical, herringbone, double helical, or bevel gearing in single or multistage arrangements, and wormgearing in

multistage drives, as either parallel, concentric or right angle configurations. This standard combines and
replaces the information previously found in ANSI/AGMA 6009-A00 and ANSI/AGMA 6010-F97.
ISBN: 1-55589-822-X Pages: 60
ANSI/AGMA 6014-A06 Gear Power Rating for Cylindrical Shell and Trunnion Supported Equipment
This standard specifies methods for rating the pitting resistance and bending strength of open or semi-enclosed
spur, single helical, double helical, and herringbone gears made from steel and spheroidal graphitic iron for use
on cylindrical shell and trunnion supported equipment, such as cylindrical grinding mills, kilns, coolers and dryers.
This standard provides a design comparison method for different open or semi-enclosed gears, where the gear
reaction forces are transmitted through a structure which provides independent bearing support for the gear and
pinion. Annexes cover installation, alignment, maintenance, lubrication, and a rating method for gears made from
ausferritic ductile iron. Supersedes ANSI/AGMA 6004-F88.
ISBN: 1-55589-876-9 Pages: 71
!! NEW !!
ANSI/AGMA 6015-A13 Power Rating of Single and Double Helical Gearing for Rolling Mill Service
This Standard provides a method for determining the power rating of gear sets used in main mill drives, pinion
stands, and combination units used for the reduction of material size in metal rolling mills. Applications include,
but are not limited to, hot mills and cold mills, roughing and finishing stands: reducing, increasing, and 1:1 ratio
sets. Auxiliary drives, including drives listed in ANSI/AGMA 6013-A06, such as bridles, coilers, uncoilers, edge
trimmers, flatteners, loopers (accumulators), pinch rolls, scrap choppers, shears, and slitters are not covered by
this document. This standard includes a method by which different gear tooth designs can be rated and
compared at extended life cycles typical for these applications, up to 175 000 hours.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-056-8 Pages: 67
ANSI/AGMA 6022-C93 Design Manual for Cylindrical Wormgearing

Covers the design of general industrial coarse--pitch cylindrical worms and throated gears mounted with axes at
a 90 degree angle and having axial pitches of 3/16 inch and larger.
ISBN: 1-55589-041-5 Pages: 10
ANSI/AGMA 6025-D98 Sound for Enclosed Helical, Herringbone and Spiral Bevel Gear Drives
Describes a recommended method of acceptance testing and reporting of the sound pressure levels generated
by a gear speed reducer or increaser when tested at the manufacturer’s facility. The results obtained through the
use of this standard should represent only the sound of the gear unit, as other system influences, such as prime
mover or driven equipment are minimized. Annexes to the standard present sound power measurement methods
for use when required by specific contract provisions between the manufacturer and purchaser. Revision of
ANSI/AGMA 6025-C90.
ISBN: 1-55589-718-5 Pages: 21
!! NEW !!
Teeth
This document considers rating practices for marine main propulsion, power take-off and auxiliary propulsion
service. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 6032-A94.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-084-1 Pages: 52

This standard identifies commonly used alloy steels, heat treatments and inspection requirements for through
hardened and surface hardened gearing for main propulsion marine service over 1500 hp. Forged and hot rolled
alloy steel bar stock are specified to two metallurgical quality grades (1 and 2) according to cleanliness and test
requirements. Cast steel gearing is specified to a single metallurgical quality level. Mechanical, metallurgical and
nondestructive test requirements are provided for various heat treatment processes and metallurgical quality
grades of gearing. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 6033-B98.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-929-5 Pages: 34
ANSI/AGMA 6034-B92 Practice for Enclosed Cylindrical Wormgear Speed Reducers and Gearmotors
Covers the design and rating of cylindrical- wormgear speed reducers, having either solid or hollow output
shafts of the following specific types: single reduction; double reduction incorporating cylindrical wormgearing for
each reduction; and double reduction incorporating cylindrical wormgearing as final and helical gearing as initial
reduction.
ISBN: 1-55589-494-1 Pages: 37

ANSI/AGMA 6035-A02 Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing

This standard provides guidelines for the design, rating and application of globoidal wormgearing mounted at a
90 degree angle. Specific definitions for globoidal wormgearing terms are presented, along with formulas for
determining the geometric sizes of the major features for the worm and gear. Design considerations, design
procedures, gear blanks and self-locking conditions are also discussed. Procedures for rating the load capacity of
globoidal wormgearing are included. Replaces ANSI/AGMA 6017-E86 and ANSI/AGMA 6030-C87.
ISBN: 1-55589-792-4 Pages: 45
ANSI/AGMA 6101-E08, Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives (Metric Edition)
This standard outlines the basic practices for the design and selection of components, other than gearing, for
use in commercial and industrial enclosed gear drives. Fundamental equations provide for the proper sizing of
shafts, keys, and fasteners based on stated allowable stresses. Other components are discussed in a manner to
provide an awareness of their function or specific requirements. This standard applies to the following types of
commercial and industrial enclosed gear drives, individually or in combination: spur, helical, herringbone, bevel
and worm. Metric Edition of ANSI/AGMA 6001-E08.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-952-3 Pages: 42
ANSI/AGMA 6113-A06 Standard for Industrial Enclosed Gear Drives (Metric Edition)
This standard includes design, rating, lubrication, testing and selection information for enclosed gear drives,
including foot mounted, shaft mounted, screw conveyor drives and gearmotors. These drives include spur,
helical, herringbone, double helical or bevel gearing in single or multistage arrangements, and wormgearing in
multistage drives, as either parallel, concentric or right angle configurations. This standard combines and
replaces the information previously found in ANSI/AGMA 6109-A00 and ANSI/AGMA 6110-F97. Metric version
of ANSI/AGMA 6013-A06.
ISBN: 1-55589-823-8 Pages: 60
ANSI/AGMA 6114-A06 Gear Power Rating for Cylindrical Shell and Trunnion Supported Equipment (Metric
Edition)
This standard specifies methods for rating the pitting resistance and bending strength of open or semi-enclosed
spur, single helical, double helical, and herringbone gears made from steel and spheroidal graphitic iron for use
on cylindrical shell and trunnion supported equipment, such as cylindrical grinding mills, kilns, coolers and dryers.
This standard provides a design comparison method for different open or semi-enclosed gears, where the gear
reaction forces are transmitted through a structure which provides independent bearing support for the gear and
pinion. Annexes cover installation, alignment, maintenance, lubrication, and a rating method for gears made from
ausferritic ductile iron. Supersedes ANSI/AGMA 6004-F88 and is the metric edition of ANSI/AGMA 6014-A06.
ISBN: 1-55589-877-7 Pages: 71
!! NEW !!
ANSI/AGMA 6115-A13 Power Rating of Single and Double Helical Gearing for Rolling Mill Service (Metric
Edition)
This Standard provides a method for determining the power rating of gear sets used in main mill drives, pinion
stands, and combination units used for the reduction of material size in metal rolling mills. Applications include,
but are not limited to, hot mills and cold mills, roughing and finishing stands: reducing, increasing, and 1:1 ratio
sets. Auxiliary drives, including drives listed in ANSI/AGMA 6113-A06, such as bridles, coilers, uncoilers, edge
trimmers, flatteners, loopers (accumulators), pinch rolls, scrap choppers, shears, and slitters are not covered by
this document. This standard includes a method by which different gear tooth designs can be rated and compared
at extended life cycles typical for these applications, up to 175 000 hours.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-057-5 Pages: 67
ANSI/AGMA 6123-B06 Design Manual for Enclosed Epicyclic Gear Drives

This standard provides the user of enclosed epicyclic gear drives with advanced methods of specifying and
comparing proposed designs to help predict the relative performance of different drive systems. It provides
guidelines for epicyclic gear meshing and assembly requirements, tooth geometry, load sharing between planets,
circulating power, component design, thermal rating and lubrication. Annexes provide complete example
calculations, and discussions on special design considerations for epicyclic drives. Replaces ANSI/AGMA
6023-A88 and ANSI/AGMA 6123-A88.
ISBN: 1-55589-875-0 Pages: 97

!! NEW !!
Teeth (Metric Edition)
This document considers rating practices for marine main propulsion, power take-off and auxiliary propulsion
service. Metric edition of ANSI/AGMA 6032-B13.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-085-8 Pages: 52

This standard identifies commonly used alloy steels, heat treatments and inspection requirements for through
hardened and surface hardened gearing for main propulsion marine service over 1500 hp. Forged and hot rolled
alloy steel bar stock are specified to two metallurgical quality grades (1 and 2) according to cleanliness and test
requirements. Cast steel gearing is specified to a single metallurgical quality level. Mechanical, metallurgical and
nondestructive test requirements are provided for various heat treatment processes and metallurgical quality
grades of gearing. Metric version of ANSI/AGMA 6033-C08.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-930-1 Pages: 34
ANSI/AGMA 6135-A02 Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing (Metric Version)
This standard provides guidelines for the design, rating and application of globoidal wormgearing mounted at a
90 degree angle. Specific definitions for globoidal wormgearing terms are presented, along with formulas for
determining the geometric sizes of the major features for the worm and gear. Design considerations, design
procedures, gear blanks and self-locking conditions are also discussed. Procedures for rating the load capacity of
globoidal wormgearing are included. Replaces ANSI/AGMA 6017-E86 and ANSI/AGMA 6030-C87. Metric
edition of ANSI/AGMA 6035-A02.
ISBN: 1-55589-793-2 Pages: 45
ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336-A08 Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears - Part 6: Calculation of
Service Life Under Variable Load
This standard specifies the information and standardized conditions necessary for the calculation of the service
life (or safety factors for a required life) of gears subject to variable loading. While the method is presented in the
context of ISO 6336 and the calculation of load capacity for spur and helical gears, it is equally applicable to other
types of stress. Identical adoption of ISO 6336-6:2006.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-928-8 Pages: 20
ANSI/AGMA 9000-D11 Flexible Couplings - Potential Unbalance Classification

This standard defines classes of flexible coupling potential unbalance, one of which the user must select in
order to meet the needs of their system. The classes are established using weight and speed and system
sensitivity to arrive at a mass displacement value that defines the potential unbalance. The standard defines
types of unbalance, provides a method of selecting balance class, identifies contributors to potential unbalance,
and provides a method of determining potential coupling unbalance. The balance classes are derived from
consideration of the potential unbalance of the coupling. Replaces ANSI/AGMA 9000-C90.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-995-0 Pages: 69
ANSI/AGMA 9001-B97 Flexible Couplings - Lubrication

Examines proper lubrication and why it is an essential element for satisfactory performance and long life. Looks
at the requisites for proper lubrication, including: selection of proper lubricant, a well-designed lubrication system,
and an adequate maintenance program, are discussed in this standard. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 9001-A86.
ISBN: 1-55589-686-3 Pages: 6
ANSI/AGMA 9002-B04 Bores and Keyways for Flexible Couplings (Inch Series)
This standard describes sizes and tolerances for straight and tapered bores and the associated keys and
keyways, as furnished in flexible couplings. The data in the standard considers commercially standard coupling
bores and keyways, not special coupling bores and keyways that may require special tolerances. Annexes
provide material on inspection methods and design practices for tapered shafts. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 9002-
A86.
ISBN: 1-55589-841-6 Pages: 22
ANSI/AGMA 9003-B08 Flexible Couplings - Keyless Fits

This standard presents information on design, dimensions, tolerances, inspection, mounting, removal, and
equipment that is in common use with keyless tapered and keyless straight (cylindrical) bore hubs for flexible
couplings. Example calculations of important design issues are provided in an annex. Revision of ANSI/AGMA
9003-A91.
ISBN: 1-55589-572-7 Pages: 21

ANSI/AGMA 9004-B08 Flexible Couplings - Mass Elastic Properties and Other Characteristics
This standard provides calculation methods related to mass elastic properties of flexible couplings. Properties
discussed include coupling mass, polar mass moment of inertia (WR2), center of gravity, axial stiffness, axial
natural frequency, lateral stiffness, lateral natural frequency, and torsional stiffness. Calculation examples are
provided in informative annexes. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 9004-A99.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-973-8 Pages: 33
ANSI/AGMA 9005-E02 Industrial Gear Lubrication

This standard provides the end user, original equipment builder, gear manufacturer and lubricant supplier with
guidelines for minimum performance characteristics for lubricants suitable for use with enclosed and open gearing
which is installed in general industrial power transmission applications. It provides recommendations for selecting
lubricants based on current theory and practice in the industry, and attempts to align with current ISO standards. It
is not intended to supplant specific instructions from the gear manufacturer. Replaces ANSI/AGMA 9005-D94.
ISBN: 1-55589-800-9 Pages: 31
ANSI/AGMA 9008-B00 Flexible Couplings – Gear Type – Flange Dimensions, Inch Series
Defines the North American industry practice for the interface dimensions of the sleeve and rigid hubs of both
shrouded and exposed bole, inch series, gear type couplings.
ISBN: 1-55589-736-3 Pages: 3
ANSI/AGMA 9009-D02 Flexible Couplings - Nomenclature for Flexible Couplings

Presents the nomenclature common to flexible couplings as used in mechanical power transmission drives. It
was prepared to reduce the language barriers that arise between designers, manufacturers and users when
attempting to designate various types of flexible couplings and their elements. It does not address nomenclature
for flexible shafts, quill shafts, universal joints or devices which exhibit slip such as clutches, fluid couplings,
magnetic couplings or torque converters.
ISBN: 1-55589-796-7 Pages: 17
ANSI/AGMA 9103-B08 Flexible Couplings - Keyless Fits (Metric Edition)

This standard presents information on design, dimensions, tolerances, inspection, mounting, removal, and
equipment that is in common use with keyless tapered and keyless straight (cylindrical) bore hubs for flexible
couplings. Example calculations of important design issues are provided in an annex. Metric version of
ANSI/AGMA 9003-B08.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-925-7 Pages: 22
ANSI/AGMA 9104-A06 Flexible Couplings - Mass Elastic Properties and Other Characteristics (Metric Edition)
This standard provides calculation methods related to mass elastic properties of flexible couplings. Properties
discussed include coupling mass, polar mass moment of inertia, center of gravity, axial stiffness, axial natural
frequency, lateral stiffness, lateral natural frequency, and torsional stiffness. Calculation examples are provided in
informative annexes. Metric edition of ANSI/AGMA 9004-A99.
ISBN: 1-55589-900-4 Pages: 32
ANSI/AGMA 9110-A11 Flexible Couplings - Potential Unbalance Classification (Metric Edition)

This metric standard defines classes of flexible coupling potential unbalance, one of which the user must select
in order to meet the needs of their system. The classes are established using mass and speed and system
sensitivity to arrive at a mass displacement value that defines the potential unbalance. The standard defines
types of unbalance, provides a method of selecting balance class, identifies contributors to potential unbalance,
and provides a method of determining potential coupling unbalance. The balance classes are derived from
consideration of the potential unbalance of the coupling. Metric edition of ANSI/AGMA 9000-D11.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-996-7 Pages: 69
ANSI/AGMA 9112-A04 Bores and Keyways for Flexible Couplings (Metric Series)
This standard describes sizes and tolerances for straight and tapered bores and the associated keys and
keyways, as furnished in flexible couplings. The data in the standard considers commercially standard coupling
bores and keyways, not special coupling bores and keyways that may require special tolerances. Annexes
provide material on inspection methods and design practices for tapered shafts. Metric edition of ANSI/AGMA
9002-B04.
ISBN: 1-55589-842-4 Pages: 35
AGMA ISO 10064-5-A06 Code of Inspection Practice - Part 5: Recommendations Relative to Evaluation of
Gear Measuring Instruments
This information sheet provides methods and examples to support the implementation of ANSI/AGMA ISO
18653-A06. It includes evaluation and calibration procedures for involute, helix, runout, and tooth thickness
measurement processes. Methods are given for the evaluation of condition and alignment of instrument elements
such as centers, guideways, probe systems, etc. Recommendations include statistical data evaluation
procedures. Guidance is given on the application of measurement processes to the inspection of product gears,

including fitness for use and the recommended limits of U95 uncertainty based on the accuracy tolerances of
product gears to be inspected. Many of its recommendations could be applied to the measurement of worms,
worm wheels, bevel gears and gear cutting tools. Replaces AGMA 931-A02.
ISBN: 1-55589-881-5 Pages: 62
AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10 Code of Inspection Practice – Part 6: Bevel Gear Measurement Methods
This document provides information on measuring methods and practices of unassembled bevel and hypoid
gears and gear pairs. Tolerances are provided in ISO 17485:2006, for calculating the maximum values allowed by
the specific tolerance grade. These methods and practices are intended to promote uniform inspection
procedures which are accurate and repeatable to a degree compatible with the specified tolerance
grade. Replaces ANSI/AGMA 2009-B01.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-994-3 Pages: 28
This information sheet utilizes an analytical heat balance model to provide a means of calculating the thermal
transmittable power for a single- or multi-stage gear drive lubricated with mineral oil. The calculation is based on
standard conditions of 25C maximum ambient temperature and 95C maximum oil sump temperature in a large
indoor space, but provides modifiers for other conditions. Differences from ISO/TR 14179-1 are: a) errors were
identified and corrected, b) text was added to clarify the calculation methods, and c) an illustrative example was
added to assist the reader. Modified adoption of ISO/TR 14179-1.
ISBN: 1-55589-821-1 Pages: 26
ANSI/AGMA ISO 17485-A08 Bevel Gears - ISO System of Accuracy

This standard establishes a classification system that can be used to communicate geometrical accuracy
specifications of unassembled bevel gears, hypoid gears, and gear pairs. It defines tooth accuracy terms,
specifies the structure of the gear accuracy grade system, and provides allowable values. The standard provides
the gear manufacturer and the gear buyer with a mutually advantageous reference for uniform tolerances. Ten
grades are defined, numbered 2 to 11 in order of decreasing precision. Equations for tolerances and their ranges
of validity are provided for bevel and hypoid gearing. Identical adoption of ISO 17485:2006. Replaces
ANSI/AGMA 2009-B01.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-926-4 Pages: 23
Supplemental Tables for ANSI/AGMA ISO 17485-A08 Bevel Gears - ISO System of Accuracy - Tolerance
Tables
This information sheet contains tolerance tables dealing with the measurements of bevel gear tooth flanks.
While the tables may be used to estimate the tolerance, the actual tolerances are provided in ANSI/AGMA ISO
17485-A08.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-950-9 Pages: 39
ANSI/AGMA ISO 18653-A06 Gears - Evaluation of Instruments for the Measurement of Individual Gears
This International Standard specifies methods for the evaluation of measuring instruments used to measure
cylindrical gear involute, helix, pitch and runout. It includes instruments that measure runout directly, or compute it
from index measurements. Of necessity, it includes the estimation of measurement uncertainty with the use of
calibrated gear artifacts. It also gives recommendations for the evaluation of tooth thickness measuring
instruments. The estimation of product gear measurement uncertainty is beyond its scope (see AGMA ISO
10064-5-A06 for recommendations). This standard is an identical adoption of ISO 18653:2006. Replaces
ANSI/AGMA 2010-A94, ANSI/AGMA 2110-A94, ANSI/AGMA 2113-A97 and ANSI/AGMA 2114-A98.
ISBN: 1-55589-882-3 Pages: 14
ANSI/AGMA ISO 23509-A08 Bevel and Hypoid Gear Geometry

This standard specifies the geometry of bevel gears. The term bevel gears is used to mean straight, spiral, zerol
bevel and hypoid gear designs. The standard integrates straight bevel gears and the three major design
generation methods for spiral bevel gears into one complete set of formulas. The formulas of the three methods
are developed for the general case of hypoid gears and calculate the specific cases of spiral bevel gears by
entering zero for the hypoid offset. Identical adoption of ISO 23509:2006.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-927-1 Pages: 138

ISO Standards by Technical Committee 60

Technical Committee 60 is responsible for the development of all international gear-related standards.
Many standards require additional documents for their proper use. A list of these standards are normally
supplied after the scope, in the normative references section of a document. Be sure to inquire whether
the standard you need requires other documents listed herein.
53:1998 Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering – Standard basic rack tooth profile
54:1996 Cylindrical gears for general engineering and for heavy engineering - Modules
677:1976 Straight bevel gears for general engineering and heavy engineering - Basic rack
678:1976 (1996) Straight bevel gears for general engineering and heavy engineering - Modules and
diametral pitches
701:1998 International gear notation - Symbols for geometric data
1122-1:1998 Glossary of gear terms - Part 1: Definitions related to geometry
1122-2:1999 Vocabulary of gear terms - Part 2: Definitions related to worm gear geometry
1328-1:1995 Cylindrical gears - ISO system of accuracy - Part 1: Definitions and allowable values of
deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth
1328-2:1997 Cylindrical gears - ISO system of accuracy - Part 2: Definitions and allowable values of
deviations relevant to radial composite deviations and runout information
1340:1976 Cylindrical gears - Information to be given to the manufacturer by the purchaser in order to
obtain the gears required
1341:1976 Straight bevel gears - Information to be given to the manufacturer by the purchaser in order to
obtain the gears required
2490:1996 Single-start solid (monoblock) gear hobs with tenon drive or axial keyway, 1 to 40 module -
Nominal dimensions
4468:2009 Gear hobs - Accuracy requirements
6336-1:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 1: Basic principles, introduction
and general influence factors
6336-2:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 2: Calculation of surface
durability (pitting)
6336-3:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 3: Calculation of tooth bending
strength
6336-5:2003 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 5: Strength and quality of
materials
6336-6:2006 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 6: Calcultion of service life under
variable load
8579-1:2002 Acceptance code for gears - Part 1: Determination of airborne sound power levels emitted
by gear units
8579-2:1993 Acceptance code for gears - Part 2: Determination of mechanical vibration of gear units
during acceptance testing
9083:2001 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Application to marine gears
9085:2002 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Application for industrial gears
TR10064-1:1992 Cylindrical gears - Code of inspection practice - Part 1: Inspection of corresponding
flanks of gear teeth

TR10064-2:1996 Cylindrical gears - Code of inspection practice - Part 2: Inspection related to radial
composite deviations, runout, tooth thickness and backlash
TR10064-3:1996 Cylindrical gears - Code of inspection practice - Part 3: Recommendations relative to
gear blanks, shaft centre distance and parallelism of axes
TR10064-4:1998 Cylindrical gears - Code of inspection practice - Part 4: Recommendations relative to
surface texture and tooth contact pattern checking
TR10064-5:2005 Code of inspection practice -- Part 5: Recommendations relative to evaluation of gear
measuring instruments -- Technical Corrigendum 1
TR10064-6:2009 Code of inspection practice - Part 6: Bevel gear measurement methods
10300-1:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears - Part 1: Introduction and general influence
factors
10300-2:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears - Part 2: Calculation of surface durability
(pitting)
10300-3:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears - Part 3: Calculation of tooth root strength
10825:1995 Gears - Wear and damage to gear teeth - Terminology
TR10828:1997 Wormgears - Geometry of worm profiles
TR13593:1999 Enclosed gear drives for industrial applications
13691:2001 Petroleum and natural gas industries - High speed special-purpose gear units
TR13989-1:2000 Calculation of scuffing load capacity of cylindrical, bevel and hypoid gears – Part 1:
Flash temperature method
TR13989-2:2000 Calculation of scuffing load capacity of cylindrical, bevel and hypoid gears – Part 2:
Integral temperature method
14104:1995 Gears - Surface temper etch inspection after grinding
TR14179-1:2001 Gears - Thermal capacity - Part 1: Rating gear drives with thermal equilibrium at 95 C
sump temperature
TR14179-2:2001 Gears - Thermal capacity - Part 2: Thermal load-carrying capacity
14635-1:2000 Gears – FZG test procedures – Part 1: FZG method A/8, 3/90 for relative scuffing load
carrying capacity of oils
14635-2:2004 Gears — FZG test procedures - Part 2: FZG step load test A10/16, 6R/120 for relative
scuffing load-carrying capacity of high EP oils
14635-3:2005 Gears - FZG test procedures - Part 3: FZG test method A/2,8/50 for relative scuffing load-
carrying capacity and wear characteristics of semifluid gear greases
TR15144-1:2010 Calculation of micropitting load capacity of cylindrical spur and helical gears - Part 1:
Introduction and basic principles
17485:2006 Bevel gears - ISO system of accuracy
18653:2003 Gears -- Evaluation of instruments for the measurement of individual gears
TR18792:2009 Lubrication of industrial gear drives
21771:2007 Gears - Cylindrical involute gears and gear pairs - concepts and geometry
TR22849:2011 Design recommendations for bevel gears
23509:2006 Bevel and hypoid gear geometry

Gear Software
(for ANSI/AGMA 2001 and ISO 6336)
AGMA’s Gear Rating Suite
Beginning with AGMA’s ISO6336 Software , which was developed and tested over several years by a
group of AGMA men and women working closely with the developers of the international standard, the
software addresses ISO 6336 method B, the most comprehensive, analytical calculation method. It has
gained international acceptance since its release in 1998 and enables you to:
 determine gear capacity in accordance with the ISO 6336 standard quickly and accurately;
 compare your own design and practices with ISO 6336 results;
 understand your competitor’s ratings.
The manual alone is worth the price! In addition to explaining the software, this handy document is a
great tool for learning how to use ISO 6336, guiding you through the complexities and teaching you the
correct inputs, especially in the exacting areas of tooth geometry and tooling.
Two of the most recognized standards in the world today for determining the rating of spur and helical
gears are ANSI/AGMA 2001-C95 and ISO 6336. Now for the first time, software to calculate ratings in
accordance with each standard is available in one package from AGMA. Entitled the Gear Rating Suite,
the software allows the user to input data once for each gearset, and obtain ratings to both standards.
Among the many features of the software package are:
 An in-depth User’s Manual, and all required AGMA and ISO standards.
 User friendly I/O that provides an intuitive user interface, with drop-down boxes, look-up tables, and
graphical guides used to assist in data entry.
 Dual input units which allow the user to switch between SI and inch units.
 Error and warning messages are provided within both the input and rating routines to help identify
problems.
 A help program is incorporated within the software.
 Long and short form outputs are provided.
In addition to the gear rating routines and aids, the package also provides:
 A Geometry Checker for checking input data to ensure they are within allowable ranges. The
Geometry Checker will help identify data entry errors and unusual gear designs.
 Tolerance worksheets which allow the user to calculate tooth tolerances from quality numbers,
convert quality numbers between AGMA and ISO, and to display tolerances for adjacent grades.
The potential of the Gear Rating Suite to improve your efficiency and save you time in performing these
rigorous calculations makes this a “must have” tool for all gear engineers.
There are two purchasing options available:
 OPTION I – Software with help file and an electronic (read-only) copy of the referenced standards.
 OPTION II – Software with help file only (standards not included)
AGMA’s Bevel Gear Rating Suite

Looking for an easy tool to calculate complex bevel gear geometry? Would you like to compare your
design against standards and understand your competitors’ ratings? Then AGMA’s Bevel Gear Rating
Suite is the-must-have software for you.

The Bevel Gear Rating Suite (currently v.1.1.1) calculates geometry and ratings for straight, spiral, skew,
and zerol bevel gears according to ANSI/AGMA standards. The program strictly follows these standards
without imposing design rules. It allows the user to analyze a full range of gears accurately.
Enter bevel gear parameters quickly in the manner and in the units you prefer. It can calculate the
geometry factors for you or accept factors that have been calculated outside the program. Tooth
thickness can be entered, calculated by balancing geometry factors or from AGMA or ISO thickness
factors.
Not only can this software calculate ratings, it will also allow you to easily enter or calculate geometry
according to either current or old standards plus load capacities.
The program covers material from the following standards:
 ANSI/AGMA 2003, Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight Bevel,
Zero1Bevel and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth
 ANSI/AGMA 2005, Design Manual for Bevel Gears
 AGMA 208.03, System for Straight Bevel Gears (1978)
 AGMA 209.03, System for Spiral Bevel Gears (1964)
 AGMA 209.04, System for Spiral Bevel Gears (1982)
 AGMA 202.03, System for Zerol Bevel Gears (1965)
 ANSI/AGMA 2009, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods
 AGMA 390.03a, Gear Handbook Gear Classification, Materials and Measuring Methods for Bevel,
Hypoid, Fine Pitch Wormgearing and Racks Only as Unassembled Gears (1988)
 AGMA 929, Calculation of Bevel Gear Top Land and Guidance on Cutter Edge Radius
Enjoy user-friendly, efficient screens for data input and output. In fact, the input data can be customized to
default to the input methods and bevel types used by your company.
There are two purchasing options available:
 OPTION I – Software with help file and an electronic (read-only) copy of the referenced standards.
 OPTION II – Software with help file only (standards not included)

Fall Technical Meeting Papers: 2000 – 2013

2013 PAPERS
13FTM01. Power Skiving of Cylindrical Gears on Different Machine Platforms
Author: H.J. Stadtfeld
Skiving is a cutting process which was first patented in 1910 as an efficient process to manufacture internal ring
gears. Like honing, Power Skiving uses the relative sliding motion between two “cylindrical gears" whose axes are
inclined. The skiving cutter looks like a shaping cutter with a helix angle for example, 20 different than the helix
angle of the cylindrical gear to be machined.
The skiving process is multiple times faster than shaping and more flexible than broaching, due to the
continuous chip removal in skiving, but it presents a challenge to machines and tools. While the roll motion
between the cutting edge and the gear slots occurs with the spindle RPM, the relative axial cutting motion is only
about one third of the circumferential speed of the cutter. The cutting components of rolling and cutting which
result in a “spiral peeling" are represented with the process designation skiving.
Because of the relatively low dynamic stiffness in the gear trains of mechanical machines as well as the fast
wear of uncoated cutters, skiving of cylindrical gears never achieved a breakthrough against shaping or hobbing
until recently. The latest machine tools with direct drive train and stiff electronic gear boxes present an optimal
basis for the skiving process. Complex tool geometry and the latest coating technology were required to give the
soft skiving of cylindrical gears a breakthrough. Gleason has developed a line of dedicated power skiving
machines, which apply solid HSS cutters for small to medium modules.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-058-2 Pages: 18
13FTM02. Performance and Technological Potential of Gears Ground by Dressable cBN Tools
Authors: J. Reimann, F. Klocke, M. Brumm, A. Mehr and K. Finkenwirth
Dressable vitrified bond cBN grinding tools combine the advantages of other common tool systems in
generating gear grinding. The cBN grains are a highly productive cutting material due to their high specific stock
removal rate. Vitrified bonds are dressable and thereby very flexible: By dressing different profile modifications
can be set up and constant gear quality can be guaranteed during the tool life time. Despite those technological
advantages there is only a small market distribution of these grinding tools due to high tool costs. Furthermore,
only a few published scientific analysis of generating gear grinding with dressable cBN exist. Especially, the
influence of the grinding tool system on manufacturing related component properties has not been analyzed yet.
The research objective of this report is to determine the advantages of dressable cBN tools in generating gear
grinding.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-059-9 Pages: 12
13FTM03. Analysis of Gear Root Forms: A Review of Designs, Standards and Manufacturing Methods for Root
Forms in Cylindrical Gears
Authors: N. Chaphalkar, G. Hyatt, and N. Bylund
Gear root is an important but often neglected element of the gear. The stress concentration point typically lies in
the tooth to root transition area and it is this point that determines the life or the fatigue life of a gear in many
applications. Specific standards are in place on design of the involute part of a gear tooth, the root area however
is less standardized. New manufacturing methods enable the designer of gears greater latitude in the design of
strong alternative root forms. The standards on design and specification for the root geometry are lax so these
root forms fit into current standards.
This paper reviews the designs of various root forms for the gears. It compares the various root forms on basis
of their strength, fatigue resistance and other parameters. This analysis will be based on compilation of various
research previously conducted on gear root forms.
The paper also discusses current manufacturing methods to produce the roots, and recently introduced
alternatives. It will compare the traditional methods with new methods of gear manufacturing it terms of types of
roots produced and overall control over the root profile.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-060-5 Pages: 9
13FTM04. Best Practices for Gearbox Assembly and Disassembly

Author: J. Bello
When industry is looking at the best ways to increase efficiency, reduce downtime and increase profitability,
gearbox performance and reliability are key factors. In most applications gearbox reliability is critical to the
productivity of the overall plant operation. Repair is often required with a swift turn around, as down time is very
expensive. Designing for repair, and writing effective repair procedures, can speed the service time, and provide a
quality refurbishment. Minimizing down time and extending service life will contribute significantly to achieving the
lowest overall operation costs.
The best practices listed below are proven, effective methods used to install and remove bearings, seals, gears,
couplings and shafts within a gearbox. These techniques are not new, and are usually obtained by hard won

experience. Collecting them in one location is an attempt to document the best practices and provide a reference
for design engineers. Engineers write the procedures for assembly and disassembly, they also dictate to the rest
of the design team the design intent. Including features to facilitate disassembly, minimizes repair cycle time and
helps to prevent damage to components that could radically compromise their design life or performance.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-061-2 Pages: 11
13FTM05. Cubitron™ II: Precision Shaped Grains (PSG) Turn the Concept of Gear Grinding Upside Down
Author: W. Graf
To date, grinding, according to the German DIN Standard 8580, is “machining with geometrically undefined
cutting edges" while other machining processes such as turning and milling are classified as processes with
“geometrically defined cutting edges". New abrasive grains, called PSG and developed by 3M, stand this
definition on its head. For the first time, grinding wheels made with PSG, called Cubitron™ II, can claim to be
made up of “geometrically defined cutting edges" as each and every grain is exactly the same engineered shape.
Hence, it might be more appropriate to talk about “micro-milling" rather than grinding. This is borne out by looking
at the resulting “flowing" chips which are akin to chips seen in milling operations, just finer.
These free-flowing chips no longer clog up the grinding wheel and, therefore, the grinding wheel remains free-
cutting and dressing becomes only necessary due to loss of from rather than loss of cutting ability. In repeated
tests, this has shown to drastically reduce the risk of burning and to give consistent and predictable results.
Furthermore, tests and subsequent long term trials under production conditions have shown that grinding time can
be cut in most cases by at least 50% in comparison to grinding wheels made of standard ceramic abrasives.
Based on more than 100 carefully monitored and documented gear grinding trials, this paper will demonstrate
how Cubitron™ II grinding wheels work both in continuous generating grinding of car and truck gears, and in form
grinding of large diameter gears for wind generators, for example. Furthermore, the paper will discuss chip
formation, filmed with high resolution slow motion; and the benefits of the free-flowing chips in terms of resulting
consistent surface finish, superior form holding and extended dressing cycles.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-062-9 Pages: 10
13FTM06. High Gear Ratio Epicyclic Drives Analysis

Author: A. Kapelevich
Epicyclic gear stages provide high load capacity and compactness to gear drives. There is a wide variety of
different combinations of planetary gear arrangements [1, 2]. For simple epicyclic planetary stages when the ring
gear is stationary, the practical gear ratio range varies from 3:1 to 9:1. For similar epicyclic planetary stages with
compound planet gears, the practical gear ratio range varies from 8:1 to 30:1.
This paper presents analysis and design of epicyclic gear arrangements that provide extremely high gear ratios.
Using differential-planetary gear arrangements it is possible to achieve gear ratios of several hundred to one in
one-stage drive with common planet gears and several thousand to one in one-stage drive with compound planet
gears. A special two-stage planetary arrangement may utilize a gear ratio of over one hundred thousand to one.
This paper shows an analysis of such uncommon gear drive arrangements, defines their major parameters,
limitations, and gear ratio maximization approaches. It also demonstrates numerical examples, existing designs,
and potential applications.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-063-6 Pages: 12
13FTM07. Finite Element Analysis of a Floating Planetary Ring Gear with External Splines
Authors: V. Kirov and Y. Wang
This study investigates the stresses and deflections of a floating ring gear with external splines working in a
large planetary wheel motor of a mining truck. Such calculations carried out with conventional engineering
approaches described in popular standards and textbooks are not comprehensive because of the complexity of
the problem. These approaches can give us good stress numbers for non-floating gears and some guidance
about the rim thickness factor but they lack the capabilities to effectively calculate the deflections and their
influences on the stresses, especially for floating gears. Moreover they cannot calculate an entire gearing system
and the interdependent influences of the different components.
The model studied consists of a floating ring gear driving a torque tube. The ring gear is driven through internal
gear meshing by three planets and it transmits the torque to the torque tube through its external splines. The
torque tube transmits the motion to the hub and the truck tires. A nonlinear static analysis of the ring gear and
torque tube was conducted in ABAQUS. Linear 8-node hex elements and linear tetra elements were used to
model the ring gear and torque tube. External torque was resolved into corresponding tangential force, which was
then applied directly onto three of the ring gear's internal teeth. Contact pairs were used to capture the load
transfer between the ring gear and torque tube through the splines.
The results show that the deflections in the ring gear were so excessive that about one-tenth of the spline teeth
were actually transmitting torque against the common engineering understanding that only half of the spline teeth
are typically engaged. The crowning of the spline teeth had also effect on the stresses though quite small
compared to the deflections. Conclusions and recommendations were made about the effectiveness of the
design.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-064-3 Pages: 11

13FTM08. Application and Improvement of Face Load Factor Determination Based on AGMA 927 (Accurate and Fast
Algorithm for Load Distribution Calculation, for Gear Pair and Planetary Systems, Including Duty Cycle Analysis)
Author: U. Kissling
The face load factor KHβ, which in rating equations represents the load distribution over the common face width
in meshing gears, is one of the most important items for a gear strength calculation. In the international standard
for cylindrical gear rating, the ISO 6336-1, using method C, some formulas are proposed to get a value for this
factor. But as the formulas are simplified, the result is often not very realistic. Also AGMA 2001 (or AGMA 2101)
proposes a formula for KHβ, different from ISO 6336, but again not always appropriate. Therefore a note in AGMA
stipulates, that “it may be desirable to use an analytical approach to determine the load distribution factor".
In the last edition of ISO 6336 (2006), a new annex E was added: “Analytical determination of load distribution".
This annex is entirely based on AGMA 927-A01. It is a well-documented procedure to get a direct and precise
number for the face load factor. Today an increasing number of gear designers are using tooth contact analysis
(TCA) methods to get precise information over the load distribution on the full gear flank. Contact analysis is very
time consuming and does not permit to get a value for KHβ, as defined by the ISO or AGMA standard. A contact
analysis result combines different factors of ISO 6336 as KHβ, KHα, Zε, Zβ, ZB, ZD and buttressing effects, etc., thus
to `extract' KHβ from a TCA is not possible.
The use of the algorithm, as proposed by AGMA 927, is a good solution to get proper values for KHβ; it is
simpler and therefore much quicker than a contact analysis calculation. The paper explains how this algorithm can
be applied for classic gear pair rating procedure, for ratings with complex duty cycles and even for planetary
systems with interdependent meshings between sun, all planets and ring.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-065-0 Pages: 19
13FTM09. Investigations on Tooth Root Bending Strength of Case Hardened Gears in the Range of High Cycle
Fatigue
Authors: N. Bretl, S. Schurer, T. Tobie, K. Stahl and B.-R. Höhn
Tooth root load-carrying capacity is one of the determining factors in gear design. In addition to the strength of
the material itself, the existing state of stress significantly influences tooth root load-carrying capacity.
Based on extensive experimental investigations of gears, the beginning of the fatigue strength range is generally
set 3×106 load cycles, which common calculation methods, like ISO 6336, also take into account. According to
6
this, standard test methods for tooth root bending endurance strength usually assume a load cycle limit of 3-6 10 .
However, current as well as completed studies on tooth root load carrying capacity show tooth root fractures
with relatively high numbers of load cycles in a range of general fatigue strength and above. Analysis of these
fracture surfaces shows that these late breakages are often initiated by small inclusions or microstructural defects
in the material. These tooth fractures that initiate with cracks under the surface have a negative effect on the tooth
root load-carrying capacity in the range of high cycle fatigue. Therefore, experimental investigations regarding
high cycle fatigue have been carried out in a pulsator test rig on gears of various sizes, materials and residual
stress conditions. As a result, depending on the existing residual stress condition, there are different levels of
tooth root load carrying capacity, different failure behaviors in high cycle fatigue and different types of damage.
Especially for test variants with high residual stresses, the size of the gear and the cleanness of the material have
an impact on the tooth root load-carrying capacity and the damage pattern.
This paper discusses the different fracture modes by means of examples. Furthermore, it presents the influence
of residual stresses, size and material cleanness on the tooth root load-carrying capacity and on the type of tooth
root fractures with crack initiation on and under the surface. These influences will be additionally confirmed by
examples of experimental test results.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-066-7 Pages: 16
13FTM10. Calculation of the Tooth Root Load Carrying Capacity of Beveloid Gears
Authors: C. Brecher, M. Brumm and J. Henser
In this paper, two developed methods of tooth root load carrying capacity calculations for beveloid gears with
parallel axes are presented. The first method calculates the tooth root load carrying capacity in an FE-based
approach. The initial step of the method is the manufacturing simulation in the WZL software GearGenerator. The
manufacturing simulation calculates the 3D geometry of the beveloid gears by simulating the generating grinding
process. The next step is an FE-based (finite element) tooth contact analysis with the WZL software ZaKo3D
which is able to calculate the tooth root stresses of several gear types during the meshing. From these stresses
and further parameters (e.g., local material properties) the tooth root load carrying capacity is calculated in an
approach which is based on the weakest link model of Weibull.
The second method uses analytic formulas to calculate the tooth root load carrying capacity of beveloid gears.
In this method the tooth root load carrying capacity of beveloid gears is compared to the tooth root load carrying
capacity of cylindrical gears. The effects which are observed during this comparison are described and formulas
are derived to take these effects into account. Finally both methods are applied to a test gear. The methods are
compared to each other and to tests on beveloids gears with parallel axes in test bench trials.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-067-4 Pages: 19

13FTM11. Striving for High Load Capacity and Low Noise Excitation in Gear Design
Authors: K. Stahl, M. Otto and M. Zimmer
In the design process of gearboxes, common requirements are high load capacity and low noise excitation.
Reaching both goals is laborious and normally requires a trade-off. Detailed analyses of contact conditions and
deformations are necessary. These should take place in an early design stage to realize a mostly straightforward
design approach and prevent late design changes. Focused on cylindrical gears, the paper covers an approach
starting at the first draft of a gearbox.
Defining the macrogeometry of the teeth regarding load capacity calculation according to standards leads to a
reasonable gear design. On that basis, the micro geometry of the teeth is specified and load distribution as well as
noise excitation is calculated. The design parameters are interdependent so provisions have to be made to adjust
each step on the remaining ones. Effects resulting from changing profile contact ratio under load and contact
patterns not covering the whole flank have to be regarded. The beneficial effect of a modified microgeometry is
dependent on the ability to precisely account for contact conditions and meshing clearances.
To find an optimal solution for the competing goals of capacity and excitation, detailed calculation methods are
required. To be able to apply latest research results, these are implemented in highly specialized software. The
task described above is handled by using the software that was developed at the Gear Research Center (FZG)
with funding by the German Research Association for Gears and Transmissions (FVA). The underlying calculation
methods and analyzed phenomena are covered.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-068-1 Pages: 14
13FTM12. Practical Considerations for the Use of Double Flank Testing for the Manufacturing Control of Gearing
Authors: E. Reiter and F. Eberle
The gearing industry has developed many unique measuring techniques for the production control of their
products. Each technique has inherent advantages and limitations which should be considered by designers and
manufacturers when selecting their use. Double flank composite inspection, (DFCI) is one such technique that
can functionally provide quality control results of test gears quickly and easily during manufacturing. The
successful use of DFCI requires careful planning from product design, through master gear design and gage
control methods in order to achieve the desired result in an application.
This document explains the practical considerations in the use of double flank testing for the manufacturing
control of spur, helical, and crossed axis helical gearing including:
• a general description of double flank inspection equipment including an explanation of what can be measured.
• recommendations on practical master gear design.
• the calculation of tight mesh center distance and test radius limits.
• the resulting backlash that can be anticipated in gear meshes based on applying double flank tolerances in a
design.
• initial and ongoing statistical techniques in double flank testing and how they can be practically used to
improve gear quality.
• double flank gage measurement system analysis including case studies of gage repeatability and
reproducibility (R&R) and uncertainty analysis.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-069-8 Pages: 32
13FTM13. Gear Failure Analysis and Lessons Learned in Aircraft High-Lift Actuation
Authors: A. Wang, S. Gitnes, L. El-Bayoumy and J. Davies
Several gear failure cases and lessons learned in the development phase of aircraft high lift actuation systems
are presented, including leading edge geared rotary actuators, and trailing edge geared rotary actuators, sector
gears and pinions, and offset gearboxes. The high lift system of an aircraft, which contains trailing edge flaps
and/or leading edge slats, increases lift for takeoff, controls flight during cruise, and reduces speed while
increasing lift for shorter landing distance.
Many of these components contain highly loaded gears to increase the power to weight ratio. Because of
requirements on weight or envelope and consideration of cost, the gears are always designed to the limit with
reasonable margins of safety in a high lift system. The structure which supports the gears is limited in size and
simplified, and the gear material and heat treatment are selected for easy manufacturing. Therefore, when
misalignment and/or deflection of the gears are large enough to cause reduction in tooth contact area, the stress
on gears becomes large enough to cause damage. The failure modes can be classified as spalling or pitting at the
location of concentrated loads. Most of the problems can be resolved by providing correct lead modification to
alleviate the concentrated loading, while some need increase of the gear diameters, design modifications, or
introduction of materials with higher allowable.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-070-4 Pages: 15

13FTM14. Metallurgical Investigation of “Tiger Stripes" on a Carburized High Speed Pinion

Authors: M. Li, P. Terry, and R. Eckert
“Tiger stripes" on a high speed pinion made of carburized SAE 9310 steel were investigated. The stripes were
on lines of action on the load side of the teeth coinciding with different angular positions of the gear mesh.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the affected areas showed fused metal particles, with a diameter of 1-3
microns, and gas pockets. The morphology of the damage was typical of electric discharge damage shown in
ANSI/AGMA 1010-E95. This indicates that the stripes were in fact electric discharge damage. Microhardness
surveys on a metallurgical transverse section of a tooth showed a hardness loss due to the discharge, with load
side surface hardness even lower than 58 HRC. The cause of the “tiger stripes" and potential damage to the gear
tooth were analyzed.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-071-1 Pages: 7
13FTM15. White Structure Flaking in Rolling Bearings for Wind Turbine Gearboxes
Authors: H. Uyama and H. Yamada
Bearing failures in wind turbine gearboxes were investigated and rolling contact fatigue tests to reproduce them
using a hydrogen-charge method were conducted. Two main failure modes in wind turbine gearbox bearings were
white structure flaking and axial cracking, which were involving a microstructural change. Both failure modes can
be reproduced by using specimens charged with hydrogen. Operating conditions, which can induce hydrogen
generation from lubricant and penetration of the bearing steel were discussed. Effects of bearing material on white
structure flaking life were suggested as one of the countermeasures.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-072-8 Pages: 13
13FTM16. The Anatomy of a Lubrication Erosion Failure - Causation, Initiation, Progression and Prevention
Authors: R.J. Drago, R.J. Cunningham, W. Flynn
Visual examination of a compressor box revealed that the Low Speed (LS) Pinion exhibited pitting type defects
on each of its forty seven (47) helical teeth. Review of the failed component revealed a somewhat repetitive type
of damage at one end of the teeth only. Each tooth showed what appeared to be one defect at a similar location
3600 around the Pinion. Each defect was located within ~0.5 inch of the end of the helical tooth. It was noted that
each tooth defect was observed on the coast side of the teeth only.
Visual examination of the mating gear revealed no evidence of similar damage. While of and by itself, this pitting
may not be cause for alarm, debris from the pitting can adversely affect other components in the gearbox,
especially the bearings, and the stress concentration effect of the pitting, even though it is on the coast flank,
could lead to partial tooth fracture in the region of the distress.
This paper presents a discussion of the causation, diagnosis and metallurgical failure investigation of this
lubrication erosion failure. Our effort was aimed at identifying the nature of the pitting and providing
recommendations to avoid repeat instances of this failure in this specific application and in other future designs for
similar applications.
The subject is presented by way of the discussion of detailed destructive metallurgical evaluations of this
specific lubrication erosion failure which the authors have conducted in order to analyze and characterize the
failures. Lubrication erosion is generally limited to helical gears but the authors have also found this type of
distress when evaluating damage to carburized, hardened and hard finished spiral bevel gears as well when
operated under the “right" circumstances. Lubrication erosion observed on helical gears only, however, will be
addressed in this presentation. Although a specific failure “case" is used as the vehicle for presentation,
information has been extracted and condensed from several individual actual failure investigations conducted by
the authors so that a better understanding of the specific conditions that lead to micropitting and the actual
progression from micropitting to fracture can be presented.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-073-5 Pages: 30
13FTM17. Dynamic Simulations of Radial Lip Seals Followability in an Industrial Gearbox

Authors: M. Organisciak, R. Iervolino, M. Sansalone, S. Barbera, A. Paykin and M. Schweig
Industrial gear units are widely used in power transmission systems. They are composed of shafts, gears, rolling
elements bearings and dynamic lip seals. The seals performance is critical for a proper functioning of the system.
Water or contamination ingress into a mechanical system may lead to a premature failure. Leakage of oil may
have the same effect and be harmful for the environment. Depending on the application, seals may need to
operate under various dynamic conditions, such as wide range of rotational speed (RPM) and temperatures,
shaft–to–bore–misalignment (STBM), shaft dynamic run-out (DRO) or global structure deformations.
The prediction of dynamic seal performance is a complex task. The rotating lip seals are usually made in
elastomeric materials which display a hyper-elastic and viscoelastic behavior. Combined with the dynamic
operating conditions, the simulation of the seal performance requires time dependent approaches which are very
often time consuming. Innovative modeling methods need to be developed in order to be usable by the
development engineering community.
This paper presents a novel approach to predict seal dynamic performance under dynamic conditions. A
formulation of viscoelastic super-elements is developed to predict the deformations of the seal lips. It is combined
with a contact solver to assess contact force and its distribution around the shaft and other lip contersurfaces

(such as other radial or axial locations). In order to demonstrate functionalities and advantages of the developed
method, please consider an example of radial lip shaft seal. The problem addresses prediction of seal
performance at cold temperature, large shaft-to-bore misalignment and dynamic run-out conditions. Different
material and spring options are assessed in order to improve the performance.
This unique modeling capability will allow selecting or developing the shaft seals which would meet and exceed
modern gearbox demanding application. It will also enable gearbox manufacturers to bring to the market more
performing and reliable gearboxes.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-074-2 Pages: 10
13FTM18. Gear Lubrication – Long Term Protection for Wind Turbines

Authors: S. Mazzola, M. Hochmann and J. Wald
The chemical and physical properties of gear oils in use may change more or less depending on its formulation
and the operating conditions. For this reason a gear oil was investigated after three years of use in a wind turbine
to find out if changes are evident and if the protection of the gears and rolling bearings still meet the requirements
as with fresh oil. Beside chemical and physical analyses, the used gear oil was examined on a FZG back-to-back
gear test rig and on a FE8 test rig. The test results could show that the used gear oil as well as its ability to protect
the gears and rolling bearings has changed very little compared to fresh oil.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-075-9 Pages: 17
13FTM19. Gear Resonance Analysis and Experimental Verification Using Rapid Prototyped Gears
Authors: S.R. Davidson and J.D. Hayes
Determination of gear resonance frequencies is necessary in the design of light weight aerospace gears.
Resonant frequencies and mode shapes calculated are then identified as damaging or non-damaging and
compared to the gear's mesh frequencies to determine if gear tooth bending stresses will be amplified in a
particular operating speed range. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is well suited to determining gear resonant
frequencies and modes. In order to verify the analysis quickly, rough gear geometry is fabricated and tested using
accelerometers and a calibrated hammer in a modal excitation test. In past efforts, rough geometry fabricated was
a simplified version of the final part minus gear teeth or other features. To reduce the time of fabrication and to
increase the accuracy of the prototype part, modern rapid prototyping manufacturing techniques may hold
promise in approaching the realism of the actual part with material properties that are similar to material properties
of gear steels.
This paper studies gear resonance modal excitation testing of two stage idler spur gear rapid prototyped parts,
using two different rapid prototyping techniques and compares results to the final production part and FEA model.
Damaging and non-damaging modes and nomenclature will be reviewed as well as the testing method.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-076-6 Pages: 11
13FTM20. Influence of Gear Loads on Spline Couplings

Authors: C.H. Wink and M. Nakandakari
Involute splines are commonly used in gearboxes to connect gears and shafts, especially when high torque is
transmitted through the coupling. The load is shared among multiple teeth around the coupling circumference
resulting in higher load capacity than a conventional single key. However, the total load is not equally shared
among all spline teeth, mainly because of pitch deviations resulting from the manufacturing process. The load
distribution along the spline engagement length is also non-uniform because of tooth misalignments and shaft
torsional effects. A typical modeling assumption is that pure torsion load is applied to the spline coupling. In
gearbox applications, when splines are used to connect a gear to a shaft, the torque is transmitted from the gear
teeth in mesh to the shaft, or vice-versa, through the coupling. The gear loads, such as tangential and radial
loads, can affect the load distribution of spline teeth. This paper presents an investigation on the influence of spur
gear loads on load distribution of spline teeth. A generalized analytical model was developed to include external
gear loads on spline couplings. The method divides the spline teeth into stations in the tooth axial direction, and
calculates the load applied to each station based on separation between the mating points. A constant for tooth
stiffness was used to calculate tooth deflections. The load distribution problem was solved using a simple
approach from industry gear standards. The method was implemented into a spreadsheet for numerical example
analyses. The results showed significant effect of side clearance, which is the difference between the space width
of internal spline grooves and external spline tooth thickness, on the maximum load applied to the spline teeth.
The greater the side clearance, the greater is the maximum load applied to the spline teeth. The proposed method
may be helpful to quickly assess load distribution of spline teeth in gear applications, to determine tooth stresses,
and to define lead modifications as needed.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-077-3 Pages: 14
13FTM21. How to Spec a Mill Gear

Author: F.C. Uherek
For optimal torque delivery as a function of cost, there are critical parameters that need to be communicated to
the gear designer from the mill builder when designing gear drive systems for ore grinding applications. Apart
from loads and speeds, interface dimensions and site specific conditions are also needed. Deciding up front which

gear rating practice to select can affect the torque capacity of the drive train by ~15%. How to deliver the torque to
the mill pinion, either by a gear reducer or low speed motor, influences the distribution of cost between the prime
mover and the gear train. This paper will outline the design considerations that go into construction of the drive
system in order to explain why specific data is required and where design freedom is necessary. A clear
specification up front that allows for matching interface dimensions while allowing for the most cost efficient up
front design achieves this goal.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-078-0 Pages: 14
13FTM22. Heat Treatment of Large Components

Author: G.L. Reese
Large gear components can be offered in many applications such as in marine, wind power, steel rolling mills,
power plants, transportation, railroad, aircraft, cement crushers, mining and oil industry applications. There are
three important surface hardening methods used to improve and expand the technical use of gear components.
Design and material engineers must decide which hardening method to use. Case hardening is normally the first
choice because of the highest load capacity. But, case hardening also poses challenges that must be
acknowledged. Therefore, it is good to know that there are three options for very large components.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-079-7 Pages: 21
13FTM23. Ductile Iron for Open Gearing – A Current Perspective

Authors: F. Wavelet and M. Pasquier
For over three decades, open gearing for many applications has been successfully designed and manufactured
from ductile iron. Examples spanning a full range of size and transmitted power are in service in various process
industries throughout the world, proving the soundness of this material selection in technical as well as
economical terms.
The latest metallurgical and manufacturing developments have re-established the practical limits for this
material, well beyond what was considered possible as recently as a few short years ago. A ductile iron gear of
16 m diameter, 340 BHN (min.) hardness, module 42, with a face width of 1200 mm and having AGMA Q10 teeth
quality, capable of transmitting 2x10 000+ kW was previously a concept. Today, such a gear can be
manufactured. Despite its long and successful service history, ductile iron remains a somewhat lesser known
commodity as an open gearing material.
The goal of this paper is to present the current “state-of-the-art" with respect to ductile iron as a gear material,
including its mechanical properties as applicable to gear design, structural characteristics, typical manufacturing
and inspection plans, and in-service behavior. For each of these aspects, ductile iron will be compared to other
available materials for open gearing design and manufacture, such as cast
ISBN: 978-1-61481-080-3 Pages: 20
13FTM24. Innovative Induction Hardening Process with Preheating for Improved Fatigue Performance of Gear
Component
Author: Z. Li
Contact fatigue and bending fatigue are two main failure modes of steel gears. Surface pitting and spalling are
two common contact fatigue failures, which are due to the alternating subsurface shear stresses from the contact
load between two gear mates. When a gear is in service under cyclic load, concentrated bending stresses exist at
the root fillet, which is the main driver of bending fatigue failures. Heat treatment is required to increase the
hardness and strength of gears to meet the required contact and bending fatigue performance. Induction
hardening is becoming more popular due to its process consistency, reduced energy consumption, clean
environment, and improved product quality. It is well known that an induction hardening process of steel gears
can generate compressive residual stresses in the hardened case. Compressive residual stresses in the
hardened case of tooth flank benefit the contact fatigue performance, and residual compression in the root fillet
benefits the bending fatigue. Due to the complex gear geometry, the residual stress distribution in the hardened
case is not uniform, and different induction hardening process can lead to different residual stress pattern and
significant variation of fatigue performance. In this paper, an innovative approach is proposed to flexibly control
the magnitude of residual stress in the regions of root fillet and tooth flank by using the concept of preheating prior
to induction hardening. Using an external spur gear made of AISI 4340 as an example, this concept of innovative
process is demonstrated with finite element modeling, using commercial software DANTE.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-081-0 Pages: 13
13FTM25. Press Quenching and the Effects of Prior Thermal History on Distortion during Heat Treatment
Author: A.C. Reardon
Precision components such as industrial bearing races and automotive gears often distort unpredictably during
heat treatment due to the deleterious effects of free or unconstrained oil quenching. Press quenching is a method
that can be utilized to minimize the distortion of these complex components during heat treatment. This is
accomplished in a quenching machine by utilizing specialized tooling for generating concentrated forces to
constrain the movement of the component during oil quenching. When performed correctly, this method of
quenching can often achieve the relatively stringent geometrical requirements stipulated by industrial

manufacturing specifications. It can be performed on a wide variety of steel alloys. These include high carbon
through-hardening grades such as AISI 52100 and A2 tool steel, as well as low carbon carburizing grades such
as AISI 3310, 8620, and 9310. The relevant aspects of this specialized quenching technique will be presented
together with a case study of the effects of prior thermal history on the distortion that is generated during press
quenching.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-082-7 Pages: 9
13FTM26. Vacuum Carburizing Large Gears

Author: N. Plough
Vacuum carburizing of gears has typically been limited to parts with relatively small cross-sections. Most alloys
currently in use require oil quenching to achieve adequate surface hardness and core properties in large gear
applications. Pit or large batch IQ furnaces with endothermic atmospheres are often used to process this type of
gear. The majority of vacuum carburizing equipment is designed for processing smaller parts with a high pressure
gas quench. Recent equipment and process developments allow vacuum carburizing and oil quenching of very
large gears and pinions – up to 70" diameter and 7,000 lbs. Fixture design and careful process control help
minimize distortion, while providing the case uniformity and surface integrity that is unique to vacuum carburizing.
This paper will discuss specific case studies involving large gears and pinions. Distortion, case hardness profiles
and microstructures from conventional gas carburizing and vacuum carburizing will be examined and compared.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-0 Pages: 7
2012 PAPERS
12FTM01. Balancing – No Longer Smoke and Mirrors
Author: R. Mifsud Hines
In the late 1970's a balancing machine salesman visited a customer's plant who had just received a new
balancer from the salesman's competitor. The plant manager said they were very happy with their automatic
balancing machine and offered to show it to the salesman. The manager walked the salesman out on the floor
and the two of them watched the operator and balancer in action.
The operator placed a part on the balancer and closed the door. The balancer spun up the part, welded on a
weight, spun up again, and displayed “good part.” The operator removed the balanced part, put in a new part, and
closed the door. The balancer spun up the part, welded on a weight, spun up again, and displayed “good part.”
This scenario was repeated several more times as the salesman and the manager watched.
The manager commented, “We just love our new machine. All day long it balances parts by welding on weights
and puts out good parts.” The salesman suggested having the operator place a “balanced part” back in the
balancer again just to see what would happen. So the operator placed the previously balanced part back in the
balancer again and closed the door. The balancer spun up the part, welded on a second weight, spun up again,
and displayed “good part.” The manager had the operator take another balanced part and put it into the balancer
again. Again, the balancer spun up the part, welded on another weight, spun up again, and displayed “good part.”
Suddenly the manager was not so happy with his balancing machine. It seems this machine was not balancing
the parts at all. They had purchased an expensive welding machine to weld weights on their parts.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-032-2 Pages: 10
12FTM02. Power Loss and Axial Load Carrying Capacity of Radial Cylindrical Roller Bearings
Authors: S. Söndgen, W. Predki
The application of cylindrical roller bearings (CRB) is widely spread in mechanical engineering. CRB can carry
comparatively high loads and are usable in high speed ranges. These bearings have been proven to be variously
applicable and economic. With lipped inner and outer rings CRB permit the transmission of axial loads in addition
to radial loads. The axial load is induced on the lip of the inner or the outer ring and transferred by the roller end
face contacts to the opposing lip. In comparison to an only radially loaded bearing there are additional friction
losses in the contact between the lip and the roller ends as a result of sliding.
The limiting factors for the permissible axial load are high temperatures which can cause smearing and seizing,
lip fracture, fatigue failure and wear. In consequence of the axial loading the stresses in the contact between the
roller and the raceway rise and the fatigue durability of the bearing is reduced.
At high speeds the permissible thrust load is dominantly limited by high temperatures. At low speeds the limiting
factors are lip fracture and wear.
Within the examination an extensive test program with different bearing geometries is carried out. Thereby the
decisive measurand is the friction torque of the bearings.
The friction torque of a thrust loaded radial cylindrical roller bearing is mainly dependent on the parameters
speed, load, size and design of the bearing.
An analytical simulation model which has been developed at the institute allows calculating the lubrication
conditions, the stresses within the lip - roller contact and the axial load dependent friction torque.
The intention of the study is to enlarge the application range of radial cylindrical roller bearings by means of a
more precise determination of the thrust load capacity and to allow more economic designs.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-033-9 Pages: 11

12FTM03. Gear Lubrication — Gear Protection also at Low Oil Temperatures

Author: M. Hochmann
To find out if the high-performance gear oils of today are able to reliably protect gears and rolling bearings in
gearboxes against damage also at a reduced oil temperature of 40C, different high-performance gear oils were
examined on an FZG back-to-back gear test rig as well as on an FE8 bearing test rig by modifying the
standardized test methods. It has been shown that the advanced additive technologies used in today's high-
performance gear oils are capable of inducing the required reactions on the surfaces of gears and bearings also
at 40°C, thus providing reliable damage protection even under these operating conditions.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-034-6 Pages: 15
12FTM04. Energy Efficient Industrial Gear Lubricants

Authors: D. Blain, A. Galiano-Roth, R. Russo, K. Harrington
Global energy demand is predicted to be about 30 percent higher in 2040 compared to 2010. Energy demand
growth will slow as economies mature, population growth moderates and efficiency gains accelerate. This paper
will focus on the third factor: energy efficiency. The industrial sector consumes almost 48% of global energy, with
the remainder being used for residential/commercial and transportation. Clearly, improvements in energy
efficiency in the industrial setting can have a major impact on overall global energy use and resultant CO2
emissions.
There are multiple sources of lubricant-related energy loss in industrial equipment in general, and gearboxes in
particular. These include frictional losses due to metal-to-metal contact, frictional traction losses under elasto-
hydrodynamic lubrication conditions and windage/churning loses in the bulk oil. All three of these factors can be
improved by using a properly formulated lubricant, with carefully selected base oils and additives to improve
efficiency.
ExxonMobil has developed a series of industrial lubricants that can reduce energy usage by up to 4% relative to
conventional lubricants. These savings have been documented in both carefully controlled laboratory testing and
in extensive evaluations in actual industrial equipment in the field. Experiments to measure lubricant-related
energy efficiency benefits are inherently challenging. Valid determinations of these benefits require precise
measurements and controls, meticulous attention to detail and appropriate statistical analysis. In addition to the
energy efficiency benefits, these oils can reduce equipment operating temperatures, resulting in increased
component and lubricant life. This leads to longer oil drain intervals, and less used oil disposal.
ExxonMobil defines sustainability as having three components: social development, economic growth and
environmental protection. In addition to discussing all of the points above, this paper will also describe how the
new energy efficient lubricants contribute to each of these sustainability attributes.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-035-3 Pages: 16
12FTM05. Combined Effects of Gravity, Bending Moment, Bearing Clearance, and Input Torque on Wind Turbine
Planetary Gear Load Sharing
Authors: Y. Guo, J. Keller, W. LaCava
This computational work investigates planetary gear load sharing of three-mount suspension wind turbine
gearboxes. A three dimensional multi-body dynamic model is established, including gravity, bending moments,
fluctuating mesh stiffness, nonlinear tooth contact, and bearing clearance. A flexible main shaft, planetary carrier,
housing, and gear shafts are modeled using reduced degrees-of-freedom through modal compensation. This
drive train model is validated against the experimental data of Gearbox Reliability Collaborative for gearbox
internal loads. Planet load sharing is a combined effect of gravity, bending moment, bearing clearance, and input
torque. Influences of each of these parameters and their combined effects on the resulting planet load sharing are
investigated. Bending moments and gravity induce fundamental excitations in the rotating carrier frame, which can
increase gearbox internal loads and disturb load sharing. Clearance in carrier bearings reduces the bearing load
carrying capacity and thus the bending moment from the rotor can be transmitted into gear meshes. With bearing
clearance, the bending moment can cause tooth micropitting and can induce planet bearing fatigue, leading to
reduced gearbox life. Planet bearings are susceptible to skidding at low input torque.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-036-0 Pages: 16
12FTM06. Virtual Optimization of Epicyclic Gearbox Planet Bearings in Wind Turbines

Authors: S. Vasconi, D. Raju
Demand for higher reliability, robustness and performance in epicyclical gearboxes have led SKF to develop
Design for Six Sigma (DfSS) based simulation tools and methods.
This paper will illustrate the advantages of using simulation driven design in the development of planetary
gearboxes for multi megawatt wind turbines. The simulation example will show the influence of the housing
flexibility and of the non-linear bearing and gear stiffness on the gearbox performance under transient load. In
particular the load distribution and deformation of the planetary gears and bearings will be analyzed.

The flexibility and accurate stiffness description led to non-intuitive results. The gear deformation and load
distribution led to significantly different results compared to results obtained by using traditional calculation tools
and methods. A comparison between advanced and standard calculation methods is given as evidence that
advanced analyses should be used to design reliable, robust and high performing gearboxes.
A virtual design of experiments was used to determine the most influential parameters affecting the gearbox
performance. This paper will highlight the results of this DfSS study.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-037-7 Pages: 16
12FTM07. Validation of a Model of the NREL Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Wind Turbine Gearbox
Authors: C.K. Halse, Z.H. Wright, A.R. Crowther
Gearboxes in the wind industry have been suffering from a poor reputation due to major issues with reliability.
There has been a long list of issues; e.g. grind temper, material inclusions, axial cracking in bearings, poor load
sharing on shaft-bearing arrangements, significant gear misalignment, bearing ring creep, gear scuffing, gear and
bearing micropitting; all of which are common and often serial problems. There has been improvement in the last
few years for some of the products, yet it is not uncommon for wind sites built as recently as 2008 to have 20 -
40% of gearboxes requiring a component replacement (such as a high speed pinion or intermediate shaft bearing)
already (by 2012) and 5-10% complete gearbox failures. An important program for the industry, “The Gearbox
Reliability Collaborative" (GRC), has been funded by the US Department of Energy and run by the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory for several years to aid the industry in improving the reliability of this key
component. The collaborative has brought together manufacturers, academia, national laboratories, engineering
consultants and gear and bearing software providers as part of a program to model, build, simulate and test
gearboxes with a goal to improve reliability and reduce the cost of energy.
The team at NREL have instrumented two gearboxes with over 125 channels, for measurements such as
planetary tooth load distributions, annulus gear hoop strains, planet bearing load distribution, sun orbit and carrier
deflection. They were then subjected to a rigorous testing regime, both up-tower and on the NREL 2.5MW
dynamometer. Romax Technology have been a collaborator in the GRC Analysis Group and have developed
detailed computer simulation models of the gearbox including gear macro and micro-geometry, bearing macro
and micro-geometry, structural stiffness of gearbox housing, carrier and annulus gear, system clearances and
preloads, and surrounding boundary conditions (such as main shaft, rotor hub and bedplate). The model is used
for accurate simulation of the whole system deflections and the prediction of the resulting gear and bearing
contact conditions under various loading conditions.
The focus of this paper is a comparison between measurement and simulation for key parameters including
gear load distributions, annulus deflection and sun motion. The simulation results that are robust and those that
are sensitive to hard-to-predict parameters that include significant effects from manufacturing and assembly
variations will be outlined. Lessons learned in how best to apply computer-aided-engineering tools to improve
wind turbine gearbox reliability will be described.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-038-4 Pages: 12
12FTM08. Combined Marine Propulsion Systems: Optimization and Validation by Simulation

Authors: B. Pinnekamp and F. Hoppe
Modern Navy and Coast Guard Vessels usually have combined propulsion systems using gas turbines, diesel
engines and electric motors as main propulsors. Desired operating profiles demand for individual optimization of
the gear propulsion system with respect to efficiency, noise, operational flexibility and capital cost.
Combined systems are complex and therefore sensitive to dynamic excitation and resonance. To avoid
unfavorable dynamic effects, it is necessary to validate candidate arrangements using modern tools like multi
body simulation.
The paper describes the evaluation process for optimized combined marine propulsion systems and system
validation by dynamic simulation.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-039-1 Pages: 20
12FTM09. Systematic Approach for the Psychoacoustic Analysis of Dynamic Gear Noise Excitation
Authors: C. Brecher, M. Brumm, C. Carl
The sound quality of technical products is an increasingly important quality criterion and has a significant
influence on the product acceptance. But sound quality does not only depend on the physical attributes of the
sound signal. It is defined to a large extent by human sound and noise perception. This perception is based on a
physiological and psychological signal processing. These aspects depend on complex properties of the physical
signal like the spectral distribution and a relative comparison. However, today the sound design of gearboxes is
mainly based on the physical reduction of the noise level that is detected by absolute and objectivized
parameters. The noise oriented gear design is based on a fundament of physical key parameters like the
reduction of transmission error in compliance with achievable manufacturing tolerances. Nevertheless, these
design rules may lead to a minimal sound pressure level but cannot solely be applied for an optimal sound quality
in every case. Under economic and technical aspects there is no excitation free gear set. Furthermore, modern
tendencies such as lightweight design and masking noise reduction (engine downsizing and electrification) lead
more and more to scenarios where the sound of a gear set, which is only designated to have low transmission

error, can be perceived as annoying. This requires design guide-lines which take also the human related aspects
of gear noise into account. Nowadays the gear design does not yet consider human noise perception sufficiently.
Thus, a research project at the WZL has been established that investigates the correlation between gear mesh
excitation and the evaluation of gear noise. The objective of this project is to deduce a method for the
consideration of perception-based noise evaluation already in the stage of gear design. Therefore,
psychoacoustics metrics are used to analyze the gear noise of different gear sets in the dimensions of air-borne
noise, structural vibration and the excitation due to meshing. The aim of this paper is to discuss the correlation
between the signal properties of the excitation and the radiated noise in order to investigate the possibilities to
transfer the perception related evaluation from sound pressure to the gear mesh excitation. The paper firstly
shows central psychoacoustic parameters that are most relevant for the properties of gear noise. Furthermore, a
new test fixture will be introduced that allows a dynamic measurement of gear mesh excitation directly adjacent to
the meshing. Regarding these aspects two different gear sets are discussed concerning the calculated
transmission error and the experimentally determined excitation, surface vibration and noise radiation. These
aspects are accordingly examined with respect to human noise perception, which is described by
psychoacoustics. It is shown that operating conditions, order distributions as well as the gear geometry are the
main influences on the signal evaluation. The influence of dynamic aspects and especially the influence of
resonance effects on the noise characteristics are additionally considered.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-040-7 Pages: 22
12FTM10. Development of Novel CBN Grade for Electroplated Finish Grinding of Hardened Steel Gears
Authors: U. Sridharan, S. Kompella, S. Ji, J. Fiecoat
The unique requirements of an electroplatable superabrasive CBN grit used in profile grinding of hardened steel
gears as well as the attributes and grinding behavior of a new CBN developed specifically for this application are
discussed. Profile gear grinding parameters were simulated in through-hardened AISI 4140 steel (56 HRC) and
the grinding performance of the new CBN was compared against a competitive CBN grade widely used in the
application. Consistent with field criteria, grinding performance was characterized based on occurrence of 'burn' or
'form' failure. The 'burn' or metallurgical phase transformation failure was detected by Barkhausen Noise Analysis
(BNA) and corroborated by microstructural and microhardness evaluations. The 'form' failure was simulated by
tracking average radial wheel wear to a threshold value where form loss was expected to occur. Grinding tests
indicate that the new CBN grit can grind 35% more parts compared to the competitive CBN grade before burn
failure. In addition, the new CBN displayed a lower wear rate. The new CBN grade also exhibited a unique ability
to grind with lower grinding power, resulting in a near constant BNA response on the ground surface throughout
the test. This implied minimal microstructural change on the ground part from start to end of the test compared to
the progressive softening of ground surface noticed with the competitive CBN.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-041-4 Pages: 13
12FTM11. Contemporary Gear Pre-Machining Solutions

Author: C. Kobialka
Depending on production volumes, batch sizes and workpiece geometry, several gear manufacturing
technologies are used for industrial gear production. Most frequently applied is the hobbing process, followed by
broaching, shaping, sintering and rolling processes. Upcoming gear manufacturing processes are power skiving,
forging, precision blanking and cold forging. Due to improvements to the numerical control of direct drive
technology, the power skiving process has become a competitive gear manufacturing process in comparison to
shaping, blanking and broaching. The potential of the reinvented power skiving process will be explained by
production volume analyses, achievable gear quality and gear geometry modifications. Also the economical and
environmentally friendly aspect of the power skiving process will be explained.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-042-1 Pages: 10
12FTM12. Manufacturing Method of Pinion Member of Large-Sized Skew Bevel Gears Using Multi-Axis Control and
Multi-Tasking Machine Tool
Authors: I. Tsuji, K. Kawasaki, H. Gunbara, H. Houjyou, S. Matsumura
In this paper, a manufacturing method of the pinion member of large-sized skew bevel gears using multi-axis
control and multi-tasking machine tool considering that the gear member is provided is proposed. First, the tooth
surface forms of skew bevel gears are modeled. Next, the real tooth surfaces of the gear member are measured
using a coordinate measuring machine and the deviations between the real and theoretical tooth surface forms
are formalized using the measured coordinates. It is possible to analyze the tooth contact pattern of the skew
bevel gears with consideration of the deviations of the real and theoretical tooth surface forms expressing the
deviations as polynomial equations. Moreover, the deviations of the tooth surface form of the gear member are
fed back to the analysis of the tooth contact pattern and transmission errors, and the tooth surface form of the
pinion member that has a good performance mating with the gear member. Finally, the pinion member is
manufactured by swarf cutting using multi-axis control and multi-tasking machine tool. Afterward, the real tooth
surfaces of the manufactured pinion member were measured using a coordinate measuring machine and the
tooth surface form errors were detected. As a result, although the tooth surface form errors were large relatively
on the heel side, those were small on the other side. In addition, the tooth contact pattern of the manufactured

pinion member and provided gear member was compared with those of tooth contact analysis. As a result, there
was good agreement.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-043-8 Pages: 15
12FTM13. Gear Material Selection and Construction for Large Gears

Author: F.C. Uherek
For gears larger than 3 m (10 feet), construction of gear blanks tend to divide into cast steel, ductile iron, and
forged rim welded web structures for use in cylindrical grinding mills and kilns. This paper will review the
application, various options for material selection, and the impact of selection on tooth geometry. A group of
sample gears are developed to compare each of the materials and method of blank construction. Each sample is
discussed in light of structural stress, deflection, expected life, handling weight, material origin, fabrication
method, inspection requirements during construction, and impact of selection on field performance. Based on the
above, a roadmap is developed listing critical considerations and optimal use of each material and method of
construction in this application.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-044-5 Pages: 14
12FTM14. Large Pinions for Open Gears: The Increase of Single Mesh Load - A New Challenge for Manufacturing
and Quality Inspection
Author: M. Pasquier, and F. Wavelet
Most of the large open gear sets for mining industry are designed according to AGMA 6014-A06 and AGMA
2001-D04. and rating according to AGMA standard (service factor) involve the final design of the pinion such as:
material and heat treatment (through hardening or case carburized pinion), and the finishing process of the teeth
(to achieve the design geometry).
Basically, customer specification and rating according to AGMA standard (service factor) involve the final design
of the pinion such as: material and heat treatment (through hardening or case carburized pinion), and the finishing
process of the teeth (to achieve the design geometry).
Moreover, the increase of applied load for a single meshing becomes a new challenge.
In addition to the mechanical properties for the material used and its associated heat treatment requirements
given in standards, elastic and thermal behavior and resulting accuracy, as well, have to be taken into account at
design stage, even for large open gears.
Beside design consideration, such increase of single meshing load cannot be achieved by using conventional
manufacturing and quality control methods.
Therefore, improvements in manufacturing process and in quality inspections for such heavily loaded single
large parts, as already performed for smaller parts in batch are now mandatory to achieve these new design
requirements.
Based on examples, in this paper, it is presented such manufacturing and the associated quality controls
improvements from steel fabrication to final machining for heavy parts, to ensure the customer that the result
meets the specification requirements.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-045-2 Pages: 20
12FTM15. New Methods for the Calculation of the Load Capacity of Bevel and Hypoid Gears
Authors: C. Wirth, B.-R. Höhn, C. Braykoff
A failure mode called “flank breakage" is increasingly observed in different applications of cylindrical and bevel
gears. These breakages typically start from the active flank approximately in the middle of the active tooth height
and propagate to the tooth root of the unloaded flank side. Crack initiation can be localized below the surface in
the region between case and core of surface hardened gears. This failure mode can neither be explained by the
known mechanism of tooth root breakage nor by the mechanism of pitting. Even bevel gears in truck and bus
applications are at the risk to suffer from subsurface fatigue, if the optimum utilization of the material should be
achieved. In this case a balance between the flank breakage and pitting risk has to be found. The purpose of this
paper is to describe a new material physically based calculation method to evaluate the risk of flank breakage
versus the risk of pitting. The verification of this new method by experimental tests is exemplarily shown.
In cooperation with “ZG - Zahnräer und Getriebe GmbH“ (ZG) “MAN truck and bus AG" (MTB) developed a new
method for the calculation of the risks of flank failure by flank breakage and pitting. The calculation method has
been adjusted and approved by experimental tests on powertrain test rigs of MAN. The ten different test gear
variants had an outer diameter of de2 = 390 mm to 465 mm, a ratio i = 4,5 to 5,7 and a normal module of mmn = 6
mm to 8 mm. Also variants with the same main geometry but different Ease-Off designs were examined. All gear
sets were tested under a defined load spectrum. Based on the research work at the FZG (Gear Research Center
at the Technical University of Munich in Germany) of Oster, Hertter and Wirth a calculation method for bevel
gears was established. The principle of the calculation model is the local comparison of the occurring stresses
and the available strength values over the whole tooth volume. Therefore it is possible to evaluate the risk of initial
cracks beyond the surface of the flank. Close to the surface cracks may grow and cause pitting - especially in the
flank area with negative specific sliding. Cracks in the transient area between case and core lead to a high flank
breakage risk.

First the local stresses and forces on the flank are determined by a loaded tooth contact analysis followed by the
calculation of the maximum exposure (regarding yielding) and dynamic exposure (regarding fatigue) of the
material inside the tooth. Thereby the stress components from the Hertzian contact, bending, thermal effects
(flash temperature) and friction are considered. Furthermore the positive effect of residual compressive stresses
and accordingly the disadvantageous effect of the residual tensile stresses can be implicated. Finite elements
method investigations have been carried out in order to achieve a sufficient approximation of the residual stress
distribution in the transverse tooth section. The strength values are locally considered, depending on the material
depth and the position on the flank.
The recalculation of the test gears showed a good correlation between the occurred type of damage and the
determined material exposure inside the tooth. The variants failed with flank breakage could be reliably
distinguished from the variants failed by pitting by the new material-physical method. With this knowledge it is now
possible to optimize the main geometry parameters of the gear set (e.g. number of teeth, spiral angle, pressure
angle) as well as the micro geometry (Ease-Off) that influences the load distribution on the flank. Altogether this
new method leads to an insured increase of the permissible material utilization and hence to smaller gear sizes
while keeping the load capacity on a constant level.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-046-9 Pages: 21
12FTM16. Gear Design Optimization for Low Contact Temperature of a High-Speed, Non-lubricated Spur Gear Pair
Authors: C.H. Wink, N.S. Mantri
This paper presents a gear design optimization approach that was applied to reduce both tooth contact
temperature and noise excitation of a high-speed spur gear pair running without lubricant. The optimum gear
design search was done using the RMC (Run Many Cases) program from The Ohio State University. Over 480
thousand possible gear designs were considered, which were narrowed down to the 31 best candidates based on
low contact temperature and low transmission error. The best gear design was selected considering, also, its
manufacturability. The selected optimum gear design was compared to an existing gear set using LDP (Load
Distribution Program) from The Ohio State University. Tooth contact temperature was calculated for both designs
using dry a steel-on-steel coefficient of friction. Predicted contact temperature correlated well with results
observed on dynamometer tests with the existing gear set. Predictions with the optimized design showed a 48%
contact temperature reduction and a 79% noise excitation reduction. The low contact temperature of the
optimized design will significantly contribute to preventing tooth surface damage under no lubricant operating
conditions.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-047-6 Pages: 9
12FTM17. Dynamic Analysis of a Cycloidal Gearbox Using Finite Element Method

Authors: S. Thube, T. Bobak
Speed reducers incorporating cycloidal technology as their primary reduction mechanism have always been
active topics of research given their unique trochoidal tooth profile. A cycloidal reducer is recognized for its
strength and mainly studied for rotational performance improvement. Nowadays, this study can be performed by
digital prototyping, which has become a valuable tool for simulating exact scenarios without experimenting on
actual model.
This paper discusses the stress distribution, modeled in a dynamic simulation environment, on the rotating parts
of Cycloidal reducer. A three dimensional finite element model is developed using Algor FEA commercial code to
simulate the combined effect of external loading and dynamic as well as inertial forces on one-cycloid disc
system. This model utilizes surface-to-surface contact to define interaction between rotating parts of the reducer
assembly. The results are analyzed for the variation in stress and deformation with respect to time for a certain
simulation period. This study gives an insight of internal load sharing of rotating parts and their capability of
carrying shock loads.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-048-3 Pages: 13
12FTM18. Analysis of Ripple on Noisy Gears

Author: G. Gravel
A low noise level is an important quality feature in modern gearboxes for passenger cars. But a troublesome
noise can have many causes. The noise origination and transmission is amongst others affected by the design
layout, by the actual deviations of the components, by the assembly of the components and also by the mounting
situation of the complete gearbox.
Damages, form errors and displacement errors or ripples are often present on the flanks of a gear, if it is found
to be the cause of problems in a noise check. Especially ripples or 'ghost frequencies' of a gear are problematic,
because up to now they rarely can be detected on a gear measuring device but only in a relative complex single-
flank roll checking procedure.
A new evaluation method now allows to identify and to describe ripples on the flanks of gears based on the
results of a normal gear measurement. The deviation curves were approximated by sine functions, the results are
displayed graphical and by characteristic values. A combination of the deviation of each measured point with its
rotation angle allows an evaluation equal to a rolling with the mating gear. The results show a very good
correlation to a noise check and to a single-flank roll check.

The application of the software is demonstrated by practical examples of the manufacturing methods generating
grinding, honing, broaching and shaving. Vibrations of machine tool and ripple generating influences in the
manufacturing process can be verified down to a level of a few tenth micrometers. At the same time this method is
well suited to describe long-wave form deviations like an ovality or a 3- or 4-fold ripple caused by the clamping or
by a square blank.
With this new evaluation method gears can be tested in an early state of production for known, critical ripples
and conclusions can be drawn on the state of machine tool, cutting tool and clamping device.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-049-0 Pages: 11
12FTM19. A Field Case Study of “Whining" Gear Noise in Diesel Engines

Author: Y. Kotlyar, G.A. Acosta, S. Mleczko, M. Guerra
The proposed paper is a field case study of diesel engine .whining. gear noise. The paper will describe the
development work performed to reduce the gear whining noise. It will include the problem definition, inspection of
BOB & WOW engines, design of experiment, development and review of gear geometry modifications, inspection
charts, sample size for a statistically significant analysis, and correlation of noise measurement results and tooth
profiles.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-050-6 Pages: 13
12FTM20. The Effect of the Surface Profile on Micropitting

Authors: M. Bell, G. Sroka, R. Benson
A wide choice of surface roughness parameters is available to characterize components, such as gears or
bearings, with the goal of predicting the performance of such metal-to-metal contacting parts. Commonly in
industry, the Roughness Average (Ra) or the Mean Peak-to Valley Height (Rz (DIN)) is chosen to calculate the
Specific Film Thickness Ratio for both superfinished and honed surfaces. However, these two surface roughness
parameters fail to adequately predict the performance properties of surfaces that are superfinished or surfaces
that are honed. In this paper, a superfinished surface is defined as a planarized surface having a ≤0.25 μm Ra. A
honed surface is not considered to be planarized, even with a finish of ≤0.25 μm Ra. Thus, one is falsely led to
predict that a planarized surface or a honed surface, having an equivalent Ra or Rz, will perform similarly. Nothing
is further from the truth. Experimentally, an isotropic planarized surface delivers superior performance. The
following discussion utilizes another roughness parameter, 3σ50, to further explain this phenomenon.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-051-3 Pages: 15
12FTM21. Typical Heat Treatment Defects of Gears and Solutions Using FEA Modeling
Authors: Z. Li, B.L. Ferguson
Steel gears are heat treated to obtain enhanced properties and improved service performance. Quench
hardening is one of the most important heat treatment processes used to increase the strength and hardness of
steel parts. Defects seen in quenched parts are often due to high thermal and phase transformation stresses.
Typical defects include excessive distortion, surface decarburization, quench cracks, large grain growth, and
unfavorable residual stresses. Gear geometries with large section differences may suffer high stress
concentrations and crack during quenching. Surface decarburization before quenching may lead to high surface
residual tension and possible post heat treatment cracking. In this paper, the commercial heat treatment software
DANTE is used to investigate three examples of heat treatment defects. Improved processes are suggested with
the help of modeling. The first example is an oil quench process for a large gear. Peeling cracks were observed
on the gear surface during grinding of the quench hardened gears. Computer modeling showed that surface
decarburization was the cause. The second example is a press quench of a large face gear. Unexpected large
axial bow distortion was observed in quenched gears, and computer modeling indicated that an incorrect press
load and die setup were the reasons. The third example is an in-process quenching crack caused by high
concentrated tensile stress from unbalanced temperature and phase transformations in a spiral bevel pinion gear.
The quenching process was modified to solve the problem. This example also emphasizes the need for heat
treatment modeling in gear design to reduce the possibility of heat treatment defects. The three examples
illustrate how to effectively use heat treatment modeling to improve the quality of the gear products.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-052-0 Pages: 14
12FTM22. Crack Testing and Heat Treat Verification of Gears Using Eddy Current Technology
Authors: D. DeVries
While eddy current technology has long been used in the testing of bar, tube, and wire stock, advances in
electronics, automation, and coil design have paved the way for a new generation of testers specifically designed
for component testing applications. This includes the testing of gears and bearings which go into automotive and
industrial applications. These testing systems easily integrate into production processes allowing for in-line testing
at production line speeds. In addition to enabling 100% of production components to be inspected, it can help
monitor upstream processes notifying operators that something is not functioning correctly. This greatly reduces
scrap and warranty costs for gear and bearing manufacturers.
Eddy current crack testing is performed by passing a small pair of coil windings over a section of the component
to be tested. These coil windings are small enough to test between gear teeth, and with multi-coil probes can test

very complex shapes. Most crack test applications require only one test frequency since most tests require the
detection of only surface flaws. Simultaneous testing with multiple frequencies allows for testing of both surface
and sub-surface defects when inspecting nonferromagnetic parts.
While not an absolute hardness test like a Rockwell test, eddy current heat treat verification can achieve sorting
results on par with Rockwell testing. This has been demonstrated with both forged and powder metal gears. Eddy
current heat treat inspection coils come in both standard encircling coil configurations and multi-coil custom
configurations. The custom configurations allow for precise location testing verifying that induction heating
parameters were correctly applied. Defects to be tested include misplaced case, shallow case, short quench,
delayed quench, air cooled, non-heat-treat, and ground out conditions. When performing heat-treat inspection,
multiple test frequencies are used to reliably detect these various heat-treat anomalies.
Eddy current testing offers fast, repeatable testing of gears and bearings. Testing data on each component can
be stored electronically and re-analyzed off-line at a later date. Eddy current test instruments are designed to
integrate with PLC's in material handling stations to set up real-time rejection capabilities. These are all features
that complement modern QC requirements.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-053-7 Pages: 9
12FTM23. Enhancing Control of Distortion Through “One Piece Flow – Heat Treatment”
Authors: V. Heuer, D. Bolton, K. Löser, T. Leist
Proper control of distortion has become even more important on new powertrain designs. To answer the
demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, modern transmissions are built much lighter, therefore the components of the
transmission exhibit less wall thickness which makes them more sensitive to distortion. Distorted gear
components can create noise in the transmission, require post heat treat machining processes and may even
create problems during transmission assembly.
By applying the technology of Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) and High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ), the
distortion caused by heat treatment can be significantly reduced. This technology has been successfully
established in serial production for many different gear applications.
With the introduction of 'One Piece Flow - heat treatment', the distortion control can be further enhanced. This
'One piece Flow – heat treatment' allows for a rapid case hardening where the components are low pressure
carburized at high temperatures (1050°C) followed by gas quenching. The components are not treated in
conventional big batches with multiple layers, but they are treated in small batches consisting of one layer only.
The quench intensity is controlled more precisely to allow for processes which are customized individually for
each gear-component. The single-layer treatment provides
S homogenous and rapid heating of the components,
S homogenous and rapid carburizing of the components,
S homogenous and precisely controlled gas quenching.
All the variations from layer to layer are eliminated, which leads to reductions in distortion-variation within the
load.
In addition, this new technology allows strong costs-savings for logistics. The manufacturing-line can be
st nd
completely automated since the parts are 1 taken one by one from the soft machining unit, then 2 heat treated
in time with the cycle-time of soft machining (“Synchronized heat treatment”) and then 3rd passed down one by
one to the hard machining unit. The paper presents applications for enhanced distortion control when using 'One
Piece Flow - heat treatment'.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-054-4 Pages: 14
12FTM24. Recent Inventions and Innovations in Induction Hardening of Gears and Gear-like Components
Author: V. Rudnev
Presentation focuses on recent inventions and innovations (last 4-6 years) in induction hardening of gears and
gear-like components, including but not limited to:
- “Know-how" in controlling distortion of induction hardened gears.
- Simultaneous dual-frequency induction hardening.
- Advanced induction hardening process recipes when hardening small and medium size gears.
- Novel inductor designs to minimize a distortion when induction hardening of hypoid and spiral bevel gears.
- IFP technology for induction gear hardening.
- Induction tempering and stress relieving of gear-like components with improved temperature uniformity.
Presentation also provides a review of basic principles and applications devoted to induction hardening small,
medium and large size gears using tooth-by-tooth techniques and encircling method.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-055-1 Pages: 9

2011 PAPERS
11FTM01. A New Way of Face Gear Manufacturing
There are two major intentions to apply face gears in power transmissions: the advantage to be able to use a
cylindrical gear as a pinion member; and particular design solutions which require a plurality of cylindrical driving
members as in a propulsion system.
While the automotive and truck industry conducted substantial research in the application of face gear systems
in their drive trains, the results did not favor face gears versus bevel and hypoid gears. In many cases, the face
gear system was found to be the less economical solution, as the manufacturing of the face gear itself was
expensive. Machine tools require a special design, are not readily available, and the cutting tools have to be
designed specifically for the particular face gear design.
The obstacles which prevented manufacturers in the past to apply face gears were removed entirely, when a
new way of forming the profile of face gear teeth, using standard bevel gear cutting and grinding machines as well
as standard cutter heads was designed. The idea is based on the tools used in straight bevel gear cutting and
grinding according to the CONIFLEX method, however, using a generating gear which is not flat like it is for
straight bevel gears but cylindrical, resembling the mating cylindrical pinion for the particular face gear design.
The complexity of modified cylindrical hobbing and shaping machines and job dependent custom tooling
disappears completely with the new CONIFACE cutting and grinding process.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-000-1 Pages: 14
11FTM02. Generating Gear Grinding – New Possibilities in Process Design and Analysis
Authors: J. Reimann, F. Klocke, and C. Gorgels
To improve load carrying capacity and noise behavior, case hardened gears usually are hard finished. One
possible process for the hard finishing of gears is the continuous generating gear grinding, which has replaced
other grinding processes in batch production of small to medium sized gears due to its high process efficiency.
Despite the wide industrial application of this process only a few published scientific analyses exist. The science-
based analysis of generating gear grinding needs a high amount of time and effort. This is due to the complex
contact conditions between tool and gear flank, which change continuously during the grinding process. These
complicate the application of the existing knowledge of other grinding processes onto the generating gear
grinding.
The complex contact conditions lead to high process dynamics which pose challenges in the design of machine
tools, the control engineering and the process design. Furthermore, unfavorable contact conditions can lead to
process related profile form deviation. So the knowledge of the cutting forces and their time dependent behavior is
necessary to describe and optimize the process dynamics and results.
The aim of this report is to determine the existing cutting forces for a sample gear in trials for the first time and to
analyze their connection to the process parameters and the appearance of profile form deviations. Simultaneously
for the sample gear the same process design will be analyzed using a manufacturing simulation. The results of
the trials and the simulation will be compared. The report will present new possibilities in process analysis and will
give the process user ideas for future process improvements.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-001-8 Pages: 15
11FTM03. Towards an Improved AGMA Accuracy Classification System on Double Flank Composite Measurements
Author: E. Reiter
AGMA introduced ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-A06 – Accuracy Classification System – Radial System for Cylindrical
Gears – in 2006 as the first major rewrite of the double flank accuracy standard in over twelve years. Although this
document is not yet in wide use, many practical problems exist in the standard which affects its intended benefit.
This document explains the issues related to the use of ANSI/AGMA 2015-2-A06 as an Accuracy Classification
System and recommends a revised system which can be of more service to the gearing industry.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-002-5 Pages: 14
11FTM04. First International Involute Gear Comparison

Authors: F. Härtig, W. Adeyemi, and K. Knielm
Seven national metrology institutes have carried out the first international intercomparison in the field of gear
metrology organized from the EURAMET (European Association of National Metrology Institutes) with non-
European involvement. As leader the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) provided three of their
involute gear artifacts and sent them to the participants from China, Japan, Thailand, United Kingdom, Ukraine
and USA. Each of the institutes measured the profile, helix and the pitch artifact and evaluated the specified
measurands. The results collected and evaluated by the PTB were compared and analyzed by evaluating the
normalized error En. At the end of this comparison the large distribution of the results which lay in the range of
today's required tolerances in industry pose a lot of questions. The presentation explains details of the
measurement setup and evaluation parameter, damages of some artifacts due to unqualified handling, and finally
the interesting results.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-003-2 Pages: 11

11FTM05. Epicyclic Load Sharing Map – Application as a Design Tool

Author: A. Singh
One of the main advantages of planetary transmissions is that the input torque is split into a number of parallel
paths. However, equal load sharing between the planets is possible only in the ideal case due to the presence of
positional type manufacturing errors, equal load sharing is not realized, and the degree of inequality in load
sharing has major implications for gear system sizing, tolerancing schemes, and torque ratings.
The sensitivity of load sharing to torque, tolerance level, directionality of error, system flexibility, number of
planets, and amount of float in the system have all been studied. However, a physical understanding of the true
mechanism that leads to the load sharing phenomenon was lacking.
In a recent paper, the author has proposed a physical mechanism that explains all known load sharing behavior.
The physical explanation leads to simple expressions that seem to completely describe the complex load sharing
behavior. Comparisons to computational models and experimental results have shown excellent correlation.
The proposed physical explanation leads to the concept of an epicyclic load sharing map (ELSM). The ELSM is
a plot of the load ratio (or % of input torque) versus a non-dimensional parameter Xe. The non-dimensional
parameter is a function of combined system stiffness, tolerance level, and operating torque. The ELSM contains
curves for 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 (and more) planet systems. Once a gear set is located on the ELSM, its behavior under
any load and error condition can be quickly predicted. Also, the advantages of adding extra planets can be
accurately estimated.
The use of the ELSM as a design tool for the general case when there are errors on the position of every carrier
pin-hole are illustrated. Statistical simulations are performed for a given manufacturing error distribution for 3 to 7
planet systems
ISBN: 978-1-61481-004-9 Pages: 25
11FTM06. Reversed Gear Tooth Bending Stress and Life Evaluation

Author: J. Chen
There is a wealth of literature and test results regarding the subject on single directional gear tooth bending
stress and life relationships (S-N curves), they have been published on various journals and handbooks over the
past decades, and several of them had been widely accepted and adapted as industry standards by different gear
societies around the world. However, very limited information regarding the bi-directional tooth bending life has
been revealed.
To fill in the above mentioned gap for practical usages, the authors first intended to apply the traditional fatigue
theories such as modified Goodman, Gerber, Morrow or similar theories with minor modifications to derive a
series of S-N equations for different loading conditions, but the correlation with the actual test results was not
satisfied. Nevertheless, from the observation on these test results, the slopes and endurance limits on the fitted S-
N curves from all the test points were reasonable closer to each other, as long as the test gears were produced by
the same material and similar manufacturing process. Based on the above observation, the author proposes a
new approach that uses the common (or averaged) slope and endurance limit, and a series of S-N curve
equations on any loading conditions can be derived, once the single directional S-N curve has been obtained.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-005-6 Pages: 19
11FTM07. The Effects of Helix Angle on Root Stresses of Helical Gears

Authors: D.R. Houser and A.P. Thaler
The ISO and AGMA Gear Rating Committees have for several years been comparing the results of different
rating methods for several sets of gear pairs that have similar normal sections but different helix angles. The
analysis presented here uses a finite element code that was developed specifically for gear and bearing contacts
to analyze the example gear sets. Analyses are also performed using a more conventional load distribution
analysis program. The results for the original gear sets show that the narrow face width gear teeth twist
significantly, thus moving the load to one edge of the face width and essentially showing that the example gear
sets are highly unrealistic. Yet when analyzed by the ISO and AGMA rating methods, the results do not reflect this
twisting action. In an effort to come up with a valid comparison of stresses for different helix angles, three
adjustments using wider face widths were attempted. The first uses a narrow load patch in the middle of the tooth
pair and results in the stresses increasing with helix angle. The second scheme again uses a wider face width, but
with perfect involutes. Edge effects result in the peak stresses being near the ends of the face width. The third
method, which uses the wide face width with teeth that have some lead crown and tip relief, gives the most
reasonable results, with the root stresses being at a maximum in the center region of the tooth face widths. The
paper compares each of the results to earlier analyses performed by others using both the AGMA and ISO
calculations.
ISBN: 978-1-61481-006-3 Pages: 14

11FTM08. A Comprehensive System for Predicting Assembly Variation with Potential Application to Transmission
Design
Authors: K.W. Chase and C.D. Sorensen
Recent advances in tolerance analysis of assemblies allow designers to: predict tolerance stack-up due to
process variations; examine variation in clearances and fits critical to performance; use actual production variation
data or estimates from prior experience; and use engineering design limits to predict the percent rejects in
production runs.
A comprehensive system has been developed for modeling 1D, 2D, and 3D assemblies, which includes three
sources of variation: dimensional (lengths and angles), geometric (GD&T), and kinematic (small internal
adjustments due to dimensional variations).
Once the assembly has been described, an algebraic model is created, in which each dimension is represented
by a vector, with a nominal +/- tolerance. The vectors are linked into chains or loops, describing each critical
clearance or assembly feature in terms of the contributing dimensions. The chains form vector loops describing
the interaction and accumulation of the three sources of variation in the assembly.
Small variations are applied to each source and analyzed statistically to predict the resulting variation in the
critical assembly features. Solutions for the mean and standard deviations are obtained by matrix algebra. Only
two assemblies are analyzed: one for the mean and another for the variance of the assembly features. The same
modeling elements may be used to model complex assemblies.
Benefits of tolerance analysis include reduced reject rates, fewer problems on the assembly floor, reduced
costs, and shorter time to market. Critical requirements of shaft alignment, gear meshing and controls in
transmissions and gear trains are ideally suited for this efficient, comprehensive system.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-007-0 Pages: 18
11FTM09. Standardization of Load Distribution Evaluation: Uniform Definition of KHβ for Helical Gears
Author: K. Nazifi
The load distribution measurement of gear teeth and the determination of the face load factor for contact stress
KHβ are of fundamental importance to the gear manufacturing industry. The factor is a measure for the uniformity
of the load along the face width. The closer this factor is to one the more uniform is the load distributed along the
face width. In the design phase this factor is determined with the help of approximation equations and finite
element analysis and is used to dimension the flank modifications. In addition KHβ is used in the lifetime
calculations according to DIN 3990 and ISO 6336 required by the certification societies. In the testing phase this
factor is experimentally determined by strain measurements of the tooth fillets in order to verify the load
distribution calculations and the suitability of the used modifications.
For spur gears with no helix angle the interpretation of the measurements to a face load factor is intuitively easy.
For helical gears, used more frequently in large gearboxes, the determination of the factor gets more difficult. The
line of contact of these gears runs inclined over the face width of the teeth flank. In this context the question arises
whether the face load factor is evaluated along the face width or along the path of contact.
Evaluation of the measured values and the interpretation to a face load factor is a complex challenge and is not
standardized. The standardization of load distribution evaluation and a uniform definition of KHβ especially for
helical gears enable a safer design for the manufacturers and an easier comparability of the results for the
customers.
The paper will compare the different suggestions to the KHβ definition and will derive a new definition suitable for
the calculation methods in DIN 3990 and ISO 6336.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-008-7 Pages: 18
11FTM10. New Methods for the Calculation of the Load Capacity of Bevel and Hypoid Gears
Authors: B.-R. Höhn, K. Stahl, and C. Wirth
Pitting and tooth root breakage are still the two most frequent failure types occurring in practical applications of
bevel gears. There are several national and international standards for the calculation of the load carrying
capacity of these gears such as DIN 3991, AGMA 2003 and ISO 10300. But up to now these standards do not
cover bevel gears with offset (hypoid gears). For that reason a research project was carried out at FZG (Gear
Research Centre, Munich, Germany) to analyze the influence of the hypoid offset on the load capacity of bevel
gears by systematic theoretical and experimental investigations.
The results of the tooth root tests showed, as expected, an increasing load capacity with higher offsets. In
contrast, the pitting tests showed an increasing, but after reaching a maximum, a decreasing load capacity with
higher offsets. This can be explained by two interfering phenomena: On the one side higher offsets lead to
decreasing pinion loads and thus decreasing contact stresses; on the other side the permissible stresses are
decreasing due to the higher sliding velocities.
Regarding these test results a new standard capable calculation method was developed on the basis of ISO
10300. First the bevel gear geometry is transformed into a virtual cylindrical gear. Systematic theoretical
investigations and comparisons with tooth contact analysis methods have shown that the new virtual cylindrical
gears have representative mesh conditions compared to the bevel gears. This includes the size and shape of the
contact area as well as the load distribution between the mating teeth. Particularly with regard to hypoids it is

necessary to consider the unbalanced mesh conditions between drive and coast side flank, what can be
described by the limit pressure angle. Several influence factors were adjusted considering geometry, material
properties and operating conditions of the gear set. For the tooth root safety factor the influence factors were
adapted to the specific conditions of hypoid gears. For the calculation of the pitting safety factor two new influence
factors were introduced to consider the hypoid specific sliding conditions on the gear flanks. The recalculation of
the pitting and tooth root tests showed a very good correlation of calculated with real load capacity of the test
gears.
Meanwhile the newly developed calculation method is widely-used in the gear manufacturing industry. For that
reason it is currently introduced into the revision of ISO 10300 as method B1 beside method B2 based on the
AGMA calculation method for bevel and hypoid gears.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-009-4 Pages: 20
11FTM11. Marine Reversing Main Gear Rating Factor Versus Number of Loading Reversals and Shrink Fit Stress
Authors: E.W. Jones, S. Ismonov and S.R. Daniewicz
The marine vessel reversing main gear tooth is subjected to three different loading cycles: ahead travel with
load pulsing from zero to 100% of full power; astern travel with load pulsing from zero to about minus 66% of full
power; and reversal of direction with load changing from 100% of full power to about minus 66% of full power.
The number of repetitions of these three different loading cycles varies with the vessel duty cycle and life. The
published values of allowable design stress for teeth are based on pulsing loads, which must be modified for this
third loading cycle. The tooth may also be subjected to mean stress due to shrink fitting of the gear onto a hub.
Publications which address these conditions include:
S Guide values for mean stress influence factor, Ym, of ISO 6336-3 gives a factor, which derates the pulsing, i.e.
unidirectional, allowable stress value for non-pulsing load.
S The American Bureau of Shipping Rules, derate the allowable unidirectional bending strength by 10% for the
reversing main gear tooth. (Idler gear teeth, which are under bidirectional loading at full power, are derated by
30%.)
S Det Norske Veritas DNV Classification Notes No. 41.2 addresses gears: with other working conditions than
pure pulsations; with periodical changes of rotational direction; and with shrink fitting stresses. For gears with
occasional full load in reversed direction such as the main wheel in a reversing gearbox, the derating factor of
10% is recommended.
This paper evaluates the derating factor for marine reversing main gear tooth allowable bending stress using the
Goodman fatigue line and Miners equation as a function of the average number of changes in vessel direction per
hour, shrink fitting stress values, and different materials based on the AGMA values for allowable stress and life
factor.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-010-0 Pages: 18
11FTM12. The Application of the First International Calculation Method for Micropitting
Authors: U. Kissling
The international calculation method for micropitting, ISO/TR 15144, was recently published. It is the first official
international calculation method to check for the risk of micropitting ever published. Years ago AGMA published a
method for the calculation of the specific oil film thickness containing some comments about micropitting, and the
German FVA published a calculation method based on intensive research results. The FVA and the AGMA are
close to the ISO/TR. New is the calculation of the micropitting safety factors.
The technical report presents two calculation rules, method A and B. Method A needs as input the Hertzian
pressure on every point of the tooth flank, based on an accurate calculation of the meshing of the gear pair,
considering tooth and shaft deflections to get the load distribution over the flank line in every meshing position.
Method B is much simpler; the load distribution is defined for different cases as spur or helical gears, with and
without profile modifications.
The risk of micropitting is highly influenced by profile and flank line modifications. A new software tool can
evaluate the risk of micropitting for gears by automatically varying different combinations of tip reliefs, other profile
modifications and flank line modifications, in combination with different torque levels, using method A. The user
can define the number of steps for variation of the amount of modification. Then all possible combinations are
checked combined with different (user defined) torque levels. Any modifications including flank twist, arc-like
profile modifications, etc. can be combined. The result is presented in a table, showing the safety factor against
micropitting for different subsets of profile/flank modifications, depending on the torque level.
Some applications from wind turbine and industrial gearboxes, known to the author, will be discussed.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-011-7 Pages: 15

11FTM13. Investigations on the Flank Load Carrying Capacity in the Newly Developed FZG Back-to-Back Test Rig
for Internal Gears
Authors: B.-R. Höhn, K. Stahl, J. Schudy, T. Tobie, and B. Zornek
Micropitting, pitting and wear are typical gear failure modes, which can occur on the flanks of slowly operated
and highly stressed internal gears. However the calculation methods for the flank load carrying capacity have
mainly been established on the basis of experimental investigations on external gears.
The target of a research project was to verify the application of these calculation models to internal gears.
Therefore two identical back-to-back test rigs for internal gears have been designed, constructed and successfully
used for gear running tests. These gear test rigs are especially designed for low and medium circumferential
speeds and allow the testing of the flank load carrying capacity of spur and helical internal gears for different
pairings of materials at realistic stresses. The three planet gears of the test rig are arranged uniformly around the
circumference. Experimental and theoretical investigations regarding the load distribution across the face width,
the contact pattern and the load sharing between the three planet gears have been carried out.
Furthermore substantial theoretical investigations on the characteristics of internal gears were performed.
Internal and external spur gears were compared regarding their geometrical and kinematical differences as well
as their impact on the flank load. Based on the results of these theoretical investigations an extensive test
program of load stage tests and speed stage tests on internal gears of different material, different finishing of the
flanks and different operating conditions has been carried out. The main focus of this test program was on the
fatigue failures of micropitting and wear at low circumferential speeds.
The paper describes the design and functionality of the new developed test rigs for internal gears and shows
basic results of the theoretical studies. Furthermore it presents basic examples of experimental test results.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-012-4 Pages: 16
11FTM14. AGMA 925-A03 Predicted Scuffing Risk to Spur and Helical Gears in Commercial Vehicle Transmissions
Author: C.H. Wink
The risk of gear tooth scuffing in commercial vehicle transmissions has gained more attention because of
increasing demand for fuel-efficient powertrain systems in which diesel engines run at lower speeds, power
density is higher, and lubricants are modified to improve efficiency and compatibility with components of new
technologies, such as dual clutch transmissions. Thus, predicting scuffing risk during the design phase is vital for
the development of commercial vehicle transmissions. AGMA 925-A03 is a comprehensive method to predict the
probability of gear scuffing. Therefore, this paper presents the AGMA 925-A03 scuffing risk predictions for a
series of spur and helical gear sets in transmissions that are used in commercial vehicles ranging from SAE class
3 through class 8. Limiting scuffing temperatures of mineral and synthetic lubricants were determined from FZG
scuffing tests, dynamometer tests and field data. The agreement between prediction, test results and actual
usage can provide confidence in the predictor of scuffing risk of gears in commercial vehicle transmissions.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-013-1 Pages: 11
11FTM15. Micropitting - A Serious Damage? Testing, Standards and Practical Experience

Authors: B. Pinnekamp, T. Weiss and G. Steinberger
Micropitting is a surface fatigue phenomenon on highly loaded case hardened gear flanks. Main contributors are
local stress, surface roughness, sliding speed and lube oil properties. To determine the lube oil performance with
respect to micropitting, different test methods have been established in the past. Actual proposals are evaluated
for adopting suitable calculation methods for micropitting resistance to the ISO 6336 gear rating standards. But is
micropitting necessarily a damage in any case? Practical experience shows, that a certain level of micropitting is
actually acceptable, leading to even more favorable load distribution and can end up in a stable flank condition
performing without problems for the designed service live.
The paper describes testing, calculation approaches and application to practical cases with respect to
micropitting on wind turbine and high speed gears and perennial observations and experience.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-014-8 Pages: 15
11FTM16. Gear Lubrication - Stopping Micropitting by Using the Right Lubricant

Authors: M. Hochmann and H. Siebert
Micropitting is a type of fatigue failure occurring on hardened tooth flanks of highly loaded gears. This failure
consists of very small cracks and pores on the surface of tooth flanks. Micropitting looks greyish and causes
material loss and a change in the profile form of the tooth flanks, which can lead to pitting and breakdown of the
gears.
The formation of micropitting depends on different influences. Besides material, surface roughness, and
geometry of the tooth flanks, the lubricant and the operating conditions show a main influence on micropitting
formation.
The micropitting load-carrying capacity of gears can be calculated according to ISO/TR 15144-1, where the
influence of lubricant, operating conditions, and surface roughness is considered with the specific lubricant film
thickness. For this purpose, the specific lubricant film thickness of a practical gear is compared with a minimum
required specific lubricant film thickness. The latter is the specific film thickness where no micropitting risk is given
for a lubricant and can be determined by performing a micropitting test according to FVA 54/7. This test procedure

consists of a load stage test and an endurance test. Lubricants with a high micropitting load-carrying capacity
reach the failure criterion of a profile form deviation of 7.5 µm due to micropitting in load stage greater than or
equal to LS 10 of the load stage test. In the endurance test, a stagnation of micropitting formation compared with
the micropitting area at the end of the load stage test is preferred but not required.
In field applications, micropitting formation is often reported even though industrial gear oils with a high
micropitting load-carrying capacity are used. Such oils offer a good micropitting protection determined in the load
stage test, but with a low micropitting performance in the endurance test.
The aim of research is therefore the investigation whether a change from an oil with low micropitting
performance in the endurance test to an oil with high micropitting performance in the endurance test can stop the
micropitting formation.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-015-5 Pages: 11
11FTM17. Morphology of Micropitting

Author: R.L. Errichello
Micropitting occurs in gears and rolling-element bearings that operate in the mixed or micro EHL lubrication
regime. It manifests in many different ways depending on the loads, speeds, rolling and sliding velocities,
macrogeometry, surface topography, edge effects, metallurgy, and lubricant properties. The failure analyst must
discern whether the micropitting is a primary failure mode or a secondary failure that occurs because of prior
damage. Understanding the morphology of micropitting is the key to determining the primary failure mode and
root cause of failure.
Several examples of micropitting in gears and rolling-element bearings are presented to illustrate the
morphological variation that can occur in practice.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-016-2 Pages: 19
11FTM18. Longitudinal Tooth Contact Pattern Shift

Authors: J.B. Amendola, J.B. Amendola III, and D. Yatzook
After a period of operation turbo gears may exhibit a change in the tooth contact pattern, reducing full face width
contact, and thereby increasing the risk of tooth distress due to the decreased loaded area of the teeth.
The phenomena may or may not occur. In some units the shift is more severe than others and has been
observed in cases where there is as little as 50,000 hours of operation. In other cases there is no evidence of any
change for units in operation for more than 100,000 hours. This condition has been observed primarily in single
helical gears with low helix angles (10-13°). All recorded observations have been with case carburized hardened
and ground gear sets.
This paper describes the phenomena observed among some of many installed high speed gear units in field
operation that have been inspected. The authors have not found any written material describing this behavior and
upon further investigation suggest a possible cause. Left unchecked and without corrective action, this occurrence
may result in tooth breakage.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-017-9 Pages: 11
11FTM19. Convoloid® Gearing Technology - The Shape of the Future

Authors: B.E. Berlinger, Jr. and J. Colbourne
Since the invention of the involute curve and the application thereof to gearing, the world has embraced and
developed this type of gear tooth form to a very high degree of engineering and manufacturing excellence.
Improvements in recent years have been relatively modest, since this form has been so rigorously studied and
applied. The long term adoption of the involute is rooted in large part to the simplicity of its tools and field
operation. Straight sided tools and conjugacy, even with limited changes in center distance, were consistent with
the industrial revolution of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, and the mechanically based machine tools of these
ages. The recent ubiquitous nature of computers and CNC machinery exacerbates the cost effective freedom to
optimize many parameters affecting gear tooth forms.
Convoloid is a new gear tooth form capable of increasing torques 20% to 35% over those of conventionally
designed involute pairs. The form is computer optimized, is compatible with the world's existing capital asset
infrastructure, and mirrors the manufacturing sequences, processes and basic production costs of involute gears.
The result is a major enhancement in gear drive system power density and cost reduction for a given power
requirement. Convoloid gearing is totally scalable and is used in parallel axis helical, planetary, and other
configurations.
The design, rating (surface durability and bending), flash temperature analysis and other important performance
criteria for this technology along with the manufacturing and inspection protocols in keeping with AGMA and ISO
specifications will be discussed. Test results confirming many of the superior load carrying characteristics of this
tooth form will be presented. Side by side comparisons of involute versus Convoloid designs and test
performance results will be presented confirming the validity of the theory.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-018-6 Pages: 18

11FTM20. Case Study Involving Surface Durability and Improved Surface Finish
Authors: G. Blake and J. Reynolds
Gear tooth wear and micro-pitting is a very difficult phenomenon to predict analytically. The failure mode of
micro-pitting is closely correlated to the lambda ratio. Micropitting can be the limiting design parameter for long-
term durability. Also, the failure mode of micropitting can progress to wear or macropitting, and then manifest into
more severe failure modes such as bending. The results of a gearbox test and manufacturing process
development program will be presented to evaluate super finishing and its impact on micropitting.
Testing was designed using an existing aerospace two stage gearbox with a low lambda ratio. All gears were
carburized, ground and shot peened. Two populations were then created and tested. One population was finish
honed and the second was shot peened and isotropic super finished.
A standard qualification test was conducted for 150hrs at maximum continuous load. The honed gears
experienced micro and macro pitting during the test. The Isotropic Super Finishing (ISF) gears were also tested
for 150hr under the same loading. The ISF gears were absent of any surface distress. The ISF gears were further
subjected to a 2000hr endurance test. The ISF gears had less surface distress after 2000hr than the baseline
honed gears after 150hrs.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-019-3 Pages: 18
11FTM21. Gearbox Bearing Service Life - A Matter of Mastering Many Design Parameters
Author: H. Wendeberg
The service life of a gearbox is determined by many factors. The bearings in the gearbox play a major role since
they themselves deliver an important function, and in addition interact with the shafts, the casing and the oil.
Without a doubt, the sizing of the bearings is of great importance for the gearbox reliability. Since more than 50
years the bearing dynamic carrying capacity has been used to determine a suitable size needed to deliver a
sufficient fatigue life – but despite the advanced calculation methods developed, the methods do not fully predict
service life. Producers of high quality bearings have introduced high performance class bearings and, lacking
better ways to express the improved performance, this is only represented by increased dynamic carrying
capacity.
The availability of high-strength shaft materials in combination with bearings with high carrying capacity allows
slimmer shafts to be used. The modulus of elasticity remains the same, so seat design for bearings and gears
must be given close attention.
This paper covers the following: sizing of bearings based on dynamic carrying capacity and how this relates to
service life; how the design of the interface between bearing and shafts should be adapted to modern shaft
materials; how the design of the interface between bearing and gearbox casing influences service life of the
gearbox; and influence of modern electric motor speed controls in bearing type selection.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-020-9 Pages: 17
11FTM22. Bearing Contribution to Gearbox Efficiency and Thermal Rating: How Bearing Design Can Improve the
Performance of a Gearbox
Author: A. Doyer
Gearbox efficiency is a topic of rising interest amongst both OEM and end-users due to an increased sensitivity
to gearbox performance, reliability, total cost of ownership (energy cost), overall impact on the environment, and
also anticipating future regulations.
In a gearbox there are difference sources of losses: gear, lubrication, seal and bearing loss. The use of modern
simulation tools makes easier the evaluation of losses in various load case conditions. It has been demonstrated
that the contribution of bearing loss on the system efficiency is dependent on the load cases. Even if the bearing
is by far not the primary source of losses, the optimization of the bearing set can significantly improve gearbox
performance. Simulation of a single stage gearbox using tapered roller bearings shows that the running
temperature of the gearbox can be reduced up to 10C, by using latest bearing generation. Such a saving could
improve the thermal rating of the gearbox by up to 30%. Experiments also demonstrated that different design of
tapered roller bearing shows significant variation in friction performance.
Having proper bearing design can significantly improve the performance of a gear unit: by a lower running
temperature, by improving lubricant life, potentially simplified lubrication system, and consequently reduced
running cost.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-022-3 Pages: 12
11FTM23. Integration of Case Hardening Into the Manufacturing-Line: “One Piece Flow”
Authors: V. Heuer, K. Löser, G. Schmitt and K. Ritter
For decades the gear industry has addressed the challenge to produce high performance components in a cost-
efficient manner. To meet quality-specifications the components need to be heat treated, which traditionally takes
place in a central hardening shop. However this separation between machining and heat treatment results in high
costs for transportation and logistics within the production-plant. Therefore for many years it has been being
discussed how to integrate heat treatment into the manufacturing line.
For about 10 years it has been possible to integrate heat treatment into the machining facility by applying the
technology of Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) and High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ). The components are

collected after soft-machining into big batches and treated with LPC- and HPGQ-technology. This means however
that the heat treatment is not synchronized with soft- and hard-machining since the components must be collected
in buffers before heat treatment and must be singularized again after heat treatment.
In order to totally integrate heat treatment into the manufacturing line and in order to synchronize heat-treatment
with machining, a new heat treatment cell has been developed. Following the philosophy of “One Piece Flow” the
parts are: taken one by one from the soft machining unit; then heat treated in time with the cycle-time of soft
machining (“synchronized heat treatment”) and then passed down one-by-one to the hard machining unit. To
allow for rapid case hardening, the components are low pressure carburized at high temperatures (1050°C)
followed by gas quenching.
In addition to the cost-savings for logistics, the new concept in equipment offers the following advantages:
individual processes customized for each gear-component; homogenous and quick heating of the components
and therefore low spread of distortion; homogenous and controllable gas quenching and therefore low spread of
distortion; environmentally friendly carburizing and quenching; and compact and space-saving heat treat unit.
The paper shows first results achieved with the new process technology applied in the new heat treatment cell.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-023-0 Pages: 12
11FTM24. Induction Hardening of Gears with Superior Quality and Flexibility Using Simultaneous Dual Frequency
(SDF®)
Authors: C. Krause, F. Biasutti, and M. Davis
Induction hardening of gear teeth is well known for its challenges, but also for its potential for improved quality
and process control. For complex geometric parts like gears, the power density and induction frequency need to
be adjusted very precisely to achieve the required hardening pattern. Since 1940s it is known that working with
two simultaneous frequencies (1-15 kHz and 200-20000 kHz) is the optimal way to heat a geared part to
hardening temperature. The key point in this process is that the medium frequency (about 10 kHz) affects
primarily the tooth root and the high frequency affects first of all the tip of the tooth and the flanks. The right
combination of the power densities of medium- and high frequency energy values and the heating time are the
crucial factors to reach a contour true heating pattern and, thereby, a contour true hardening pattern.
The authors will describe the state of the art of induction hardening of gears with simultaneous dual frequency
using some examples of use and present the possibilities to manipulate the hardening pattern in a positive way for
different gear geometries.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-024-7 Pages: 8
11FTM25. Controlling Gear Distortion and Residual Stresses During Induction Hardening
Authors: Z. Li and B.L. Ferguson
Induction hardening is widely used in both automotive and aerospace gear industries to reduce distortion and
obtain favorable residual stresses. The heating process during induction hardening has a significant effect on the
quality of the heat-treated parts, but the importance of the quench portion of the process often receives less
attention. However, experiences have shown that the cooling rate, cooling fixture design and cooling duration can
significantly affect the quality of the hardened parts in terms of distortion, residual stresses, as well as the
possibility of cracking. DANTE is commercial heat treatment software based on finite element method. In this
paper, DANTE is used to study an induction hardening process for a helical ring gear made of AISI 5130 steel.
Prior to induction hardening, the helical gear is gas carburized and cooled at a controlled cooling rate. In this
study, two induction frequencies in sequential order are used to heat the gear tooth. After induction heating, the
gear is spray quenched using a polymer/water solution. By designing the spray nozzle configuration to quench the
gear surfaces with different cooling rates, the distortion and residual stresses of the gear can be controlled. The
crown and unwind distortions of the gear tooth are predicted and compared for different quenching process
designs. The study also demonstrates the importance of the spray duration on the distortion and residual stresses
of the quenched gear.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-025-4 Pages: 12
11FTM26. Atmosphere Furnace Heating Systems

Author: J.W. Gottschalk
A detailed evaluation of furnace heating systems is presented. Topics of discussion include application
guidelines for both gas fired and electrically heated furnaces. Heating system selection considers operating
temperature, processing atmosphere and heating method (radiant or convective heating) along with heating
system orientation within the furnace chamber.
The evaluation consists of a comparison of operating costs, environmental considerations and lifetime
maintenance costs of the various systems. Systems to be evaluated consist of alloy radiant tubes (single ended,
U-tube, etc.), ceramic radiant tubes (single ended and U-tubes) and a variety of electrical element designs. Actual
case studies of the various heating systems are presented with respect to maintenance and operating costs.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-026-1 Pages: 8

11FTM27. Manufacturing and Processing of a New Class of Vacuum- Carburized Gear Steels with Very High
Hardenability
Authors: C.P. Kern, J.A. Wright, J.T. Sebastian, J.L. Grabowski, D.F. Jordan and T.M. Jones
Ferrium C61 and C64 are new secondary-hardening steels that provide superior mechanical properties versus
9310, 8620, Pyrowear Alloy 53 and other steels typically used for power transmission, such as significantly higher
core tensile strength, fracture toughness, fatigue strength and thermal stability (i.e. tempering temperature). One
recent example of their application is the application of C61 to the forward rotor shaft of CH-47 Chinook
helicopter, in order to reduce the weight of the shaft by 15-25% and provide other benefits.
This paper reviews the significant manufacturing and processing benefits that arise from this new class of
secondary-hardening steels, and analyze the potential implications and opportunities. C61 and C64 were
computationally designed to take advantage of high-temperature, low-pressure (i.e. vacuum) carburization
technology, in part by combining carburizing and austenizing steps as well as being designed to have very high
hardenability. The very high hardenability of these steels permits a mild gas quench subsequent to low-pressure
vacuum carburizing and reduces part distortion, thus reducing grind stock removal, simplifying final machining and
heat treat operations. A framework analysis is used to compare total manufacturing/production costs and impacts
(including environmental) of these new steels versus traditional gear steels. Conclusions and recommendations
are drawn regarding best manufacturing practices and appropriate use of these new steels for product
applications.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-027-8 Pages: 14
11FTM28. Simulation of Wear for High Contact Ratio Gear - A Mixed FE and Analytical Approach
Authors: G. Venkatesan, M. Rameshkumar and P. Sivakumar
High contact ratio gears offer high load carrying capacity and increased life with less volume and weight. Gear
tooth wear of high contact ratio gears is of great importance as excessive wear is characterized by loss of tooth
profile and thickness, which might result in higher dynamic gear mesh and tooth forces. Surface wear changes not
only the contact pattern and load distribution, but also the vibration and noise characteristics of the gear system.
This paper deals with the simulation of wear for high contact ratio (HCR) and normal contact ratio (NCR) gears
using a Mixed Finite Element (FE) and analytical approach. A numerical model for wear prediction of gear pair is
developed. The methodology employs single point, observation-based gear contact mechanics in conjunction with
the Archard's wear formulation to predict the tooth wear in spur gears. The contact pressure and loads are
determined using a FE approach in which a two dimensional deformable body contact model of HCR and NCR
gears is analyzed in ANSYS software, and ANSYS Parametric Design language (APDL) is used for capturing the
load sharing ratio and contact stress variation on the complete mesh cycle of the gear pair. A MATLAB code
program is developed to determine the sliding velocities, equivalent contact radius and contact width along the
path of contact for both HCR and NCR gears. The contact loads and pressures obtained using FEM are used for
predicting the wear depth for NCR and HCR gear pair.
ISBN: 1-978-61481-021-6 Pages: 12
2010 PAPERS
10FTM01. Complete Machining of Gear Blank and Gear Teeth
Author: C. Kobialka
Demands for increased throughput, with smaller lot sizes at lower cost have led to the development of an
innovative approach to machining both: the gear bland and gear teeth on a single machine.
This paper will concentrate on the potentials and risks of combined process machines what are capable of
turning, hobbing, drilling, milling, chamfering and deburring of cylindrical gears. The same machine concept can
be used for singular operations of each manufacturing technology on the same design concept. This leads to
reduced amounts of different spare parts, increases achievable workpiece quality and harmonizes on common
user friendliness. In the end the economic potential of combined process technology and a vision for integrated
heat treatment is shown.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-976-9 Pages: 8
10FTM02. Improving Heat Treating Flexibility for Wind Turbine Gear Systems Through Carburizing, Quenching and
Material Handling Alternatives
Author: W. Titus
Part handling and processes for heat treating large gears have created challenges for decades. Growth in wind
energy technology has focused more attention on this issue in recent years. The vast majority of installations
processing such large parts utilize conventional methods via pit furnace systems. Such equipment has inherent
limitations with respect to quench flow and part handling, making true improvements in areas such as distortion
control difficult due to physical limitations of this processing approach. This presentation will explain alternative
methods for heat treating large components that allow part distortion to be minimized. Benefits will be quantified
regarding cost savings to produce such gearing and quality.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-977-6 Pages: 19

10FTM03. A Novel Approach to the Refurbishment of Wind Turbine Gears

Authors: M. Michaud, G.J. Sroka and R.E. Benson
Multi-megawatt wind turbine gearboxes operate under demanding environmental conditions including
considerable variation in temperature, wind speed, and air quality. It is not uncommon for gearboxes rated for a
maintenance free 20-year lifespan to fail after only a few years. These gearboxes experience several types of
repairable damage including micropitting or “gray staining", abrasive wear, foreign object debris (FOD) damage,
surface corrosion and fretting corrosion. Wear is greatest on the input stage, especially on the sun pinion gear.
Historically, grinding is utilized to refurbish these damaged gears. However, there are numerous drawbacks
including but not limited to high capital investment and the extraordinary amount of time and skill involved in the
grinding process. Moreover, nitrided gears cannot be ground and must be scrapped. However, chemically
accelerated vibratory finishing, or isotropic superfinishing (ISF), represents a value adding, low-cost option for
refurbishing both case carburized and nitrided gears. Isotropic superfinishing removes light to moderate gear flank
surface damage. The result is a surface with a non-directional pattern with a roughness of approximately 0.08 mm
or less. Moreover, evidence suggests that isotropic superfinishing imparts a finish that increases gear durability
and service life in the field. A case study on a sun pinion gear is presented.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-978-3 Pages: 10
10FTM04. Low Distortion Heat Treatment of Transmission Components

Authors: V. Heuer, K. Löser, D.R. Faron and D. Bolton
In many applications the high demands regarding service life of transmission components can be reached only
by the application of a customized case hardening. This case hardening process results in a wear resistant
surface-layer in combination with a tough core of the component. However as a side-effect the components get
distorted during heat treatment. This distortion has a significant cost-impact, because distorted components often
need to be hard-machined after heat treatment. Therefore the proper control of distortion is an important measure
to minimize production costs.
By applying the technology of low pressure carburizing (LPC) and high pressure gas quenching (HPGQ) heat
treat distortion can be significantly reduced. HPGQ provides a very uniform heat transfer coefficient. The
predictability of movement during quenching is more certain and uniform throughout the load. Further
improvements can be achieved by “Dynamic Quenching" processes where the quenching severity is varied during
the quench sequence by step control of the gas velocity. Proper fixturing is another factor for distortion control.
Modern CFC-materials (carbon reinforced carbon) are well suited as fixture-material for gas quenching.
The paper presents how LPC and HPGQ processes are successfully applied on internal ring gears for a 6
speed automatic transmission. The specific challenge in the heat treat process was to reduce distortion in such a
way that subsequent machining operations are entirely eliminated. As a result of extensive development in the
quenching process and the use of specialized CFC- fixtures it was possible to meet the design metrological
requirements.
The Internal ring gears addressed in this report have been in continuous production since 2006. Subsequent
testing and monitoring over a two year period progressively demonstrated that consistent metrology was achieved
and quality inspection was reduced accordingly.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-979-0 Pages: 16
10FTM05. Comparison of the AGMA and FEA Calculations of Gears and Gearbox Components Applied in the
Environment of Small Gear Company
Author: V. Kirov
The current AGMA standards provide a lot of information about the calculations of loose gears and gearbox
components – shafts, splines, keys, etc. These recommendations are based mostly on the “traditional" methods of
mechanical engineering, found in many classical textbooks and research papers. Their accuracy and reliability
have been proven in many years of gearbox design and field tests. They are clear, concise, in most cases easy to
program and apply even by a small gear company with limited resources. However new methods for calculations
of mechanical engineering components like FEA (finite element analysis) are becoming wide spread. Once these
techniques were used only by big companies because of their complexity and price but with the development of
the computer technology they become more and more accessible to small gear companies which are the majority
of participants in the market.
Nowadays, in the gear business, even a small gear company is usually in possession of a modern CAD system
which always includes a basic or advanced FEA package. Such CAD systems are most often run by one gear
engineer who makes 3D models, engineering calculations and production drawings. The level of the FEA
packages is such that it allows the gear engineer to be able to do components calculations without deep
knowledge in the FEA itself.
So the question about the effectiveness of the traditional AGMA calculations and the new FEA methods
becomes of vital importance particularly for small firms.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-980-6 Pages: 9

10FTM06. Finite Element Analysis of High Contact Ratio Gear

Authors: M. Rameshkumar, G. Venkatesan and P. Sivakumar
Modern day vehicles demand higher load carrying capacity with less installed volume and weight. The gears
used in the vehicles should also have lesser noise and vibration. Even though helical gears will meet the
requirement, they are prone for additional axial thrust problem. High contact ratio (HCR) is one such gearing
concept used for achieving high load carrying capacity with less volume and weight. Contact ratio greater than 2.0
in HCR gearing results in lower bending and contact stresses. Previously published literature deal with studies on
various parameters affecting performance of HCR gears but a comparison of HCR and normal contact ratio
(NCR) gears with same module and center distance has not been carried out so for. This paper deals with finite
element analysis of HCR,NCR gears with same module, center distance and the comparison of bending, contact
stress for both HCR, NCR gears. A two dimensional deformable body contact model of HCR and NCR gears is
analyzed in ANSYS software. ANSYS Parametric Design language (APDL) is used for studying the bending and
contact stress variation on complete mesh cycle of the gear pair for identical load conditions. The study involves
design, modeling, meshing and post processing of HCR and NCR gears using single window modeling concept to
avoid contact convergence and related numerical problems.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-981-3 Pages: 12
10FTM07. A New Statistical Model for Predicting Tooth Engagement and Load Sharing in Involute Splines
Authors: J. Silvers, C.D. Sorensen and K.W. Chase
Load-sharing among the teeth of involute splines is little understood. Designers typically assume only a fraction
of the teeth are engaged and distribute the load uniformly over the assumed number of engaged teeth. This
procedure can widely over- or underestimate tooth loads.
A new statistical model for involute spline tooth engagement has been developed and presented earlier, which
takes into account the random variation of gear manufacturing processes. It predicts the number of teeth engaged
and percent of load carried by each tooth pair. Tooth-to-tooth variations cause the clearance between each pair of
mating teeth to vary randomly, resulting in a sequential, rather than simultaneous tooth engagement. The
sequence begins with the tooth pair with the smallest clearance and proceeds to pick up additional teeth as the
load is increased to the maximum applied load. The new model can predict the number of teeth in contact and the
load share for each at any load increment.
This report presents an extension of the new sequential engagement model, which more completely predicts the
variations in the engagement sequence for a set of spline assemblies. A statistical distribution is derived for each
tooth in the sequence, along with its mean, standard deviation and skewness. Innovative techniques for
determining the resulting statistical distributions are described. The results of an in-depth study are also
presented, which verify the new statistical model. Monte Carlo Simulation of spline assemblies with random errors
was performed and the results compared to the closed-form solution. Extremely close agreement was found. The
new approach shows promise for providing keener insights into the performance of spline couplings and will serve
as an effective tool in the design of power transmission systems.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-982-0 Pages: 17
10FTM08. Calculation of Load Distribution in Planetary Gears for an Effective Gear Design Process
Authors: T. Schulze, C. Hartmann-Gerlach, B. Schlecht
The design of gears - especially planetary gears - can just be carried out by the consideration of influences of
the whole drive train and the analysis of all relevant machine elements. In this case the gear is more than the sum
of its machine elements. Relevant interactions need to be considered under real conditions. The standardized
calculations are decisive for the safe dimensioning of the machine elements with the consideration of realistic load
assumptions. But they need to be completed by extended analysis of load distribution, flank pressure, root stress,
transmission error and contact temperature.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-983-7 Pages: 11
10FTM09. Reverse Engineering

Author: C.D. Schultz
As America's manufacturing base has contracted the need for reverse engineering has grown. Well established
suppliers have disappeared, often leaving customers with no source of spare parts or technical support. Over time
certain pieces of equipment require changes to output speeds or power levels and new parts have to be
designed, built, and installed. And unfortunately, some pieces of equipment don't measure up to the demands
they are subjected to and need redesign or improvement. In many ways, reverse engineering is just as
demanding a discipline as original product development with many of the same challenges but plus the additional
restrictions of fitting inside of an existing envelope.
The typical reverse engineering project begins with very limited information on the existing piece of equipment.
This paper will describe a methodology for the reliable measurement, evaluation, re-design, and manufacture of
replacement parts for gearboxes and industrial machinery. A step-by-step example will be provided.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-984-4 Pages: 9

10FTM10. Evaluation of Methods for Calculating Effects of Tip Relief on Transmission Error, Noise and Stress in
Loaded Spur Gears
Author: D. Palmer and M. Fish
The connection between transmission error and noise and vibration during operation has long been established.
Calculation methods have developed to describe the influence such that it is possible to evaluate the relative
effect of applying a specific modification at the design stage. The calculations can allow the designer to minimize
the excitation from the gear pair engagement at a specific load. This paper explains the theory behind
transmission error and the reasoning behind the method of applying the modifications through mapping the
surface profiles and deducing the load sharing. It can be used to explain the results of later experimental
validation on various types of tip relief in low contact ratio (LCR) gears, from very long to very short. The paper will
also demonstrate that though the effects of modification in any specific case can be modeled with some certainty,
the same modifying strategy cannot be applied universally but must consider the required operating conditions. It
illustrates that the effect of tip relief on transmission error and load sharing is not a black art but can be fully
explained by applying existing theory.
A study of high contact ratio (HCR) gears will be presented to demonstrate why it is often necessary to apply
different amounts and extents of tip relief in such designs, and how these modifications affect load sharing and
highest point of tooth loading. Specific attention will be paid to the phenomenon of extended contact, where if no
modification or insufficient tip relief is applied, contact does not stop at the end of active profile but continues
beyond this point as the gear rotates resulting in contact on the tip. This effectively increases contact ratio and
has implications for the tooth load and in particular how this may affect the loading position, highest point of single
tooth contact (HPSTC), which is relevant to both ISO and AGMA standard rating. The paper will consider 3
methods commonly employed in the industry; a simple 2D mapping procedure carried out on graph paper, a 3D
linear tooth stiffness computation method, and a 3D finite element analysis (FEA) calculation. The paper will
demonstrate that though in some cases these methods can produce similar results, albeit with varying degrees of
accuracy, further examples will be presented which demonstrate behavior which can only be detected using some
of the more complex analysis methods. The commercial viability of implementing a better quality models against
the time constraints in the development process will be discussed and conclusions drawn.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-985-1 Pages: 15
10FTM11. Point-Surface-Origin, PSO, Macropitting Caused by Geometric Stress Concentration, GSC

Authors: R.L. Errichello, C. Hewette, and R. Eckert
Point-Surface-Origin, PSO, macropitting occurs at sites of Geometric Stress Concentration, GSC, such as
discontinuities in the gear tooth profile caused by micropitting, cusps at the intersection of the involute profile and
the trochoidal root fillet, and at edges of prior tooth damage such as tip-to-root interference. When the profile
modifications in the form of tip relief, root relief, or both are inadequate to compensate for deflection of the gear
mesh, tip-to-root interference occurs. The interference can occur at either end of the path of contact, but the
damage is usually more severe near the start-of-active-profile, SAP, of the driving gear.
An FZG-C gearset (with no profile modifications) was tested at load stage 9 and three pinion teeth failed by PSO
macropitting. It is shown that the root cause of the PSO macropitting was GSC created by tip-to-root interference.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-986-8 Pages: 11
10FTM12. Flank Load Carrying Capacity and Power Loss Reduction by Minimized Lubrication
Authors: B.-R. Höhn, K. Michaelis and H.-P. Otto
The lubrication of gears has two major functions: Reducing friction and wear as well as dissipating heat. The
power losses, especially the no-load losses, decrease with decreasing immersion depth using dip lubrication. The
load-dependent gear power losses are nearly unaffected by minimized lubrication. However, the gear bulk
temperatures rise dramatically by using minimized lubrication due to a lack of heat dissipation.
With minimized lubrication the scuffing load carrying capacity decreased by up to more than60%compared to
rich lubrication conditions. The dominating influence of the bulk temperature is therefore very clear. Starved
lubrication leads to more frequent metal - to contact and the generation of high local flash temperatures must be
considered. An additional factor for the scuffing load carrying capacity calculation in case of minimized lubrication
conditions is proposed.
Concerning pitting damage test runs showed that by lowering the oil level the load cycles without pitting damage
decreased by approximately 50% up to 75% for minimized lubrication compared to the results with rich lubrication
conditions. The allowable contact stress is clearly reduced (up to 30%) by minimized lubrication. A reduced oil film
thickness as a consequence of increased bulk temperatures results in more frequent metal-to-metal contacts
causing a higher surface shear stress. In combination with a decreased material strength due to a possible
tempering effect at high bulk temperatures the failure risk of pitting damage is clearly increased. The common
pitting load carrying capacity calculation algorithms according to DIN/ISO are only valid for moderate oil
temperatures and rich lubrication conditions. For increased thermal conditions, the reduction of the pitting
endurance level at increased gear bulk temperatures can be approximated with the method of Knauer (FZG TU
München, 1988). An advanced calculation algorithm for pitting load carrying capacity calculation at high gear bulk
temperatures (valid for high oil temperatures as well as for minimized lubrication) is proposed.

The micropitting risk was increased by low oil levels, especially at high loads and during the endurance test.
The micropitting damage is caused by poor lubrication conditions which are characterized by a too low relative oil
film thickness due to high bulk temperatures. Again, the actual bulk temperatures are of major significance for
calculation of the micropitting load carrying capacity.
The wear rate of the gears is almost unaffected by the oil level. Only a slight increase of wear could be observed
with minimized lubrication. This increase can be explained by the higher bulk temperature of the gears running
under minimized lubrication conditions. The investigations showed that there exists a natural limitation for
lowering the oil quantity in transmissions without detrimental influence on the load carrying capacity. Knowing
these limitations enables the user to determine the possible potential benefits of reduced oil lubrication. The
correct prediction of the actual gear bulk temperatures is of major importance in this context. A method for the
estimation of the gear bulk temperature at reduced immersion depth respectively poor lubrication conditions is
proposed.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-987-5 Pages: 15
10FTM13. Gear Design for Wind Turbine Gearboxes to Avoid Tonal Noise According to ISO/IEC 61400-11
Author: J. Litzba
Present wind turbine gearbox design usually includes one or two planetary gear stages and at least one high
speed helical gear stage, which play an important role regarding noise and vibration behavior. Next to the overall
noise of the gearbox and the structure-born noise on the gearbox housing also tonal noise is becoming a much
more important issue in recent years. Since tonal noise is problematic due to the human perception as
“uncomfortable", avoidance is important. Conventional theories regarding low noise gear design are not
developed in view of tonal noise. This leads to the question: How to deal with tonal noise in the design stage and
which gear parameters can be used for an optimization regarding good tonal noise behavior?
Within a research project measurements have been performed on different gearboxes using different gear
designs. These measurements have been evaluated according to ISO/IEC 61400-11 and the results have been
analyzed in view of the influence of different gear parameters. It was also investigated if it is possible to rank
gearboxes in wind turbines according to their tonal noise behavior as observed on the test rig.
The paper will give an introduction into the definition of tonal noise according to ISO/IEC 61400-11 and give
insight in measurement results from test rigs and from gearboxes in the field, where noise behavior is also
evaluated according to ISO/IEC 61400-11. Furthermore, the paper will show and discuss the link between
measurement results and different gear parameters, which are affecting tonal noise behavior. In addition
simulation results will be presented, showing how tonal noise can be estimated within the design stage using
state-of-the–art calculation software.
The paper will give recommendations regarding a gear design process that is considering tonal noise in the
design stage and will compare an, regarding tonal noise, improved gear set with an older one.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-988-2 Pages: 19
10FTM14. Analysis and Testing of Gears with Asymmetric Involute Tooth Form and Optimized Fillet Form for
Potential Application in Helicopter Main Drives
Authors: F.W. Brown, S.R. Davidson, D.B. Hanes, D.J. Weires and A. Kapelevich
Gears with an asymmetric involute gear tooth form were analyzed to determine their bending and contact
stresses relative to symmetric involute gear tooth designs which are representative of helicopter main drive gears.
Asymmetric and baseline (symmetric) toothed gear test specimens were designed, fabricated and tested to
experimentally determine their single-tooth bending fatigue strength and scuffing resistance. Also, gears with an
analytically optimized root fillet form were tested to determine their single-tooth bending fatigue characteristics
relative to baseline specimens with a circular root fillet form. Test results demonstrated higher bending fatigue
strength for both the asymmetric tooth form and optimized fillet form compared to baseline designs. Scuffing
resistance was significantly increased for the asymmetric tooth form compared to a conventional symmetric
involute tooth design.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-989-9 Pages: 15
10FTM15. Drive Line Analysis for Tooth Contact Optimization of High Power Spiral Bevel Gears
Authors: J. Rontu, G. Szanti and E. Mäsä
It is a common practice in high power gear design to apply relieves to tooth flanks. They are meant to prevent
stress concentration near the tooth edges. Gears with crownings have point contact without load. When load is
applied, instantaneous contact turns from point into a Hertzian contact ellipse. The contact area grows and
changes location as load increases. To prevent edge contact, gear designer has to choose suitable relieves
considering contact indentations as well as relative displacements of gear members. In the majority of spiral bevel
gears spherical crownings are used. The contact pattern is set to the center of active tooth flank and the extent of
crownings is determined by experience. Feedback from service, as well as from full torque bench tests of
complete gear drives have shown that this conventional design practice leads to loaded contact patterns, which
are rarely optimal in location and extent. Too large relieves lead to small contact area and increased stresses and
noise; whereas too small relieves result in a too sensitive tooth contact.

Today it is possible to use calculative methods to predict the relative displacements of gears under operating
load and conditions. Displacements and deformations originating from shafts, bearings and housing are
considered. Shafts are modeled based on beam theory. Bearings are modeled as 5-DOF supports with non-linear
stiffness in all directions. Housing deformations are determined by FEM-analysis and taken into account as
translations and rotations of bearing outer rings. The effect of temperature differences, bearing preload and
clearances are also incorporated.
With the help of loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA), it is possible to compensate for these displacements and
determine a special initial contact position that will lead to well centered full torque contact utilizing a reasonably
large portion of the available tooth flank area. At the same time, crownings can be scaled to the minimum
necessary amount. This systematic approach leads to minimum tooth stressing, lower noise excitation as well as
increased reliability and/or power density as compared to conventional contact design method.
During recent years ATA Gears Ltd. has gained comprehensive know-how and experience in such analyses and
advanced contact pattern optimization. The methodology and calculation models have been verified in numerous
customer projects and case studies.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-990-5 Pages: 14
10FTM16. Analysis of Load Distribution in Planet-Gear Bearings

Authors: L. Mignot, L. Bonnard and V. Abousleiman
In epicyclic gear sets aimed at aeronautical applications, planet-gears are generally supported by spherical
roller bearings with bearing outer race being integral to the gear hub. This paper presents a new method to
compute roller load distribution in such bearings where the outer ring can't be considered rigid. Based on well
known Harris method, a modified formulation enables to account for centrifugal effects due to planet-carrier
rotation and to assess roller loads at any position throughout the rotation cycle. New model load distribution
predictions show discrepancies with results presented by Harris, but are well correlated with 1D and 3D Finite
Element Models. Several results validate the use of simplified analytical models to assess the roller load
distribution instead of more time consuming Finite element Models. The effects of centrifugal effects due to
planet-carrier rotation on roller loads are also analyzed. Finally the impact of the positions of rollers relative to the
gear mesh forces on the load distribution is shown.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-991-2 Pages: 11
10FTM17. Self-Locking Gears: Design and Potential Applications

Authors: A.L. Kapelevich and E. Taye
In most of the gear drives, when the driving torque is suddenly reduced as a result of power off, torsional
vibration, power outage or any mechanical failure at the transmission input side, then gears will be rotating either
in the same direction driven by the system inertia, or in the opposite direction driven by the resistant output load
due to gravity, spring load, etc. The latter condition is known as backdriving. During inertial motion or backdriving,
the driven output shaft (load) becomes the driving one and the driving input shaft (load) becomes the driven one.
There are many gear drive applications where the output shaft driving is less desirable. In order to prevent it,
different types of brake or clutch devices are used. However, there are also solutions in gear transmission that
prevent inertial motion or backdriving using self-locking gears without any additional devices. The most common
one is a worm gear with a low lead angle. In self-locking worm gears, torque applied from the load side (worm
gear) is blocked, i.e. cannot drive the worm. However, their application comes with some limitations: the crossed
axis shafts' arrangement, relatively high gear ratio, low speed, low gear mesh efficiency, increased heat
generation, etc.
The paper describes the design approach as well as potential applications of the parallel axis self-locking gears.
These gears, unlike the worm gears don't have such application limitations. They can utilize any gear ratio from
1:1 and higher. They can be external, internal, or incorporated into the planetary gear stage or multistage gear
system. Their gear mesh efficiency is significantly higher than the worm gears and closer to conventional gears.
As a result they generate less heat. The self-locking can be designed to prevent either the inertia driving, or
backdriving, or both. The paper explains the principle of the self-locking process for gears with symmetric and
asymmetric teeth profile, and shows their suitability for different applications. It defines the main parameters of
gear geometry and operating conditions. It also describes potential self-locking gear applications and references
to related publications.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-992-9 Pages: 8

2009 PAPERS
09FTM01. Influence of the Residual Stresses Induced by Hard Finishing Processes on the Running Behavior of
Gears
Authors: V. Vasiliou, C. Gorgels and F. Klocke
Low noise and high load carrying capacity are two important characteristics of competitive power transmissions.
The challenge in the development, design and manufacturing of these power transmissions is to meet these
requirements economically. One of the ways to meet both of these requirements is through a process known as
hard finishing. There are various types of hard finishing and it is important to know which process produces which
requirement.
The aim of this research project is to induce residual stresses in the edge of the work pieces by different hard
finishing processes and to analyze their influence on the durability of the gears. The tested gears are
manufactured by profile grinding, gear honing and generating grinding. The gear deviations and the finish quality
have to be comparable. Through this the influence of the residual stresses on the durability can be analyzed
independent from the geometrical conditions. The presentation will show the results of the load carrying capacity
tests depending on the values of the residual stresses.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-954-7 Pages: 11
09FTM02. Implementing ISO 18653, Evaluation of Instruments for the Measurement of Gears
Authors: R.C. Frazer and S.J. Wilson
A trial test of the calibration procedures outlined in ISO 18653, Gears - Evaluation of instruments for the
measurement of individual gears, showed that the results are reasonable, but a minor change to the uncertainty
formula is recommended.
Gear measuring machine calibration methods are reviewed. The benefits from using work-piece like artifacts
are discussed and a procedure for implementing the standard in the work place is presented.
Problems with applying the standard to large gear measuring machines are considered and some
recommendations are offered.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-955-2 Pages: 15
09FTM03. Producing Profile and Lead Modifications in Threaded Wheel and Profile Grinding
Author: A. Türich
Modern gear boxes are characterized by high torque load demands, low running noise, and compact design. In
order to fulfill these demands, profile and lead modifications are being applied more and more. The main reason
for the application of profile and or lead modification is to compensate for the deformation of the teeth due to load,
thus ensuring proper meshing of the teeth which will result in optimized tooth contact pattern.
This paper will focus on how to produce profile and lead modifications by using the two most common grinding
processes, threaded wheel and profile grinding. In addition, more difficult modifications, such as defined flank
twist or topological flank corrections, will also be described in this paper.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-956-1 Pages: 16
09FTM04. New Developments in Gear Hobbing

Author: O. Winkel
Several innovations have been introduced to the gear manufacturing industry in the past few years. In the case
of gear hobbing, dry cutting technology and the ability to do it with powder-metallurgical HSS-materials might be
two of the most impressive ones. But the technology is still moving forward. The aim of this paper is to present
recent developments in the field of gear hobbing, focusing on innovations regarding tool materials, process
technology and process integration.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-957-8 Pages: 18
09FTM05. HYPOLOID™ Gears with Small Shaft Angles and Zero to Large Offsets
Author: H. Stadtfeld
Beveloid gears are used to accommodate a small shaft angle. The manufacturing technology used for beveloid
gearing is a special set up of cylindrical gear cutting and grinding machines.
A new development, called Hypoloid gearing, addresses the desire of gear manufacturers for more freedom in
shaft angles. Hypoloid gear sets can realize shaft angles between zero and 20 and at the same time allow a
second shaft angle (or an offset) in space which provides the freedom to connect two points in space.
In all wheel driven vehicles that traditionally use a transfer case with a pinion/idler/gear arrangement or a chain,
the exit of the transfer case needs to be connected with the front axle. This connection necessitates the use of
two CV joints, because the front axle input point has a vertical offset and is shifted sideways with respect to the
transfer case exit. Compared to a single CV joint, the two CV connections are more costly and less efficient.
However, the newly developed Hypoloids can remedy the situation by offering more freedom in shaft angle and
additional offset which eliminates the need for an additional CV joint. Moreover, the Hypoloid technology offers
enhanced performance compared to beveloids with straight teeth. In addition to the automotive drive trains,
Hypoloid technology can be applied to aircraft as well as general gearbox manufacturing.

ISBN: 978-1-55589-958-5 Pages: 15
09FTM06. Dependency of the Peak-to-Peak Transmission Error on the Type of Profile Correction and Transverse
Contact Ratio of the Gear Pair
Author: U. Kissling
Profile corrections on gears are a commonly used method to reduce transmission error, contact shock, and
scoring risk. There are different types of profile corrections. It is a known fact, that the type of profile correction
used will have a strong influence on the resulting transmission error. The degree of this influence may be
determined by calculating tooth loading during mesh. The current method for this calculation is very complicated
and time consuming; however, a new approach has been developed which could reduce the calculation time.
This approach uses an algorithm which includes the conventional method for calculating tooth stiffness in
regards to bending and shearing deformation, flattening due to Hertzian pressure, and tilting of the tooth in the
gear body. The new method was tested by comparing its results with FEM and LVR.
This paper illustrates and discusses the results of this study. Furthermore the maximum local power losses are
compared with the scoring safety calculated following the flash temperature criteria of AGMA 925 and DIN 3990.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-959-2 Pages: 19
09FTM07. Optimizing Gear Geometry for Minimum Transmission Error, Mesh Friction Losses and Scuffing Risk
Authors: R.C. Frazer, B.A. Shaw, D. Palmer and M. Fish
Minimizing gear mesh friction losses is important if plant operating costs and environmental impact are to be
minimized. This paper describes how a validated 3D FEA and TCA can be used to optimize cylindrical gears for
low friction losses without compromising noise and power density. Some case studies are presented and generic
procedures for minimizing losses are proposed. Future development and further validation work is discussed.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-960-8 Pages: 20
09FTM08. Load Sharing Analysis of High Contact Ratio Spur Gears in Military Tracked Vehicle Application
Authors: M. Rameshkumar, P. Sivakumar, K. Gopinath and S. Sundaresh
Military tracked vehicles demand a very compact transmission to meet mobility requirements. Some of the
desirable characteristics of these transmissions include: increased rating, improved power to weight ratio, low
operating noise and vibration, and reduced weight. To achieve all or some of these characteristics, it is has been
decided to apply a High Contact Ratio (HCR) spur gearing concept which will improve load carrying capacity,
lower vibration, and reduce noise. Similar to helical gears, the load in HCR gearing is shared by minimum two
pair of teeth. Therefore, load sharing analysis was conducted on Normal Contact Ratio (NCR) gearing used in
sun - planet gears of an existing drive.
This paper deals with analysis of load sharing of individual teeth in mesh for different load conditions throughout
the profile for both sun and planet gears of NCR/HCR gearing using Finite Element Analysis. Also, the paper
reveals the variation of bending stress and deflection along the profile of both gearing designs.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-961-5 Pages: 12
09FTM09. Designing for Static and Dynamic Loading of a Gear Reducer Housing with FEA
Authors: M. Davis, Y. S. Mohammed, A.A. Elmustafa, P.F. Martin and C. Ritinski
A recent trend has been toward more user friendly products in the mechanical power transmission industry. One
of these products is a high horsepower, right angle, shaft mounted drive designed to minimize installation efforts.
Commonly referred to as “alignment free” type, this drive assembly offers quick installation with minimum level of
expertise required. It is also more cost effective. These characteristics make this type of drive ideal for use in
applications such as underground mining where there is little room to maneuver parts.
An alignment free drive is direct coupled to the driven shaft only; it is not firmly attached to a foundation or rigid
structure. A connecting link or torque arm connects the drive to a fixed structure, which limits the drive's rotational
movement about the driven shaft. The electric motor is supported by the reducer housing through a fabricated
steel motor adapter; the coupling connecting the motor shaft and reducer shaft is enclosed by this motor adapter.
FEA was used to test the cast iron housing to determine any potential problem areas before production began.
Once analyses were completed, the motor adaptor was redesigned to lower stresses using the information from
the FEA and comparing it to the infield test data.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-962-2 Pages: 9
09FTM10. The Effect of Flexible Components on the Durability, Whine, Rattle and Efficiency of a Transmission
Geartrain System
Author: A. Korde and B.K. Wilson
Gear Engineers have long recognized the importance of considering system factors when analyzing a single
pair of gears in mesh. These factors include: load sharing in multi-mesh gear trains, bearing clearances, and
effects of flexible components such as housings, gear blanks, shafts, and carriers for planetary gears. Quality
requirements and expectations in terms of durability, lower operating noise and vibration, and efficiency have
increased. With increased complexity and quality requirements, a gear engineer must use advanced system
design tools to ensure a robust gear train is delivered on time, meeting all quality, cost, and weight requirements.

As a standard practice, finite element models have traditionally been used for analyzing transmission system
deflections, but this modeling environment does not always include provisions for analysis of vibration, efficiency,
or any considerations for attribute variation. And that often requires many runs of the test to ensure all variations
have been included and tested.
An advanced software tool is available for the analysis of transmission system durability, noise, vibration, and
efficiency, all within a single programming environment, including the effects of flexible components such as
housings, gear blanks, and shafting, while also allowing manufacturing variation studies to be performed. This
paper includes the results of a case study of this program.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-963-9 Pages: 13
09FTM11. Unique Design Constraints for Molded Plastic Transmissions

Authors: R. Kleiss and E. Wiita
Molded plastic gears and transmissions must work effectively in extremely variable conditions just as their
counterparts in steel. Plastics have the added variables of large thermal expansion and contraction, moisture
absorption, greater tolerance variation, lower strength, and form deviations due to the molding process. The
design of a molded transmission must consider these effects and characteristics. This paper will offer an example
of the development of a molded plastic gear pump intended for the very steady delivery of 50 psi water pressure
for a medical application. It will present our approach in design, tolerancing, material selection, molding
procedure, and testing to achieve and verify an effective as-molded transmission.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-964-6 Pages: 7
09FTM12. The Anatomy of a Micropitting Induced Tooth Fracture Failure - Causation, Initiation, Progression and
Prevention
Authors: R.J. Drago, R.J. Cunningham, and S. Cymbala
Micropitting has become a major concern in certain classes of industrial gear applications, especially wind
power and other relatively highly loaded somewhat slow speed applications, where carburized gears are used to
facilitate maximum load capacity in a compact package. While by itself the appearance of micropitting does not
generally cause much perturbation in the overall operation of a gear system, the ultimate consequences of a
micropitting failure can, and frequently are, much more catastrophic.
Micropitting is most often associated with parallel axis gears (spur and helical) however, the authors have also
found this type of distress when evaluating damage to carburized, hardened and hard finished spiral bevel gears.
This paper presents a discussion of the initiation, propagation and ultimate tooth fracture failure mechanism
associated with a micropitting failure. The subject is presented by way of the discussion of detailed destructive
metallurgical evaluations of several example micropitting failures that the authors have analyzed on both parallel
axis and bevel gears.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-965-3 Pages: 12
09FTM13. Bending Fatigue, Impact Strength and Pitting Resistance of Ausformed Powder Metal Gears
Authors: N. Sonti, S. Rao and G. Anderson
Powder metal (P/M) process is making inroads in automotive transmission applications because of substantially
lower cost of P/M steel components for high volume production as compared to wrought or forged steel parts.
Although P/M gears are increasingly used in powered hand tools, gear pumps, and as accessory components in
automotive transmissions, P/M steel gears are currently in limited use in vehicle transmission applications.
The primary objective of this project was to develop high strength P/M steel gears with bending fatigue, impact,
and pitting fatigue performance equivalent to current wrought steel gears. Ausform finishing tools and process
were developed and applied to powder forged (P/F) steel gears in order to enhance the strength and durability
characteristics of P/M gears, while maintaining the substantive cost advantage for vehicle transmission
applications.
This paper presents the processing techniques used to produce Ausform finished P/F steel gears, and
comparative bending fatigue, impact and surface durability performance characteristics of Ausform finished P/F
steel gears, as well as conventional wrought steel gears.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-966-0 Pages: 14
09FTM14. Design Development and Application of New High-Performance Gear Steels

Authors: J.A. Wright, J.T. Sebastian, C.P. Kern, and R.J. Kooy,
A new class of high strength, secondary hardening gear steels that are optimized for high-temperature, low-
pressure (i.e., vacuum) carburization is being developed. These alloys were computationally designed as
secondary-hardening steels at three different levels of case hardness. The exceptional case hardness, in
combination with high core-strength and toughness properties, offer the potential to reduce drive train weight or
increase power density relative to incumbent alloys such as AISI 9310 or Pyrowear® X53.
This new class of alloys utilizes an efficient nano-scale M2C carbide strengthening dispersion, and their key
benefits include: high fatigue resistance (contact, bending, scoring); high hardenability achieved via low-pressure
carburization (thus reducing quench distortion and associated manufacturing steps); a tempering temperature of
>900F to provide up to a 500F increase in thermal stability relative to incumbent alloys; and core tensile

strengths in excess of 200 ksi. Ferrium C69™, is one alloy in this family that can achieve a carburized surface
hardness of HRC 67 (with a microstructure substantially free of primary carbides), has exceptionally high contact
fatigue resistance which make it an excellent candidate for applications such as camshafts and bearings as well
as gear sets.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-967-7 Pages: 14
09FTM15. High Performance Industrial Gear Lubricants for Optimal Reliability

Authors: K.G. McKenna, J. Carey, N.Y. Leon, and A.S. Galiano-Roth
In recent years gearbox technology has advanced and Original Equipment Manufacturers have required gear
oils to meet the lubrication requirements of these new designs. Modern gearboxes operate under severe
conditions and maintain their reliability to ensure end-user productivity. The latest generation of industrial gear
lubricants can provide enhanced performance even under extreme operating conditions for optimal reliability and
reduced cost of operation.
This paper describes how gear lubricants function in gearboxes and discusses the facts vs. myths of industrial
gear lubricants. The paper will show how advanced gear lubricant technology can optimize the life of the gears,
bearings and seals, resulting in reduced cost of operation. Opportunities to use advanced synthetic gear
lubricants to achieve operational benefits in the areas of improved energy efficiency, wider operating temperature
ranges, extended oil drain intervals and equipment life will be discussed.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-968-4 Pages: 16
09FTM16. Allowable Contact Stresses of Jacking Gear Units Used in the Offshore Industry
Author: A. Montestruc
An offshore jack-up drilling rig is a barge upon which a drilling platform is placed. The barge has legs which can
be lowered to the sea floor to support the rig. Then the barge can be “jacked-up” out of the water providing a
stable work platform from which to drill for oil and gas. The rack and pinion systems used to raise and lower the
rig are enormous in terms of gear pitch or module by gear industry standards. Quarter pitch (101.6 module)
pinions are common. Lifetime number of cycles for these units are - again, by gear industry standards – small, as
rack teeth typically have 25 year lifetime cycles measured in the low hundreds. That is off the charts for AGMA
(and ISO or DIN) design rules which draw a straight line to zero cycles for contact stress cycles less than 10,000.
Use of any standards was abandoned from the start in the offshore industry for jacking applications. The author
presents methods, and experience of that industry and suggested allowable contact stresses in such applications.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-969-1 Pages: 8
09FTM17. Variation Analysis of Tooth Engagement and Load-Sharing in Involute Splines

Authors: K. Chase, C. Sorenson and B. DeCaires
Involute spline couplings are used to transmit torque from a shaft to a gear hub or other rotating component.
External gear teeth on the shaft engage an equal number of internal teeth in the hub. Because multiple teeth
engage simultaneously, they can transmit much larger torques than a simple key and keyway assembly.
However, due to manufacturing variations, the clearance between each pair of mating teeth varies, resulting in
only partial engagement.
A new model for tooth engagement, based on statistics, predicts that the teeth engage in a sequence,
determined by the individual clearances. As the shaft load is applied, the tooth pair with the smallest clearance
engages first, then deflects as the load increases, until the second pair engage. Thus, only a subset of teeth carry
the load. In addition, the load is non-uniformly distributed, with the first tooth carrying the biggest share. As a
consequence, the load capacity of spline couplings is greatly reduced, though still greater than a single keyway.
This paper discusses the results of a statistical model which predicts the average number of teeth which will
engage for a specified load, plus or minus the expected variation. The model quantitatively predicts the load and
stress in each engaged pair. Critical factors in the model are the stiffness and deflection of a single tooth pair and
the characterization of the clearance. Detailed finite element analyses were conducted to verify the tooth
deflections and engagement sequence. The closed form statistical results were verified with intensive Monte
Carlo simulations.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-970-7 Pages: 14
09FTM18. Does the Type of Gear Action Affect the Appearance of Micro-Pitting and Gear Life?
Authors: A. Williston
Early results from testing conducted have raised questions concerning the role of gear action with the
appearance of micropitting as well as surface fatigue (macropitting). Comparisons between similar gear sets with
the same loads, speeds, and lubrication but operated either as speed increasers or as speed reducers have
yielded strikingly different propensities for wear. Further, these observations are not limited to lubrication based
failures such as micropitting, but, so far, have applied to traditional surface fatigue failures (macropitting) as well.
Findings point to an increase in the presence of micropitting on gearing operated as speed reducers. All
components are operating at the same speed and load, yet wear is greatly reduced for the driven components.
Perhaps more intriguing is that to date all macropitting failures have occurred to the driving pinions of gear sets
operated as speed reducers. While the number of samples is decidedly small, the length of life for these

components is much less than would be anticipated under smooth load circumstances. The other gear sets
(operated as speed increasers) do not show any fatigue wear.
In addition to how gear action affects micropitting in gearing is the question of how the gear action affects
fatigue life. Current gear rating standards are based upon statistical analysis of real-world experience and
mathematical stress-versus-cycle calculations. If gear action affects how gearing fails in fatigue, there may be
significant ramifications in the industry. However, before any such conclusion may be made, additional testing is
necessary.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-971-4 Pages: 30
09FTM19. The Effect of Gearbox Architecture on Wind Turbine Enclosure Size

Author: C.D. Schultz
Gearbox architecture - the type of gearing used, the overall gear ratio, the number of increaser stages, the
number of meshes, the ratio combinations, and the gear proportions - can have a profound effect on the
”package” size of a wind turbine. In this paper the author applies a common set of requirements to a variety of
potential gearbox designs for a 2.0 MW wind turbine and compares the resulting ”geared component” weights,
gearbox envelope sizes, generator sizes, and generator weights. Each design option is also evaluated for
manufacturing difficulty via a relative cost estimate.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-972-1 Pages: 19
2008 PAPERS
08FTM01. Parametric Study of the Failure of Plastic Gears
Authors: M. Cassata and Dr. M. Morris
This paper presents the results of collaboration to develop tools for the prediction of plastic gear tooth failure for
any given set of operating conditions and to classify failure modes of these gears. The goal of the project is to
characterize and predict the failure of plastic gears over a range of given parameters.
A test plan was developed to explore the effect of rotational speed, root stress, and flank temperature on the life
of plastic gears. The dependent variable for the experiments was the number of cycles (or rotations) until failure.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-931-8 Pages: 7
08FTM02. A Methodology for Identifying Defective Cycloidal Reduction Components Using Vibration Analysis and
Techniques
Authors: V. Cochran and T. Bobak
For several years predictive maintenance has been gaining popularity as method for preventing costly and time
consuming machine breakdowns. Vibration analysis is the cornerstone of predictive maintenance programs, and
the equations for calculating expected vibration frequencies for bearings and toothed gear sets are widely
available. Cycloidal reducers present a special case due to the nature of their reduction mechanism. This paper
will describe a method for utilizing vibration analysis in order to identify a defective Cycloidal ring gear housing,
disc, and eccentric bearing.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-932-5 Pages: 25
08FTM03. Effects of Gear Surface Parameters on Flank Wear

Authors: J.C. Wang, J. Chakraborty, and H. Xu
Non-uniform gear wear changes gear topology and affects the noise performance of a hypoid gear set. This
paper presents the effects of gear surface parameters on gear wear and the measurement/testing methods used
to quantify the flank wear in laboratory tests. Gear tooth profile, transmission error, gear tooth surface finish
determined by cutting, and gear tooth surface finish determined by other processes are the factors considered in
this paper. The measurements include transmission error, pattern rating, and surface roughness before and after
test. The effects and interaction between controlled factors provided the information for product improvement. The
action resulted from this study is anticipated to significantly improve product reliability and customer satisfaction.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-933-2 Pages: 15
08FTM04. The Effect of Manufacturing Microgeometry Variations on the Load Distribution Factor and on Gear
Contact and Root Stresses
Authors: D. Houser
Traditionally, gear rating procedures directly consider manufacturing accuracy in the application of the dynamic
factor, but only indirectly through the load distribution consider such errors in the calculation of stresses used in
the durability and gear strength equations. This paper discusses how accuracy affects the calculation of stresses
and then uses both statistical designs of experiments and Monte Carlo simulation techniques to quantify the
effects of different manufacturing and assembly errors on root and contact stresses. Manufacturing deviations to
be considered include profile and lead slopes and curvatures, as well as misalignment. The effects of spacing
errors, runout and center distance variation will also be discussed.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-934-9 Pages: 15

08FTM05. Gear Failure Analysis Involving Grinding Burn

Authors: G. Blake, M. Margetts, and W. Silverthorne
Aerospace gears require post case-hardening grinding of the gear teeth to achieve their necessary accuracy.
Tempering of the case hardened surface, commonly known as grinding burn, occurs in the manufacturing process
when control of the heat generation at the surface is lost.
A gearbox with minimal service time was removed in service from an aircraft, disassembled, and visual
inspection performed. Linear cracks along the dedendum of the working gear tooth face were found in three
adjacent teeth. A detailed inspection of the gearbox found no other components with distress.
AGMA 2007-C00 provides details of the temper etch process and exclusively uses a Nitric acid etch process,
which is typically used in production quality inspections. The incident gear was processed for grinding burn using
an Ammonium Persulfate etch solution. Quality records documented variation in chemical concentration levels
during the time the failed gear was manufactured. A design of experiments was conducted to understand the
effects of the factors and interactions that impact the capability of the Ammonium Persulfate process used in
production to detect grinding burn.
Presented are the metallurgical findings, load distribution analysis of actual geometry, crack propagation
analysis, and design of experiment results of the Ammonium Persulfate etch process.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-935-6 Pages: 10
08FTM06. Tooth Fillet Profile Optimization for Gears with Symmetric and Asymmetric Teeth
Authors: A. Kapelevich and Y. Shekhtman
Involute flanks are nominally well described and classified by different standard accuracy grades, depending on
gear application and defining their tolerance limits for such parameters as runout, profile, lead, pitch variation, and
others.
The gear tooth fillet is an area of maximum bending stress concentration. However, its profile is typically
marginally described as a cutting tool tip trajectory. Its accuracy is defined by a usually generous root diameter
tolerance. The most common way to reduce bending stress concentration is application of the basic (or
generating) rack with full radius.
This paper presents a fillet profile optimization technique based on the FEA and random search method, which
allows for a substantial bending stress reduction, by 15 to 30% compared to traditionally designed gears. This
reduction results in higher load capacity, longer lifetime, and lower cost. It includes numerical examples
confirming the benefits of fillet optimization.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-936-3 Pages: 11
08FTM07. Planetary Gearset Lubrication Requirement Estimation Based on Heat Generation

Authors: H. Kim, D. Zini, J. Chen and N. Anderson
A planetary gearset is composed of sun gear, planet gears, ring gear, carrier and bearings. As the gearset is in
motion under torque, heat is generated at all sliding and rolling contacts for gear meshes and bearing surfaces as
lubricant is supplied. Without lubrication the gearset cannot operate properly because all contact surfaces are
influenced by heat and subsequent damages. On the other hand, excessive lubrication could cause a significant
heat generation as churning or dragging losses increase. It is very important to predict a right amount of
lubrication required for each component and to supply a necessary amount of lubricant in an effective way.
Empirical data of temperature increase inside a planetary gearset at different inlet lubrication temperature,
torque and speed are presented with physical explanation. It has been attempted to utilize heat generation data
as an indicator for required lubrication measure and also for gearset efficiency measure. Heat generation sources
are classified to examine largest and smallest contributors and then project a better way to effective lubrication for
the planetary gearset. Some published gear efficiency equations are examined with power loss calculations based
on gearset heat generations which are empirically measured in the present study.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-937-0 Pages: 17
08FTM08. PM Materials for Gear Applications

Authors: S. Dizdar, A. Flodin, U. Engström, I. Howe and D. Milligan
The latest material and process developments in powder metal (PM) gears have increased their load capacity.
These new developments allow PM to fully compete with hardened machined wrought gears in a variety of power
transmission applications. New grades of PM materials that can be case hardened using the same conditions as
wrought materials improve their load capacity. Increased load capacity is also achieved by surface densifying
gear teeth deeper than case hardened depth requirements. Since tooth Hertzian and bending stress gradients are
within the fully dense layer, PM gears are virtually equivalent to wrought gears. The performance is demonstrated
by gear tooth bending and RCF data on prototype gears.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-938-7 Pages: 9

08FTM09. Concept for a Multi Megawatt Wind Turbine Gear and Field Experience
Authors: T. Weiss and B. Pinnekamp
The increasing call for the use of renewable energy in all industrial countries demands for the extension of wind
power generation capacity. In central Europe, as in parts of the Americas and Asia, such further expansion is
only possible by re-powering - replacement of existing turbines by higher rated ones - or by developing locations
in the open sea - offshore. To this end, the gear industry worldwide is challenged to develop and supply the
required number of reliable 5 MW class wind turbine gears.
This paper summarizes the concept evaluation and design of the 5 MW Multibrid® wind turbine transmission
arrangement, test bed measurements with the prototype, as well as field experience over a test period of 3 years.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-939-4 Pages 11
08FTM10. The Effect of Superfinishing on FZG Gear Micropitting – Part II

Authors: L. Winkelmann and M. Bell
The most common failure mechanism of highly stressed case carburized gears is micropitting (grey staining).
The standard FZG gear test (FVA Work Sheet 54) is generally used to determine the micropitting load capacity of
gear lubricants. In recent years, FZG gear testing has also demonstrated its usefulness for evaluating the effect
of superfinishing on increasing the micropitting load capacity of gears. Results from the Technical University of
Munich were previously presented in Part 1 of this paper. Part II will present the results of Ruhr University
Bochum. Both research groups concluded that superfinishing is one of the most powerful technologies for
significantly increasing the load carrying capacity of gear flanks.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-940-0 Pages: 10
08FTM11. Bending Fatigue Tests of Helicopter Case Carburized Gears: Influence of Material, Design and
Manufacturing Parameters
Authors: G. Gasparini, U. Mariani, C. Gorla, M. Filippini, and F. Rosa
For helicopter gears many aspects of design and manufacturing must be analyzed, such as material
cleanliness, case depth and hardness, tooth root shape and roughness, and compressive residual stresses.
Moreover, these gears are designed to withstand loads in the gigacycle field, but are also subjected to short
duration overloads. Therefore a precise knowledge of the shape of the S-N curve is of great importance for
assessing their in-service life.
A single tooth bending (STB) test procedure has been developed to optimally map gear design parameters and
a test program on case carburized, aerospace standard gears has been conceived and performed in order to
appreciate the influence of various technological parameters on fatigue resistance, and to draw the curve shape
up to the gigacycles region.
The program has been completed by failure analysis on specimens and by static tests. Some accessory
investigations, like roughness and micro-hardness measurements, have also been performed. Gigacycle tests
confirm the estimations done on the basis of the shorter tests, both in term of fatigue limit and of curve shapes.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-941-7 Pages: 12
08FTM12. In-situ Measurement of Stresses in Carburized Gears via Neutron Diffraction

Authors: R. LeMaster, B. Boggs, J. Bunn, J. Kolwyck, C. Hubbard, and W. Bailey
The total stresses in a mating gear pair arise from two sources: 1) externally induced stresses associated with
the transmission of power, and 2) residual stresses associated with the heat treatment and machining of the tooth
profiles. The stresses due to power transmission are the result of complex normal and shearing forces that
develop during the meshing sequence. The total stress from these two sources contributes to the life of a gear.
This paper, funded by the AGMA Foundation, presents the results of research directed at measuring the total
stress in a pair of statically loaded and carburized spur gears. Measurements were made using neutron
diffraction methods to examine the change in total stress as a function of externally applied load and depth below
the surface. The paper includes a summary of the various test methods that were used and a discussion of their
applicability to carburized gears.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-942-4 Pages: 10
08FTM13. Hydrogen & Internal Residual Stress Gear Failures - Some Failure Analyses and Case Studies
Author: R. Drago
Hydrogen and internal stress failures are relatively rare; however, when they occur they are often very costly
and sometimes quite catastrophic. While hydrogen and internal stress issues are generally recognized as
significant in the design and manufacture of larger gears, they are also important for smaller gears as well.
This paper presents, via illustrated actual case studies, the mechanisms by which these failure occur, the
manner in which they progress, and methods for testing finished gears for the possibility of internal problems. In
addition, precautionary steps that can be taken during design, manufacture, heat treatment and quality control to
minimize the possibility of these problems occurring in a finished part along with similar steps required to prevent
any flawed gears from entering service are also presented and discussed.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-943-1 Pages: 11

08FTM14. Effects of Axle Deflection and Tooth Flank Modification on Hypoid Gear Stress Distribution and Contact
Fatigue Life
Authors: H. Xu, J. Chakraborty, and J.C. Wang
Flank modifications are often made to overcome the influences of errors coming from manufacturing and
assembly processes, as well as deflections of the system. This paper presents a semi-analytical approach on
estimating the axle system deflections by combining computer simulations and actual loaded contact patterns
obtained from lab tests. By using an example hypoid gear design, influences of axle deflections and typical flank
modifications (lengthwise crowning, profile crowning and twist) on stress distribution of the hypoid gear drive are
simulated. Finally, several experimental gear samples are made and tested. Tooth surface topography is
examined by using a Coordinate Measuring Machine. Test results are reported to illustrate the effect of tooth flank
modifications on contact fatigue life cycles.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-944-8 Pages: 11
08FTM15. Extending the Benefits of Elemental Gear Inspection

Author: I. Laskin
It may not be widely recognized that most of the inspection data supplied by inspection equipment following the
practices of AGMA Standard 2015 and similar standards are not of elemental accuracy, deviations but of some
form of composite deviations. This paper demonstrates the validity of this “composite” label by first defining the
nature of a true elemental deviation, and then, by referring to earlier literature, demonstrating how the common
inspection practices for involute, lead (on helical gears), pitch, and in some cases, total accumulated pitch,
constitute composite measurements. The paper further explains how such measurements often obscure the true
nature of the individual deviations. It also contains suggestions as to some likely source of the deviation in various
gear manufacturing processes, and how that deviation may affect gear performance. It further raises the question
of the likely inconsistencies of some of these inspection results and of inappropriate judgments of gear quality,
even to the point of the rejection of otherwise satisfactory gears. Finally, there are proposals for modifications to
inspection software, possibly to some inspection routines, all to extending the benefits of the basic elemental
inspection process.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-945-5 Pages: 12
08FTM16. Hob Tool Life Technology Update

Author: T. Maiuri
The method of cutting teeth on a cylindrical gear by the hobbing process has been in existence since the late
1800's. Advances have been made over the years in both the machines and the cutting tools used. This paper
will examine hob tool life and the many variables that affect it. It will cover the state of the art cutting tool
materials and coatings, hob tool design characteristics, process speeds and feeds, hob shifting strategies, wear
characteristics, etc. The paper will also discuss the use of a common denominator method for evaluating hob tool
life in terms of meters [or inches] per hob tooth as an alternative to tool life expressed in parts per sharpening.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-946-2 Pages: 15
08FTM17. Innovative Concepts for Grinding Wind Power Energy Gears

Author: C. Kobialka
Over the past years wind power energy has gained greater importance to reduce CO2 emissions and thus
antagonize global warming. The development of wind power is driven by increased performance, which requires
larger wind turbines and gear boxes. The quality demands of those gears are increasing while the production cost
must decrease. This requires new production methods to grind the gears. Profile grinding is known as a process
to achieve highest possible quality, even for complex flank modifications, while threaded wheel grinding is known
for high productivity. New machine concepts make it now possible to use both advantages at the same time.
This paper will show the newest developments for cycle time reduction and increased workpiece quality using
tool change systems to be able to use different grinding wheels for rough and finishing operation, workpiece
clamping systems, and concepts of process integration for one workpiece flow.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-947-9 Pages: 12
08FTM18. Gear Corrosion During the Manufacturing Process

Authors: G. Blake and G. Sroka
No matter how well gears are designed and manufactured, gear corrosion can occur that may easily result in
catastrophic failure. Since corrosion is often difficult to observe in the root fillet region or in fine pitched gears with
normal visual inspection, it may well go undetected. This paper presents the results of an incident that occurred
in a gear manufacturing facility several years ago that resulted in pitting corrosion and intergranular attack (IGA).
It shows that superfinishing can mitigate the damaging effects of IGA and pitting corrosion, and suggests that the
superfinishing process is a superior repair method for corrosion pitting versus the current practice of glass
beading.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-948-6 Pages: 13

08FTM19. How Are You Dealing With the Bias Error in Your Helical Gears?
Author: J. Lange
Using illustrations this paper explains that bias error (“the twisted tooth phoneme”) is a by-product of applying
conventional radial crowning methods to produced crowned leads on helical gears. The methods considered are
gears that are finished, shaped, shaved, form and generated ground. The paper explains why bias error occurs in
these methods, and then addresses what techniques are used to limit/eliminate bias error. Profile and lead
inspection charts will be used to detail bias error and the ability to eliminate it.
The paper details the simultaneous interpolation of multiple axes in the gear manufacturing machine to achieve
the elimination of bias error. It also explains that CNC machine software can be used to predict bias error, and
equally important that it could be used to create an “engineered bias correction” to increase the load carrying
capacity of an existing gear set.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-949-3 Pages: 14
2007 PAPERS
07FTM01. Estimation of Lifetime of Plastic Gears
Author: S. Beermann
This paper gives an overview on the state of art in plastic gear resistance calculation. The main problem with
plastics is the dependency of the stress cycle curve (Woehler line) with temperature. Today, more plastic gears
(as in automobile headlights) are used in a high temperature range. Furthermore, flank resistance depends
strongly on lubrication (lifetime may vary by a factor of ten and more, if oil, grease lubricated or dry running).
As no secure data for plastic gears is available, how can nevertheless plastic gear design and life time
prediction be improved? The best strategy is to use the feedback of existing reducers. Plastic gearboxes, before
starting production in big series, are normally submitted to endurance tests. If these tests are used to check also
the real lifetime limits — or by increasing test length, or by increasing applied torque — these results can be used
to define the required safety factors for future gear design. This procedure has been very successful, and will be
described with some examples.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-905-9 Pages: 14
07FTM02. Study of the Correlation Between Theoretical and Actual Gear Fatigue Test Data on a Polyamide
Author: S. Wasson
Fatigue tests have been run on actual molded gears in order to provide design data, using fully lubricated,
plastic on plastic spur gears in a temperature controlled experiment. The purpose of the testing is to see if there is
a good correlation between fatigue data, generated in a lab on test bars, versus the actual fatigue performance in
a gear.
In order to do this, the theories of gear calculations to get root stresses also had to be examined. Advanced FEA
showed that there are corrections needed to account for high loading or high temperatures in plastic gears. The
chemistry of various nylons used in gears is explained. A high crystalline nylon has been found which is an
excellent material for gears in demanding applications and can withstand high torques and operating
temperatures. The material has very good wear properties and excellent retention of mechanical properties
(strength, stiffness, and fatigue) especially at elevated temperatures. Several commercial gear applications are
currently utilizing these properties. These will be shown to demonstrate the benefits and manufacturability of this
material.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-906-6 Pages: 6
07FTM03. Material Integrity in Molded Plastic Gears and Its Dependence on Molding Practices
Author: T. Vale
The quality of molded plastic gears is typically judged by dimensional feature measurements only. This practice
overlooks potential deficiencies in the plastic injection molding process and its effect on the integrity of the plastic
material. These deeper issues are often not given proper consideration until a related gear failure demands its
study and evaluation. This paper identifies some of these oversights in the molding process, the resultant effect
on the plastic material, and discusses their likely effect on short and long term gear performance.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-907-3 Pages: 11
07FTM04. Applying Elemental Gear Measurement to Processing of Molded Plastic Gears

Author: G. Ellis
Although elemental gear inspection is rarely specified for molded plastic gears, the measurement equipment
and practices can be valuable in advancing the molding processes and improving quality. After a brief description
of plastic gear tooling and molding, this paper gives examples of specific elemental measurements and relates
them to process changes and quality improvements. Such examples for spur and helical gears include: profile
measurements, leading to gear mesh noise reduction; lead measurement, leading to increased face width load
distribution and, continuing from that, even to the molding of crowned gears; and index measurement, leading to
improved roundness of gears molded from fiber reinforced plastic materials.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-908-0 Pages: 10

07FTM05. Vacuum Carburizing Technology for Powder Metal Gears and Parts
Authors: J. Kowalewski and K. Kucharski,
Carburizing is one of the leading surface hardening processes applied to the sintered, low-alloyed steel gears in
the automotive industry. While diffusion of carbon in wrought steel is well documented, this is not the case for PM
steel subject to carburizing in vacuum furnaces. This paper presents results that show that the density of the
powder metal is the main factor for the final carbon content and distribution. Also important is the state of the
surface of the part; either sintered with open porosity or machined with closed porosity. The way the carburizing
gas moves through the furnace might be of some influence as well.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-909-7 Pages: 5
07FTM06. Using Barkhausen Noise Analysis for Process and Quality Control in the Production of Gears
Authors: S. Kendrish, T. Rickert and R. Fix
The use of magnetic Barkhausen Noise Analysis (BNA) has been proven to be an effective tool for the non-
destructive detection of microstructural anomalies in ferrous materials. Used as an in-process tool for the
detection of grinding burn, heat treat defects and stresses, BNA is a quick comparative and quantitative
alternative to traditional destructive methods.
This paper presents examples that demonstrate how BNA is used to evaluate changes in microstructural
properties. Quantitative results correlate BNA test values to X-Ray diffraction values for the detection of changes
in residual stress. Qualitative results correlate BNA test values to acid etch patterns/colors for the detection of
grinding burn defects.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-910-3 Pages: 5
07FTM07. Grinding Induced Changes in Residual Stresses of Carburized Gears

Authors: R. LeMaster, B. Boggs, J. Bunn, C. Hubbard, and T. Watkins
This paper presents the results of a study performed to measure the change in residual stress that results from
the finish grinding of carburized gears. Residual stresses were measured in five gears using the x-ray diffraction
equipment in the Large Specimen Residual Stress Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Two of the gears
were hobbed, carburized, quenched and tempered, but not finished. The remaining three gears were processed
similarly, but were finish ground. The residual stresses were measured at 64 different locations on a tooth from
each gear. Residual stresses were also measured at fewer points on other teeth to determine the tooth-to-tooth
variation. Tooth profile measurements were made of the finished and unfinished gear samples.
The results show a fairly uniform and constant compressive residual field in the nonfinished gears. There was a
significant reduction in the average residual stress measured in the finished gears. Additionally, there was a
significant increase in the variability of the residual stress that was introduced by the grinding process. Analysis of
the data suggests a linear relationship between the change in average residual stress and the amount of material
removed by the grinding process.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-911-0 Pages: 14
07FTM08. Manufacturing Net Shaped Cold Formed Gears

Author: D. Engelmann
An innovative metal forming process has been developed for manufacturing quality, durable and cost efficient
gears for high volume production. In this paper, the development of net shaped Cold Formed Gears (CFG) is
presented along with their suitable applications. The manufacturing technique and equipment is introduced, as
well as the advantages and limitations. Applicable materials and heat treatment practices are also discussed.
Gear tooth inspection charts are presented and compared to conventional manufacturing methodologies.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-912-7 Pages: 7
07FTM09. The Ikona Clutch and Differential

Authors: J. Colbourne, V. Scekic, and S. Tesic
This paper describes two devices, a clutch and a differential, which are based on the Ikona CVT. This CVT is
essentially an internal gear pair, in which the pinion is mounted on an eccentric that can drive or be driven by an
electric motor/generator, thus providing a variable ratio. Since this arrangement allows for “branching” of energy
flow(s), it can be classified as summation-type CVT.
When the CVT is used as a clutch, it would replace the friction-plate clutch in vehicles with standard
transmissions, and the fluid torque converter in automatic transmissions. The new clutch will be referred to as the
electric torque converter. Any excess energy is converted into electrical energy, and either stored in the battery, or
reintroduced into the system through the motor/generator. Modulation of the clutch can be very smooth which is
particularly advantageous when the vehicle starts from rest on uphill slopes. Since no friction element is involved,
and only a fraction of torque is being manipulated, the modulation can be repeatable regardless of conditions.
Finally, in a hybrid-vehicle arrangement, the clutch can be used to maintain the engine at its optimum speed
(within limits), regardless of the road speed and the gearbox ratio.
Similar principals apply to the Ikona differential. Unlike today's limited slip differentials, the Ikona differential
allows full torque to be transmitted through one drive wheel, even though the other drive wheel may have
completely lost traction. Unlike traditional differentials that allow wheels to rotate at different speeds, the Ikona

differential forces the wheels to do so. Accordingly when the vehicle is changing direction, the differential can be
used to control the speed of each drive wheel, thus providing active torque steering.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-913-4 Pages: 6
07FTM10. The Gear Dynamic Factor, Historical and Modern Perspective

Authors: D. Houser and D. Talbot
The dynamic factor has been included in gear design and rating formulas since the 1930's. Its original
formulation was based on an assessment of entering tooth impacts, but in modern gear design procedures, where
tip relief and lead modifications are common, these impacts may be virtually eliminated. With this elimination, one
finds that gear dynamics are mainly excited by steady state phenomena such as transmission error, friction and
axial shuttling of the mesh force. This paper will first provide a historical progression of the dynamic factor
equations that are based on impact theory and will define when this methodology is appropriate. The paper will
then discuss the various steady state modeling approaches and will use one of these approaches to demonstrate
the effects of manufacturing deviations on predicted dynamic loads.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-914-1 Pages: 11
07FTM11. Helicopter Accessory Gear Failure Analysis Involving Wear and Bending Fatigue
Authors: G. Blake and D. Schwerin
Gear tooth wear is a very difficult phenomenon to predict analytically. The failure mode of wear is closely
correlated to the lambda ratio, and can manifest into more severe failure modes, such as bending. Presented is a
failure analysis in which this occurred. A legacy aerospace gear mesh experienced nine failures within a two year
time period. The failures occurred after more than eight years in service and within tight range of cycles to one
another. Each failure resulted in the loss of all gear teeth with origins consistent with classic bending fatigue.
Non-failed gears, with slightly lower time than the failed gears, were removed from service and inspected. Gear
metrology measurements quantified a significant amount of wear. The flank form of these worn gears was
measured and the measured data used to analytically predict the new dynamic load distribution and bending
stress. To predict if the failure mode of wear was expected for this gear mesh, an empirical relationship of wear to
lambda ratio was created using field data from multiple gear meshes in multiple applications. Presented are the
metallurgical failure analysis findings, dynamic gear mesh analysis, the empirical wear rate curve developed, and
design changes.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-915-8 Pages: 12
07FTM12. The Effect of Start-Up Load Conditions on Gearbox Performance and Life - Failure Analysis and Case
Study
Author: R.J. Drago
When gearboxes are used in applications in which the connected load has high inertia, the starting torque
transmitted by the gearbox can be much higher than the rated load of the prime mover. Power plants often require
several evaporative cooling towers or large banks of air cooled condensers (ACC) to discharge waste heat.
Because of the very large size of the fans used in these applications, they fall into this category of high inertia
starting load devices. When started from zero speed, a very high torque is required to accelerate the fan to normal
operating speed. If the fan is started infrequently and run continuously for long periods of time, this high starting
torque is of minimal significance. However, when the fan is started and stopped frequently, the number of cycles
at the high starting torque can accumulate to a point where they can cause extensive fatigue damage, even if the
gear system is adequately rated.
Where the gear unit is marginally rated, very early, catastrophic gear failure is often the result. As part of the
overall investigation of several failures in such gearboxes, we measured starting torque on a typical installation,
examined many failed gears, and calculated the load capacity ratings for the gearboxes under actual operating
conditions. This paper describes the failures observed, the testing conducted, the data analyses and the effect of
the high measured starting torque on the life and performance of the gear systems. The test results revealed
surprising results, especially during starts where the fan was already wind-milling due to natural air flow in the
ACC bank.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-916-5 Pages: 12
07FTM13. Influence of Grinding Burn on the Load Carrying Capacity of Parts under Rolling Stress
Authors: F. Klocke, T. Schröder and C. Gorgels
The demand for continuous improvement concerning economic efficiency of products and processes leads to an
increasing cost pressure in manufacturing and design of power transmissions. Also, the power density of gears
has been increased which leads to a demand for higher gear quality. In more and more cases this can only be
achieved using hard finishing processes.
The demand for higher gear qualities leads to an increased use of gear grinding, which incurs the risk of thermal
damage, such as grinding burn on the gear flank. The influence of thermal damage on the set in operation is
nevertheless hard to judge so that damaged gears are often scrapped. This leads to increasing failure costs.

The lack of knowledge of the effect of grinding burn on the load carrying capacity of gears leads to the point that
the same degree of damage is judged differently by different companies. Therefore it is necessary to do trials with
thermally damaged parts in order to know how much a certain degree of thermal damage influences the load
carrying capacity.
The investigations described in this report are aimed at determining the load carrying capacity of parts under
rolling stress. Thermally damaged rollers are employed on a roller test rig, since with this analogy process the part
geometry is easier to describe and easier to damage reproducibly.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-917-2 Pages: 10
07FTM14. Roughness and Lubricant Chemistry Effects in Micropitting

Authors: A. Olver, D. Dini, E. Lainé, D. Hua, and T. Beveridge
Micropitting has been studied using a disc machine in which a central carburized steel test roller contacts three,
harder, counter-rollers with closely controlled surface roughness. Roughness was varied using different finishing
techniques, and the effects of different oil base-stocks and additives were investigated.
Damage on the test rollers included dense micropitting and “micropitting erosion” in which tens of microns of the
test surface were completely removed. This phenomenon is particularly damaging in gear teeth where it has the
potential to destroy profile accuracy. It was found that anti-wear additives led to a high rate of micropitting erosion,
and the effect correlated more or less inversely with simple sliding wear results. There were also appreciable
effects from base-stock chemistry.
The key parameter affecting the severity of damage seemed to be the near-surface shear stress amplitude
arising from the evolved roughness; different chemistries led to the evolution of different roughness during initial
running and to different contact stresses and levels of damage.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-918-9 Pages: 8
07FTM15. Experience with a Disc Rig Micropitting Test

Authors: M. Talks and W. Bennett
The experimental work carried out was aimed at developing a test method that was able to consistently produce
micropitting damage and could discriminate between good oil (i.e., one that rarely produces micropitting in
service) and a poor oil (i.e., one that does produce micropitting in service).
The disc rig control system allows test parameters such as entrainment velocity, contact stress and slide/roll
ratio at the disc/roller contacts to be accurately and independently controlled. This enables the effect of key
parameters to be studied in isolation, which is something that cannot be easily achieved using conventional gear
test rigs.
A test procedure has been developed which provides a good level of repeatability and discrimination between
oils. In addition, a study of the effect of slide/roll ratio (SRR) has shown that the severity of micropitting damage
increases as SRR increased, whereas at 0% SRR no micropitting occurred, and, at negative SRRs, microcracking
occurred, but not micropitting. This is the way that SRR seems to affect micropitting in gears.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-919-6 Pages: 9
07FTM16. Straight Bevel Gear Cutting and Grinding on CNC Free Form Machines
Author: H. Stadtfeld
Manufacturing of straight bevel gears was in the past only possible on specially dedicated machines. One type
of straight bevel gears are those cut with a circular cutter with a circumferential blade arrangement. The machines
and the gears they manufacture have the Gleason trade name Coniflex®. The cutters are arranged in the
machine under an angle in an interlocking arrangement which allows a completing cutting process. The two
interlocking cutters have to be adjusted independently during setup, which is complicated and time consuming.
The outdated mechanical machines have never been replaced by full CNC machines, but there is still a
considerable demand in a high variety of low quantities of straight bevel ears. Just recently it was discovered that
it is possible to connect one of the interlocking straight bevel gear cutter disks to a free form bevel gear generator
and cut straight bevel gears of identical geometry compared to the dedicated mechanical straight bevel gear
generator. A conversion based on a vector approach delivers basic settings as they are used in modern free form
machines. The advantages are quick setup, high accuracy, easy corrections and high repeatability.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-920-2 Pages: 10
07FTM17. Simulation Model for the Emulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Bevel Gears
Authors: C. Brecher, T. Schröder and A. Gacka
The impact of bevel gear deviations on the noise excitation behavior can only be examined under varying
working conditions such as different rotational speed and torque. The vibration excitation of bevel gears resulting
from the tooth contact is primarily determined by the contact conditions and the stiffness properties of the gears.
By the use of a detailed tooth contact analysis, the geometry based gear properties can be developed and
provided for a dynamical analysis of the tooth mesh.
A model has been developed for the simulation of the dynamic behavior of bevel gears. With the aid of a load-
free tooth contact analysis, the geometry-based part of the path excitation is determined. With a tooth contact
analysis under load, the path excitation caused by deflections can be calculated. The geometry based part of the

path excitation and a characteristic surface of the excitation values is created and provided for dynamic
simulation.
This dynamic model is able to consider every deviation of the micro- and macrogeometry from the ideal flank
topography, i.e., waves and/or grooves in the surface structure, in combination with two and three dimensional
flank deviations like profile deviations, helix deviations and twists. It is also possible to consider the influence of
friction and the contact impact caused by load and/or manufacturing errors with a test rig to verify the calculations.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-921-9 Pages: 8
07FTM18. Bevel Gear Model

Author: Ted Krenzer
The paper presents a method for developing an accurate generic bevel gear model including both the face
milling and face hobbing processes. Starting with gear blank geometry, gear and pinion basic generator machine
settings are calculated. The contact pattern and rolling quality are specified and held to the second order in terms
of pattern length, contact bias and motion error. Based on the setup, a grid of tooth points are found including the
tooth flank, fillet and, if it exists, the undercut area. It is proposed as the model for the next generation of bevel
gear strength calculations in that the procedure produces true bevel gear geometry, uses blank design
parameters as input and is vendor independent except for cutter diameter.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-922-6 Pages: 10
07FTM19. How to Determine the MTBF of Gearboxes

Author: G. Antony
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) became a frequently used value describing reliability of components,
assemblies, and systems. While MTBF was originally introduced and used mainly in conjunction with electronic
components and systems, the definition and application for mechanical components, such as gearboxes, is not
broadly available, used, or recognized. In the field of gears it is difficult to obtain an MTBF from the manufacturer
due to the lack of applicable, generally recognized definitions and standards. The paper will evaluate, compare
and suggest ways in determining a gearbox MTBF based on the already established, proven, design calculation
standards and test methods used in the gear design.
ISBN: 978-1-55589-923-3 Pages: 9
2006 PAPERS
06FTM01. The Effects of Super Finishing on Bending Fatigue
Author: G. Blake
A super finishing study was designed and conducted for bending fatigue. AMS6265 parts were created: with
and without super finishing. Bending fatigue was tested using Single Tooth Fatigue (STF) and RR Moore rotating
beam methods. The STF parts were designed with tooth geometry replicating a spiral bevel gear section. Two lots
of material were processed. Thus, a minimum of two carburized and hardened lots, two shot peen batches and
two super finishing cycles (if applicable) were processed per sample group. A detailed metallurgical evaluation
was performed to characterize the material and compare to actual spiral bevel gears. Analysis of the test data
concluded no statistical difference in bending fatigue strength.
ISBN: 1-55589-883-1 Pages: 14
06FTM02. Isotropic Superfinishing of S-76C+ Main Transmission Gears

Authors: B. Hansen, M. Salerno and L. Winkelmann
Isotropic superfinishing was applied to the third stage spur bull gear and mating pinions along with the second
stage bevel gears of a Sikorsky S-76C+ main gearbox. The gearbox completed the standard Acceptance Test
Procedure (ATP) and a 200-hour endurance test. During these tests noise, vibration, and operating temperatures
were shown to be significantly reduced due to lower friction. A description of the tests, performance data and a
general description of the process is presented.
ISBN: 1-55589-884-X Pages: 12
06FTM03. Detailed Procedure for the Optimum Design of an Epicyclic Transmission Using Plastic Gears
Authors: I. Regalado and A. Hernández
Shows the steps to get an optimum (volume based) design for an epicyclic transmission using plastic materials,
the tooth proportions of ANSI/AGMA 1006-A97, the recommendations given in ANSI/AGMA 6023-A88, and
ANSI/AGMA 2101-C95. It gives the effect of changing the number of planets, the bending fatigue and contact
strength of the plastic materials, and the temperature effects on the size of the gears. The design procedure starts
with a preliminary analysis of gear performance in a proposed (not optimized) transmission; going step by step to
an optimum design for the given load conditions and expected minimum life.
ISBN: 1-55589-885-8 Pages: 11

06FTM04. Precision Planetary Servo Gearheads

Authors: G.G. Antony and A. Pantelides
Automated machines use servomotors to perform complex motions. Planetary gearheads are frequently used in
conjunction with servomotors to match the inertias, lower the speed, boost the torque, and at the same time
provide a mechanical interface for pulleys, cams, drums and other mechanical components. This paper covers
topics such as: reasons why planetary gear systems are chosen for “servo applications”; what influences the
planetary servo gear positioning accuracy and repeatability; rating practices to establish a “comparability” of
different torques; and, an introduction of a simple method to determine the required gearbox torque rating for a
servo-application based on motor torque data.
ISBN: 1-55589-886-6 Pages: 11
06FTM05. Development of a Gear Rating Standard - A Case Study of AGMA 6014-A06

Author: F.C. Uherek
The AGMA Mill Gearing Committee completed AGMA 6014 for grinding mill and kiln service gear rating. The
approach the committee took in the development of this standard to determine the content is reviewed. Through a
review of previous standards, the performance history of applications for long life (over 20 years), and considering
the large gear size, the committee achieved consensus on a rating method, which was derived from ANSI/AGMA
2001-D04. A factor comparison between 6014 and 2001 is presented, as well as their interaction, to explain the
goal of the committee to develop a document that reflects actual field experience of in-service operating gear sets.
ISBN: 1-55589-887-4 Pages: 8
06FTM06. An Analytical Approach to the Prediction of Micropitting on Case Carburized Gears

Authors: D. Barnett, J.P. Elderkin and W. Bennett
Micropitting is an area of gear failure that influences gear noise and transmission error. This paper outlines an
approach to analyzing micropitting by looking at the critical factors for a given gear design. A practical procedure,
which incorporates a three-dimensional spring model, was used to predict the micropitting wear rate and the
position that wear would take place on test gear pairs. Case studies have been included that directly compare the
predicted levels of micropitting with those actually measured. Simplified formulations suitable for manual
calculations are also discussed.
ISBN: 1-55589-888-2 Pages: 15
06FTM07. Improvement of Standardized Test Methods for Evaluating the Lubricant Influence on Micropitting and
Pitting Resistance of Case Carburized Gears
Authors: B.-R. Höhn, P. Oster, T. Radev, G. Steinberger and T. Tobie
Micropitting and pitting are fatigue failures that occur on case carburized gears. The performance of lubricants in
regard to micropitting and pitting can be evaluated by test methods. The FVA-FZG-micropitting test consists of
two parts: a load stage test followed by an endurance test. The tests require relatively high costs and are time
consuming. Therefore an analogous short test method was developed to classify candidate lubricants, and
supplement the existing test. The results of the short test method are given. The FVA-FZG-pitting test is for
limited-life using test gears, which are ground without controlled profile or helix modifications. Although the flank
roughness is restricted, the appearance of micropitting can cause a wide statistical spread of pitting test life.
Thus, there was potential improvement in the test results reproducibility. In the test gears were superfinished to
prevent micropitting, and given flank modifications for improved test relevance. The paper describes test
procedures and shows basic examples of test results.
ISBN: 1-55589-889-0 Pages: 11
06FTM08. An Evaluation of FZG Micropitting Test Procedures and Results for the Crowned AGMA Test Gears
Authors: D.R. Houser, S. Shon and J. Harianto
This paper reports on surface fatigue testing. The goal was to develop models for predicting wear. As part of this
goal, the study reports on developing an understanding of the stresses and wear predictors using FZG tests.
Since the focus was on micropitting, the first tests used the method described in FVA Information Sheet No. 54/I-
IV. Later, the procedure was modified to account for higher contact stress levels that are predicted for the heavily
crowned and tip relieved AGMA test gears that were manufactured as a part of the AGMA tribology test program.
This paper provides extensive analysis that includes detailed topography measurements of the tooth profiles,
predictions of contact stresses and contact patterns. It discusses factors that affect contact stresses, flash
temperatures, and test film thickness.
ISBN: 1-55589-890-4 Pages: 12

06FTM09. Opportunities to Replace Wrought Gears with High Performance PM Gears in Automotive Applications
Authors: U. Engström, D. Milligan, P. Johansson and S. Dizdar
Powder metallurgy (PM) enables production of components with complex geometries such as gears. The cost
effective use of PM components in automotive applications has showed a continuous growth. This growth is due
to the net shape capability, while maintaining performance. Gears for automotive applications are complex in
shape and require both geometrical accuracy and high mechanical performance in terms of tooth durability. By
utilizing selective densification of the teeth, these performance requirements can be met at a low cost. In this
paper a PM process consisting of compaction, sintering, surface densification, and finally heat treatment has been
studied to assess the feasibility of production. Helical and spur gears were used where the densification, as well
as the resulting gear quality and durability, were tested.
ISBN: 1-55589-891-2 Pages: 7
06FTM10. Fabrication, Assembly and Test of a High Ratio, Ultra Safe, High Contact Ratio, Double Helical Planetary
Transmission for Helicopter Applications
Authors: F.W. Brown, M.J. Robuck, M. Kozachyn, J.R. Lawrence and T.E. Beck
An ultra-safe, high ratio planetary transmission, for application as a helicopter main rotor final drive, has been
designed, fabricated and tested. The transmission improvements are reduced weight, reduced noise and
improved fail-safety and efficiency. This paper discusses the fabrication, assembly and testing of the planetary
transmission. An existing planetary transmission utilized a two-stage conventional spur gear design with fixed
internal ring gears. The new double helical planetary (DHP) system design uses a compound planetary
arrangement with staggered planets and high contact ratio gearing in a unique configuration. Double helical gears
in the planet to ring meshes balance axial tooth forces without axial planet bearing reactions. The spur gear sun to
planet meshes are staggered to achieve a compact arrangement. The sun gear is fully floating.
ISBN: 1-55589-892-0 Pages: 12
06FTM11. On Tooth Failure Analysis in Small -Teeth-Number Gearing: An Analytical Approach

Author: S.P. Radzévich
This paper is an analytical study of tooth failure in gearing having small numbers of teeth. For the analysis, tooth
contact stresses and combined shear stresses are investigated. The study is based on gear tooth loading,
accounting for load variations with time and other gear parameters in various phases of tooth meshing. The
contact and shear stresses are by simultaneous: (a) contact stresses together with (b) stresses caused by the
pinion and gear sliding. While developed for use in gearing with low numbers of teeth, the method can be used
for computation of stresses in gearing having more teeth. The results of the research could be used with AGMA
908-B89 for gears having less than 12 teeth.
ISBN: 1-55589-893-9 Pages: 22
06FTM12. A Crane Gear Failure Analysis - Case Study, Observations, Lessons Learned, Recommendations
Author: R.J. Drago
The gearboxes used in cranes have proven themselves to be reliable. However, some gear failures have
caused a reevaluation of the design, configuration, and manufacture of gearboxes in large cranes. Since crane
gearboxes do not operate continuously, gear system fatigue characteristics have not been in the forefront of
system operation. Studies have indicated that in many cases usage rates, loading, and in many cases both, have
increased. In some applications, crane usage has increased by factors of two, or three, or even more, and gear
loading has similarly increased. This higher usage makes the cumulative effects of fatigue much more important.
This paper presents a case study of one particular crane gear failure, including failure analysis and resultant
remedial actions, along with a discussion of the results and implications from extensive gearbox inspections that
were conducted as a result of the initial failure.
ISBN: 1-55589-894-7 Pages: 10
06FTM13. Economic Aspects of Vacuum Carburizing

Author: J. Kowalewski
This paper presents the aspects of vacuum carburizing technology that have an impact on process costs and
quality improvements in the final product. There is an interest in furnaces for vacuum carburizing due to the
demand for products with overall metallurgical quality and low unit cost. Vacuum carburizing technology produces
work with minimum distortion, and desired surface metallurgy. Systems can provide “cold to cold” (cold work
going in, cold work coming out) and fully automatic operation that reduces operator involvement, thus minimizing
labor. Considering upstream and downstream requirements, vacuum carburizing can provide a total reduction of
costs. This technology differs considerably from traditional gas carburizing both in the equipment used and in the
process economy.
ISBN: 1-55589-895-5 Pages: 6

06FTM14. The Optimal High Speed Cutting of Bevel Gears - New Tools and New Cutting Parameters
High speed carbide dry cutting improvements have a dependency of many important parameters upon the
particular job situation, which makes it difficult for a manufacturing engineer to establish an optimal cutting
scenario. An analysis of the different parameters and their influence on the cutting process, allows the
establishment of five, nearly independent areas of attention: blade geometry and placement in the cutter head;
cutting edge micro geometry; surface condition of front face and side relief surfaces; speeds and feeds in the
cutting process; and, kinematic relationship between tool and work (climb or conventional cutting, vector feet).
This paper presents explanations and guidelines for optimal high speed cutting depending on cutting method, part
geometry and manufacturing environment. Also, how to choose the blade system, thus giving the manufacturing
engineer information to support optimizing cutter performance, tool life and part quality.
ISBN: 1-55589-896-3 Pages: 13
06FTM15. Optimal Tooth Modifications in Spiral Bevel Gears Introduced by Machine Tool Setting Variation
Author: V. Simon
A method for the determination of optimal tooth modifications in spiral bevel gears based on load distribution,
minimized tooth root stresses, and reduced transmission errors is presented. Modifications are introduced into the
pinion tooth surface considering the bending and shearing deflections of gear teeth, local contact deformations of
mating surfaces, gear body bending and torsion, deflections of the supporting shafts, and manufacturing and
alignment of mating members. By applying a set of machine tool setting parameters, the maximum tooth contact
pressure can be reduced by 5.4%, the tooth fillet stresses in the pinion by 8% and the angular position error of the
driven gear by 48%, based on a spiral bevel gear pair manufactured by machine tool settings determined by a
commonly used method.
ISBN: 1-55589-897-1 Pages: 12
06FTM16. Certificate for Involute Gear Evaluation Software

Author: F. Härtig
A test for the verification of involute gear software has been developed at the Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB). This paper shows the critical influence on measurement uncertainty of uncertified involute
evaluation software. Beside the test parameter information, the most dominant effects of software errors will be
explained. The algorithms developed during this project should influence and help complete the existing
standards and their guidelines.
ISBN: 1-55589-898-X Pages: 5
2005 PAPERS
05FTM01. Fine Pitch, Plastic Face Gears: Design and Manufacture
Authors: I. Laskin and E. Reiter
Face gear technology has attracted attention. Products benefiting include those which use molded plastic gears.
More applications could benefit, justifying the need for more information on the special features of face gears,
their design and manufacture, in comparison to other non-parallel-shaft gears. A description of manufacturing
methods, particularly in plastic molding is given with inter-related design and gear performance issues. New
methods of graphic modeling are included with descriptions of face gear configurations and applications.
ISBN: 1-55589-849-1 Pages: 11
05FTM02. The Effects of Pre Rough Machine Processing on Dimensional Distortion During Carburizing
Author: G. Blake
A study to isolate the influence of pre-rough machine processing on final dimensional distortion. Methods are
discussed to aid process development and minimize dimensional change during carburizing. The study examined
the distortion during carburizing between five possible raw material starting conditions. Coupons were used and
manufactured from each population of material processing. Dimensions were made before and after carburizing
using a scanning coordinate measurement machine. The results show that dimensional distortion during
carburizing increases with mechanical and thermal processing.
ISBN: 1-55589-850-5 Pages: 18
05FTM03. Modeling Gear Distortion

Author: P.C. Clarke
Dealing with carburize case hardened gear distortion and growth is a challenge for the global gear industry.
Attempts started in 1978 with computer programs to calculate distortion and growth, plus residual stress
distributions for a gear and evolved by gathering distortion data for a wide range of sizes, shapes, grinding
allowances with trends for different geometries. A spread sheet program with gear dimensional input, calculates
the distortions and growths, and then calculates the modified dimensions for required protuberance and the
minimum carburized case depth. Case histories illustrate the consequences of various geometries and future
developments are discussed.
ISBN: 1-55589-851-3 Pages: 12

05FTM04. Tooth Meshing Stiffness Optimization Based on Gear Tooth Form Determination for a Production Process
Using Different Tools
Authors: U. Kissling, M. Raabe, M. Fish
The variation of the tooth meshing stiffness is a source of noise and the exact calculation of tooth form is
important for the stiffness determination. For this purpose, software was written with the concept of an unlimited
number of tools such as hobs, grinding disk, and honing defining a manufacturing sequence. Stiffness variation
can be improved by optimization of final gear geometry with a calculation of the contact path under load. The
meshing stiffness is derived making it possible to study the effect of a proposed profile correction of a gear under
different loads. Calculations with AGMA2001 or ISO6336 check the point with the highest root stress. Effect of a
grinding notch is also included.
ISBN: 1-55589-852-1 Pages: 11
05FTM05. Computerized Design of Face Hobbed Hypoid Gears: Tooth Surface Generation, Contact Analysis and
Stress Calculation
Authors: M. Vimercati and A. Piazza
Face milled hypoid gears have been widely studied. Aim of this paper is just to propose an accurate tool for
computerized design of face hobbed hypoid gears. A mathematical model able to compute detailed gear tooth
surface is presented. Then, the obtained surfaces will be employed as input for an advanced contact solver that,
using a hybrid method combining finite element technique with semi analytical solutions, is able to efficiently carry
out contact analysis under light and heavy loads and stress calculation of these gears.
ISBN: 1-55589-853-X Pages: 13
05FTM06. A Model to Predict Friction Losses of Hypoid Gears

Authors: H. Xu, A. Kahraman and D.R. Houser
A model to predict friction-related mechanical efficiency losses of hypoid gear pairs is proposed, which
combines a commercial available finite element based gear contact analysis model and a friction coefficient model
with a mechanical efficiency formulation. The contact analysis model is used to provide contact pressures and
other contact parameters required by the friction coefficient model. The instantaneous friction coefficient is
computed by using a validated formula that is developed based on a thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication
(EHL) model. Computed friction coefficient distributions are then used to calculate the friction forces and the
resultant instantaneous mechanical efficiency losses of the hypoid gear pair at a given mesh angle. The model is
applied to study the influence of speed, load, surface roughness, and lubricant temperature as well as assembly
errors on the mechanical efficiency of an example face-hobbed hypoid gear pair.
ISBN: 1-55589-854-8 Pages: 15
05FTM07. Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Cutting Technology Update

Author: T.J. Maiuri
Spiral bevel and hypoid gear cutting technology has changed significantly over the years. The machines, tools,
materials, coatings and processes have steadily advanced to the current state of the art. This paper will cover the
progression from mechanical machines with complex drive trains using the five cut method of cutting gears with
coolant, to machines with direct drive CNC technology dry cutting gears by the completing method with carbide
and high speed steel tools. The latest cutting tool materials and tool coatings will be discussed. Production
examples from the automotive and truck industries will be provided, as well as examples from the gear jobbing
industry.
ISBN: 1-55589-855-6 Pages: 20
05FTM08. New Developments in Tooth Contact Analysis (TCA) and Loaded TCA for Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear
Drives
Authors: Q. Fan and L. Wilcox
Tooth Contact Analysis (TCA) and Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis (LTCA) are two powerful tools for the design
and analysis of spiral bevel and hypoid gear drives. TCA and LTCA respectively simulate gear meshing contact
characteristics under light load and under significant load. Application of CNC hypoid gear generators has brought
new concepts in design of spiral bevel and hypoid gears with sophisticated modifications. This paper presents
new developments in TCA and LTCA of spiral bevel and hypoid gears. The first part of the paper describes a new
universal tooth surface generation model with consideration of capabilities of CNC bevel gear generators. The
universal model is based on the kinematical modeling of the basic machine settings and motions of a virtual bevel
gear generator which simulates the hypoid gear generator and integrates both face milling and face hobbing
processes. Mathematical descriptions of gear tooth surfaces are represented by a series of coordinate
transformations in terms of surface point position vector, unit normal, and unit tangent. Accordingly, a generalized
TCA algorithm and program are developed. In the second part of this paper the development of a finite element
analysis (FEA) based LTCA is presented. The LTCA contact model is formulated using TCA generated tooth
surface and fillet geometries. The FEA models accommodate multiple pairs of meshing teeth to consider a
realistic load distribution among the adjacent teeth. An improved flexibility matrix algorithm is formulated by
introducing specialized gap elements with considerations of deflection and deformation due to tooth bending,

shearing, local Hertzian contact, and axle stiffness. Two numerical examples, a face-hobbing design and a face
milling design, are illustrated to verify the developed mathematical models and programs.
ISBN: 1-55589-856-4 Pages: 12
05FTM09. Hypoid Gear Lapping Wear Coefficient and Simulation

Authors: C. Gosselin, Q. Jiang, K. Jenski and J. Masseth
Hypoid gears are usually hard finished after heat treatment using lapping. Because of the rolling and sliding
motion inherent to hypoid gears, the lapping compound abrades and refines the tooth surface to achieve
smoothness in rolling action and produce high quality gear sets. The pinions and gears are lapped in pairs and
must therefore remain as coordinated pairs for the rest of their lives. However, heat treatment distortion can vary
significantly. Thus, developing a lapping sequence for manufacturing requires both time and experienced
technicians who can establish lapping operating positions and sequence times to produce quality gear sets both
in terms of performance and cost. This development is generally trial and error. In this paper, the lapping process
is simulated using advanced modeling tools such as gear vectorial simulation for the tooth surfaces and path of
contact and reverse engineering to analyze the tooth contact pattern of existing gear sets under load (static
LTCA). Test gear sets are measured using a CMM prior to a special lapping cycle where the position of the gear
sets on the lapper does not change, and then re-measured after lapping in order to establish how much, and
where, material was removed. A wear constant named “wear coefficient” specific to the lapping compound
composition is then calculated. Based on the obtained wear coefficient value, an algorithm for simulating the
lapping process is presented. Gear sets lapped on the production line are used for simulation case studies.
Results show that it is possible to predict how much and where material will be removed, thereby opening the
door to better understanding of the lapping process.
ISBN: 1-55589-857-2 Pages: 16
05FTM10. Finite Element Study of the Ikona Gear Tooth Profile

Authors: J.R. Colbourne and S. Liu
The Ikona gear tooth profile is a patented non-involute tooth profile for internal gear pairs. Gears with this profile
have the following properties: the teeth are conjugate; the contact ratio is very high; there is no tip interference,
even when only a one-tooth difference between the pinion and internal gear; there is minimal backlash; and the
gears can be cut on conventional gear-cutting machines. Large reduction ratios can be achieved by a single gear
pair and a high contact ratio results in lower tooth stresses than for a similar involute gear. Plus, minimal backlash
makes the Ikona profile ideal for many applications, such as servo-drives, medical prostheses, and robots. Stress
analysis of these gears assumes that the contact force is equal at each contacting tooth pair. Finite element
results demonstrate how the number of tooth pairs in contact may increase under load. Finally, an estimate will be
presented, showing the variation of tooth force between the contacting teeth.
ISBN: 1-55589-858-0 Pages: 9
05FTM11. Low Loss Gears

Authors: B.-R. Höhn, K. Michaelis and A. Wimmer
In most transmission systems one power loss sources is the loaded gear mesh. High losses lead to high energy
consumption, high temperatures, early oil ageing, increased failure risk and high cooling requirements. In many
cases high efficiency is not the main focus and design criteria as load capacity or vibration excitation predominate
the gear shape design. Those design criteria can counteract high efficiency. The influences of gear geometry
parameters on gear efficiency, load capacity, and excitation are shown. Design preference guidelines can be
followed to a varying extent which leads to more or less unconventional, but more efficient gear design. Low loss
gears can save substantial energy in comparison to conventional gears. The power loss reduction is dependent
on the operating conditions and can add up to 70% of the power loss of conventional gears. Such low loss gears
have significant advantages in terms of energy consumption, heat development, and cooling requirements.
ISBN: 1-55589-859-9 Pages: 11
05FTM12. Modal Failure Analysis of a Gear and Drive Ring Assembly

Author: D.D. Behlke
After years of successful reliable applications, a component failure on a new application cannot be explained
with static stress analyses; modal failure analyses may be required. Finite element modal analyses were used to
identify the mode and its frequency that cause a high range gear and drive ring assembly to fail prematurely. A
Campbell Diagram was used to identify modes in the operating range of a six-speed transmission that could
cause the drive ring to fail. Redesigning the assembly to move the critical modes out of the operating range is
described.
ISBN: 1-55589-860-2 Pages: 8
05FTM13. Evaluation of the Scuffing Resistance of Isotropic Superfinished Precision Gears

Authors: P.W. Niskanen, B. Hansen and L. Winkelmann
Aerospace gears are often engineered to operate near the upper bounds of their theoretical design allowables.
Due to this, scuffing is a primary failure mode for aerospace gears. Isotropic superfinishing improved
Rolling/Sliding Contact Fatigue up to nine times that of baseline test specimens. Tests demonstrated the ability to

successfully carry 30 percent higher loads for at least three times the life of the baseline samples. A study was
conducted on actual gears having an isotropic superfinish. This study showed superfinishing technology
increased a gear's resistance to contact fatigue by a factor of three, and increased bending fatigue resistance by
at least 10 percent. The paper discusses an additional study which is underway to determine the scuffing
resistance of isotropic superfinished aerospace gears to that of baseline ground gears. These tests were
conducted using a method that progressively increases lubricant temperature until scuffing occurs, rather than the
traditional load increasing method used in FZG testing rigs. The results of the current testing reveals that isotropic
superfinished SAE 9310 specimens show at least a 40 F higher lubricant temperature at the point of scuffing
compared to as-ground baseline gears.
ISBN: 1-55589-861-0 Pages: 10
05FTM14. Determining the Shaper Cut Helical Gear Fillet Profile

Author: G. Lian
This paper describes a root fillet form calculating method for a helical gear generated with a shaper cutter. The
shaper cutter considered has an involute main profile and elliptical cutter edge in the transverse plane. Since the
fillet profile cannot be determined with closed form equations, a Newton's approximation method was used in the
calculation procedure. The paper will also explore the feasibility of using a shaper tool algorithm for approximating
a hobbed fillet form. Finally, the paper will also discuss some of the applications of fillet form calculation
procedures such as form diameter (start of involute) calculation and finishing stock analysis.
ISBN: 1-55589-862-9 Pages: 16
05FTM15. Repair of Helicopter Gears

Authors: S. Rao, D. McPherson and G. Sroka,
In order to reduce costs by extending the operational life of the sun and input pinion gears of a helicopter
transmission, scraped gears were subject to a superfinishing process. This process was found to remove minor
foreign object damage by uniformly removing a minimal amount of material on the gear teeth, while meeting
original manufacturing specifications for geometry. The process also resulted in enhanced surface quality and did
not exhibit detrimental metallurgical effects on the surface or sub-surface of the teeth. The process was also
found to eliminate gray staining, an early precursor to pitting. This paper describes the results of the helicopter
gear repair project and includes the geometry and metallurgical evaluations on the repaired gear. Further effort to
characterize the durability and strength characteristics of the repaired gear is ongoing.
ISBN: 1-55589-863-7 Pages: 9
05FTM16. CH47D Engine Transmission Input Pinion Seeded Fault Test

Authors: J.P. Petrella, J.S. Kachelries and S.M. Holder, and T.E. Neupert
This paper summarizes an Engine Transmission Input Pinion Seeded Fault Test that was accomplished as a
portion of the validation process for the Transmission Vibration Diagnostic System (TVDS) Analyzer. The test
specimen was a high speed engine transmission input pinion with a known defect (i.e., seeded fault) machined
into a high stress area of a gear tooth root. During the testing, the TVDS analyzer monitored the test pinion real
time to provide a sufficient warning time of the impending failure. The TVDS data was evaluated along with a
post-test evaluation of the fatigue crack. During the post-test fractographic evaluation, arrest lines and fatigue
striations were analyzed to develop crack propagation data as a function of the number of applied load cycles.
This data was then correlated to better understand the potential warning signals the TVDS system could provide
that would allow the pilot enough time to unload the suspect engine transmission.
ISBN: 1-55589-864-5 Pages: 11
05FTM17. Influences of Bearing Life Considerations on Gear Drive Design

Author: F.C. Uherek
Historically, catalog gear drives have been designed with 5000 hours of L10 bearing life at service factor 1.0
power. Advances in bearing analysis methods have brought new considerations to the design and selection
process. The impact of new modeling techniques, additional considerations, and various extensions to the
traditional bearing fatigue calculations are explored. The modeling of these various additions to a traditional
catalog L10 calculation is illustrated by bearing selections for cases of single, double, and triple reduction gear
drives. A roadmap is presented listing critical considerations when applying various bearing manufacturer
recommendations.
ISBN: 1-55589-865-3 Pages: 13
05FTM18. Planet Pac: Increasing Epicyclic Power Density and Performance through Integration
Author: D.R. Lucas
Epicyclical gear systems are typically equipped with straddle-mounted planetary idlers and are supported by
pins on the input and output sides of a carrier. These carriers can be either one-piece or two-piece carrier
designs. Traditionally many of the higher power rated epicyclic gear systems use cylindrical roller bearings to
support the planetary gears. This paper will demonstrate that using a preloaded taper roller bearing in an
integrated package should be the preferred choice for this application to increase the bearing capacity, power
density, and fatigue life performance. Based on DIN281-4 calculations, this patented, fully integrated solution

allows for calculated bearing fatigue lives to be 5 times greater than a non-integrated solution and more than 1.5
times greater than a semi-integrated solution, without changing the planet gear envelope.
ISBN: 1-55589-866-1 Pages: 7
05FTM19. The Application of Very Large, Weld Fabricated, Carburized, Hardened & Hard Finished Advanced
Technology Gears in Steel Mill Gear Drives
Authors: R.J. Drago, R. Cunningham and S. Cymbala
In the 1980's, Advanced Technology Gear (ATG) steel rolling mill gear drives consisting of carburized pinions in
mesh with very large, weld fabricated, high through hardened gears were introduced to improve capacity.
Recently, even the improvements obtained from these ATG gear sets were not sufficient to meet higher
production rates and rolling loads. For greater load capacity ATG sets have been developed consisting of
carburized, hardened pinions in mesh with very large, weld fabricated, carburized and hard finished gears. Single
and double helical gears of this type, ranging in size from 80 to 136 inches pitch diameter have been implemented
in several steel rolling applications. This paper describes the conditions that require the use of these gears and
the technology required to design, manufacture, and, especially, heat treat, these very special, very large gear
sets.
ISBN: 1-55589-867-X Pages: 16
05FTM20. Dual Drive Conveyor Speed Reducer Failure Analysis

Author: M. Konruff
With increasing requirements, many conveyor systems utilize dual drive arrangements to increase output. Dual
drives can provide an economical solution by utilizing smaller, more efficient, system designs. However, multiple
drive conveyors must proportion the load between drives and load sharing without some type of control is difficult
to achieve. This paper presents a case study on a failure analysis of a coal mine dual drive conveyor system that
experienced gear reducer failures between 2 to 18months. Physical and metallurgical inspection of failed gearing
did not indicate material or workmanship defects, but indicated overload. In order to determine the cause of the
failures, strain gage load testing was performed. The testing of the conveyor drives revealed load sharing
problems which that will be reviewed.
ISBN: 1-55589-868-8 Pages: 9
2004 PAPERS
04FTM1. Gear Noise - Challenge and Success Based on Optimized Gear Geometries
Authors: F. Hoppe and B. Pinnekamp
Airborne and structure borne noise behavior becomes more and more an important feature for industrial
applications. Noise excitation requirements may differ with applications. Industrial conveyor belts or cement mills
are less sensitive with respect to noise emission than military applications, such as navy ship propulsion. This
paper describes requirements and solutions with regard to noise behavior focusing on examples taken from wind
turbine gear transmissions and navy applications. The individual approaches have to be a suitable compromise to
meet the challenge of noise requirement and cost optimization without restrictions on gear load carrying capacity.
Therefore, the paper shows requirements and measurements examples from shop and field tests in comparison
to gear micro geometry and calculation results.
ISBN: 1-55589-824-6 Pages: 15
04FTM2. Noise Optimized Modifications: Renaissance of the Generating Grinders?

Author: H. Geiser
While load and stress optimized tooth modifications may be normal in production, noise and vibration optimized
tooth modifications need higher production accuracies and more complex modifications than with crowning and
root or tip relief. Topological modifications show advantages for low noise and vibration behavior due to the higher
variability in direction of contact pattern. Unfortunately, a load optimized tooth flank modification is not always a
noise optimized modification - a compromise between optimized load distribution and low noise has to be found.
In a practical example the calculation possibilities will be demonstrated on how an optimized tooth modification
can be found. To satisfy the new requirements the gear grinder manufacturers needed to improve their machines.
This improvement was possible with the substitution for the mechanical transmissions in the grinder with the
modern CNC controls. By introducing a torque motor as the main table drive of a grinder, together with the direct
mounted encoder, an advantage is offered in comparison to the mechanical drive. Problems like worm gear wear,
backlash and deviations are eliminated. This, and the possibility of topological modifications, could now lead to a
renascence of the generating grinders.
ISBN: 1-55589-825-4 Pages: 9
04FTM3. A Method to Define Profile Modification of Spur Gear and Minimize the Transmission Error
Authors: M. Beghini, F. Presicce, and C. Santus
The object of this presentation is to propose a simple method to reduce the transmission error for a given spur
gear set, at a nominal torque, by means of profile modification parameters. Iterative simulations with advanced
software are needed. A hybrid method has been used, combining the finite element technique with semi analytical

solutions. A two dimensional analysis is thought to be adequate for this kind of work; in fact, the resulting software
does not require much time for model definition and simulations, with very high precision in the results. The
starting configuration is presented. At each subsequent step, little alteration of one parameter is introduced, and
the best improvement in terms of static transmission error is followed, until a minimum peak-to-peak value is
achieved. At the end a check is needed to verify that the tip relief is enough to avoid the non-conjugate contact on
the tip corner for a smooth transfer load.
ISBN: 1-55589-826-2 Pages: 11
04FTM4. Influence of Surface Roughness on Gear Pitting Behavior

Authors: T.C. Jao, M.T. Devlin, J.L. Milner, R.N. Iyer, and M.R. Hoeprich
In earlier studies, surface roughness had been shown to have a significant influence on gear pitting life. Within a
relatively small range of surface roughness (Ra = 0.1 - 0.3 micron), gear pitting life as measured by the FZG
pitting test decreases as the gear surface roughness increases. This inverse relationship between gear surface
roughness and pitting life is well understood in the field. To determine whether this inverse relationship is
applicable to a wider range of surface roughness values, a pitting study was conducted using gears whose
surface roughness ranges from 0.1 - 0.6 micron. The results were not completely expected. The study showed
that the micropitting area is radically expanded when the gear surface roughness is close to the upper limit of the
range studied. At the same time, the formation of macropitting is also greatly delayed. Not only is the pitting life
significantly longer, but the initiation of macropitting can occur near or slightly beyond the pitch line. The paper
discusses how high surface roughness introduces a wear mechanism that delays the formation of macropits.
ISBN: 1-55589-827-0 Pages: 12
04FTM5. Investigations on the Micropitting Load Capacity of Case Carburized Gears

Authors: B.-R. Höhn, P. Oster, U. Schrade and T. Tobie
Micropitting is fatigue damage that is frequently observed on case carburized gears. It is controlled by conditions
of the tribological system of tooth flank surface and lubricant. The oil film thickness has been found to be a
dominant parameter. Based on the results of investigations a calculation method to evaluate the risk of
micropitting respectively to determine a safety factor for micropitting on case carburized gears was developed.
The calculation method is based on the result of the micropitting test as a lubricant tribological parameter, but
enables the gear designer to take major influences such as operating conditions, gear geometry and gear size of
the actual application into consideration. The paper summarizes important results of the continuous experimental
investigations and introduces the proposed calculation method for rating the micropitting load capacity of case
carburized gears.
ISBN: 1-55589-828-9 Pages: 15
04FTM6. The Effect of a A ZnDTP Anti-wear Additive on Micropitting Resistance of Carburized Steel Rollers
Authors: C. Benyajati and A.V. Olver
Zinc di-alkyl dithio-phosphate (ZnDTP) compounds are widely used in engine and transmission oils both as anti-
oxidants and as anti-wear additives. However, recent work has shown that many anti-wear additives appear to
have a detrimental effect on the resistance of gears and other contacting components to various types of rolling
contact fatigue, including micropitting. The paper examines the effect of a secondary C6 ZnDTP presence in low
viscosity synthetic base oil on the resistance to micropitting and wear of carburized steel rollers, using a triple-
contact disk tester. It was found that the additive caused severe micropitting and associated wear, whereas the
pure base oil did not give rise to any micropitting. It was further found that the additive was not detrimental unless
it was present during the first 100 000 cycles of the test when it was found to exert a strong effect on the
development of roughness on the counter-rollers. It is concluded that the additive is detrimental to micropitting
resistance because it retards wear-in of the contact surfaces, favoring the development of damaging fatigue
cracks. This contrast with some earlier speculation that suggested a direct chemical effect could be responsible.
ISBN: 1-55589-829-7 Pages: 10
04FTM7. A Short Procedure to Evaluate Micropitting Using the New AGMA Designed Gears
Authors: K.J. Buzdygon and A.B. Cardis
At the 1998 AGMA Fall Technical Meeting, encouraging results of a prototype micropitting test using specially
designed gears on the standard FZG test rig were reported. Additional gear sets became available from AGMA in
2000. Subsequently, several sets of these experimental AGMA test gears were used in an attempt to develop a
relatively short test procedure to evaluate micropitting. The detailed results of these tests are discussed in the
paper. The procedure involved running the test gears on the standard FZG test rig with oil circulation for 168
hours. At the end of test, the gears are rated for micropitting, weight loss, pitting, and scuffing. Five commercially
available ISO VG 320 gear oils, with performance in the FVA Procedure 54 micropitting test ranging from FLS 9-
low to FLS >10-high, were evaluated using this procedure. The degree of micropitting coverage ranged from 34%
to 7% in the new test procedure. Micropitting generally originated in the middle of the gear tooth, instead of the
root or tip. Overall, there was excellent correlation of the degree of micropitting damage between the new test
procedure and FVA Procedure 54.
ISBN: 1-55589-830-0 Pages: 8

04FTM8. Generalized Excitation of Traveling Wave Vibration in Gears

Author: P.B. Talbert
Rotation of gears under load creates dynamic loading between the gears at tooth mesh frequency and its
harmonics. The dynamic loading can excite traveling wave vibration in the gears. The strain associated with the
traveling wave vibration can be excessive and result in high cycle fatigue of the gears. Prior investigations have
examined traveling wave excitation for specific configurations, such as a sequential star system with a fixed
planetary carrier. Gear mesh excitation of traveling wave vibration can be generalized to include the following: (1)
any number of gears surrounding the center gear, (2) non-symmetric spacing of the surrounding gears, (3) non-
equal power transfer of the surrounding gears, and (4) the effect of periodic features in the center gear. A closed
form expression is developed to quantify the relative excitation of traveling wave vibration for each nodal
diameter. This expression for the relative excitation is verified using analytical finite element examples.
ISBN: 1-55589-831-9 Pages: 13
04FTM9. Design of a High Ratio, Ultra Safe, High Contact Ratio, Double Helical Compound Planetary Transmission
for Helicopter Applications
Authors: F.W. Brown, M.J. Robuck, G.K. Roddis and T.E. Beck
An ultra-safe, high ratio planetary transmission, for application as a helicopter main rotor drive, has been
designed under the sponsorship of NRTC-RITA. It is anticipated that this new planetary transmission offers
improvements relative to the current state-of-the-art including, reduced weight, reduced transmitted noise and
improved fail-safety. This paper discusses the analysis and design results for the subject planetary transmission.
Fabrication and testing of the transmission will be conducted in subsequent phases of the project. Typically, the
final stage in helicopter main rotor transmission is the most critical and usually the heaviest assembly in the drive
system for any rotary wing aircraft. The new ultra-safe, high ratio planetary transmission design utilizes a
compound planetary configuration with a 17.5:1 reduction ratio which would replace a conventional two stage
simple planetary transmission. The new design uses split-torque paths and high combined contact ratio gearing.
ISBN: 1-55589-832-7 Pages: 12
04FTM10. The Failure Investigation and Replacement of a Large Marine Gear

Authors: P. Hopkins, B. Shaw, J. Varo, and A. Kennedy
The paper presents details of a recent gearbox problem encountered on a naval ship and the final solution
bringing the ship back to full ability. The problem occurred on the main wheel of a large, high power Naval
gearbox. The investigation showed that pitting damage had developed as a result of loose side plate bolts, which
led on to bending fatigue cracking. Additional investigations and monitoring established that the damage had been
assisted by increased usage at high power levels, as well as a small number of significant overloads. Assessment
of the gearbox design was that it had been running very close to original design limits. Repairs were then carried
out to remove and arrest any damage present, and monitoring procedures were put in place to ensure no further
damage developed. Risk assessments were performed to allow the ship to continue to meet its demands. Full
repair options were then considered and replacement gear elements designed and produced to increase future
abilities and safety factors. The paper covers the discovery of the problem, failure investigation, the in-situ repair,
risk assessment of continued running, prevention of further damage, damage monitoring, the permanent repair
assessment, design, manufacture and installation of replacement gears, and trials.
ISBN: 1-55589-833-5 Pages: 11
04FTM11. Gear Lubrication as a Reliability Partner

Author: M. Holloway
Performance lubrication is quickly becoming a component of preventive, predictive, proactive and reliability
based maintenance programs. Using the best gear lubricant, coupled with system condition, monitoring and
analysis, actually reduces overall operating expenses dramatically. Various techniques such as system
conditioning, oil and equipment analysis, along with product selection and management are valuable tools which
convert many maintenance departments into reliability centers. These concepts and others are discussed in this
informative hands on discussion which will review best maintenance practices from various companies and review
how to implement similar programs.
ISBN: 1-55589-834-3 Pages: 8
04FTM12. Improved Tooth Load Distribution in an Involute Spline Joint Using Lead Modifications Based on Finite
Element Analysis
Authors: F.W. Brown, J.D. Hayes and G.K. Roddis
Involute splines are prone to non-uniform contact loading along their length, especially in lightweight, flexible
applications such as a helicopter main rotor shaft-to-rotor hub joint. A significantly improved tooth load distribution
is achieved by applying, to the internally splined member, complex lead corrections which vary continuously along
the length of the spline. Rotor hub splines with analytically determined lead corrections were manufactured and
tested under design load conditions. A standard rotor shaft-to-hub joint, which uses a step lead correction
between splines, was also tested as a baseline. Test data indicated that the complex lead corrections resulted in
a nearly uniform contact load distribution along the length of the spline at the design torque load. The data also

showed that the load distribution for the splines with the complex lead corrections was significantly improved
relative to the baseline splines.
ISBN: 1-55589-835-1 Pages: 16
04FTM13. Superfinishing Motor Vehicle Ring and Pinion Gears

Authors: L. Winkelmann, J. Holland and R. Nanning
Today, the automotive market is focusing on “lubed for life” differentials requiring no service for the life of the
vehicle. Premature differential failure can be caused by bearing failures as well as ring and pinion failure. By
super finishing the lapped ring and pinion gear sets to a surface roughness less than 10 micro inch, lubricant,
bearing and gear lives can be significantly increased because of the concomitant elimination of wear and the
temperature spike associated with break-in. It was assumed that super finishing technology could not preserve
the contact pattern of the lapped and matched gear set. This paper discusses a mass finishing operation which
overcomes these obstacles and meets the needs of a manufacturing facility. Gear metrology, contact patterns,
transmission error and actual performance data for super finished gear sets will be presented along with the super
finishing process.
ISBN: 1-55589-836-X Pages: 16
04FTMS1. Stress Analysis of Gear Drives Based on Boundary Element Method

Author: D. Vecchiato
The stress analysis is performed as a part of TCA (Tooth Contact Analysis) for a gear drive. Unlike the existing
approaches, the proposed one does not require application of commercial codes (like ANSYS or ABAQUS) for
derivation of contact model and determination of contact and bending stresses. The contacting model is derived
directly by using the equations of tooth surfaces determined analytically. The boundary element approach allows
to reduce substantially the number of nodes of the model. Determination of stresses caused by applied load is
obtained directly for the applied contacting model for any position of meshing. The developed approach is
illustrated by stress analysis of helical gears with modified geometry.
ISBN: 1-55589-837-8 Pages: 16
2002 PAPERS
02FTM1. The Effect of Chemically Accelerated Vibratory Finishing on Gear Metrology
Authors: L. Winklemann, M. Michaud, G. Sroka, J. Arvin and A. Manesh
Chemically accelerated vibratory finishing is a commercially proven process that is capable of isotropically
superfinishing metals to an Ra < 1.0 in. Gears have less friction, run significantly cooler and have lower noise and
vibration when this technology is applied. Scuffing, contact fatigue (pitting), and bending fatigue are also reduced
or eliminated both in laboratory testing and field trials. This paper presents studies done on aerospace Q13 spiral
bevel gears showing that the amount of metal removed to superfinish the surface is both negligible and
controllable. Media selection and metal removal monitoring procedures are described ensuring uniform surface
finishing, controllability and preservation of gear metrology.
ISBN: 1-55589-801-7 Pages: 18
02FTM2. Development and Application of Computer-Aided Design and Tooth Contact Analysis of Spiral-Type Gears
with Cylindrical Worm
Authors: V.I. Goldfarb and E.S. Trubachov
This paper presents the method of step-by-step computer-aided design of spiroid-type gears, which involves
gear scheme design, geometric calculation of gearing, drive design, calculation of machine settings and tooth-
contact analysis. Models of operating and generating gearing have been developed, including models of
manufacture and assembly errors, force and temperature deformations acting in real gearing, and drive element
wear. Possibilities of CAD-technique application are shown to solve design and manufacture tasks for gearboxes
and gear-motors with spiroid-type gears.
ISBN: 1-55589-802-5 Pages: 15
02FTM3. The Application of Statistical Stability and Capability for Gear Cutting Machine Acceptance Criteria
Author: T.J. Maiuri
Over the years the criteria for gear cutting machine acceptance has changed. In the past, cutting a standard test
gear or cutting a customer gear to their specification was all that was expected for machine acceptance. Today,
statistical process control (SPC) is required for virtually every machine runoff. This paper will cover the basic
theory of stability and capability and its application to bevel and cylindrical gear cutting machine acceptance
criteria. Actual case studies will be presented to demonstrate the utilization of these SPC techniques.
ISBN: 1-55589-803-3 Pages: 26
02FTM4. Multibody-System-Simulation of Drive Trains of Wind Turbines

Author: B. Schlecht
During the last years a multitude of wind turbines have been put into operation with continuously increased
power output. Wind turbines with 6 MW output are in the stage of development, a simple extrapolation to larger

dimensions of wind turbines on the basis of existing plants and operational experiences is questionable. This
paper deals with the simulation of the dynamic behavior of the complete drive train of a wind turbine by using a
detailed Multi-System-Model with special respect of the gear box internals. Starting with the model creation and
the analysis of the natural frequencies, various load cases in the time domain will be discussed.
ISBN: 1-55589-804-1 Pages: 13
02FTM5. Crack Length and Depth Determination in an Integrated Carburized Gear/Bearing

Authors: R. Drago and J. Kachelries
In an effort to determine if processing cracks posed a safety of flight concern, several gears that contained
cracks were designated to undergo a rigorous bench test. Prior to the start of the test, it was necessary to
document, nondestructively, all of the crack dimensions. This paper will present a specially modified magnetic
rubber inspection technique to determine crack lengths as short as 0.006 inch, and a unique, highly sensitive,
laboratory eddy current inspection technique to estimate crack depths up to +/- 0.003 inch.
ISBN: 1-55589-805-X Pages: 9
02FTM6. Contemporary Gear Hobbing - Tools and Process Strategies

Author: C. Kobialka
Gear manufacturing without coolant lubrication is getting more and more important. Modern hobbing machines
are designed to cope with dry hobbing. In the last years, carbide hobs were prevailing in high-speed hobbing due
to their excellent thermal stability. Today, this high performance rate is confronted with rather high tool costs and
critical tool handling. Powder metallurgical HSS combined with extremely wear resistant coating on the base of
(Ti, Al)N offer interesting alternatives for dry hobbing. It is evident that existing conventional hob geometries can
be optimized respecting limiting factors like maximum chip thickness and maximum depth of scallops.
ISBN: 1-55589-806-8 Pages: 11
02FTM7. Selecting the Best Carburizing Method for the Heat Treatment of Gears
Authors: D. Herring, G. Lindell, D. Breuer and B. Madlock
Vacuum carburizing has proven itself a robust heat treatment process and a viable alternative to atmosphere
carburizing. This paper will present scientific data in support of this choice. A comparison of atmosphere
carburized gears requiring press quenching to achieve dimensional tolerances in a “one piece at a time” heat
treating operation, with a vacuum carburized processing a full load of gears that have been high gas pressure
quenched within required tolerances.
ISBN: 1-55589-807-6 Pages: 13
02FTM8. Compliant Spindle in Lapping and Testing Machines

Author: B. McGlasson
This paper presents theory, analysis and results of a novel spindle design with application to bevel gear lapping
and testing machines. The spindle design includes a rotationally compliant element which can substantially
reduce the dynamic forces induced between the gear members while rolling under load. The theory of this spindle
concept is presented using simplified models, providing the explanation for the process benefits it brings. Analysis
and simulations give additional insight into the dynamics of the system. Finally, actual lapping and testing
machine results are presented.
ISBN: 1-55589-808-4 Pages: 11
02FTM9. Gear RollScan for High Speed Gear Measurement

Author: A. Pommer
This presentation features a revolutionary new method for the complete topographical measurement of gears.
The Gear RollScan system is similar to one-flank gear rolling inspection. However, the master gear has
measuring tracks on selected flanks. With two master gears in roll contact, both the left and right flanks of the
specimen can be inspected simultaneously. After a specified number of rotations, every measuring track on the
master gears will contact every flank of the specimen this measuring device will always find the worst tooth.
ISBN: 1-55589-809-2 Pages: 10
02FTM10. Comparing the Gear Ratings from ISO and AGMA

Author: O. LaBath
In the early 1980's several technical papers were given comparing gear ratings from ISO and AGMA showing
some interesting and diverse differences in the trends when the gear geometry was changed slightly. These
changes included addendum modification coefficients and helix angle. Differences also existed when the
hardness and hardening methods were changed. This paper will use rating programs developed by an AGMA
committee to compare AGMA and ISO ratings while having the same gear geometry for both ratings. This will
allow consistent trend analysis by only changing one gear geometry parameter while holding other geometry
items constant.
ISBN: 1-55589-810-6 Pages: 17

02FTM11. Gear Design Optimization Procedure that Identifies Robust, Minimum Stress and Minimum Noise Gear
Pair Designs
Author: D. Houser
Typical gear design procedures are based on an iterative process that uses rather basic formulas to predict
stresses. Modifications such as tip relief and lead crowning are based on experience and these modifications are
usually selected after the design has been considered. In this process, noise is usually an afterthought left to be
chosen by the designer after the geometric design has been established. This paper starts with micro-
topographies in the form of profile and lead modifications. Then, evaluations are made on the load distribution,
bending and contact stresses, transmission error, film thickness, flash temperature, etc. for a large number of
designs. The key to this analysis is the rapid evaluation of the load distribution.
ISBN: 1-55589-811-4 Pages: 15
02FTMS1 Design and Stress Analysis of New Version of Novikov-Wildhaber Helical Gears
Author: I. Gonzalez-Perez
This paper covers design, generation, tooth contact analysis and stress analysis of a new type of Novikov-
Wildhaber helical gear drive. Great advantages of the developed gear drive in comparison with the previous ones
will be discussed, including: reduction of noise and vibration caused by errors of alignment, the possibility of
grinding, and application of hardened materials and reduction of stresses. These achievements are obtained by
application of: new geometry based on application of parabolic rack-cutters, double-crowning of pinion and
parabolic type of transmission errors.
ISBN: 1-55589-812-2 Pages: 25
2001 PAPERS
01FTM1. Carbide Hobbing Case Study
Author: Y. Kotlyar
Carbide hobbing improves productivity and cost, however many questions remain regarding the best
application, carbide material, hob sharpening, coating and re-coating, hob handling, consistency and optimum hob
wear, best cutting conditions, and concerns for the initial cutting tool investment. This paper is a case study of a
successful implementation of carbide hobbing for an annual output of 250,000 gears, average lot size of about
200-300 gears, producing gears of about 150 different sizes and pitches, with 4 setups per day on average.
ISBN: 1-55589-780-0 Pages: 16
01FTM2. The Ultimate Motion Graph for “Noiseless” Gears

Authors: H.J. Stadtfeld and U. Geiser
Gear noise is a common problem in all bevel and hypoid gear drives. A variety of expensive gear geometry
optimizations are applied daily in all hypoid gear manufacturing plants, to reduce gear noise. In many cases those
efforts have little success. This paper will present ”The Ultimate Motion Graph”, a concept for modulating the tooth
surfaces that uses modifications to cancel operating dynamic disturbances that are typically generated by any
gear types.
ISBN: 1-55589-781-9 Pages: 16
01FTM3. Automated Spiral Bevel Gear Pattern Inspection

Authors: S.T. Nguyen, A. Manesh, K. Duckworth and S. Wiener
Manufacturing processes for precision spiral bevel gears are operator intensive, making them particularly costly
in today's small lot production environment. This problem is compounded by production requirements for
replacement parts that have not been produced for many years. The paper will introduce a new closed loop
system capable of reducing development costs by 90% and bevel gear grinder setup time by 80%. In addition, a
capability to produce non-standard designs without part data summaries is reviewed. Advancements will also be
presented for accepting precision gears using an electronic digital master in lieu of a physical master.
ISBN: 1-55589-782-7 Pages: 15
01FTM4. How to Inspect Large Cylindrical Gears with an Outside Diameter of More Than 40 Inches
Author: G. Mikoleizig
This paper discusses the design and function of the relevant machines used for individual error measurements
such as lead and profile form as well as gear pitch and runout. The author will cover different types of inspection
machines such as: stationary, CNC-controlled gear measuring centers, and transportable equipment for checking
individual parameters directly on the gear cutting or gear grinding machine.
ISBN: 1-55589-783-5 Pages: 20
01FTM5. Traceability of Gears - New Ideas, Recent Developments

Authors: F. Härtig and F. Wäldele
Some national standard tolerances for cylindrical gears lie in, and even below, the range of instrument
measurement uncertainties. This paper presents a concept based on three fundamental goals: reduction of
measurement uncertainty, construction of workpiece-like standards, and shortening of the traceability chain. One

of the focal points is the development of a standard measuring device as an additional metrological frame
integrated into a coordinate measuring machine.
ISBN: 1-55589-784-3 Pages: 6
01FTM6. Performance-Based Gear-Error Inspection, Specification, and Manufacturing-Source Diagnostics

Authors: W.D. Mark and C.P. Reagor
This paper will show that a frequency-domain approach for the specification of gear tooth tolerance limits is
related to gear performance and transmission errors. In addition, it is shown that one can compute, from detailed
tooth measurements, the specific tooth error contributions that cause any particularly troublesome rotational
harmonic contributions to transmission error, thereby permitting manufacturing source identification of
troublesome operation.
ISBN: 1-55589-785-1 Pages: 15
01FTM7. Chemically Accelerated Vibratory Finishing for the Elimination of Wear and Pitting of Alloy Steel Gears
Authors: M. Michaud, G. Sroka and L. Winkelmann
Chemically accelerated vibratory finishing eliminates wear and contact fatigue, resulting in gears surviving
higher power densities for a longer life compared to traditional finishes. Studies have confirmed this process is
metallurgically safe for both through hardened and case carburized alloy steels. The superfinish can achieve an
Ra < 1.5 μinch, while maintaining tolerance levels. Metrology, topography, scanning electron microscopy,
hydrogen embrittlement, contact fatigue and lubrication results are presented.
ISBN: 1-55589-786-X Pages: 16
01FTM8. The Effect of Spacing Errors and Runout on Transverse Load Sharing and the Dynamic Factor of Spur and
Helical Gears
Authors: H. Wijaya, D.R. Houser and J. Harianto
This paper addresses the effect of two common manufacturing errors on the performance of spur and helical
gears; spacing error and gear runout. In spacing error analysis, load sharing for two worst-case scenarios are
treated, one where a tooth is out of position and the second where stepped index errors are applied. The
analyzed results are then used as inputs to predict gear dynamic loads, dynamic tooth stresses and dynamic
factors for gear rating.
ISBN: 1-55589-787-8 Pages: 16
01FTM9. New Opportunities with Molded Gears

Authors: R.E. Kleiss, A.L. Kapelevich and N.J. Kleiss Jr.
Unique tooth geometry that might be difficult or even impossible to achieve with cut gears can be applied to
molded gears. This paper will investigate two types of gears that have been designed, molded and tested in
plastic. The first is an asymmetric mesh with dissimilar 23 and 35 degree pressure angles. The second is an
orbiting transmission with a 65 degree pressure angle. Both transmissions have higher load potential than
traditional design approaches.
ISBN: 1-55589-788-6 Pages: 11
01FTM10. Design Technologies of High Speed Gear Transmission

Author: J. Wang
This paper discusses a few critical factors and their effects on high speed gear transmissions. The first factor is
centrifugal force and its effect on tooth root strength, tooth expansion and backlash and the interference fit
between gear and shaft. The second is system dynamics, including critical speed, dynamic balancing and the
torsional effects of flexible couplings. The third is the windage loss with different combinations of helix and rotation
direction, lubricant flow rate, flow distribution and their effects on tooth bulk temperature field and tooth thermal
expansion.
ISBN: 1-55589-789-4 Pages: 8
01FTM11. Kinematic and Force Analysis of a Spur Gear System with Separation of Sliding and Rolling between
Meshing Profiles
Author: D.E. Tananko
This paper describes a comprehensive study of the novel gear design with physical separation between sliding
and rolling motions of the mesh gear contact point. The sliding motion is accommodated by shear deformation of
a thin-layered rubber-metal laminate allowing very high compression loads. Several important advantages will be
presented when comparing the composite gear design to the conventional involute profile.
ISBN: 1-55589-790-8 Pages: 50

01FTMS1. Optical Technique for Gear Contouring

Author: F. Sciammarella
This paper presents an optical technique (projection moiré) that is compact and can provide a quick full field
analysis of high precision gears. Comparisons are made between mechanical and optical profiles obtained of a
gear tooth.
ISBN: 1-55589-791-6 Pages: 12
2000 PAPERS
2000FTM1. Minimization of In-Process Corrosion of Aerospace Gears
Authors: S.T. Nguyen, A. Manesh, and J. Reeves
This paper discusses problems and root causes associated with the corrosion of aerospace gears during the
manufacturing process.
Specimens of common base materials used in precision gearing were subjected to process conditions that
contribute to corrosion initiation including: different coolant types and concentrations, material heat treat
conditions, base material magnetism, surface finish and iron particles in coolant.
ISBN: 1-55589-762-2 Pages: 7
2000FTM2. The Calculation of Optimum Surface Carbon Content for Carburized Case Hardened Gears
Author: P.C. Clarke
At present, there is not a method to calculate eutectoid carbon from chemical analysis and the eutectoid carbon
is not the best element upon which to base surface carbon requirements. This paper will define the conditions and
propose a method to calculate an optimum carbon level to minimize the possibilities of retained austenite,
cementite and bainite.
ISBN: 1-55589-763-0 Pages: 8
2000FTM3. Comparison of New Gear Metallurgy Documents, ISO 6336-5 and AGMA 923 with Gear Rating
Standards AGMA 2001 and 2003
Author: A.A. Swiglo
This paper will compare and contrast these four documents. What's new, what's different and what's hidden in
the footnotes. Knowing the differences will be important to the users of these documents.
ISBN: 1-55589-764-9 Pages: 110
2000FTM4. Parametric Influences in the ISO Project Concerning Worm Gear Rating
Author: M. Octrue
This paper analyzes the influence of different parameters in CD ISO 14561 Load Capacity Calculation of Worm
Gears such as; efficiency, wear load capacity, pitting, deflection and tooth root stress. The influencing parameters
are divided into different categories such as external parameters of loading conditions, environmental parameters
of lubricant temperature and driving and driven machines.
ISBN: 1-55589-765-7 Pages: 10
2000FTM5. Systematic Investigations on the Influence of Viscosity Index Improvers on EHL-Film Thickness
Authors: B.-R. Hohn, K. Michaelis and F. Kopatsch
This paper compares film thickness calculations to measurements taken using polymer containing oils in a twin
disk machine. Results will show all polymer containing oils form lower film thicknesses than straight mineral oils of
the same viscosity after shearing. A polymer correction factor is derived from test results improving the accuracy
of film thickness calculation.
ISBN: 1-55589-766-5 Pages: 11
2000FTM6. Did the Natural Convection Exist in Mechanical Power Transmissions? Theoretical and Experimental
Results
Author: M. Pasquier
ISO TR14179 parts 1 and 2, give values of total heat exchange coefficients in the case of natural convection
and forced convection. This paper will compare the values of total heat exchange obtained from a theoretical
study to the values given in the ISO Technical Reports.
ISBN: 1-55589-767-3 Pages: 10
2000FTM7. An Analytical - FEM Tool for the Design and Optimization of Aerospace Gleason Spiral Bevel Gears
Author: C. Gorla, F. Rosa, and P.G. Schiannini
To save time and money during the design process a tool based on analytical algorithms and on FEM models is
introduced. As a first step, the conjugate surfaces theory is applied to a bevel set. An analytical tooth contact
analysis is performed to determine the theoretical contact points on flank surfaces versus the meshing points.
Information is then derived by the contact analysis and used to generate Finite Element models of the gear pair
on the basis of the theoretical contact pattern. A final simulation by means of FEM models takes into account load
sharing between tooth pairs.
ISBN: 1-55589-768-1 Pages: 12

2000FTM8. Stock Distribution Optimization in Fixed Setting Hypoid Pinions

Author: C. Gosselin and J. Masseth
This paper presents an algorithm used to optimize the stock distribution between the roughing and finishing cuts
for fixed setting spiral bevel and hypoid members. The optimization is based on the Surface Match algorithm,
where differences between the roughing and finishing spiral angle, pressure angle and tooth taper are minimized
in order to obtain rough and finished tooth flanks that are parallel.
ISBN: 1-55589-769-X Pages: 8
2000FTM9. Cylindrical Gear Inspection and Bevel Gear Inspection - A Simple Task by Means of Dedicated CNC-
Controlled Gear Inspection Machines
Author: G. Mikoleizig
This paper will discuss the design, function, software management and probe systems of the inspection
machines. Analytical tooth contact analysis of a cylindrical gear set by means of the combined effects of gear and
pinion is shown on the basis of individual profile and alignment measurements. A fully automatic correction
system will be introduced for checking the flank form on spiral bevel gears.
ISBN: 1-55589-770-3 Pages: 25
2000FTM10. Bending Fatigue Investigation under Variable Load Conditions on Case Carburized Gears
Authors: B.-R. Hohn, P. Oster, K. Michaelis, Th. Suchandt and K. Stahl
Variable load spectrum tests are carried out at different load levels in a step program and at random loading.
The results of step programmed tests show a substantial influence of the period of the programmed subsequence
of fatigue life. Fatigue life decreases when the subsequence period is shortened. With substantially shortened
subsequences in step programmed test nearly the same fatigue life is reached as in random load tests.
ISBN: 1-55589-771-1 Pages: 14
2000FTM11. UltraSafe Gear Systems - Single Tooth Bending Fatigue Test Results
Authors: R.J. Drago, A. Isaacson and N. Sonti
This paper will discuss a system from a point of view of ”what happens when a failure occurs”. Gears were
manufactured with seeded faults to simulate unexpected defects in various portions of the highly loaded gear
tooth and rim sections. Crack propagation was monitored by measuring effective mesh stiffness and applied
loading to provide both warning of an impending failure and a reasonable period operation after initiation of a
failure for a safe landing.
ISBN: 1-55589-772-X Pages: 9
2000FTM12. The Finite Strips Method as an Alternative to the Finite Elements in Gear Tooth Stress and Strain
Analysis
Authors: C. Gosselin and P. Gagnon
The Finite Strip Method (FSM), which may be considered a subset of the Finite Element Method (FEM), is
presented as an alternative to (FEM) that requires very little meshing effort and can be applied to virtually any
tooth geometry while offering precision comparable to that of Finite Elements. This paper will cover the (FSM)
model for spur and helical gears, plates of variable thickness such as the teeth of face gear members and for
spiral bevel and hypoid gears.
ISBN: 1-55589-773-8 Pages: 11
2000FTMS1. Effects of Helix Slope and Form Deviation on the Contact and Fillet Stresses of Helical Gears
Authors: R. Guilbault
An investigation is conducted on the effects of helix slope and form deviation tolerances specified for grades 5
and 7 of the ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328-1 for cylindrical gears. The results show and almost linear correspondence
between deviation amplitude and tooth load and fillet stress increases: using grade 7 instead of grade 5 can
double the tooth flank load increase and associated fillet stress increase. Results also show that effects are even
more significant on the maximum contact pressure.
ISBN: 1-55589-774-6 Pages: 21

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Technical Publications Catalog

American Gear Manufacturers Association ..................................................................................................iii

Publications Catalog ii April 2014

American Gear Manufacturers Association

Phone: (703) 684-0211

Leading the Gear Industry Since 1916

Publications Catalog iii April 2014

Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Number

Publications Catalog 1 April 2014

Publications Catalog 2 April 2014

Publications Catalog 3 April 2014

Publications Catalog 4 April 2014

Publications Catalog 5 April 2014

Publications Catalog 6 April 2014

Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Topic

Calibration and Measurement Uncertainty

Design and Assembly - Bevel

Design - Fine Pitch

Design - Spur and Helical

Publications Catalog 7 April 2014

High Speed Units

Inspection and Tolerances

Publications Catalog 8 April 2014

Powder Metallurgy Gears

Rating: Spur, Helical and Bevel Gears

Publications Catalog 9 April 2014

Sound and Vibration

Wind Turbine Units

Publications Catalog 10 April 2014

AGMA Standards and Information Sheets

AGMA 904-C96 Metric Usage

AGMA 909-A06 Specifications for Molded Plastic Gears

AGMA 911-A94 Guidelines for Aerospace Gearing

AGMA 912-A04 Mechanisms of Gear Tooth Failure

Publications Catalog 11 April 2014

AGMA 915-1-A02 Inspection Practices - Part 1: Cylindrical Gears - Tangential Measurements

AGMA 915-2-A05 Inspection Practices - Part 2: Cylindrical Gears - Radial Measurements

AGMA 917-B97 Design Manual for Parallel Shaft Fine-Pitch Gearing

AGMA 920-A01 Materials for Plastic Gears

AGMA 923-B05 Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing

Publications Catalog 12 April 2014

AGMA 925-A03 Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress

AGMA 926-C99 Recommended Practice for Carburized Aerospace Gearing

AGMA 933-B03 Basic Gear Geometry

Publications Catalog 13 April 2014

AGMA 938-A05 Shot Peening of Gears

AGMA 939-A07 Austempered Ductile Iron for Gears

AGMA 940-A09 Double Helical Epicyclic Gear Units

ANSI/AGMA 1006-A97 Tooth Proportions for Plastic Gears

ANSI/AGMA 1010-E95 Appearance of Gear Teeth -Terminology of Wear and Failure

Publications Catalog 14 April 2014

ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols

ANSI/AGMA 1104-A09 Tolerance Specification for Shaper Cutters

ANSI/AGMA 1106-A97 Tooth Proportions for Plastic Gears

ANSI/AGMA 2002-B88 Tooth Thickness Specification and Measurement

ANSI/AGMA 2004-C08 Gear Materials, Heat Treatment and Processing Manual

Publications Catalog 15 April 2014

ANSI/AGMA 2005-D03 Design Manual for Bevel Gears

ANSI/AGMA 2008-D11 Assembling Bevel Gears