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    Review by Peer 297 On Manuscript

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    Zimm Rrrr
    and blood agar plates and incubated for 24hours at 37°C. Gram staining and some biochemical tests, antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out on isolates using agar diffusion methods. Escherichia coli 21(27.3%) were the most predominant isolate causing UTI, as well as in females 9(27.9%), this is followed by Staphylococcus aureus 19(24.6%) and Pseudomonas specie was the least with a prevalence of 1(1.3%). Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species and Streptococcus species were recovered from

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    Review by Peer 297 On Manuscript

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    and blood agar plates and incubated for 24hours at 37°C. Gram staining and some biochemical tests, antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out on isolates using agar diffusion methods. Escherichia coli 21(27.3%) were the most predominant isolate causing UTI, as well as in females 9(27.9%), this is followed by Staphylococcus aureus 19(24.6%) and Pseudomonas specie was the least with a prevalence of 1(1.3%). Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species and Streptococcus species were recovered from

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    Review 111

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    and blood agar plates and incubated for 24hours at 37°C. Gram staining and some biochemical tests, antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out on isolates using agar diffusion methods. Escherichia coli 21(27.3%) were the most predominant isolate causing UTI, as well as in females 9(27.9%), this is followed by Staphylococcus aureus 19(24.6%) and Pseudomonas specie was the least with a prevalence of 1(1.3%). Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species and Streptococcus species were recovered from

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views3 pages

    Review by Peer 297 On Manuscript

    Uploaded by

    Zimm Rrrr
    and blood agar plates and incubated for 24hours at 37°C. Gram staining and some biochemical tests, antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out on isolates using agar diffusion methods. Escherichia coli 21(27.3%) were the most predominant isolate causing UTI, as well as in females 9(27.9%), this is followed by Staphylococcus aureus 19(24.6%) and Pseudomonas specie was the least with a prevalence of 1(1.3%). Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species and Streptococcus species were recovered from

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Review by Peer 297 on manuscript:

    Manuscript title censored

    Revision recommendation: Major revision

    ADDED INFO Author of this peer review is Dr. Steffen Oppel,


    ABOUT PUBLICLY
    Conservation Scientist at
    FEATURED
    REVIEW the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, UK.

    PEQ = 4.3 / 5

    Peer reviewed by 5 Peers.

    Introduction

    This manuscript attempts to demonstrate that between-breeding season dispersal of █████ is


    common, and that each ███ is composed of a mixture of breeders that bred elsewhere in one of
    the two previous years. The authors use their conclusion to highlight that ████, which has been
    genetically demonstrated for this species by previous studies, is likely a result of this high degree of
    dispersal.

    Merits score: 4.2 / 5 .

    The manuscript builds on a sizeable data set of feather samples collected over a wide region. The
    data clearly demonstrate that there is large isotopic variation among the feathers collected within a
    given breeding region.

    Critique score: 4.8 / 5 .

    Based on the preliminary information provided (L. 64-68, 99-100; ████ are highly mobile), the
    collected feathers cannot be treated as of 'known origin', which unfortunately renders all
    geographical analyses flawed, because they assume that samples are of known origin. The authors
    acknowledge that they do not know when a collected feather was moulted (1, or 2 years previously,
    L. 135-137), but they fail to acknowledge that they also do not know where the feathers were
    grown. They state that "isotopic signatures in the feathers of birds returning to breed at a given ██
    should reflect the local environment on the breeding grounds in which that feather was grown" (L.
    138-140). The feathers collected in a given ███ can therefore only be considered of 'known

    A Peerage of Science peer review. Reproduced with permission. Copyright belongs to the reviewer.

    1
    origin' if the birds ██ display 100% breeding site fidelity for at least 2 years. This critical
    assumption underpins the entire geographic assignment analysis of this study. Unfortunately, this
    assumption is almost certainly violated. If this assumption would be met then the goal of the study
    (to find out whether birds disperse between breeding regions) would be moot.

    At each colony (or in each region) the feathers collected consist of an unknown mixture of birds
    that moulted in various regions in the 1-2 years previously (the only exception may be ███ ).
    Treating the isotope ratios of all these feathers as representative of the ███ where they were
    collected will lead to bias, because any local isotopic signal is contaminated by the inclusion of
    feathers that were actually grown elsewhere, and may therefore have a different isotopic signature.

    In L. 227-228 the authors describe actions they took to improve assignments by using only
    'correctly assigned' feathers. This statement indicates that the authors are aware that their feather
    collections at any given ██ are a mixture of feathers of different origins, and thus must be
    separated into 'local' and 'immigrant' feathers. However, the posterior 'correct' assignment will not
    offer a robust and unbiased way to do that: if all feathers were used to train the model initially, then
    the feathers that are 'correctly assigned' are those that reflect the mixture of isotope values from
    local and immigrant feathers, and not necessarily the true local feathers. Thus, it seems both circular
    and unreliable to use the 'correct assignments' to identify (and exclude) the immigrant feathers.

    The lack of truly 'known origin' feathers also renders the latitudinal gradient analysis problematic
    (L. 196-201). The authors use GLMMs to test for latitudinal gradients in d2H, d13C and d15N in
    isotope ratios, but such a gradient analysis is only valuable if the feathers are of known origin. In
    addition, these analyses seem very speculative for d15N and d13C, for which in my opinion no
    plausible biological hypothesis exists why there should be a latitudinal gradient in ████ feathers.

    Discussion score: 4.0 / 5 .

    The large variation in feather isotope ratios in each region is valuable and informative, and would
    be indicative of birds from various origins even without the sophisticated geographic assignment
    analysis. A geographic assignment analysis would only be possible with isotope data of 'known
    origin'. Unless there are certain characteristics in the collected feathers that could be used to
    unambiguously determine their origin, disentangling the 'locally grown' from the 'immigrant'
    feathers for each of the ███ will be challenging (or impossible). A far simpler analysis that would
    overcome the problem of not having truly 'known origin' samples would be to pool all feathers ██,
    and conduct a hierarchical cluster analysis (e.g. see [1] and [2]) to split the data set into 5 isotopic
    clusters (tentatively representing the 5 regions, under the assumption that they differ isotopically -
    an assumption that is more likely to be valid than the current assumption that feathers were grown
    locally). Based on the number of represented clusters in each region, inference could be drawn
    about the number of other regions from where breeders 'immigrated' to a given target region. The
    downside of this analysis is that it would be difficult to unambiguously associate isotope clusters
    with a given region (with the possible exception of ██ ).

    A Peerage of Science peer review. Reproduced with permission. Copyright belongs to the reviewer.

    2
    Even if isotope clusters could not be unambiguously assigned to geographic regions, there should
    be supporting evidence to suggest that regions may differ isotopically (such as those outlined for the
    colony in ███ , L. 343-351). In conjunction with that assumption, the results (which would
    presumably assign feathers from each geographic region to >1 isotopic cluster) could be used to
    argue that ████ do indeed disperse between breeding regions, and thus support the findings from
    genetic studies which indicate a ██████. This simplified analysis would provide more credible
    evidence than a geographic assignment analysis that relies on an almost certainly invalid
    assumption.

    High dispersal that ████████ has been demonstrated in other species as well. For example,
    King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) do not show any spatial genetic structure across much of the
    Arctic [3], which is most likely due to the high dispersal of breeding males. King Eiders exhibit
    diffuse migratory connectivity, and because males pair up with females on wintering grounds and
    follow philopatric females back to breeding areas [4-7], there is a high rate of dispersal between
    different breeding populations.

    References

    [1] Kelly J.F., Johnson M.J., Langridge S.& Whitfield M. (2008) Efficacy of stable isotope ratios in
    assigning endangered migrants to breeding and wintering sites - Ecol Appl. 18:568-76.

    [2] Oppel S., Pain D.J., Lindsell J., Lachmann L., Diop I., Tegetmeyer C., Donald P.F., Anderson
    G., Bowden C.G.R., Tanneberger F.& Flade M. (2011) High variation reduces the value of feather
    stable isotope ratios in identifying new wintering areas for aquatic warblers in West Africa - J
    Avian Biol. 42:342-54.

    [3] Pearce J.L., Talbot S.L., Pierson B.J., Petersen M.R., Scribner K.T., Dickson D.L.& Mosbech
    A. (2004) Lack of spatial genetic structure among nesting and wintering King Eiders - Condor.
    106:229-40.

    [4] Oppel S., Powell A.N.& Dickson D.L. (2008) Timing and distance of King Eider migration and
    winter movements - Condor. 110:296-305.

    [5] Phillips L.M.& Powell A.N. (2006) Evidence for wing molt and breeding site fidelity in King
    Eiders - Waterbirds. 29:148-53.

    [6] Oppel S.& Powell A.N. (2008) Assigning king eiders to wintering regions in the Bering Sea
    using stable isotopes of feathers and claws - Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 373:149-56.

    [7] Mehl K.R., Alisauskas R.T., Hobson K.A.& Kellett D.K. (2004) To winter east or west?
    Heterogeneity in winter philopatry in a central-arctic population of King Eiders - Condor. 106:241-
    51.

    A Peerage of Science peer review. Reproduced with permission. Copyright belongs to the reviewer.

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