Research Methodology: Sampling Considerations

DR NEENA
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS
SONDHI
RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

SLIDE 9-1
Sampling Concepts
DR NEENA
 Population: Population refers to any group of people or objects that form

the subject of study in a particular survey and are similar in one or more
ways.
 Sampling frame: Sampling frame comprises all the elements of a
population with proper identification that is available to us for selection at
any stage of sampling.
 Sample: It is a subset of the population. It comprises only some elements
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
of the population.
 Sampling unit: A sampling unit is a single member of the sample.
 Sampling: It is a process of selecting an adequate number of elements
from the population so that the study of the sample will not only help in
understanding the characteristics of the population but will also enable us
to generalize the results.
SONDHI
 Census (or complete enumeration): An examination of each and every

element of the population is called census or complete enumeration.

SLIDE 9-2
Advantages of Sample over
Census
DR NEENA
 Sample saves time and cost.
 A decision-maker may not have too much of time to

wait till all the information is available.
 There are situations where a sample is the only
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
option.
 The study of a sample instead of complete
enumeration may, at times, produce more reliable
results.
SONDHI
A census is appropriate when the population size is

small.

SLIDE 9-3
Sampling vs Non-Sampling Error

DR NEENA
Sampling error: This error arises when a sample

is not representative of the population.
Errors involved in drawing inference about the
population on the basis of sample.
Because of selecting a sample which is not
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
representative of the population.

Usually decreases with the increase of sample size
& non-existent in Census.
SONDHI

Non-sampling error: This error arises not because a sample is not a
representative of the population but because of other reasons.
Some of these reasons are listed below:
Faulty Planning
Response Errors:
 Incorrect Understanding.
 Prestige Bias
 Self Interest
 Bias due to the interviewer
 Respondent’s inability.
Non-response Errors
Compiling Errors:
 Data Processing (Editing, coding, data entry etc.)
 Publication Errors.
SLIDE 9-4
Sampling Design
DR NEENA
Probability Sampling Design - Probability sampling designs

are used in conclusive research. In a probability sampling
design, each and every element of the population has a
known chance of being selected in the sample.
Types of Probability Sampling Design

DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
Simple random sampling with replacement
Simple random sampling without replacement
Systematic sampling
SONDHI
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling

SLIDE 9-5
Sampling Design
DR NEENA
Non-probability Sampling Designs - In case of

non-probability sampling design, the elements of
the population do not have any known chance of
being selected in the sample.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
Types of Non-Probability Sampling Design

Convenience sampling
Judgmental sampling
SONDHI
Snowball sampling
Quota sampling

SLIDE 9-6
Determination of Sample Size

DR NEENA
The size of the population does not influence the size of the
sample
Methods of determining the sample size in practice:

Researchers may arbitrary decide the size of sample
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
without giving any explicit consideration to the accuracy of

the sample results or the cost of sampling.
The total budget for the field survey in a project proposal is
allocated.
SONDHI
Researchers may decide on the sample size based on

what was done by the other researchers in similar studies.

SLIDE 9-7

DR NEENA
Confidence interval approach for determining the size of the

sample
The following points are taken into account for determining the
sample size in this approach.
The variability of the population: Higher the variability as

DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
measured by the population standard deviation, larger will be the

size of the sample.
The confidence attached to the estimate: Higher the confidence
the researcher wants for the estimate, larger will be sample size.
SONDHI
The allowable error or margin of error: Greater the precision the

research seeks, larger would be the size of the sample.

SLIDE 9-8

DR NEENA
Sample size for estimating population mean -

The formula for determining sample size is given
as:
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
Where
n = Sample size
σ = Population standard deviation
SONDHI
e = Margin of error
Z = The value for the given confidence interval

SLIDE 9-9

DR NEENA
Sample size for estimating population proportion –

1. When population proportion p is known
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
2. When population proportion p is not known

SONDHI

DR NEENA
END OF CHAPTER
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
SONDHI

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DR NEENA

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 Population: Population refers to any group of people or objects that form

 Census (or complete enumeration): An examination of each and every

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 Sample saves time and cost.

 A decision-maker may not have too much of time to

A census is appropriate when the population size is

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

Sampling vs Non-Sampling Error

Sampling error: This error arises when a sample

representative of the population.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

Probability Sampling Design - Probability sampling designs

Types of Probability Sampling Design

Simple random sampling with replacement

Simple random sampling without replacement

Stratified random sampling

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

Non-probability Sampling Designs - In case of

Types of Non-Probability Sampling Design

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

Determination of Sample Size

Methods of determining the sample size in practice:

without giving any explicit consideration to the accuracy of

Researchers may decide on the sample size based on

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

Determination of Sample Size

Confidence interval approach for determining the size of the

The variability of the population: Higher the variability as

measured by the population standard deviation, larger will be the

The allowable error or margin of error: Greater the precision the

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

Determination of Sample Size

Sample size for estimating population mean -

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

Determination of Sample Size

Sample size for estimating population proportion –

2. When population proportion p is not known

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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