PHYSICS 2

Sample Problem

A glycerine has a mass of 120 kg, a volume of 0.952 m3 . Determine a.) weight. b.) density. c.)
specific gravity.

a.) w = mg [ (120kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) = 1,177.2 N ]

b.) ρ = m/v [ (120 kg) / (0.952 m3 ) = 1,260.50 kg/m3 ]
c.) s = ssubs/sH20 [ (1,260.50 kg/m3 ) / (1000 kg/m3 ) = 1.2605

Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which
that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the
ambient pressure.

Pascal’s Principle
An external pressure exerted on a fluid static enclosed is transmitted uniformly
throughout the volume of the fluid.
P1 = P2

F1 F2
=
N/m2 (Pa) A1 A2

PRESSURE VARIATION WITH DEPTH

• Water is filled to a height H behind a dam of
____ ____ w. Determine the resultant force exerted by
width
the water on the dam.
• To calculate the pressure due to the water at the
depth h, use the equation
P  gh  g ( H  y )
• To find the force exerted on the shaded strip of
area
dA  wdy
• Use the differential form of the definition of
Integrate to find the total force on the dam: pressure
dF  PdA  g ( H  y ) wdy
H
F   PdA   g ( H  y )wdy
0

 y 2
  H2  1
1
F  gw  Hy    gw H 2    gwH 2
  2  2
 2  0
 PHYSICS 2
In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa and the absolute pressure at
the bottom of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of the olive oil?

P4 = P5 + ρgh
= 101.325 kPa + (0.89)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(1.5m)

P5 101.325 kPa
P4 + ρgh kPa
P4 = 114.42135
P3
= 114.42135 kPa + (1)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(2.5m) s = 0.89
P4
water
P3 ==138.94635
P1 P2 + ρgh kPa
231.3 kPa = P2 + (13.6)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(0.4m) P3
Olive oil, s = ?
P2 P3 + ρgh kPa
P2 ==177.9336
177.9336 kPa = 138.94635 kPa + (s)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(2.9m) P2
Hg, s = 13.6

P1 = P2 ρgh
S = +1.37 P1 231.3kPa
231.3 kPa = 101.325 kPa + (0.89)(1000kg/m )(9.81m/s )(1.5m) + (1)(1000kg/m3) (9.81m/s2)(2.5m)
3 2

+ (s)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(2.9m) + (13.6)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(0.4m)

S = 1.37

For a gauge of -17.1 kPa, determine the a.) elevation of the liquid in the open column E, F and G and b.) the
deflection of the mercury in the u-tube manometer neglecting weight of air.
P1 = P2 + ρgh

0 = -17.1 kPa + (0.7)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(h)

h = -2.49 m ElE = 15 m - 2.49 m

ElE = 12.51 m

3.501 kPa = (0) (1)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(h)

h = 0.36 m ElF = 12 m + 0.36 m
ElF = 12.36 m

42.741 kPa = (0) + (1.6)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(h)

h = 2.72 m ElG = 8 m + 2.72 m

ElG = 10.72 m ElF = 10.72 m

Pressure = 42.741 kPa + (1.0)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(4m)

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
= 81.981 kPa

81.981 kPa = (0) + (13.6)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(h)

2
h = 0.61 m

h = 0.61 m
 PHYSICS 2

In the figure shown, determine the difference in pressure between points A and B.

PA = PB + ρgh

PA – PB = ρgh

= (0.0012)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(0.1m)

+ (1)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(-0.25m)

+ (0.82)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(0.31m)

+ (13.6)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(0.09m)

+ (0.88)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(-0.2m)

Pressure = 10.32 kPa

When the funnel is empty the water surface is at point A and the mercury has a
deflection of 15 cm. Determine the new deflection of mercury.
0 = 0 + (1)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(y)

y = (13.6)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(-0.15m)

y = 2.04 m
0 = 0 + (1)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)

+ (13.6)(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(2x+0.15m)

x = 0.03 m

Buoyant Force and Archimede’s Principle

The buoyant force is the upward force exerted by a
fluid on any immersed object and the parcel is in
equilibrium. There must be an upward force to
balance the downward gravitational force. The
magnitude of the upward (buoyant) force must
equal (in magnitude) the downward gravitational
force. The buoyant force is the resultant force due
to all forces applied by the fluid surrounding the3
parcel.
 PHYSICS 2

Archimedes’ Principle

Anybody immersed in a fluid is acted upon by an upward force (buoyant force) which is equal to
the weight of the displaced fluid.
The pressure at the bottom of the cube is greater than the pressure at
the top of the cube.
The pressure at the top of the cube causes a downward force of P top A.
The pressure at the bottom of the cube causes an upward force of P bot
A.
B = (Pbot – Ptop) A = (ρfluid g h) A
B = ρfluid g Vdisp
Vdisp = A h is the volume of the fluid displaced by the cube.
B=Mg
Mg is the weight of the fluid displaced by the cube.

EXAMPLE:
Archimedes's Principle: Totally Submerged Object

An object is totally submerged in a fluid of density r fluid.

The volume Vdisp of the fluid is equal to the volume of the object, Vobj.
The upward buoyant force is
B = fluid g Vobject
The downward gravitational force is
Fg = Mg = = obj g Vobj
The net force is B - Fg = (fluid – obj) g Vobj

If the density of the object is less than the density of the

fluid, the unsupported object accelerates upward.
If the density of the object is more than the density of the
fluid, the unsupported object sinks.
If the density of the submerged object equals the density
of the fluid, the object remains in equilibrium.
The direction of the motion of an object in a fluid is
determined only by the densities of the fluid and the
object.
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 PHYSICS 2

Archimedes’s Principle: Floating Object

The fraction of the volume of a floating object that is

below the fluid surface is equal to the ratio of the density
of the object to that of the fluid.
Vdisp obj

Vobj  fluid

The tension in the string supporting crown is found to be 25 N when the crown is
suspended in air and 22.6 N when suspended in water. Calculate the density of the crown
to see if it is made of gold as claimed by the donor.
ΣFy = 0
when in air:
T1 – Fg = 0
Fg = 25N ρc = mc / vc
when in water: vc = mc / ρc
T2 + B – Fg = 0 vc = Wc/g / ρc
22.6N – 25N + B = 0
ρf g Vf = 2.4N
(1000kg/m3)(g)(26N/g)(1/ρc) = 2.4 N
ρc =10,416.67 kg/m3

5
 PHYSICS 2

Logs of density 600kg/m3 are used to build a raft. What is the weight of the maximum load that can be
supported by a raft built from 300kg of logs?

B – Wlogs – Wload = 0 Wload = ?

Wload = B – Wlogs

= (1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(300kg/600kg/m3) – (300kg)(9.81m/s2)

B Wlogs

Wload = 1,962N

How much deeper into the water does a barge of a cross section 12m x 28m sink after receiving a
1.6x102kg load? The water’s density is 1,020 kg/m3.
B–W=0 1.6x102kg
ρf g Vf = W
ρf g Vf = mg
(1000kg/m3 )g(12m x 28m)h = (1.6x102kg)g

h = 0.47 m h

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 PHYSICS 2

A hollow cylinder 1m in diameter and 2m in height weighs 3,825N.

a.) How many kN of lead weighing 110kN/m3 must be fastened to the outside bottom of the
cylinder to make it float with 1.5m submerged in water?
b.) How many kN of lead if it is placed inside the cylinder?

a.) Bc + BL – Wc – WL = 0
(1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(π x 0.52m x 1.5m) 0.5m
+ (1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(WL/110kN/m3)

- W
(3,825N) – WLkN
L = 8489.22 =0 1.5 m

b.) Bc – Wc – WL = 0 WC WL BC BL

WL = Bc – Wc
= (1000kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2)(π(0.5)2m x 1.5m)
- 3825kN
WL = 7732.14 N
WC WL BL

7
 PHYSICS 2

EXERCISES:
1. A person with a density of 980 kg/m3 floats in seawater of density
1025 kg/m3. What fraction of the person is submerged?

2. Calculate the buoyant force on a rock of mass 32 kg

and density 2800 kg/m3 when fully submerged in
water of density 1000kg/m3.

3. An iceberg having specific gravity of 0.92 is floating on salt water

of specific gravity 1.03. If the volume of the ice above the water
surface is 1000 m3, what is the total volume of the ice?

4. A life raft of cross section area 2m x 3m has its top edge 0.36m
above the waterline when unloaded. How many 75 kg passengers
can the raft hold before water starts to leak over the edges? The
raft is in seawater of density 1025 kg/m3.

5. A life preserver is manufactured to support a 70kg person with 20

percent of his volume out of the water. The person’s density and
that of the water are both 1000 kg/m3. If the density of the life

8
 PHYSICS 2

preserver is 100 kg/m3 and it is completely submerged, what must

its volume be?

6. A block of wood requires a force of 40N to keep it immersed in

water and a force of 100N to keep it immersed in glycerine (s.g. =
1.3). Find the weight and specific gravity of the wood.

7. A wooden bouy (s.g.=0.62) is 500mm by 50mm by 3mm long is

made to float in sea water (s.g.=1.025). How many N of steel
(s.g.=7.85) should be attached to the bottom to make the bouy float
exactly 450mm exposed above the water surface?

8. A stone cube 280mm on each side and weighing 425N is lowered

into the tank containing a layer of water 1.50m thick over a layer
of mercury. Determine the position of the block when it has
reached equilibrium.

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 PHYSICS 2

CHAPTER II
Fluid Dynamics
Types of Flow
 Streamline Flow (Laminar Flow)
Every particle of the fluid passes a particular point flows the same path as the particles that
passed the point where before it.
 Turbulent Flow
Characterized by agitated, disorderly motion.
 Flow Rate (Q)
The ratio of volume and the time required for it to flow.

Q = AL/t A

Q = Av L

The heart pumps blood at a flow rate of 80cm3/s into the aorta, the diameter of which is a 1.5cm.
Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta.
Q = Av
v = 45.27 cm/s
80cm3/s = (π(1.5cm)2 / 4) * v

Blood normally flows with an average speed of about 10cm/s in the large arteries whose radius or
radii are about 0.3cm. Suppose that a small section of artery is reduced in radius by one-half
because of thickening of its walls. Calculate the blood speed pass the constriction.

A1v1 = A2v2

Q = V/t π(0.3cm)2(10cm/s) = π(0.3cm/2)2(V2)

v2 = 40 cm/s

Each second 0.07m3 of water flows from a fire hose. If the water is to leave the nozzle at a speed
of 25m/s, what should its diameter be?
Q = Av
0.07m3/s = (πD2/4)(25m/s)
D = 0.0597 m

10
 PHYSICS 2
The flow rate of blood in the aorta is 80cm3/s. Beyond the aorta this blood travels through about
6 billion capillaries. If the radius of each capillary is 8x10 -4cm, what is the speed of the flow of
blood through the capillaries?

(80/6000000000 = 1.33x10-8 = Q of each capillary)

v = 6.63x10-3cm/s
Q = Av

1.33x108 = π(8x10-4cm)2v

Bernoulli’s Equation
As a fluid moves through a region where its speed and/or elevation above the Earth’s surface
changes, the pressure in the fluid varies with these changes. The relationship between fluid speed,
pressure and elevation was first derived by Daniel Bernoulli.

Consider the two shaded segments.

The volumes of both segments are equal.
The net work done on the segment is W =(P1 – P2) V.
Part of the work goes into changing the kinetic energy and some
to changing the gravitational potential energy.
The work is negative because the force on the segment of fluid is
to the
W = ΔKE + left
ΔPEandg the displacement of the point of application of the
force is to the right.
W = F1ΔX1cos0o + F2ΔX2cos180o
= F1ΔX1 - F2ΔX2
= P1A1ΔX1 – P2A2ΔX2
W = (P1 - P2) ΔV
ΔKE = ½ mv22 – ½ mv12
= ½ (ρV2) v22 – ½ (ρV1) v12

ΔKE = ½ ρ(ΔV)( v22 - v12 )

ΔPEg = mgy2 – mgy1

hi ΔPEg = ρΔVg (y2 -
= ρV2 gy2 - ρV1 gy1 y1)

(P1 - P2) ΔV = ½ ρ(ΔV)( v22 - v12 ) - ρΔVg (y2 - y1)

P1 - P2 = ½ ρ( v22 - v12 ) + ρg(y2 - y1)

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 PHYSICS 2

Water is pumped at a rate of 24cm3/s through a o.50cm radius pipe on the main floor of a house
to a 0.35cm radius pipe in a solar hot water collector. The roof is 4m higher and the pressure is
1.2x105 Pa, what is the pressure in the larger pipe on the main floor.

P1 - P2 = ½ ρ( v22 - v12 ) + ρg(y2 - y1)

P1 – 1.2x105 Pa = ½ (1000kg/m3)[(0.6236m/s)2 – (0.3056m/s)2] + (1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)(4m)

P1 = 159,387.7428 Pa
Q = A1v1 Q1 = Q2
24cm /s = π(0.50cm)2V1
3
Q2 = A2v2
v1 = 0.3056m/s 24cm3/s = π(0.035cm)2V2
v2 = 0.6326m/s

The large pipe of the waterline has a radius of 0.06m and feeds 10 smaller pipes of radius 0.02m
that carry water to homes. The flow rate of water in each of the smaller pipes is to be 6x10 -3 m3/s
and the pressure is 4x105Pa. The homes are 10m above the main pipe. Calculate the average speed
of water in a.) smaller pipe and b.) main pipe c.) Calculate the pressure in the main pipe.

a.) Q = AV
6x10-3 m3/s = π(0.02)2 * v

b.) Qv1==4.77
10Q2m/s
60x10-3 m3/s = π(0.06)2 * v

c.)
v =P5.31 = ½ ρ( v22 - v12 ) + ρ(y2 - y1)
1 - P2m/s
P1 - 4x105 Pa =1/2 (1000kg/m3)[(4.77m/s)2 – (5.31m/s)2] + (1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)(10m)

P1 = 495,378.4 Pa

12
 PHYSICS 2
Viscous Fluid Flow
Viscosity
Characterizes the degree of internal friction in the fluid.This internal friction, or viscous force, is associated
with the resistance that two adjacent layers of fluid have to moving relative to each other. It causes part of the
kinetic energy of a fluid to be converted to internal energy

Viscous Force (Fv) = 4πnlv where:

n = coefficient of viscosity of the fluid, its magnitude indicates the difficulty with which a fluid flows
or how viscous the fluid is.
1 N*s/m2 = 10P (poise)
l = length of pipe
v = speed of fluid at the center of the pipe
For a fluid to move through a pipe at constant speed, a driving force must balance the opposing
viscous retarding force. If the pressure at the entrance of pipe of P 1, then the force pushing the fluid forward
is F1=P1 A, when the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The pressure force opposing the motion at the exit of
the pipe at the pressure P2 is F2=P2 A the net driving force is then,
F1 – F2 = (P1 – P2) A

If the fluid moves at constant speed, this driving force must be equal in magnitude to the viscous
retarding force,
(P1 – P2) A = 4πnlv
If the pipe has a radius r,
(P1 – P2) = 4nlv/r2
Q = V/t = Av
Q = A(v/2) = (v/2) πr2 Q = (πr4/8nl) (P1 – P2)
V = (r2/4nl)(P1 – P2)

Blood flows with a constant speed of 0.5m/s down the center of aorta. The length of the aorta is 0.4m and its
radius is 0.8cm. What is the drop in pressure needed to force the blood through the aorta? (coefficient of
viscosity of blood = 4x10 -3N*s/m2)

(P1 – P2) = 4nlv/r2

= (4)(4x10-3N*s/m2)(0.4m)(0.5m/s) / (0.8cm/100)2
(P1 – P2) = 50 Pa

13
 PHYSICS 2

Your heart pumps blood at a flow rate of about 80 cm3/s. This blood flows through about 9
billion capillaries. Each of radius 4x10 -4cm and a 0.1cm long. Calculate the pressure drop
along the capillary.

80cm3/s / 900000000 = 8.88x10-9cm3/s

P1 – P2 = 8Qnl / πr4
= 8(8.88x10-9cm3/s)(4x10-4cm)(0.1cm) / π(4x10-4cm)4

P1 – P2 = 353.68Pa

A 2.5cm diameter firehouse 60m long carries 10oC water at a speed of 12m/s. Calculate the
drop in pressure along the firehouse due to viscous friction.

P1 – P2 = 4nlv/r2
= 4(1x10-3N*s/m2)(60m)(12m/s) / (2.5cm/100)2
P1 – P2 = 4,608 Pa

Drag Force

A viscous drag force opposes the motion of an object through a fluid. If turbulence is
caused in the fluid as object passes. The drag force is proportional to the square of the objects
speed. If the object is turbulence, the drag force is usually proportional to the first power of the
object’s speed.

Reynold’s Number (Re) = 2vrρ/n

If Re ≤ 2000 – Laminar flows occurs

If Re ≥ 3000 – Turbulent flows occurs

Between 2000 and 3000 – unstable, either laminar or turbulent

Estimate the maximum rate of laminar flow of water in the garden hose whose
radius is 1cm. The water temperature is 20oC.
Re = 2vrp/n Q = Av
2000 = 2v(0.01m)(1000kg/m3)/1x10-3 N.s/m2 = π(0.01m)2(0.1m/s)

v = 0.1 m/s
Q = 3.1416 x 10 -5 m3/s
14
 PHYSICS 2

A blood at an average speed of 0.40m/s in an artery whose radius is 0.50cm. Based on

calculation, determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Re = 2Vrρ/n = 2(0.40m/s)(0.50cm/100)(1050kg/m3) / 4x10-3N*s/m2

Re = 1050 since Re  2000 therefore it is laminar flow

The drag force acting on an object moving relative to a fluid on whether the flow pass
in the object in laminar or turbulent.
If Laminar:
FD = Dv
where D is a constant
for spherical object of radius r falls at a speed of v through a liquid of viscosity n.
FD = 6πnrv
If Turbulent:
FD = ½ CD ρAv2
where CD is drag force coefficient

Estimate the air drag force of a 1130kg compact car when it is moving at a speed of 27m/s.
The cross-sectional area of the car is roughly 2.0m2 and the drag coefficient CD is
approximately 0.5. The density of air is 1.3kg/m3.
FD = ½ CD ρAv2
= ½ (0.5)(1.3kg/m3)(2.0m2)(27m/s)2
FD = 473.85 N

Terminal Speed

An object falling through fluid eventually reactive, a speed where the pulling it in one
direction (for example, the weight of the object) is balanced by opposing drag force. The net
force is zero, it no longer accelerates and it continues to move at a constant speed called
Terminal speed.

Estimate the terminal speed of a ping pong ball weighing 2.2x10 -2N whose radius is1.9x10 -
2
m the ball moves in air. CD = 0.6

ΣFy = 0 FD – W = 0

½ (0.6)(1.3kg/m3)[π(1.9 x 10 -2m)2](v2) – 2.2 x 10-2N = 0

v = 7.05 m/s FD W

15
 PHYSICS 2
A round grain of sand with radius 0.15mm and density 2300 kg/m3 is placed in
20oC lake. Calculate the terminal velocity of the sand as it sinks into the lake. Do
not
G forget to include the buoyant force acting on the sand.
ΣFy = FD + FB – W

= 6π(1x10-3N*s/m2)(0.15x10-3m)(V)
+ (1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)(4/3π(0.15x10-3 m)3)

- (2300kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)(4/3π(0.15x10-3 m)3) FB W FD
v = 0.06 m/s

CHAPTER III
t THERMAL ENERGY
Thermal Energy
It is the energy associated at the random motion of all its atom and molecules.
 Temperature is an indicator of the average thermal energy of the atom or molecules in a substance.
TF = 9/5 (TC + 32)
Tc = 5/9 (TF – 32)
 Absolute temperature – the lowest possible temperature.
( 0K, -273.15oC or -459.67oF)
 Heat transfer occurs when two object at different temperature are brought in contact with each other thermal energy in
the hotter object is transferred to the cooler one.
W + Q = ΔEsystem
where: W = work
Q = the energy added to or removed from the system during a certain time period or during come process.
Q = mcΔT
where: c (specific heat capacity of the substance)
- The amount of heat that must be added to a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1oc

Solid to liquid:

Q = mLf
Where: latent heat of fusion(Lf)
- the energy needed to convert 1kg solid into liquid state at the melting temperature of the substance.
LfH2O = 3.33 x 105 J/kg
Liquid to gas
Q = mLV
Where:latent heat of evaporation(Lv)
- the energy needed to convert 1kg of substance from liquid to gas at the boiling point of the
substance.
LVH2O = 2.26 x 106J/kg

16
 PHYSICS 2

How much heat is required to warm 160kg of water by 14oC?

Q = mcΔT
= (160kg)(4186J/kg*oC)(14oC)
Q = 9,376,640 J
3. An electric heater warm ice at -3oC at a rate of 200 J/s. Calculate the mass of ice
that melts in 10mins.
200 J/s = Q/600s

Q = 120000J – mcΔT + mLf

120000 J = m(2090J/kgoC)[0-(-0.3)] + m(3.33 x 105J/kgoC)

An enclosed insulated container holds 50g of ethanol to this 50,000J of heat is transferred.
Calculate the final state and temperature of ethanol if it is initially at 28 oC.
Melting pt. = -114oC Q1 = mcΔT Q2 = mLV
o o
Boiling pt. = 78 C = (0.05kg)(2480J/kg C)(78 - 28) = (0.05kg)(0.854 x 106J/kgoC)
Cgas = 1800J/kgoC Q1 = 6200 J Q2 = 42700 J
Cliquid = 2480J/kgoC QT = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 Q3 = mcΔT
5
Lf = 10.42 x 10 J/kg 50000J = 6200J + 42700J + Q3 1100J = (0.05)(1800)( x – 78)
6 o
LV = 0.854 x 10 J/kg C

Q3 = 1100 J X = 90.22 oC

When 140,000J of energy is removed from 0.60kg of water initially at 20 oC will

all the water freeze if not, how much remains unfrozen?
Q1 = mcΔT
= (0.6kg)(4186J/kgoC)(0–20oC) -89768J = (-m)(3.33 x 105 J/kgoC)
Q1 = -50232 J m(frozen) = 0.2696 kg
-140000J = Q1 + Q2 0.6 kg – m(frozen) = m(unfrozen)
-140000J = -50232J + Q2 m(unfrozen) = 0.33 kg
Q2 = 89768 J

17
 PHYSICS 2

A 300g insulated aluminium calorimeter hold 150g of water. The water and aluminium are initially at
30oC, 200g of ethanol at 55oC is added to water. Calculate the final temperature of the mixture.

m C Ti Tf

Al 0.30kg 900 J/kgoC 30oC ?

H2O 0.15kg 4186 J/kgoC 30oC ?

Ethanol 0.20kg 2480 J/kgoC 55oC ?

QAl + QH2O + Qethanol = 0

mcΔT + mcΔT + mcΔT = 0

(0.30)( 900)( Tf - 30) + (0.15)( 4186)( Tf - 30) + (0.20)(2480)( Tf - 55)

Tf =38.90oC

Thermal Expansion
The linear expansion ΔL of an object with length L caused by a temperature change ΔT
is calculated:
ΔL = αLΔT
where: αL - coefficient of thermal expansion

The change in volume ΔV of a substance caused by a temperature change ΔT is given by:

ΔV = VΔT
where: Y - coefficient of volume expansion

 = 3α

A steel beam in a bridge extends 25m across a small stream. What is its change in length from
the winter, when its temperature is -20°C to summer when it is 38°C?
Given: αsteel = 12x10-6/°C
L = 25m
Ti = -20°C
Tf = 38°C
ΔL = ?
ΔL = αLΔT
= (12x10-6/°C)(25m)[38°C-(-20°C)]
= 0.0174 m

A 50 gal steel drum at 5°C is filled to the brim with gasoline. The drum and its contents are
warmed to 40°C. How much gasoline is lost through the open cap of drum?
Given: Ygasoline = 900x10-6/°C

18
 PHYSICS 2

Ysteel = 3.6x10-6/°C
V = 50 gal
Ti = 5°C
Tf = 40°C
Amount of Gasoline Lost = ΔVcontainer - ΔVgasoline
= [(3.6x10-6/°C)(50gal)(40°C-5°C)] - [(900x10-6/°C)(50gal)(40°C-5°C)
= -1.5687 gal

A concrete section of a certain super highway is designed to have a length of 25m. The
sections are poured and cured at 10°C. What minimum spacing should the engineer leave
between the sections to eliminate buckling if the concrete is to reach the temperature of
50°C.
Given: αconcrete = 10x10-6/°C
L = 25m
ΔT = 40°C
ΔL = αLΔT
= (10x10-6/°C)(25m)(40°C)
= 0.01 m

An aluminum ring has an inner diameter of 5cm and a brass rod has a diameter of 5.05 cm
at 20°C. A) If only the ring is warmed, what temperature must reach so that it will slip over
the rod? B) If both the ring and the rod are warmed together, what temperature must they
both reach so that the ring barely slip over the rod? Would this process work?
αaluminum = 24x10-6/°C
αbrass = 19x10-6/°C
Melting Point of Al = 660°C

a). ΔL = αLΔT
0.05 = (24x10-6)(5)(ΔT)
ΔT = 416.67°C
ΔT = Tf – Ti
Tf = ΔT + Ti
= 416.67°C + 20°C
= 436.67°C
b). dAl = dB
5 + ΔLAl = 5.05 + ΔLB
ΔLAl = 0.05 + ΔLB
(24x10-6)(5)(ΔT) = 0.05 + (19x10-6)(5.05)(ΔT)
ΔT = 2079.78°C
Tf = 2099.78°C

A steel tape is used to measure the length of your property when measured in the winter at
a temp of 10°C, your property is 85 m long. What is the measured length of your
property using the same tape in summer when the temperature is 30°C. Assume that the
property does not change dimension.
Given: αsteel = 12x10-6/°C
ΔL = αLΔT
ΔL = (12x10-6/°C)(85m)(20°C)
ΔL = 0.0204m
85m - 0.0204m = 84.9796 m

19
 PHYSICS 2

A student measures the length of brass rod with a steel tape at 20°C. The reading is 95
cm, what will the tape indicate for the length of the rod when the rod and the tape at
a) -15 °C and b) 55°C.
Given: αsteel = 12x10-6/°C
αbrass = 19x10-6/°C
a). ΔLs = (95)(12x10-6)(-35)
= 0.0399 cm
ΔLb = (95)(19x10-6)(-35)
= 0.06317 cm
L = 95 - 0.02327
= 94.97673 cm
b). L = 95 + 0.02327
= 95.02327 cm

A). Calculate the change in volume of the water in the earth’s ocean if it warms from an
average temperature of 15°C to 18°C. The present volume is approximately 1.4x10 18 m³.
B) Approximately how high will the ocean rise?
Given: YH2O = 180x10-6/°C
Area of the Ocean = 3.6x1014m2
ΔV = YVΔT
a). ΔV = (14x1018m3)(3°C)(180x10-6/°C)
= 7.56x1015 m3
b). h = V
A
= 7.56x1014 m3
3.6x1014 m2
= 2.1 m

A rectangular lake that is 2000m wide, 4000m long and 15m deep contains water. The lake
is warmed by the addition of 2x10 15 J of heat. Calculate the change in volume. For the
water temperature in the problem y= 210x10 -6/ °C.
Given: Y = 210x10-6/°C
ΔV = YVΔT
= (210x10-6/°C)(2000x4000x15)[ 2x1015 ]
[ (1000)(2000x4000x15)(4186)]
= 100,334.4482 m3

Two concrete spans of 250m long bridge are placed end to end so that no room is allowed
for expansion. If the temperature increase of 20°C occurs, what height of y to which the
span rise when they buckle?

Given: αconcrete = 10x10-6/°C

20
 PHYSICS 2

ΔL = αLΔT
= (10x10-6/°C)(125m)(20°C)
= 0.025 m

Heat Transfer

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION

The transfer can be represented on an atomic scale as an exchange of kinetic energy
between microscopic particles, molecules, atoms, and free electrons -in which less energetic
particles gain energy in collision with more energetic particles.

Hcd = kA(T2-T1) (J/S = W)

L

A Styrofoam has a total area of 0.80 m² and a wall thickness 2cm. If it is filled with ice at
0°C, what is the rate of the heat flow into the cooler if the temperature of the outside wall
is 30°C.
Given: kstyrofoam = 0.027 W/m.°C
Hcd = (0.027W/m.°C)(0.80m2)(30°C - 0°C)
0.02m
= 32.4 W

A steel bar 10cm long is welded end to end to a copper bar 20 cm long. Each bar has a
cross section, 2cm on a side. The free end of the steel bar is kept at boiling water and
the free end of the copper bar is kept in contact with ice at 0°C. Both bars are perfectly
insulated on their sides. A) Find the steady-state temperature at the junction of the two
bars. B) Total rate of heat flow through bars. How much ice will be melted in 10 minutes.
Given: ksteel = 50.2 W/m.°C
kcopper = 385 W/m.°C

21
 PHYSICS 2

Hs = Hc
(50.2W/m.°C)(0.02m)2(100°C-T) = (385W/m.°C)(0.02m)2(T-0°C)
0.10m 0.20m
T = 20.68°C
H = Q → 15.92 J = Q → Q = 9552 J = mLf
t s 600s
9552 J = m(3.33x105 J/kg)
m = 0.0287 kg

12. Suppose the two bars are separated. One end of each bar is kept at 100°C and the
other end of each bar is kept in contact with ice at 0°C. How much ice will be melted in
10 mins.
HT = Hs + Hc
= (50.2)(0.02)2(100-0) + (385)(0.02)2(100-0)
0.1 0.2
= 97.08 W

H= Q → 97.08 J/S = m(3.33x105 J/kg)

t 600 S
m = 0.1749 kg

Rods of copper, brass and steel are welded to form a Y-shape figure. The cross sectional
area of each rod is 2cm². A) What is the temperature at the junction? B) What is the heat
current in each of the three rods?

Hc = Hb + Hs
a). (385)(A)(100-T) = (109)(A)(T-20) + (50.2)(A)(T-0) A = 2x10-4
0.13 0.18 0.24

22
 PHYSICS 2

T = 81.63°C
b). Hc = (385)(2x10-4)(100-81.63°C)
0.13
= 10.88 W
Hb = 7.46 W
Hs = 3.41 W
One end of an insulated metal rod is maintained at 100°C and the other end is maintained at
ice-water mixture. The rod is 60cm long and has a cross-sectional area of 1.25 cm². The
heat conducted by the rod melts 8.50g of ice in 10mins. Find the thermal conductivity K
of metal.
H= Q
t
k(1.25x10-4)(100°C-0°C) = (8.5x10-3)(3.33x10-5 J/kg)
0.6 600 S
k = 226.44 W

15. A pot with steel bottom 8.50mm thick rests on a hot stove. The area at the pot is
0.150m². The water inside the pot is at boiling water and 0.390 kg are evaporated every
3 minutes. Find the temperature of the lower surface of the pot, which is in contact with
the stove.
*105. 5274°C

CONVECTION
Transfer of energy due to the movement of substance.

Hcv = hA(Tf - Ts)

where: h - convection coefficient

16. A person blows 35°C air across the top of a bowl of soup with a temperature of 90°C.
The air blows at a speed of 3 m/s (h=25 W/m².°C) and the top surface area of the soup
is 80cm². If the soup has a mass of 160 g and a specific heat capacity of 4000 J/kg.°C,
what is its temperature due to convection after 10 mins.
Hcv = (25 W/m2.°C)(80/10,000m2 )(35°C - 90°C)
= -11 W
Hcv = Q → -11 J = Q → Q = -6600 J
t S 600 S Q = mCΔT
-6600 J = (0.160 kg)(4000 J/kg.°C)(Tf - 90°C)
Tf = 79.6875 °C

RADIATION
The transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

Hr = eσAT4
where: e - emissivity of the substance
- Steffan Boltzman’s constant
= 5.67x10-8 W/m2-.K4
Hnet = eσA(T24-T14)

23
 PHYSICS 2

What is the total rate of radiation of energy from a human body with surface area 1.20m²
and the surface temperature 30°C if the surrounding area at temp. of 20°C.
Hr = eσA(T24-T14)
= (0.98)(5.67x10-8 W/m2.K4)(1.2 m2)[(303.15K)4 - (293.15K)4]
= 70.71 W

EVAPORATION
The continual escape of energetic molecules from liquid into gas above.
He = -Le(Δm/Δt)
Le - constant below 100°C
= 2.4x106 J/kg

Calculate the heat loss rate by evaporation for an individual walking cloth in the desert sun.
Δm = 0.24 g/s
Δt

He = -Le(Δm/Δt)
= - (2.4x106 J/kg)(0.24 g/s x 1kg/1000g)
= -576 W

TEMPERATURE CONTROL
ΔQ + ΔW = ΔEsystem
Δt Δt Δt
Hcd + Hcv + Hr + He + ΔW = ΔEther + ΔEchem + .....
Δt Δt Δt

A runner with a metabolic rate of 800W runs on an indoor track at a speed of 3 m/s, the runner’s
surface area is 1.7m² and her skin temperature is 35°C. Air resistance and friction force
opposes the runner and do negative work on her at a rate of -100W. The runner’s core
temperature remains constant. The building in which the track is located has an air and wall
temperature of 28°C. A) Calculate the rate of heat transfer by convection and radiation ( ignore
heat transfer by conduction) B) Estimate the heat loss rate by evaporation. C) Calculate the
runner’s evaporation rate.
a). Hcv = hA(Tf – Ts)
= (25 W/m2.°C)(1.7 m2)(28°C - 35°C)
= -297.5 W

Hr = eσA(T24 - T14)
= (0.98)(5.67x10-8 W/m2.K4)(1.7 m2)[(301.15K)4 - (308.15K)4]
= -74.8 W
b). Hcd + Hcv + Hr + He + ΔW = ΔEther + ΔEchem
Δt Δt Δt
0 - 297.5 W - 74.8 W + He -100 W = 0 - 800 W
He = -327.7 W

24
 PHYSICS 2

c). He = -Le(Δm/Δt)
-327.7 J/s = - (2.4x106 J/kg)( Δm/Δt)
Δm = 1.37x10-4 kg/s = 0.137 g/s
Δt

A well-insulated bowl contains 250g of soup. The exposed surface of the soup has an area of
0.03m² and an emissivity of 1 and the soup is initially at 50°C and the air temperature is 20°C.
The evaporation rate is equal to 4x10-³ g/s. Air blows across the soup at a speed of 1m/s h=
15W/m².°C. What will the soup’s temperature be after 5mins? The specific heat capacity of the
soup = 4000J/kg.°C. Ignore heat transfer by conduction.
Given: msoup = 250 g
A = 0.03m2
Tsoup = 50°C
Tair = 20°C
evaporation = 4x10-3 g/s
speedair = 1m/s
H = 15 W/m.°C
t = 5 mins
C = 4000 J/kg.°C
*Hcd = 0
*Hcv = - 13.5 W
*Hr = -5.99 W
*He = -9.6 W

*ΔEchem/Δt = 0
0 - 13.5 W - 5.99 W - 9.6 W + 0 = mCΔT + 0
300 s
-29.09 W x 300 s = (0.250 kg)(4000 J/kg.°C)(Tf - 50°C)
Tf = 41.273°C

A hot tub in an insulated container that prevents heat loss from the bottom and sides contains
water at 37oC. The tub’s top surface area is 2.0 m2 and it sits in a room temperature at 27 oC.
The emissivity of the water is 0.90 and the convection coefficient is 7 W/m 2.oC. If the water
evaporation rate is 0.12 g/s, at what rate must the heater provide to keep its temperature
constant. Ignore conductive heat transfer.

25
 PHYSICS 2

CHAPTER IV
COULOMB’S LAW
Coulomb's Law
The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to
the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.

Fe = keq1q2
r2
where: ke - electric proportionality constant
= 8.9876x109 N.m2/c2 ≈ 9x109 N.m2/c2
= 1
4 πƐo
Ɛo - permittivity of free space
= 8.8542x10-12 c2/N.m2
q1,q2 - point charge
proton = 1.6x10-19 C
electron = -1.6x10-19 C
r = separation of the charges

The direction of the force on each particle is always along the line joining the two
particles, pulling each other in the case of attractive forces on unlike charges, and pushing them
apart in the case of repulsive forces on like charges.

The electron and a proton of a hydrogen atom are separated by a distance approximately
5.3x10-11m. Find the magnitude of the electric force and the gravitational force between the two
particles.
Given: qe = -1.6x10-19 C
qp = 1.6x10-19 C
r = 5.3x10-11 m
me = 9.11x10-31 kg
mp = 1.67x10-27 kg
Fe = keq1q2 = (9x109 N.m2/c2)(1.6x10-19 C)2
r2 (5.3x10-11 m)2
= 8.20x10-8 N
Fg = Gm1m2 = (6.67x10-11 N.m2/kg)(9.11x10-31 kg)(1.67x10-27 kg)
r2 (5.3x10-11)2
-47
= 3.6125x10 N

26
 PHYSICS 2

Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right triangle. Find the resultant force
exerted on q3.

F1 = keq3q1 = (9x109 N.m2 /c2)(5x10-6 c)2 = 11.25 N

r2 (0.10√2)2
F2 = keq3q2 = (9x109 N.m2/c2)(5x10-6 c)(-2x10-6 c) = 9 N
r2 (0.10m)2
ƩFx = F1cos45° - Fe
= 11.25 Ncos45° - 9 N
= -1.045 N
ƩFy = F1sin45°
= 11.25sin45°
= 7.95 N
F = √(ƩFx2 + ƩFy2)
= √[(1.045 N)2 + (7.95)2]
= 8.02 N
θ= tan-1 7.95 N
1.045 N
= 82.51° N of W

A 1C and 2C charge are separated by 100 m. Where should a charge of -0.1mC be located on
a line between the positive charges so that the net electrical force on the negative charge is
zero?

F2 – F1 = 0
F2 = F
Keq3q2 = keq3q1 → 2 = 1 → 2x2 = 1002 - 200x + x2
(100 - x)2 x2 (100-x)2 x 2
x2 + 200x – 1002 = 0

x = 41.42 m

27
 PHYSICS 2

Three 2C charges are placed in a vertical column each separated by 3x104 m from their
neighbor. Calculate the electrical force caused by these three positive charges on a -1C charge
placed 4x104 m in the horizontal direction to the right of the center positive charge.

F1 = (9x109)(2)(1) = 7.2 N F2 = (9x109)(2)(1) = 11.25 N

500002 400002
ƩFx = -7.2cos36.87° - 11.25 - 7.2cos36.87°
= -22.77 N
ƩFy = 0
F = 22.77 N, left

Four charges of 1x10-4 C are located at the corners of the square whose sides are 2m long.
Calculate the net electrical force on the charge at the lower left corner due to other three
charges.

F1 = (9x109)(1x10-4)2 F2 = (9x109)(1x10-4)2 F3 = -(9x109)(1x10-4)2

22 (2√2)2 22

= 22.5 N = 11.25 N = -22.5 N

∑Fx = -14.55 N
∑Fy = 30.45 N
F = 33.75 N net force, resultant

28
 PHYSICS 2

An electric dipole of charge 2C distance of 80m is oriented horizontally with the positive charge
at the right at the medium dielectric constant 10. Calculate the force on the charge of -4x10-4 C
that is 60m to the left of the negative dipole charge.

F1 = (9x104)(4x10-4)(2C) = 200 N
10(60)2
F2 = (9x104)(4x10-4)(2C) = 36.73 N
10(140)2
∑F = F2 - F1
= 36.73 -200
= -163.27 N, left

Electric Field (E) at a point in space is the ratio of the net electric force F acting on a small,
positive test charge placed at that point, divided by the value of the test charge.
E = F (N/C)
q1
E = keqq1 → keqq1 . 1 → E = keq
r2 r2 q1 r2
1
q

A +2.0 C charge is 1x104 m to the right of -4.0 C charge. Calculate the electric field
(magnitude and direction) at a point 2x10 4 m to the right of the positive charge along a line
passing through the two charges.

E1 = kq = (9x109 N.m2/c2)(4C) = 40 N
r2 (3x104m)2 C
E2 = kq = (9x109 N.m2/c2)(2C) = 45 N
r2 (2x104m)2 C
E = E2 - E1
E = 45 - 40 = 5 N/C, right

A +4C charge is 400m along a horizontal line toward the right of a -3C charge. Calculate the

29
 PHYSICS 2

electric field at a point 300m directly above the negative charge.

E1 = (9x109)(3) = 300,000 N
3002 C
E2 = (9x109)(4) = 144,000 N
5002 C
∑Ex = -E2cos36.87°
= -144,000 N/C cos36.87°
= -115,199.8457 N/C
∑Ey = E2sin36.87° - E1
= 144,000sin36.87° - 300,000
= - 213,599.7942 N/C
E = √(∑Ex2 + ∑Ey2)
= √(-155,199.84572 + -213,599.7942)2
= 242,684.7266 N/C, θ= 61.66° S of W

Four 2C charges are place at the corner of the square whose sides are 100m long.
A) Calculate the electric field at the center of the square.
B) repeat the calculation in part A for a square with two -2C charges at the left corners and two
+2C on the right corners.

∑Ex = 2Ecos45° - 2Ecos45° = 0

∑Ey = 2Esin45°- 2Esin45° = 0
equal magnitude, opposite directions ; net electric filed is zero (0)

b).

30
 PHYSICS 2

E1 = (9x109)(1)
(25√2)2
= 7,200,000 N/C
E1 = E3
E2 = (9x109)(1)
(25√2)2
= 7,200,000 N/C
E2 = E4
E = 20,364,675.3 , upward
∑Ex = 2Ecos45° - 2Ecos45°
=0
∑Ey = 2Esin45° + 2Esin45°
= 20,364,675.3

Calculate the force on a sodium ion (charge e) at position A due to dipole charges
produced by geologist electrodes. The dielectric constant of the soil is 8.0 and q = 4.0C
q q

+ 8000m -

6000m

A shuttle train moves from one station to another. It is powered by equal magnitude, opposite
sign charges on the top of each station. If a 7000 N friction force opposes the train’s initial
motion, how great must a dipole charge be to induce an initial acceleration of 1 m/s 2. The trains’
mass is 2x104 kg and it has a positive charge 3x10-2 C on its roof.

∑F = ma
Fe1 + Fe2 - 7000 N = (2x104 kg)(1 m/s2)
(9x109)(3x10-2)(q) + (9x109)(3x10-2)(q) = 27,000N
2002 102
q = 9.98 mC

31
 PHYSICS 2

Calculate the magnitude of electric field that accelerates an electron at 4.5x1012 m/s2. Calculate
the electron speed after travelling 100 m if starts at rest
a). F = ma
= (9.11x10-31 kg)(4.5 x1012 m/s2)
= 4.1x10-18 N
E= F
1.6x10-19C
= 25.62 N/C
b). d = Vf2 - Vi2
2a
100 m = Vf2 - 0
2(4.5x1012 m/s2)
Vf = 30,000,000 m/s

Calculate the electric field needed to support a weight of a metal sphere of mass 0.10 kg
that has a charge of -1.2x10-5 C.
F = W = m.g
= (0.10)(9.81)
= 0.981
E= 0.981
-1.2x10-5
= 81,750 N/C

Two charges are placed as shown. It is known that the magnitude of q 1 is 5c, but its sign and
the value of the other charge q2 are not known. The resultant electric field E at point P is
measured to be entirely in the negative x direction. (a) Determine the signs of q1 and q2 and the
magnitude of charge q2. (b) Calculate the net electric field at P.

32
 PHYSICS 2

CHAPTER V
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

Electrical Potential Energy

The change in electrical potential energy when the separation of charges q1 and q2 is
changed from ro to r is
kq1 q2 1 1
∆PEq = ( − )
K r ro
If one charge q moves relative to several other fixed charges q1, q2, q3 …

kq1 q2 1 1
∆PEq = ∑ ( − )
K r ro
The electrical potential energy of like charges increases as they are forces nearer each
other and decreases as they move apart.
The electrical potential energy of unlike charges increases as they are pulled apart and
decreases as they move together.

Work Energy Calculation

W = ∆Esystem
W = ∆KE + ∆PEg + ∆PEs + ∆Eint + ∆PEq + . . .

Calc. the change in electrical potential energy when a -1.5C charge and -4.0C charge are moved
from an initial separation of 500 km to final separation of 100 km. The charges are in air.

Given: q1 = -1.5 C
q2 = -4.0 C
ro = 500 km
r = 100 km
K = 1.0006
(9x109 )(−1.5)(−4.0) 1 1
∆PEq = ( − )
1.0006 100x103 500x103

33
 PHYSICS 2

= 431,740.9554 J
Multiple Charges
A -0.10 C stationary charge is 1000m to the left of +0.20 C stationary charge. Calc. the
change in electrical potential energy when a +0.050 C charge initially 500m left of the negative
charge moves 1500m farther to the left.

1500m 500m 1000m

1 1 1 1
∆PEq = (9x109)(0.050)(-0.10)(2000 − 500) + (9x109)(0.050)(0.20)(3000 − 1500 )
= 37,500 J
Calc. the change in electrical potential energy when a -0.050 C charge moves from position C to
position D. The magnitude of the dipole charge q is 0.10 C and dielectric constant surrounding
the charges is 6.0.

400m

300m 500m

400m
C D
(9x109)(−0.050)(0.10) 1 1 (9x109)(−0.050)(−0.10) 1 1
∆PEq = (500 − 300 ) + (300 − 500 )
6.0 6.0
= 20000 J

Calc. the change in electrical potential energy when a +5.0 C charge moves from position C to
position D.
C

10m 8m 10m

6m 6m 6m D
10c 20c 10c

1 1 1 1 1 1
∆PEq = (9x109)(5)(10)( − ) + (9x109)(5)(-20)( − ) + (9x109)(5)(10)( − )
18 10 12 8 6 10
= 4.75x1010 J

34
 PHYSICS 2

Calc. the change in electrical potential energy when a +5.0c charge moves from infinity to
position C.

1
from infinity; r = 0
o
1
to infinity; r = 0
1 1 1
∆PEq = (9x109)(5)(10)( ) + (9x109)(5)(-20)( ) + (9x109)(5)(10)( )
10 8 10
10
= -2.25x10 J

Four charges –e, +e, -e, +e in a row are each separated from neighbouring charges by 3x10 -10m.
Calc. the change in electrical potential energy needed to remove the positive ion on the right side
to infinity.
1
∆PEq = (9x109)(1.6x10-19)( -1.6x10-19)(0 − 3x10−10 )
1 1
+ (9x109)( 1.6x10-19)( 1.6x10-19)(0− 6x10−10 ) + (9x109)( 1.6x10-19)(- 1.6x10-19)(0 − 9x10−10)
= 6.4x10-19 J

Work – energy Calculations: Electrical potential energy is one of the many forms of energy that
when a charge of a system moves from an initial to a final state. The conservation of
energy principle can be used to determine an unknown change when other energy
changes are known.
Energy changes in system
W = ∆KE + ∆PEg + ∆PEs + ∆E int + ∆PEq + . . .

Electrical potential difference (change in voltage): Electrical potential difference is an indicator

of the difference in electrical “elevation” of two points in space. When a charge q moves
up or down one of these electrical hills or valleys from point A to point B, its electrical
potential energy changes by an amount PEqB – PeqA = qVAB, w/c is usually written in the
more abbreviated form
∆PEq = qV,
where V is the potential difference (change in voltage) from A to B. The unit of potential
difference called the volt is defined as one joule per coulomb (1V = 1J/C)

Potential difference and electrical field: The average electric field E av between two points
separated by a distance d is
V
Eav = -
d

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 PHYSICS 2

where V is the difference in the voltage from the first to the second point. The negative
remind us that the electric field points from the higher toward the lower voltage.

Work Energy Calculations

A stationary block has a charge of +6x10 -4C. A 0.80kg cart with a charge of +4x10 -4C is
initially at rest and separated by 4m from the block. Calc. the cart’s speed if it is released and
moves along a horizontal frictionless surface to a distance of 10m from the block.

10m
4m
0.80kg

W = ∆KE + ∆PEg + ∆PEs + ∆PEq + ∆Eint + . . .

1 1
0 = 1⁄2(0.80)(Vf2 - 0 ) + (9x109)(6x10-4)(4x10-4)(10 − 4)
Vf = 28.46 m/s

A 5kg cart has on its roof a small metal sphere of charge -2.0x10-4C. The sphere moves toward
another sphere of charge +1.5x10 -3C located on the wall. As it moves, the cart pulls a cable that
pass over a pulley. If the cart starts at rest 5.0m from the wall charge. Assume 20N friction force
opposes the motion of the cart. Calculate its speed when 2m from the wall charge.

5m 5kg
2m

10kg

W = ∆KE + ∆PEg + ∆PEs + ∆PEq + ∆Eint + . . .

0 = (½)(15)(Vf2 - 0)+(10)(9.81)(3)+(9x109)(1.5x10-3)(-2x10-4)(1/2 – 1/5)+(20)(3)
Vf = 7.79 m/s

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 PHYSICS 2

An ion cannon consist of positively charge +2.0x10 -4C metal ball compressed into a plastic
barrel 0.10m from the equal charge at the closed end of the barrel. When the ball is released, it is
shot out the open end of the barrel by the repulsive force between the charges. Calc. the speed of
the 10kg ball as it leaves the end of the barrel 10m from where it started. Assume 90N friction
force opposes the motion of the ball up the barrel. The barrel is oriented 37˚ with respect to
horizontal.

10m

10kg
0.10m
37˚

W = ∆KE + ∆PEg + ∆PEs + ∆PEq + ∆Eint + . . .

1 1
1 = (½)(10)(Vf2) + (10)(9.81)(10sin37˚) + (9x109)(2x10-4)2(10.1 − 0.1) + (90)(10)

Vf = 20.37 m/s

Electrical Potential Differences

C +5.0C

10m 10m

8m

6m 6m 6m D
10 −20 10
Vc = (9x109)(10 + + 10) = -4.5x109 V
8
9 10 −20 10
VD = (9x10 )(18 + + ) = 5x109 V
12 6
VCD = 5x109 – (-4.5x109) = 9.5x109 V

∆PEqCD = (5C)(9.5x109) = 4.75x1010 J

The potential difference from the cathode to the screen of a television is 22,000 V. If an
electron leaves the cathode with a zero initial velocity, what is its speed just before hitting the
screen?

W = ∆PEq + ∆KE

0 = (-1.6x10-19)(22000) + (½)(9.11x10-31)(Vf2)

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 PHYSICS 2

Vf = 87,907,745.28 m/s

In a hot water heater, water is warmed by converting electrical potential energy into
thermal energy. If a -10C charge passes through a +120 V potential difference in a heating coils
each second, calc. the time needed to warm 180kg of water by 10˚C.

∆PEq = (10)(120)

= 1200 J

Q mc∆T
=
t t
(180)(4186)(10)
1200 = t
t = 6,279 s

Potential Difference and Electric Field

An average electric field of 200 V/m exist between two plates separated by 5cm. How
large a potential different exist from one plate to another?
v
Eav = -
d

V = -(Eav)(d)
= -(200)(0.05)
= -10 V

There is a uniform electric field of magnitude E and directed in the positive x direction.
Consider a point a at x = 0.8 m and point b at x = 1.2 m. The potential difference between these
two points is 600V.
a. Which point, a or b, is at higher potential?
b. Calculate the magnitude E of the electric field.
c. A negative point charge of magnitude q = - 0.2C is move from b to a.
Calculate the work done on the point charge by the electric field.

A potential of a certain distance from a point charge is 600V, and the electric field is 200 N/C.
What is the magnitude of the charge?

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 PHYSICS 2

CHAPTER VI
OHM’S LAW

A source of electromotive force (emf), such as battery, uses various form of energy to separate
positive and negative electric charges. The emf Ɛ of the source is the steady voltage across its
terminals when no current flows out of or into the terminals.

When a conducting object is attached to the terminals of a source of emf, electric charge flows
through the object. The current I is defined as the change ∆q that flows past a cross a section in
the object divided by the time ∆t needed for the charge to pass
∆q # of electrons x 1.6x10−19
I=
∆t time

The current is in units of amperes (A), where 1A = 1C/s. The direction of the current is opposite
the direction in w/ negatively changed electrons flow.

The magnitude of the current depends on the voltage V across the object and on its electric
resistance R. The resistance of the object is
L
R=ρ ,
A
where ρ is its resistivity, L is the length of the object, and A is its cross – sectional area. The unit
of resistance is the ohm (Ω),
where 1ohm = 1V/A

For many objects the current I passing through an object resistance R when voltage is placed
across the object is determined using Ohm’s Law;
V = IR

Power is the rate at w/c electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy. When an electric
current I passes through an object of resistance R across w/c a voltage V exists, the power usage
can be determined using any of the following expression
PEq
Power = P =
∆t
= IV = I2R = V2/R

Alternating current (AC)

- is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses

direction, whereas in direct current, the flow of electric charge is only in one
direction.

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 PHYSICS 2

Directing current (DC)

- is the unidirectional flow or movement of electric charge carriers (which are

usually electrons). The intensity of the current can vary with time, but the
general direction of movement stays the same at all times.

Resistance
Opposition to the flow of current

 good conductors
o Ag = 1.6x10-8 Ω▪m
o Cu = 1.7 x10-8 Ω▪m
o Al = 2.8x10-8 Ω▪m
Conductivity
Inverse of resistivity
 low conductivity
o insulator

Resistor Color Code:

Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Black 0 1x100 -

Brown 1 1x101 ±1%

Red 2 1x102 ±2%

Orange 3 1x103 ±3%

Yellow 4 1x104 ±4%

Green 5 1x105 ±0.5%

Blue 6 1x106 ±0.25%

Violet 7 1x107 ±0.10%

Gray 8 1x108 ±0.05%

White 9 1x109 -

Capacitor
is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily
in an electric field.
 Ceramics – brown capacitor
 Mylar – green capacitor

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 PHYSICS 2

Change in temperature, change in resistivity

- Directly proportional
RT = Ro ( 1 + ∆T)
ΡT = Ρo ( 1 + ∆T)

A long wire connected to the terminals of a 12V battery has 6.4x10 19 electrons passing a
cross section of the wire each second. Calc. its resistance.

V ∆q
R= I=
I ∆t
V 12
R= ∆q = (6.4x1019 )(1.6x10−19 )
= 1.17 Ω
t 1

A 100m long copper wire of radius 0.12mm is connected across a 1.5V battery. Calc. the
current passing through it.
V V 1.5 100 1𝑥10−3 2
I= = L =( )( ) A = (0.12 [ ]) x π
R 𝜌 1.7x10−8 4.52x10−8 1
A
= 0.0399 A = 4.52x10-8 m2

A wire whose R = 2Ω is stretched so that its length is tripled while its volume remains
unchanged. Calculate the R of the stretched wire.

V1 = V2
A1l1 = A2l2
A1l1 = A2(3l1)
A1 = 3A2
L1 L
𝜌 = 3𝜌 R2
R1 2
L1 3(3L1 )
2
=
R2
R 2 = 18Ω

A nichrome wire has R = 12Ω at 0oC, calc. its resistance when place in a hot spring at
55˚C. Temperature coefficient of resistance of nichrome is 0.0004/˚C
RT = Ro ( 1 + £∆T)
= (12)( 1 + [(0.0004)(55 – 0)])
= 12.264Ω

A 60W light bulb connected to a 120V potential difference runs for 4hrs. a.) Calc. the current
through the bulb. b.) the electrical resistance of the bulb. c.) total electrical energy used during
the 4hrs.
V 120
Power = IV R = I = 0.5 = 240Ω Power x time = ∆PEq
60W = I(120) (60W)(4 x 3600/1) = 864,000 J
I = 0.5 A

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 PHYSICS 2

An aluminium wire of resistivity 2.8x10 -8 Ω.m has a length of 20m dissipate electrical
energy of a rate of 3W when a 15A current flows. Calc. the minimum cross – sectional area of
the wire.

P 3
R=
I 2 = 152
= 0.013Ω
L
R =ρ
A
20
1.13 = (2.8x10-8) ( )
A
A = 4.2x10-5 m2

An electric grill made of iron has a specific heat of 460 J/kg ˚C and mass of 2.8kg. To
cook a French toast, the grill is warmed from 20˚C to 350˚C that produce thermal energy at a rate
of 1500W when connected to 115V potential difference. Fifty percent of the thermal energy is
radiated into the room as the grill warms. How many minutes are required to warm the grill.

Q = mC∆T
Q = (2.8)(460)(350˚C - 20˚C)
Q = 425,040 J

425040J 1min
t= = 566.75s [ ]
750J/s 60s
= 9.445 mins.

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