Table (Thermal Conductivity of Various Materials at 0 C)

1.
Introduction
Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat energy in a material due to the temperature gradient
within it. It always takes place from a region of higher temperature to a region of
lower temperature. A solid is chosen for the experiment of pure conduction because both
liquids and gasses exhibit excessive convective heat transfer. For practical situation, heat
conduction occurs in three dimensions, a complexity which often requires extensive
computation to analyze. For experiment, a single dimensional approach is required to
demonstrate the basic law that relates rate of heat flow to temperature gradient and area
Table (Thermal conductivity of various materials at 0 0C).
1
2. Objective:
To determine the thermal conductivity of the short stainless steel specimen, using the long
copper specimen as a thermal flow meter.
3. Theory:
Thermal conductivity: heat is transferred from high to low temperature regions of the
material.
dT
q = −k A Fourier's law
dx
Where:
𝒒 : is the heat flux (amount of thermal energy flowing
through a unit area per unit time), W (watt).
A ∶ is the area of the cross-section through which heat flows, expressed in m2 .
𝒅𝑻
: is the temperature gradient in the section, expressed in K/m or oC/m .
𝒅𝒙
k : is the thermal conductivity coefficient, expressed in W/(K.m).
4. Composition and Description
4.1 Composition:
The apparatus for the determination of thermal conductivity, is mainly composed of :

1. Electrical power supply box, measuring instruments, controls and indicators.
2. Dewar flask enabling the tests to be performed in adiabatic conditions.
3. Electric resistance type source of thermal energy.
4. Coolant circuit.
4.2 Description:
Fig. 2 shows the front of the power supply box, the measuring instruments, the controls and
the indicators. The rear of the apparatus is shown in figure 3.
2
Fig.2 : Front view of the power supply box, the measuring instruments, the control and indicators.
a. Thermocouple selector.
b. Digital temperature indicator.
c. Flow meter to measure coolant flow with flow control valve.
d. 100 mA fuse F2 protecting the digital temperature indicator.
e. Thermometric wells with the thermocouples for the measurement of coolant
temperature.
f. Digital voltmeter to measure the heating resistance supply voltage.
g. Digital ammeter to measure the resistance supply current.
h. Heating resistance supply voltage variator.
i. 1A fuse F1 protecting the power supply.
j. General switch.
k. Heating resistance safety thermostat.
l. Specimen clamp lever.
3
Fig.3 :Rear view of the power supply box, the measuring instruments, the control and indicators.
m. Socket for 220 V AC 50/60 Hz power cable.

n. Coolant discharge hose outlet.
o. Coolant hose inlet.
5. Initial Operations:
1. After selecting the two specimens to be used, make sure they are perfectly dry and clean,
especially on the contact faces through which the heat transfer takes place. Apply a very light
layer of silicone grease or copper paste on the contact faces to ensure good thermal
conductivity.
2. Remove the Dewar flask from its housing and open the specimen fastening clamp by moving
the lever (n) to its lowermost position.
3. Introduce the two specimens between the heating element and the clamp: the short in the
lower position and the long specimen at the top. Fit the specimens in the 4 horizontal
thermocouples by exploiting the horizontal holes in the specimens.
4
4. Release the clamp by moving up the relative lever (n).
5. Place the Dewar flask on the specimen housing and fasten it with the special fasteners.
6. Open the coolant supply valve adjust coolant flow-rate by means of the valve located at the
bottom of the flow-meter (c). The valve of the flow is not critical, for the time being adjust it to
ca 10 l/h.
7. Make sure that the indicator of the safety thermostat (m) is set on 210 oC .
8. Perform the test in accordance with the indications contained in the exercise illustrated in
the following chapter.
6. Testing procedure:
In order to speed up the initial transient , the heating resistance current may be temporarily
brought to the maximum .it is however ,necessary to subsequently reduce that current so that
the safety thermostat does not intervene and interrupt it .
Therefore proceed as follows :
1. Set the safety thermostat (m) at approximately 210 oC .

2. Adjust the flow of coolant by working on the valve at the bottom of the flowmeter (c)
so as to obtain a flow rate of between 30 l/h and 50 l/h.
3. Turn on the general switch (l).
4. Adjust the supply voltage to the resistor by means of the variator (h) until the current is
about 550 mA.
5. Keep the current at this value until the temperature t 1 becomes stable. This stage may
take 15 or 20 minutes.
6. Reduce the current gradually and make sure t2 does not decrease. This stage too will last
about 20 minutes.
7. Wait until all the quantities become stable without adjusting the thermostat, the water
flow rate or the heating current (this stage may take as much as two hours).
5
8. Start reading the data from the instruments (V,I,G,t1,t2,t3,t4) at a distance of about 150 s
intervals and write down the values in separate table rows. Take at least 5 readings and
write down the time of the readings.
At the end of the test, turn off the apparatus as explained in the previous section (Resting
conditions).
Determine the remaining values with the formulas given at the bottom of the table for the
collection of test data.
7. Raw Data and Result Tables (Calculation) :

πD2
A=
4
ΔТ
Q=k×A×
∆L
T1 − T2
QA = k A × A ×
LA
QA = QB
𝑇3 − 𝑇4
QB = k B × A ×
𝐿𝐵
Q B × LB
kB =
A × (T3 − T4 )
D 𝐋𝐀 𝐋𝐁 A
(m) (m) (m) (𝒎𝟐 )
0.025 0.05 0.025 0.0004909
6
Table 1 : Processed Data for Experiment.
Time T1 T2 T3 T4 QA QA = QB kB
0 0 0 0
[s] [ C] [ C] [ C] [ C] [W] [W] [W/(m.K)]
0 163 153 93 61 37.90 37.90 60.31
150 164 154 92 62 37.90 37.90 64.33
300 163 154 93 63 34.11 34.11 57.90
450 163 153 92 62 37.90 37.90 64.33
600 162 153 94 63 34.11 34.11 56.03
Av. values: 163 153.4 92.8 62.2 36.38 36.38 60.58
 kB = 60.58 [W/(m.K)]
7
Refrence :
1. [Jack_P._Holman]_Heat_Transfer,_Tenth_Edition

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1.

Table (Thermal conductivity of various materials at 0 0C).

k : is the thermal conductivity coefficient, expressed in W/(K.m).

4. Composition and Description

The apparatus for the determination of thermal conductivity, is mainly composed of :

m. Socket for 220 V AC 50/60 Hz power cable.

Therefore proceed as follows :

1. Set the safety thermostat (m) at approximately 210 oC .

7. Raw Data and Result Tables (Calculation) :

(m) (m) (m) (𝒎𝟐 )

0.025 0.05 0.025 0.0004909

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