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    Following A Capitalist or Socialist Ideology

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    Farah Apau
    The document discusses language policy and use in Tanzania's education system. It notes that after independence, Tanzania inherited an education system using Swahili and English from colonial rule. Under socialism from 1967-1980s, Swahili became the sole language of instruction in primary schools. However, in the 1990s following economic problems, private English-medium schools were allowed and fees introduced. Today there remains a contradiction between the need for an international language and maintaining cultural heritage, with English-medium private schools for the elite and Swahili-medium government schools for most. The language policy and practices in education have changed according to the country's ideological shifts between capitalism and socialism over time.

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    Following A Capitalist or Socialist Ideology

    Uploaded by

    Farah Apau
    42 views4 pages
    The document discusses language policy and use in Tanzania's education system. It notes that after independence, Tanzania inherited an education system using Swahili and English from colonial rule. Under socialism from 1967-1980s, Swahili became the sole language of instruction in primary schools. However, in the 1990s following economic problems, private English-medium schools were allowed and fees introduced. Today there remains a contradiction between the need for an international language and maintaining cultural heritage, with English-medium private schools for the elite and Swahili-medium government schools for most. The language policy and practices in education have changed according to the country's ideological shifts between capitalism and socialism over time.

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    tanzania

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    The document discusses language policy and use in Tanzania's education system. It notes that after independence, Tanzania inherited an education system using Swahili and English from colonial rule. Under socialism from 1967-1980s, Swahili became the sole language of instruction in primary schools. However, in the 1990s following economic problems, private English-medium schools were allowed and fees introduced. Today there remains a contradiction between the need for an international language and maintaining cultural heritage, with English-medium private schools for the elite and Swahili-medium government schools for most. The language policy and practices in education have changed according to the country's ideological shifts between capitalism and socialism over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    42 views4 pages

    Following A Capitalist or Socialist Ideology

    Uploaded by

    Farah Apau
    The document discusses language policy and use in Tanzania's education system. It notes that after independence, Tanzania inherited an education system using Swahili and English from colonial rule. Under socialism from 1967-1980s, Swahili became the sole language of instruction in primary schools. However, in the 1990s following economic problems, private English-medium schools were allowed and fees introduced. Today there remains a contradiction between the need for an international language and maintaining cultural heritage, with English-medium private schools for the elite and Swahili-medium government schools for most. The language policy and practices in education have changed according to the country's ideological shifts between capitalism and socialism over time.

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    SOURCE POINT QUOTATION

    (Swilla, 2009) Background In 1961, independent Tanzania inherited colonial education, using Swahili and English

    The government legalized private and English-medium schools in the 1990s but maintained Swahili
    as the LoI
    LoI – language of
    instruction English syllabus for English-medium schools, while the Primary School Leaving Examination is
    administered in Swahili and English

    elite can afford English medium education

    majority of children attend Swahili-medium government schools

    English is the LoI of secondary and post-secondary education

    120 local languages / both English and Swahili remained as official language LoI

    Cause of policy In education, policies have also changed according to whether the country was following a
    change capitalist or socialist ideology

    Pre colonial Christian missionaries / Swahili and vernacular

    Colonial German and British colonial administrations were capitalist, and controlled the major means of
    production.

    Africans was restricted to a very small section of the population

    curriculum developed by colonial administrations fitted the objectives and goals of colonialism,
    including the production of a few educated Africans for low-level posts in government

    British colonial administration maintained Swahili as the LoI in the first four years of primary
    school education for Africans. A gradual transition to English-medium instruction took place in
    the fifth year, and English became the sole LoI from the sixth year through secondary
    Post-independence During the first period from 1961 to 1966, Tanzania inherited capitalism. Then followed the
    second period of socialism from 1967 to mid 1980s. In the third period from the late 1980s to
    three periods in the present, the country has witnessed a return to capitalism.
    post-independence
    Capitalism > socialism > capitalism

    First period Abolition of secondary school fees in 1963 / colonial curriculum / Swahili first 5 years / English
    6th year till post-secondary level

    Second period Socialism introduced significant political and socio-economic changes, such as the nationalisation
    of major means of production and the provision of free social services including education at all
    levels.

    colonial education created unequal socio-economic categories among Tanzanian

    Two major reforms in education under the socialist ideology occurred: the introduction of
    Education for Self-Reliance (E) and the adoption of Swahili as the sole LoI of primary education.

    Emphasized practical skills and adapted the curriculum / free education

    helped achieve the target of enrolling nearly all school age children by the end of the 1970s

    However, the sustainability of free social services proved untenable, due to major economic
    problems

    the government removed subsidies for education and health, and introduced user fees

    Third period Privatisation was extended to education in the 1990s, when private primary schools

    The government had already legalized the use of English as LoI in private primary schools

    private primary education is synonymous with English-medium, and government primary education,
    with Swahili-medium education
    Contradiction need for an international language in this era of globalisation, may all have played an important
    part in the resurgence of English as a LoI of primary education.

    people in power establish and maintain their powers and privileges via linguistic choices

    elite is composed of the politically powerful group and the economically advantaged groups often
    composed of educated people and people engaged in business

    Although Tanzanian hold the socialism in the education, there was a distinct social segregation
    i.e. the elite and the mass.

    Difference in LoI depends on the type of school

    (Fasanami, 2010) The Geographical Tanganyika also referred to as mainland Tanzania


    Location
    East Africa / 130 ethnic groups

    Their National Language is Swahili, although each ethnic group has its district language.

    Swahili has its origin in Bantu with heavy Arabic borrowings

    The Language Policy (a) All subjects are taught in Swahili except English.

    (b) Kiswahili is the LOI-language used at the primary level. This was meant to facilitate racial

    integration (Morrison (1976) cited in Wikipedia (2010)

    (c) The political education (SIASA) is taught in Swahili at the secondary school level.

    (d) English is the LOI and Kiswahili is a subject in the upper classes. (Wikipedia 2010)

    English links them with the international world while Swahili entrenches the cultural values and
    heritage in them / bilingual policy

    Language use children in the urban setting speak Swahili as their first language despite the fact that
    their parents are not native speakers of the language

    English is not used to address medical assistant in the hospital, or used to check a balance of
    account in the bank etc. Swahili is used

    However, it is on record that their education system is efficient

    and that 83% of the pupils enrolled in the first grade make it to the fifth grade (UNESCO 1995)

    UNICEF Report Issues The system should move to English clashes with equally strong commitment to the spread of

    kiSwahili in secondary school

    role of the many indigenous languages in Tanzania

    Recognition is slowly growing that certain segments of the population are poorly-served by the
    current language-in education policy and practices

    References
    Fasanami, O. (2010). The Language Policy and Practice of Tanzania and. Academic Leadership: The Online Journal, 1-9.

    Swilla, I. N. (2009). Languages of Instruction in Tanzania: Contradictions Between Ideology, Policy and Implementation. African Study Monographs, 30(1), 1-14.

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