This document provides information on various statistical tests used for different types of data and study designs. It discusses tests to describe or compare one group, compare two groups, determine correlation/association between variables, and compare three or more groups. These include t-tests, chi-square tests, ANOVA, non-parametric tests like Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. Steps for hypothesis testing are outlined. Examples on chi-square test of homogeneity, McNemar's test and paired/unpaired t-tests demonstrate their application and interpretation.
This document provides information on various statistical tests used for different types of data and study designs. It discusses tests to describe or compare one group, compare two groups, determine correlation/association between variables, and compare three or more groups. These include t-tests, chi-square tests, ANOVA, non-parametric tests like Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. Steps for hypothesis testing are outlined. Examples on chi-square test of homogeneity, McNemar's test and paired/unpaired t-tests demonstrate their application and interpretation.
This document provides information on various statistical tests used for different types of data and study designs. It discusses tests to describe or compare one group, compare two groups, determine correlation/association between variables, and compare three or more groups. These include t-tests, chi-square tests, ANOVA, non-parametric tests like Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. Steps for hypothesis testing are outlined. Examples on chi-square test of homogeneity, McNemar's test and paired/unpaired t-tests demonstrate their application and interpretation.
This document provides information on various statistical tests used for different types of data and study designs. It discusses tests to describe or compare one group, compare two groups, determine correlation/association between variables, and compare three or more groups. These include t-tests, chi-square tests, ANOVA, non-parametric tests like Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. Steps for hypothesis testing are outlined. Examples on chi-square test of homogeneity, McNemar's test and paired/unpaired t-tests demonstrate their application and interpretation.
Lecture Handouts St. Luke’s College of Nursing SY. 2017 - 2018 Statistical Tests Level of Measurement Interval / Ordinal Nominal Ratio Describe one Median, Mean, SD Proportion group IQR Compare one One- group to a Wilcoxon sample Binomial test hypothetical test t-test value Determine the Pearson Spearman Chi-square test of correlation / Correlation, Correlation Association, association Relative Risk, Linear Logistic regression Regression, Statistical Tests Level of Measurement Interval / Ordinal Nominal Ratio Compare three or One-way Kruskal- Chi-square more unmatched ANOVA Wallis test test of groups Homogeneity Compare three or Repeated Friedman Cochrane Q more matched measures test groups ANOVA Compare two Mann- Chi-square Unpaired unpaired groups whitney test of t-test test Homogeneity Compare two Paired Wilcoxon McNemar’s paired groups t-test test test Chi Square (χ2) The chi-square test of is used when we wish to find out whether two or more populations (unpaired groups) have the same proportions for the different categories of particular variable in the nominal scale.
e.g. “comparison of the proportion of students who passed the Nursing Licensure Exam (NLE) among those who studied in SLCN and those who studied in University of Brighter East (UBE).” χ2 test of Homogeneity SLCN UBE (110 students) (95 students)
105 5 85 10 pass fail pass fail 95.45% 89.47% e.g. “comparison of the proportion of students who passed the Nursing Licensure Exam (NLE) among those who studied in SLCN and those who studied in University of Brighter East (UBE).” Hypothesis Testing: Steps 1. State the null and alternative Hypothesis
2. State the level of significance:
α = 0.05 α = 0.01
3. Analyze: p-value (SPSS)
4. Make a statistical Decision
5. Interpret Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity
Populations What is the value of P1? SLCN = 95.45%
What is the value of P2?
UBE = 89.97%
What is the variable of interest? NLE passers
Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 1 H0: P1 = P2 “the proportion of SLCN students who passed the NLE is the statistically the same with UBE.”
Ha: P1 ≠ P2 “the proportion of SLCN students who passed the NLE is statistically different with UBE.”
Step 2 Level of Significance: α = 0.05 Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 3 : SPSS encoding (by frequency) Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 3 : SPSS encoding (by frequency) Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 3 : SPSS encoding (numerical labelling - school) Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 3 : SPSS encoding (numerical labelling - result) Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 3 : p-value Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 3 : p-value Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 3 : p-value Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 3 : p-value
p-value = 0.101 Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 4
Probability Value (p-value) Decision
Level of α = 0.05 Do not reject H₀ Significance p-value 0.101 The p-value 0.101 is greater than α = 0.05 Hypothesis Testing: Chi Square test of Homogeneity Step 5
Interpretation: “There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of students who passed the NLE from SLCN is significantly different from UBE.” McNemer’s Test Assesses if a statistically significant change in proportions have occurred on a dichotomous nominal trait at two time points on the same population (paired groups). (statisticssolution.com) Also used for “before and after” experiments.
e.g. “comparison of the proportion of diabetics elderly women before and after eating ampalaya for 1 month in Brgy. Bantayog.” McNemer’s Test Two time points Time 1 Time 2 1 month
Same population = 156 elderly women
P1 = 51 same population P2 = 20 (32.69%) (12.82%)
e.g. “comparison of the proportion of diabetic elderly women before and after eating Ampalaya for 1 month in Brgy. Bantayog.” Hypothesis Testing: Steps 1. State the null and alternative Hypothesis
2. State the level of significance:
α = 0.05 α = 0.01
3. Analyze: p-value (SPSS)
4. Make a statistical Decision
5. Interpret Hypothesis Testing: McNemer’s Test
Populations What is the value of P1? Time 1 = 32.69%
What is the value of P2?
Time 2 = 12.82%
What is the variable of interest?
DM statƵs Hypothesis Testing: McNemer’s Test Step 1 H0: P1 = P2 “the proportion of Diabetics among elderly women in Brgy. Bantayog is significantly the same with its previous proportion before eating ampalaya.”
Ha : P1 ≠ P2 “the proportion of Diabetics among elderly women in Brgy. Bantayog is significantly different with its previous proportion before eating ampalaya.”
Step 2 Level of Significance: α = 0.05 Hypothesis Testing: McNemer’s Test Step 3 : SPSS encoding (excel format) Hypothesis Testing: McNemer’s Test Step 3 : SPSS encoding (numerical labelling) Hypothesis Testing: McNemer’s Test Step 3 : p-value Hypothesis Testing: McNemer’s Test Step 3 : p-value Hypothesis Testing: McNemer’s Test Step 4
Probability Value (p-value) Decision
Level of α = 0.05 Reject the H₀ Significance p-value 0.000 The p-value 0.000 is less than α = 0.05 Hypothesis Testing: McNemer’s Test Step 5
Interpretation: “The proportion of diabetics among elderly women in Brgy. Bantayog is statistically different with its previous proportion before eating ampalaya. It is now significantly lower compared to 1 month ago.” t-test Hypothesis testing for the difference between two sample means.
The variables of interest
(outcome/dependent variable) is quantitative and was measured using interval or ratio scale. Paired t-test Use in difference testing of means between two related samples.
Before and After experiment.
Left versus Right experiment.
Paired t-test Two related samples “Left vs. Right” experiment:
Sample 1 Sample 2 Similar characteristics e.g. same weight, gender, age (+ 2), nationality e.g. “Comparison of average number of absences in a month of students from Kramer National High School, and Santos National High School.”
Criteria: student census, % gender, ave. age
Paired t-test Two related samples “Before and After” experiment: Interv Measurement 1 ention Measurement 2
e.g. “Comparison of average Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) level in parts per billion (ppb) in 5 days before and after using Aloe Vera plant as an air purifying agent during office hours.” Bungcag et.al. (2016). Undergrad Thesis. TUA-SLCN Batch Leviticus Paired t-test Two related samples “Before and After” experiment: Interv Measurement 1 ention Measurement 2
Paired t-test SPSS Encoding (excel format) Paired t-test SPSS (Analyze) Paired t-test SPSS (p-value) Unpaired t-test To compare the means from two samples that are unrelated or independent from each other.
e.g. “comparison of the systolic blood pressure (mmHg) of employees in department A and department B of Compact, Inc.” Unpaired t-test
Department A Department B
e.g. “comparison of the systolic blood pressure (mmHg) of employees in department A and department B of Compact, Inc.” Unpaired t-test SPSS Analyze Other References Lecture notes on Statistical Inference: Sampling Distribution of Two Means and Hypothesis Testing for Two Means for Biostatistics 201 by K.L. Cochon, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UP Manila College of Public Health, 2013.
Lecture notes on Test of Hypothesis for Homogeneity & Association for
Biostatistics 201, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UP Manila College of Public Health, 2013.
Lecture notes on Data Processing and Analysis for Biostatistics 206 by E.
Estrella, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UP Manila College of Public Health, 2016.
Statistical Testing for Dummies. Fundamentals of Research. CBGS Marine
& Environmental Science.
StatisticsSolution. McNemer’s Test. Retrieved from
Practice Guidelines For Central Venous Access 2020 An Updated Report by The American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force On Central Venous Access PDF
(50 Studies Every Doctor Should Know) Michael E. Hochman - 50 Studies Every Doctor Should Know - The Key Studies That Form The Foundation of Evidence Based Medicine-Oxford University Press (2014)
A Guide To Utilization of The Microbiology Laboratory For Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by The Infectious Diseases Society of America and The American Society For Microbiologya
Practice Guidelines For Central Venous Access 2020 An Updated Report by The American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force On Central Venous Access PDF
(50 Studies Every Doctor Should Know) Michael E. Hochman - 50 Studies Every Doctor Should Know - The Key Studies That Form The Foundation of Evidence Based Medicine-Oxford University Press (2014)
A Guide To Utilization of The Microbiology Laboratory For Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by The Infectious Diseases Society of America and The American Society For Microbiologya
