SAMPLING

DETERMINATION
OF THE MEAN
PRESENTED BY GROUP 4 (BSMA3-MAIN1)
Sampling Method
A way to choose a smaller group of people from a larger
population to participate in a study.

Selecting the group that you will actually collect data

from in your research

The process of selecting a sample population from the

target population
Non-probability
Sampling
Non-probability sampling is a sampling method that uses
non-random criteria like the availability, geographical
proximity, or expert knowledge of the individuals you
want to research in order to answer a research question.

Non-probability sampling refers to sampling methods

where not every member of the population has a known
or equal chance of being selected.
 Advantages of TIME SAVING

Non-probability
The selection process is quicker and
easier, as researchers don't need to
create a complete sample frame or

Sampling
rely on random selection
procedures.

REMEMBER:
COST EFFECTIVE
It is generally less expensive
because it doesn't require complex
While these advantages make non- randomization methods or
comprehensive population lists.
probability sampling appealing in
certain situations, it’s important to
remember that the lack of random PRACTICAL
selection can introduce bias, limiting It is often the only feasible option
when the population is hard to define
the ability to generalize the findings to or access, or when conducting a study
the broader population with limited resources.
Purposive Sampling
Also known as Judgemental
Sampling

Judgmental or purposive sampling is non-probability

Example:
sampling where researchers rely on their expertise and
judgment to select participants who are deemed most The researchers studying the
suitable for the study. experiences of cancer survivors

This method is particularly useful when the research aims to gather

in-depth information from a very specific group of people.
Researchers use their knowledge of the population to make
informed decisions about who should be included to provide the
most valuable insights.
Convenience Sampling

Convenience sampling is a non-

probability sampling method where units
are selected for inclusion in the sample
because they are the easiest for the
researcher to access.
Quota Sampling
a none probabilility sampling technique where in the
assemble sample has the same proportions of
individuals as the entire population with respect to
known characteristics, traits or focused
phenomenon.

Subgroups are created based on each category and the researcher

decides how many people (or documents or whatever element happens
to be the focus of the research) to include from each group and collects
data from that number for each subgroup
 Probability Sampling

Probability sampling “RANDOM SAMPLING” is a

method of selecting a sample where every member of
the population has an equal chance of being chosen.
This ensures that the sample is representative of the
entire population, making the results more accurate
and reliable.

When choosing a probability sample design, the goal

is to minimize the sampling error of the estimates for
the most important survey variables, while
simultaneously minimizing the time and cost of
conducting the survey.
 Simple Random
Sampling
In simple random sampling (SRS), each sampling unit of a
population has an equal chance of being included in the
sample. Consequently, each possible sample also has an
equal chance of being selected. To select a simple
random sample, you need to list all of the units in the
survey population.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SRS

Advantages Disadvantages

No Bias Needs a
Complete List

Easy To Time-
Understand Consuming

Accurate and
Representative Costly
 Systematic Random
Sampling
Systematic random sampling is a method where
researchers select individuals from a population at
regular intervals. The selection begins at a randomly
chosen starting point and continues by picking every k-
th individual, where k is the sampling interval. This
ensures that every member of the population has an
equal probability of being included in the sample.
STEPS IN SYSTEMATIC
RANDOM SAMPLING
1. Define the population

2. Determine the sample size

3. Calculate the sampling internal (k)

K=N/n

4. Randomly select a starting

point

5. Select participants
 also called "Quota
Random Sampling"
divides a population into
a smaller groups
STRATIFIED
"STRATA" , then randomly
RANDOM selecting a sample from
SAMPLING each stratum
used to increase the
accuracy of survey
results & to obtain more
precise estimates of
population
characteristics
PROCESS OF STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING:
1. IDENTIFY YOUR POPULATON
2. GROUP IT INTO STRATA/SUBGROUPS
3. Randomly SElect a sample from each stratum
4. APPLY A SAMPLING METHOD
CLUSTER RANDOM
SAMPLING
In Cluster Sampling, researchers divide a
population into smaller groups known as
CLUSTERS.

This sampling technique is often used to

study large populations.

Researchers usually use pre-existing units

 HOW TO CLUSTER SAMPLE?

1.Define your population

2.Divide your samples into

clusters
 HOW TO CLUSTER SAMPLE?

3.Randomly select clusters to

use as your sample

4.Collect data from the

sample
 EXAMPLE

POPULATION All elementary students in the district

GROUPS 10 different ES

OBTAIN A SRS 3 ES from 10 ES

SAMPLE Every student from 3 selected ES

 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF CLUSTER SAMPLING

Advantages Disadvantages

COST EFFEECTIVE HIGHER RISK OF BIAS

REQUIRES FEWER RESOURCES MAY REQUIRE LARGER

SAMPLE SIZE

EFFICIENCY AND SPEED

Multi-stage
Sampling
A combination of sampling strategies layered in
stages. It is often considered an extended version of
cluster sampling.

Multi-stage sampling is a probability sampling

technique used when it's difficult or impossible to get
a complete list of all individuals in a population. It
involves dividing the population into smaller groups,
called stages, and then selecting samples from each
stage.
 Large and diverse
population

Difficult to obtain a
WHEN TO USE MULTI-STAGE ?
complete list

Cost effectiveness
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF MULTI-STAGE

Advantages Disadvantages
Can divide the whole
population into various groups Less accurate than
without restrictions Simple Random

Cost Effective Accounted as

subjective

More accurate and Wide spread

reliable than Cluster population
STEPS TO CONDUCT MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING

1. Define Your Population

2. Create Stages

3. Select Primary Sampling Units (PSUs)

4. Select Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs)

5. Continue for subsequent stages

6. Final Sample
Sample Size Reasons for the use of Samples

Determination
1. Saves Time
A sample (n) is a selection of
respondents for a research study
2. Saves Money
to represent the total population 3. More focused attention to a
(N) variety of elements
4. Less sampling error
5. Some industry research studies
may only be conducted on a
subset of the items
Sample Size Slovin’s Formula
Determination
Population Size- How many people fall into your
demographic in total? A population (N) s made
up of members of a groip that a researcher is
interested in studying. These members of a
group usually share or have similar
characteristics

Margin of Error- (Confidence interval) There

will be no perfect samples. In research, the
allowable error margin is referred to as the
margin of error.

Confidence Level- indicates how certain you are.

Sample Size Slovin’s Formula
Determination

A group of SHS students want to

conduct a survey. Find the
sample size if the margin of
erreor is 5% and the population
of the mega Senior High School is
6,000
Sampling Distribution
of the Sample Mean

Sampling Distribution - a distribution of

a statistic made from multiple random
samples drawn from a specific
population.
Central Limit
Theorem
The central limit theorem (CLT)
states that the distribution of a sample
will approximate a normal distribution
(i.e., a bell curve) as the sample size
becomes larger, regardless of the
population's actual distribution shape.
EXAMPLE:
960 random numbers, ranging from 1-1000
population mean= 489

etc..

from this population we will get 30 samples, n=25

get the mean of each sample
plot the sample means

mean= 492
Thank you
very much!