ASM - Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals

© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.
org
ASM Ready Reference: Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals Data Book (#06333G)
ASM Ready Reference
Electrical and Magnetic

Properties of Metals
Prepared under the direction of the

ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee
Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor

Fran Cverna, Manager, Center for Materials Data
ASM International®
Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org
© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org
Copyright  2000
by
ASM International®
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
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right owner.
First printing, December 2000
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RANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MER-
CHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH
THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that
favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by per-
sons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are out-
side of ASM’s control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No
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QUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE
OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specifica-
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ASM ready reference electrical and magnetic properties of metals / prepared under the direction of the ASM
International Materials Properties Database Committee; ASM International staff, Charles Moosbrugger,
technical editor; Fran Cverna, manager, Center for Material Data.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Metals—Electric properties. 2. Metals—Magnetic properties. I. Title: Electrical and magnetic properties of
metals. II. ASM International. Materials Properties Database Committee.
TA459.A79 2000 620.1’697—dc21 00-046881
ISBN: 0-87170-690-3
SAN: 204-7586
ASM International®
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
Printed in the United States of America

Contributors and Reviewers

J. Gilbert Kaufman Paul J. Sikorsky
Kaufman Associates, Ltd. The Trane Company
Stephen R. Crosby Howard W. Sizek

Stanley Tools Special Metals Corporation
ASM International Materials Properties

Database Committee, 2000–2001
Bruce E. Boardman, Chair Barry Hindin

Deere & Company Battelle Memorial Institute
Paul J. Sikorsky, Vice Chair Gorden Lippa

The Trane Company North Star Casteel
J. Gilbert Kaufman, Past Chair Guiri L. Nash

Kaufman Associates, Ltd. Electromotive Division
General Motors Corporation
Samir K. Banerji
Caterpillar, Inc. Charles A. Parker
Honeywell Aircraft Landing Systems
David L. Bourell
University of Texas at Austin Howard W. Sizek
Special Metals Corporation
Steven A. Bradley
UOP Jason M. Smith
University of Kentucky
Bryan R. Cope
American Spring Wire Corporation John E. Smugeresky
Sandia National Laboratories
Stephen R. Crosby
Stanley Tools Gary A. Volk
Illinois Central College
Earl (Bob) Eaton
GM Powertrain Jack H. Westbrook
General Motors Corporation Brookline Technologie
iii
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Table 6.2 Critical Temperature for Superconductors . . . . . . . . 186

Table 6.3 Critical Fields of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Materials Groups in Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Table 6.4 Critical Current Density for Superconductors . . . . . 190
Part 1 Electrical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part 2 Magnetic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electrical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 7 Introduction to Magnetic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Chapter 2 High Conductivity Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Chapter 8 Magnetically Soft Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Table 8.1 Relative Permeability (µr) of Magnetically Soft
High Conductivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Table 2.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Table 8.2 Coercive Force (Hc) of Magnetically Soft
Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Table 2.3a Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Table 8.3 Peak Induction (Bm, Bmax) Magnetically Soft
High Conductivity Aluminum Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Table 2.3b Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Table 8.4 Residual Induction (Br) Magnetically Soft
High Conductivity Copper Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Table 2.4 Weight Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Table 8.5 Curie Temperature (Tc) of Magnetically Soft
Table 2.5 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of Table 8.6 Core Loss (Pc) of Magnetically Soft Materials
High Conductivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Table 2.6 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of High Table 8.7 Hysteresis Loss (Wh) of Magnetically Soft
Table 2.7 Relative Resistivity at Extreme Temperatures of High Chapter 9 Magnetically Hard Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Table 9.1 Coercive Force (Hc) of Magnetically Hard Material
Chapter 3 Higher Resistivity Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Table 3.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Table 9.2 Peak Induction (Bm, Bmax) of Magnetically
Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Table 3.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of Table 9.3 Residual Induction (Br) of Magnetically
Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Hard Materials Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Table 3.3 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of Table 9.4 Curie Temperature (Tc) of Magnetically
Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Table 3.4 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Higher Table 9.5 Energy Product (BdHd) of Magnetically
Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Chapter 4 Solders and Fusible Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Chapter 10 Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Table 4.1 Volume Conductivity of Solders and Fusible Links . 147 Table 10.1 Relative Permeability (µr) of Paramagnetic and
Table 4.2 Volume Resistivity of Solders and Fusible Links. . . 150 Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Table 4.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Solders and Table 10.2 Susceptibility (κ) of Paramagnetic and
Fusible Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Chapter 5 Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Table 10.3 Mass Susceptibility (χ) of Paramagnetic and
Table 5.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Part 3 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Table 5.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of
Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Table A.1 Material Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Table 5.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Table A.2 Abbreviations Used in Qualifiers and Notes . . . . . . 280
Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Table A.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Chapter 6 Superconductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Table A.4 Sizes of round wire in the American Gauge (AWG)
Table 6.1 Volume Resistivity at Low and Superconducting system and the properties of solid annealed copper wire
Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 (ASTM B 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
iv
Preface
This book is designed to serve the needs of the engineering and because there is no documented quality control process in place. It is,
technical communities for high-quality and comprehensive information therefore, not listed on each record. If the value was derived from the
regarding specific electrical and magnetic properties of metals. information given in the source, such as conductivity is derived from
In 1997, the ASM International Materials Properties Database resistivity, or if units were converted, a “d” follows the value. Unit
Committee sponsored and reviewed the ASM Ready Reference: Properties conversions that are merely a change in the value by a power of 10 are not
& Units for Engineering Alloys. The Committee recognized the need for labeled as derived. Values without the “d” are those most directly
consistency and equivalency when integrating materials properties data attributable to the source. A value can be established by definition or by
from multiple sources into printed or electronic reference publications. specification. There is still latitude as to how strictly the standard controls
This second book in the Ready Reference series applies the principles of the material. It may be a mandatory or nonmandatory requirement, or one
the first book to selected electrical and magnetic properties of metals. The that is at the mutual consent of the buyer and seller.
materials are sorted by a common materials hierarchy, and their property
values are given in a consistent system of International Standard (SI) and • The parameter for which the value is valid is listed: Some properties
customary units. The quality of the data and source of the data also are have multiple parameters, such as magnetic properties having both
listed to enable the user to assess the data. field strength and frequency.
The book chapters are broad categories of materials application: • Notes: May include product forms, sizes, or processing information
conductors, higher-resistance materials, permanent magnet materials, and for which the value applies. Common uses of the alloy may be listed.
so on. Materials properties significant to a specific application are listed in
each chapter. Each chapter begins with a brief explanation of the related
properties, derivation, and conversion of the units used within, along with Limitations on the Use and Interpretation of Data
a discussion of other units that the reader may encounter. We trust this
will be of benefit to the reader already familiar with the basics of
electricity and magnetism. We do not attempt to present a textbook on This book is intended to provide the materials engineer, scientist, or
electricity and magnetism in these brief introductions but seek to clarify other specialist with a comparative listing of materials and their magnetic
possibly confusing terminology. and electrical properties, to aid in the materials selection process. Just as
The chapters naturally lend themselves to a division according to most of the sources listed bear the caveat “not for design,” the compilation
materials groups as well. Materials commonly used for the application are of this data requires the same warning. Great effort has been expended to
found in the appropriate chapter. ensure that the source material has been faithfully duplicated, but ASM
The data tables in each chapter have the materials sorted by the material International has no formal program whereby the validity of the data can
hierarchy. The complete hierarchy for materials found in this book is be ensured. The source references allow further investigation by the
given in Table A.1 of the Appendix. The Materials Groups in Tables, reader. It is the reader’s responsibility to take the prudent engineering and
which follows, lists the materials groups found in each chapter. As with quality assurance steps necessary to ensure that any material selected
the classification systems for materials in general use, the hierarchy is meets the design requirements.
predominantly based on composition, but there are subdivisions that are
application based.
Significant Figures
Data Format
Individual sources have listed values to varied significant figures in
the same data sets. The significant figures in values with trailing zeros
Data entries include the following: (50,000), cannot be determined without more information. ASTM standards
list sufficient decimal places to improve the accuracy of conversion and
• Material name: Trade name, generic alloy, element, or description as reconversion of the data. They stress that this does not imply the need to
assigned by a standards organization test the material to an accuracy beyond what the specification or the
• Temper: As stated referenced test specification demands. For this reason, although the value
has been listed to the same number of significant figures as the original
• UNS number: If assigned when no derivation was required, no comparison should be made as to the
• Property values in the preferred (SI) and alternate (customary) units: precision of the values based on the significant figures shown. Values
The units used are those designated in ASM Ready Reference: Prop- shown as “derived” have at least as many significant figures as the
erties & Units for Engineering Alloys. SI is the International System original source. Because the conversion calculations were done in mass,
of Units (modernized metric system). The customary units are either significant figures were added to some values to ensure that all had
English (lb, in.) units, or cgs-emu (gauss, oersted), depending which is sufficient significant figures to preserve the original accuracy.
the most prevalent alternative to the International Standard.
• Qualifier for the value: This is the qualifier as stated in the source of
the data, such as typical, nominal, or maximum. The most often used Availability of Materials
abbreviations are listed on the bottom of the page. The complete list is
given in Table A.2 in the Appendix. Because it is often useful to have a source of data for historical
materials, obsolete materials and materials listed by former trade names
Often, the source document will list the data as “not for design, for are included in the alloy field. No attempt was made to verify the
information only.” “Not for design” is applicable to all values listed commercial availability of materials. If a source has identified a
v
designation as “obsolete,” this has been noted (Woldman’s Engineering be a dynamic creation, under constant revision. We at ASM International,
Alloys, 9th ed., ASM International, 2000, offers this information). who have the dissemination of materials information at the core of our
vision statement, would ask that qualified parties contribute material data
to the Society for the betterment of the technical community. Your
suggestions, corrections, and comments are also welcome. They can be
Call for Future Action directed to the addresses found on the title page.
Gil Kaufman, committee member, stated that the lack of

comprehensive sources of accurate data that make this book valuable Charles Moosbrugger
makes compiling the data for the book difficult. A material database must August 2000
vi
Materials Groups in Tables
Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Table 2.4 Weight Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High
Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Sintered Powder Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 2.5 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
High Conductivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Welding filler copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Thermostat Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Table 2.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Table 2.6 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of High Conductivity
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Thermostat Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Table 2.7 Relative Resistivity at Extreme Temperatures of High
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Conductivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table 2.3a Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Conductivity Aluminum Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table 2.3b Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Table 3.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Higher
Conductivity Copper Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Resistivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
vii
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Barium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Low Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Scandium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Strontium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Electrical Resistance Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Technetium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Thallium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Electrical Resistance Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Miscellaneous Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Cerium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Cast Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Thorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Table 3.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of Higher Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Resistivity Material Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Actinide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Plutonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Ductile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Carbide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Cast Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Lanthanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Dysprosium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Erbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Europium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Gadolinium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Table 3.3 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of
Holmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Lutetium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Neodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Actinide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Praseodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Neptunium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Samarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Plutonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Terbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Thulium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Lanthanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Ytterbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Dysprosium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Erbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Europium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Holmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Lutetium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Low Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Neodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Praseodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Samarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Terbium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
viii
Thulium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Barium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Scandium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Strontium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Technetium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Cerium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Thorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Table 4.1 Volume Conductivity of Solders and Fusible Links. . . . 147
Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Low melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Table 4.2 Volume Resistivity of Solders and Fusible Links . . . . . 151
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Gallium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Table 3.4 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Higher Resistivity Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Actinide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Table 4.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Solders and Fusible Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Low Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Table 5.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient
Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Temperature of Contact Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Thallium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Electrical Resistance Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
ix
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Table 6.1 Volume Resistivity at Low and
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Superconducting
Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Table 5.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Temperature of Contact Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Barium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Strontium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Cerium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Thorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Table 5.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Contact Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Table 6.2 Critical Temperature for Superconductors . . . . . . . . . 186
Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Actinide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Protactinium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Rhodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Lanthanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Lutetium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Gallium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Barium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Germanium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Technetium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
x
Thallium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Osmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Ruthenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Thorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Table 8.3 Peak Induction (Bm, B max) Magnetically
Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Halfnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Rehenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Table 8.4 Residual Induction (Br) of Magnetically
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Table 6.3 Critical Fields of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Table 6.4 Critical Current Density for Superconductors. . . . . . . 190
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Yttrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Table 8.5 Curie Temperature (Tc) of Magnetically
Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Table 8.1 Relative Permeability (µr) of Magnetically
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Low Expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Miscellaneous Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Table 8.6 Core Loss (Pc) of Magnetically
Cast Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Table 8.2 Coercive Force (Hc) of Magnetically Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Magnetically Soft Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Table 8.7 Hysteresis Loss (Wh) of Magnetically
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Soft Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Unclassified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
xi
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Table 9.1 Coercive Force (Hc) of Magnetically Hard Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Cast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Table 10.2 Susceptibility (κ) Paramagnetic and
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Cast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Table 9.2 Peak Induction (B m , B max) of Magnetically Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Lanthanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Neodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Table 9.3 Residual Induction (Br) of Magnetically Praseodymium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Hard Materials Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Low Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Magnetically Soft Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Lithium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Magnesium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Wrought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Wrought Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Table 9.4 Curie Temperature (Tc) of Magnetically Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Rare Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Lanthanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Beryllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Table 9.5 Energy Product (BdHd) of Magnetically Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Hard Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Ceramic Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Niobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Rhenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Tantalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Tungsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Refractory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Zirconium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Table 10.1 Relative Permeability (µr) Paramagnetic and Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Diamagnetic Material Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
xii
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Electrical Properties
ONE OF THE PRIME CHARACTERIS- is much smaller than its axial dimension, the Conductivity, ac. For time-varying electric
TICS of a material that distinguishes it as a unit of resistivity used the circular mil to ex- fields, the current will vary as well. The ability
metal is its ability to conduct heat and electric- press the cross-sectional area and feet to ex- of materials to conduct alternating current (ac)
ity. A majority of the elements are classified as press length. is dependent on the frequency of that current,
metals. These elements are found on the left A circular mil is the area of a circle 1 mil the shape of the conductor, and its proximity to
side of the periodic table (Fig. 1.1). (0.001 in.) in diameter (d). This area is: other conductors. In this book, the conductivity
The elements on the border, such as carbon, and resistivity are non-time-varying direct cur-
have metal-like and nonmetal-like properties. rent (dc).
Graphite and graphite composites have been in- 1 circular mil = πr2 = π(0.001/2)2 = 7.854 × 10–7 in.2
An ohm (Ω) is the unit of resistance (and im-
cluded in this book because of their significant pedance) in the SI system and the customary
roles as contact materials. where the radius (r) = d/2. system such that a conductor with 1 Ω resis-
Metallic atoms tend to lose electrons in their Circular mils were considered convenient tance and a constant current of 1 ampere (A)
outer shell, so the substance can be thought to because the area in circular mils equals the will have a potential of 1 V between its ends.
exist as a matrix of positive ions in an electron square of the diameter in mils. Resistance is the more tangible unit than resis-
gas. These free electrons have the ability to Conductance (G) is defined as the recipro- tivity. Resistance can be measured in ohms di-
move in an ordered manner, which we perceive cal of resistance: G = 1/R. rectly with instruments. It is also what is ob-
as an electrical current. The greater the mean The reciprocal of an ohm (Ω) had been called servable through physical effects such as the
free path of the electrons is, the more conduc- a mho, but is now called a siemen (S). A specimen temperature rise of the conductor or voltage
tive the substance will be. An increase in the with 1 Ω resistance has a conductance of 1 S. drop through the conductor.
motion of the atoms is indicated by its tempera- Conductivity. All readers of this book have %IACS. In customary units, the conductivity
ture increase. Typically, metallic solids have a the concept of what resistivity and conductivity of a metal is commonly compared with that of
diminished ability to carry current as their tem- are. Resistivity and conductivity are inverses of the IACS (100% soft copper), and its conduc-
perature increases. Their resistance is said to each other. Definitions of such basic terms tend tivity is then expressed as %IACS (Ref 2). This
have increased. In this book, conductance and to be self reflexive, often using the terms of re-
resistance refer to the electrical conductance comparison is made at 20 °C (68 °F). A 100.0%
sistance and impedance in the definition. Mate- conductivity sample has a resistivity of
and resistance, unless specifically stated as rial conductivity is a factor such that the con-
thermal resistance and thermal conductance. 0.017241 µΩ · m (10.371 Ω circular-mil/ft) at
duction-current density is equal to the
The tables in Part 1 use the following units: 20 °C (68 °F).
electric-field intensity in the material multi-
Resistivity is an intrinsic property of the ma-
plied by the conductivity (Ref 1).
terial itself, independent of the size and shape
International
Implicit in this definition is the fact that ma-
of the conductor. The resistivity can be ex-
Standard (SI) Customary terial conductivity is a property of the material
Property Abbreviation unit unit itself; it is a constant multiplier relating the pressed on a volume basis or a weight (mass)
Volume conductivity σv 106 /m %IACS electric field (voltage) to the current density basis. This allows for a direct comparison of
Weight conductivity σw S · m2/g Ω · mile2/lb, (current per unit area), and it is independent of materials.
%IACSweight the shape of the material. Resistivity, Volume. In ASTM B 193-95,
Volume resistivity ρv µΩ · m Ω circular-mil/ft “Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Elec-
Weight resistivity ρw Ωg/m2 Ω lb/mile2 The reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity:
trical Conductor Materials” (Ref 3), resistivity
Thermal coefficient ∆ρ/ρ °C–1 °F–1
of resistivity is defined as the electrical resistance of a body
γ = 1/ρ of unit length and unit cross-sectional area or
unit weight.
The conductivity, as with resistivity, can be ei- Resistance is expressed in ohms (Ω). Vol-
Definitions ume resistivity is expressed in ohms for a
ther volume or weight based. The preferred SI
units of conductivity are 106 S/m. In customary theoretical conductor of unit length and cross-
Circular Mil. As round wire was so impor- units, the conductivity of a metal is commonly sectional area, in units of Ω · mm2/m in SI units,
tant to the electrical and communications in- compared with that of the International An- and in Ω circular-mil/ft in customary units:
dustries at their inception, it is natural that units nealed Copper Standard (%IACS), and its con-
reflecting them were adopted in the customary ductivity is then expressed as %IACS (Ref 2).
system. Because the radial dimension of a wire This comparison is made at 20 °C (68 °F). ρv = (A/L)R (Eq 1.1)
4 / Electrical Properties
Fig. 1.1 Periodic table of the elements

Introduction to Electrical Properties / 5
where ρv is volume resistivity, A is the unit The values of the thermal coefficient (αA) Common wire gages and areas are given in
cross section, L is the unit length, and R is the can be used to determine the resistivity (ρB) of Table A.3 in the Appendix.
resistance in ohms. a material at temperature TB, given the resistiv- Note that these are dc resistances at specific
The units of length squared over length can be ity (ρA) at temperature TA using the formula: temperatures. Alternating current resistances
simplified so the volume resistivity is expressed depend on the geometry of the conductor, prox-
as Ω · mm2/m equals 10–6 Ωm or µΩ · m in the ρB = ρA [1 + αA (TB – TA)] imity to other conductors, and the frequency of
SI system. the alternating current. This book focuses on
An expression of resistivity that is sometimes materials properties; an engineering textbook
encountered is Ω or µΩ of a cubic centimeter, The thermal coefficient (αA) is defined over a
temperature range for which the linear approxi- should be consulted for ac resistances.
abbreviated as Ω/cm3. It actually represents a The data tables are constructed starting with
cube of the material having edges 1 cm long. The mation is valid. Care must be taken not to use a
value of a thermal coefficient beyond its region the units as given by the source. If the source
cross-sectional area of the cube face is 1 cm2. units correspond to the units presented previ-
An electrical potential (V) is set up between of validity.
Using Volume Resistivity Values to Deter- ously, the qualifier of the source, if given, is
two opposite faces. The resistance is measured
mine Resistance. The volume resistivity values noted behind the value. If a conversion more
across the 1 cm length so the resistivity is:
found in the tables can be used to find the resis- complex than a change in the power of 10 was
tance of an object with known volume in the needed, the value is followed by a “d” to indi-
ρv = (A/L)R following manner. Solving Eq 1.1 for R: cate that the value was derived from the source
ρv = (1 cm2/1 cm)Ω in addition to any other qualifier. In the tables,
R = (L/A)ρv conductivities have been derived from sources
ρv = cm ⋅ Ω = 0.01 mΩ
where only the resistivity is given. The reverse
Following are two examples of determining re- has not been done; that is, resistivity has not
Resistivity, Weight. Weight resistivity (ρw) sistance: been derived from conductivity.
can be expressed as: Another temperature coefficient of resistance
• Example 1. Given a 9 m length of wire with 2 is found in literature that has units of Ω per
ρw = (W/L1L2)R (Eq 1.2) mm2 cross-sectional area, for a material at degree K or R. This allows for the resistance
20 °C with ρ = 0.05 Ωm, the resistance at 20 to be found by multiplying the factor by the
where W is weight (or mass) of the test speci- °C is: absolute temperature. Again, the factor is
men in grams for SI and pounds for customary given for a particular temperature or tempera-
units; L1 is the gage length used to determine R = [(9 m)/(2 mm2 · 10–6 m2/mm2)] · 0.05 µΩ · m ture range. This coefficient is not reported in
the resistance, R, in meters or miles; L2 is the this book. Checking the units of the coeffi-
specimen length in meters or miles; and R is the Using unit analysis, the length units cancel cients will ensure that the desired coefficient is
resistance in ohms. and being used.
For weight resistivity, it was natural to think
in terms of the pounds of metal per mile of ca-
R = 0.225 Ω
ble, so the units are Ω lb/mile2 (Ref 2). This leads
to a large difference between the magnitude of REFERENCES
the values in the SI and customary systems. • Example 2. Given a 12 gage wire (80.81 mils
Weight resistivity is useful to compare mate- diam and 6530 circular-mil area), 50 ft long,
1. IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and
rials for applications where weight is a factor, made of a material with ρ = 50 Ω circu-
Electronic Terms, Std 100-1977, American
such as transmission lines and in aircraft. lar-mil/ft at 68 °F, the resistance can be esti-
National Standards Institute/Institute of
The thermal coefficient of resistivity (α) mated as:
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
given in the tables is defined as the slope or (ANSI/IEEE), 1977
fractional change in resistivity per unit change R = (50 ft/6530 circular-mil) · 50 Ω circular-mil/ft 2. ASM Ready Reference: Properties & Units
in temperature: for Engineering Alloys, ASM International,
R = 0.383 Ω 1997, p 100
α = ∆ρ/ρ per °C or °F 3. “Standard Test Method for Resistivity of
Since ρ and the length are known to only one Electrical Conductor Materials,” B 193-95,
The units of α are °C–1 in the SI system and significant figure, R = 0.4 Ω is sufficiently ac- Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM,
°F–1 in the alternate system. curate. 1995
Chapter 2
High Conductivity Materials
THE MATERIALS MOST OFTEN SE- listed in this section, even though they vary in Rhodium and palladium are used as conduc-
LECTED for their ability to conduct electricity resistivity by a factor of over six, from palla- tors on printed circuit boards. Platinum has
are found in this chapter. Aluminum alloys and dium to silver. uses in spark plugs, resistance temperature de-
copper alloys are used for the bulk of conductor Silver is the highest-conductivity material. tectors, high-temperature resistors, and
applications. Most electric power transmissions Because of its cost, it can be used in small high-temperature wiring. Of the noble metals,
use copper or aluminum because of their com- quantities in the form of conductive coatings on osmium forms a toxic oxide at room tempera-
bination of conductivity and low cost. On ap- glass and plastic as well as plating on copper to ture in an atmosphere containing oxygen, so it
plications where other concerns predominate, take advantage of its high conductivity. Gold is not readily usable. Because of its hardness, it
noble metals are the conductors of choice. For likewise is selected as a plating material for can be used for electrical contacts.
the sake of consistency, all noble metals are connectors and contacts.
High Conductivity Materials / 7
Table 2.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families
Temperature
6 oC oF
Alloy-temper (UNS number) 10 S/m % IACS Notes Reference
Aluminum, Cast, 1xx.x Commercially Pure Aluminum

100.1 (A01001) 31 min,d 54 min RT 9
100.1 (A01001) 32 t,d 56 t RT 9
150.1 (A01501) 33 min,d 57 min RT 9
150.1 (A01501) 34 t,d 59 t RT 9
170.1 (A01701) 34 min,d 59 min RT 9
170.1 (A01701) 35 t,d 60 t RT 9
Aluminum, Cast, 2xx.x Aluminum Copper
201.0-T43 (A02010) 19 to 20 t,d 32 to 34 t RT Permanent mold 7
201.0-T6 (A02010) 16 to 19 t,d 27 to 32 t RT Sand cast 5
201.0-T6 (A02010) 16 to 19 t,d 27 to 32 t 20 68 10
204.0-T4 (A02040) 17 t,d 29 t RT Sand cast 9
204.0-T6 (A02040) 19.7 t,d 34 t RT Sand cast 9
204.0-T6 (A02040) 19.7 t,d 34 t RT Permanent mold 9
208.0-F (A02080) 18 t,d 31 t RT Obsolete 5
208.0-O (A02080) 22 t,d 38 t RT Obsolete 5
208.0-T6 (A02080) 18 t,d 31 t RT Permanent mold 7
222.0-F (A02220) 19.7 t,d 34 t RT Obsolete 5
222.0-O (A02220) 24 t,d 41 t RT Obsolete 5
222.0-T61 (A02220) 19 t,d 33 t RT Obsolete 5
224.0-T62 (A02240) 17 t,d 30 t RT Sand cast, obsolete 5
238.0-F (A02380) 15 t,d 25 t RT Permanent mold 7
238.0-F (A02380) 15 t,d 25 t RT Permanent mold, obsolete 5
240.0-F (A02400) 13 t,d 23 t RT Sand cast 5
242.0-O (A02420) 26 t,d 44 t RT Sand cast 5
242.0-T21 (A02420) 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
242.0-T571 (A02420) 19.7 t,d 34 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
295.0-T4 (A02950) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 10
295.0-T62 (A02950) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 10
RT, room temperature; t, typical; d, derived; u, unstated; min, minimum; max, maximum. See Appendix for other abbreviations and References.
Temperature
6 oC oF
Aluminum, Cast, 3xx.x Aluminum Silicon plus Copper or Magnesium

Alcan 143 16 u,d 27 u 20 68 Die casting 66
Alcan 164 13 u,d 23 u 20 68 Die casting 66
308.0 (A03080) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 10
324.0-F (A03240) 19.7 t,d 34 t RT Permanent mold, obsolete 5
328.0-F (A03280) 17 t,d 30 t RT Obsolete 6
336.0-T551 (A03360) 17 t,d 29 t 20 68 10
355.0-T61 (A03550) 23 t,d 39 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
360.0 (A03600) 16 t,d 28 t 20 68 10
360.0 (A03600) 17 t,d 30 t RT 4
360.0-F (A03600) 21 t,d 37 t RT Die cast 5
364.0-F (A03640) 17 t,d 30 t RT Die cast 5
380.0 (A03800) 16 t,d 27 t RT 4
Temperature
6 oC oF

380.0-F (A03800) 16 t,d 27 t RT Die cast 5
383.0 (A03830) 13 t,d 23 t RT 4
384.0 (A03840) 13 t,d 22 t RT 4
384.0-F (A03840) 13 t,d 23 t RT Die cast 5
390.0-F (A03900) 15 t,d 25 t RT Die cast 5
390.0-T5 (A03900) 14 t,d 24 t RT Die cast 5
A356.0-T51 (A13560) 25 t,d 43 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
A356.0-T6 (A13560) 23 t,d 39 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
A356.0-T6 (A13560) 23 t,d 40 t RT Sand cast 5
A356.0-T6 (A13560) 24 t,d 41 t 20 68 Permanent mold 10
A356.0-T61 (A13560) 23 t,d 39 t RT Permanent mold 7
A356.0-T7 (A13560) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
A360.0 (A13600) 17 t,d 29 t RT 4
A360.0 (A13600) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 10
A360.0-F (A13600) 17 t,d 29 t RT Sand cast 2
A360.0-F (A13600) 21 t,d 37 t RT Die cast 5
A380.0 (A13800) 13 t,d 23 t RT 4
A390.0-F (A13900) 16 t,d 27 t 20 68 10
A390.0-T5 (A13900) 15 t,d 25 t 20 68 10
B390.0 (A23900) 16 t,d 27 t RT 4
C355.0-T6 (A33550) 21 t,d 36 t RT Sand cast 2
C355.0-T61 (A33550) 23 t,d 39 t RT Permanent mold 7
Aluminum, Cast, 4xx.x Aluminum Silicon
Alcan 135 22.6 to 24.9 u,d 39 to 43 u 20 68 Sand, permanent mold casting 66
413.0 (A04130) 18 t,d 31 t RT 4
413.0-F (A04130) 23 t,d 39 t RT Die cast 9
413.0-F (A04130) 39 t,d 68 t RT Die cast 5
443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 37 t RT Die cast 5
443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Die cast 10
443.0-F (A04430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Permanent mold 10
443.0-O (A04430) 24 t,d 42 t RT Sand cast 5
A413.0 (A14130) 18 t,d 31 t RT 4
Temperature
6 oC oF

A443.0-F (A14430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
A443.0-F (A14430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Permanent mold 10
A443.0-F (A14430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Die cast 10
A444.0-F (A14440) 24 t,d 41 t RT Permanent mold 5
A444.0-T4 (A14440) 24 t,d 41 t RT Permanent mold 7
B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d 37 t RT Permanent mold 7
B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d 37 t RT Sand cast 2
B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Die cast 10
B443.0-F (A24430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Permanent mold 10
C443.0 (A34430) 21 t,d 37 t RT 4
C443.0-F (A34430) 21 t,d 37 t RT Sand cast 2
C443.0-F (A34430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Die cast 10
C443.0-F (A34430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Permanent mold 10
C443.0-F (A34430) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 Sand cast 10
Aluminum, Cast, 5xx.x Aluminum Magnesium
513.0-F (A05130) 19.7 t,d 34 t RT Permanent mold 5
514.0-F (A05140) 20.3 t,d 35 t RT Sand cast 5
518.0 (A05180) 14 t,d 24 t RT 4
518.0 (A05180) 15 t,d 25 t 20 68 10
518.0-F (A05180) 14 t,d 24 t RT Die cast 5
520.0-T4 (A05200) 12 t,d 21 t 20 68 10
535.0 (A05350) 13 t,d 23 t 20 68 10
A535.0 (A15350) 13 t,d 23 t 20 68 10
B535.0 (A25350) 13 t,d 23 t 20 68 10
Aluminum, Cast, 7xx.x Aluminum Zinc
Alcan 432 20.3 u,d 35 u 20 68 Sand casting 66
710.0-F (A07100) 20.3 t,d 35 t RT Sand cast 5
712.0 (A07120) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 10
Temperature
6 oC oF

713.0 (A07130) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 10
771.0 (A07710) 16 t,d 27 t 20 68 10
Aluminum, Cast, 8xx.x Aluminum Tin
Aluminum, Sintered Powder Aluminum, 2xx.x Aluminum Copper
201AB-T4 19 t,d 32 e 20 68 Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 12
Magnatester
201AB-T6 20.3 t,d 35 e 20 68 Sintered P/M. Determimed with FM-103 12
Magnatester
Magnatester
MD-22-T6 21 t,d 36 t RT Sintered P/M 12
Aluminum, Sintered Powder Aluminum, 6xx.x Aluminum Magnesium
Magnatester
Magnatester
Magnatester
Magnatester
Magnatester
Magnatester
Aluminum, Wrought, 1xxx Commercially Pure Aluminum
Al (99.996%) 37.67 u,d 64.95 u 20 68 65
EC-H19 36 u,d 62 u 20 68 65
EC-O 36 u,d 62 u 20 68 65
1050-O (A91050) 35.6 t,d 61.3 t 20 68 8
1050-O (A91050) 35.6 t,d 61.3 t 20 68 8
1060-H18 (A91060) 35 t,d 61 t 20 68 1
Temperature
6 oC oF

1060-H18 (A91060) 35 t 60 t,d 20 68 3
1060-O (A91060) 36 t,d 62 t 20 68 1
1060-O (A91060) 36 t 62 t,d 20 68 3
1100 (A91100) 5.2 t,d 9t 20 68 59
1100-H18 (A91100) 33 t 57 t,d 20 68 3
1100-H18 (A91100) 33 t,d 57 t 20 68 1
1100-O (A91100) 34 t 59 t,d 20 68 3
1100-O (A91100) 34 t,d 59 t 20 68 1
1145-H18 (A91145) 35 t,d 60 t 20 68 8
1145-O (A91145) 35 t,d 61 t 20 68 8
1199-O (A91199) 37.4 t,d 64.5 t 20 68 8
1350-All (A91350) 36 t 62 t,d 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 3
1350-All (A91350) 36 t,d 62 t 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 1
1350-H1x (A91350) 35.4 t,d 61.0 t 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 8
1350-O (A91350) 35.8 t,d 61.8 t 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 8
Aluminum, Wrought, 2xxx Aluminum Copper
Alcoa 2090 10 to 11 t,d 17 to 19 t 20 68 Aerospace sheet plate extrusion 66
2011-T3 (A92011) 23 t,d 39 t 20 68 1
2011-T3 (A92011) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
2011-T4 (A92011) 23 t,d 39 t 20 68 8
2011-T8 (A92011) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 8
2011-T8 (A92011) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 1
2011-T8 (A92011) 26 t 45 t,d 20 68 3
2014-O (A92014) 29 t 50 t,d 20 68 3
2014-O (A92014) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 1
2014-T3 (A92014) 19.7 t,d 34 t 20 68 8
2014-T4 (A92014) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
2014-T4 (A92014) 19.7 t,d 34 t 20 68 1
2014-T451 (A92014) 19.7 t,d 34 t 20 68 8
2014-T6 (A92014) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
2014-T6 (A92014) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
2014-T651 (A92014) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
2014-T652 (A92014) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
2017-O (A92017) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 1
2017-O (A92017) 29 t 50 t,d 20 68 3
2017-T4 (A92017) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
2017-T4 (A92017) 19.7 t,d 34 t 20 68 1
2018-T61 (A92018) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
2018-T61 (A92018) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
2024-O (A92024) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 1
2024-O (A92024) 29 t 50 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T3 (A92024) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T3 (A92024) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 1
2024-T361 (A92024) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 1
2024-T361 (A92024) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T4 (A92024) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T4 (A92024) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 1
2024-T6 (A92024) 22 t 38 t,d 20 68 3
Temperature
6 oC oF

2024-T6 (A92024) 22 t,d 38 t 20 68 1
2024-T81 (A92024) 22 t 38 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T81 (A92024) 22 t,d 38 t 20 68 1
2024-T861 (A92024) 22 t 38 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T861 (A92024) 22 t,d 38 t 20 68 1
2025-T6 (A92025) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
2025-T6 (A92025) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
2036-O (A92036) 30.2 t,d 52 t 20 68 8
2036-T4 (A92036) 24 t,d 41 t 20 68 1
2036-T4 (A92036) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 3
Alcoa 2036-T4 (A92036) 23.8 u,d 41.0 u,d 20 68 Auto body sheet 66
2038-T4 (A92038) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 54
2048-T851 (A92048) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 8
2090 (A92090) 10 to 11 t,d 17 to 19 t 20 68 Al-Li alloy 11
2117-T4 (A92117) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
2117-T4 (A92117) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
2124-O (A92124) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 8
2124-T851 (A92124) 22 t 38 t,d 20 68 3
2124-T851 (A92124) 22 t,d 38 t 20 68 1
2218-T61 (A92218) 22 t,d 38 t 20 68 8
2218-T72 (A92218) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
2218-T72 (A92218) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
2219-O (A92219) 26 t 45 t,d 20 68 3
2219-O (A92219) 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 1
2219-T31 (A92219) 16 t 28 t,d 20 68 3
2219-T31 (A92219) 16 t,d 28 t 20 68 1
2219-T351 (A92219) 16 t,d 28 t 20 68 8
2219-T37 (A92219) 16 t,d 28 t 20 68 1
2219-T37 (A92219) 16 t 28 t,d 20 68 3
2219-T6 (A92219) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
2219-T6 (A92219) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 1
2219-T62 (A92219) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 8
2219-T81 (A92219) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
2219-T81 (A92219) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 1
2219-T851 (A92219) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 8
2219-T87 (A92219) 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 1
2219-T87 (A92219) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
2319-O (A92319) 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 8
2618-T6 (A92618) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 1
2618-T6 (A92618) 21 t 36 t,d 20 68 3
2618-T61 (A92618) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 8
Aluminum, Wrought, 3xxx Aluminum Manganese
3003 (A93003) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 59
3003-H12 (A93003) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 3
3003-H12 (A93003) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 1
3003-H14 (A93003) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 3
3003-H14 (A93003) 24 t,d 41 t 20 68 1
Temperature
6 oC oF

3003-H18 (A93003) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
3003-H18 (A93003) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
3003-O (A93003) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 1
3003-O (A93003) 29 t 50 t,d 20 68 3
3004-All (A93004) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 1
3004-All (A93004) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 3
3004-O (A93004) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 8
3105-All (A93105) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 1
3105-All (A93105) 26 t 45 t,d 20 68 3
3105-O (A93105) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 8
Aluminum, Wrought, 4xxx Aluminum Silicon
Alcan B33S 21.5 to 27.8 u,d 37 to 48 u 20 68 Extrusion ingots 66
4032-O (A94032) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
4032-O (A94032) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
4032-T6 (A94032) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 1
4032-T6 (A94032) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
4043-O (A94043) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 1
4043-O (A94043) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 3
4045-All (A94045) 26 t 45 t,d 20 68 3
4045-All (A94045) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 1
4343-All (A94343) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 1
4343-All (A94343) 27 t 47 t,d 20 68 3
Aluminum, Wrought, 5xxx Aluminum Magnesium
Alcan 57S-Annealed 20.3 u,d 35 u 20 68 Sheet, plate, tube, wire, rod, bar 66
5005-All (A95005) 30.2 t,d 52 t 20 68 1
5005-All (A95005) 30 t 52 t,d 20 68 3
5005-H38 (A95005) 30.2 t,d 52 t 20 68 8
5005-O (A95005) 30.2 t,d 52 t 20 68 8
5050-All (A95050) 29 t 50 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 3
5050-All (A95050) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5050-H38 (A95050) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 Obsolete 8
5050-O (A95050) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 Obsolete 8
5052 (A95052) 34.2 t,d 59 t 20 68 59
5052-All (A95052) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
5052-All (A95052) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 1
5052-H38 (A95052) 20.3 u,d 35 u 20 68 65
5052-H38 (A95052) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 8
5052-O (A95052) 20.3 u,d 35 u 20 68 65
5052-O (A95052) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 8
5056-H38 (A95056) 15.7 u,d 27 u 20 68 Obsolete 65
5056-H38 (A95056) 16 t,d 27 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5056-H38 (A95056) 16 t 28 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 3
5056-O (A95056) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 3
5056-O (A95056) 17 t,d 29 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5083-All (A95083) 17 t,d 29 t 20 68 8
5083-O (A95083) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
5083-O (A95083) 17 t,d 29 t 20 68 1
5086-All (A95086) 18 t 31 t,d 20 68 3
Temperature
6 oC oF

5086-All (A95086) 18 t,d 31 t 20 68 1
5154-All (A95154) 19 t 33 t,d 20 68 3
5154-All (A95154) 19 t,d 32 t 20 68 1
5182 (A95182) 18 t,d 31 t 20 68 8
Alcoa 5182 (A95182) 18 u,d 31 u 20 68 Auto body sheet 66
5252-All (A95252) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
5252-All (A95252) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 1
5254-All (A95254) 19 t,d 32 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5356-O (A95356) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
5356-O (A95356) 17 t,d 29 t 20 68 1
5454-All (A95454) 19.7 t,d 34 t 20 68 8
5454-O (A95454) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
5454-O (A95454) 19.7 t,d 34 t 20 68 1
Alcoa 5454-All (A95454) 19.7 t,ave,d 34 t,ave 20 68 Auto 66
5454-H38 (A95456) 19.7 t,d 34 t 20 68 1
5454-H38 (A95456) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
5456-All (A95456) 17 t,d 29 t 20 68 8
5456-O (A95456) 17 t 29 t,d 20 68 3
5456-O (A95456) 17 t,d 29 t 20 68 1
5457-All (A95457) 27 t,d 46 t 20 68 1
5457-All (A95457) 27 t 47 t,d 20 68 3
5652-All (A95652) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5657-All (A95657) 31 t 53 t,d 20 68 3
5657-All (A95657) 31 t,d 54 t 20 68 1
Aluminum, Wrought, 6xxx Aluminum Magnesium Silicon
6005-T1 (A96005) 27 t,d 47 t 20 68 1
6005-T1 (A96005) 27 t 47 t,d 20 68 3
6005-T5 (A96005) 28 t,d 49 t 20 68 1
6005-T5 (A96005) 28 t 48 t,d 20 68 3
6009-All (A96009) 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 54
6009-O (A96009) 31 t,d 54 t 20 68 8
6009-T4 (A96009) 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 8
6009-T6 (A96009) 27 t,d 47 t 20 68 8
Alcoa 6009-O (A96009) 25.6 u,d 44.1 u,d 20 68 Auto body sheet 66
6010-All (A96010) 23 t,d 39 t 20 68 54
6010-O (A96010) 31 t,d 53 t 20 68 8
6010-T4 (A96010) 23 t,d 39 t 20 68 8
6010-T6 (A96010) 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 8
6053-O (A96053) 26 t 45 t,d 20 68 3
6053-O (A96053) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 1
6053-T4 (A96053) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
Temperature
6 oC oF

6053-T4 (A96053) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
6053-T6 (A96053) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 3
6053-T6 (A96053) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 1
6061-O (A96061) 27 t 47 t,d 20 68 3
6061-O (A96061) 27 t,d 47 t 20 68 1
6061-T4 (A96061) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
6061-T4 (A96061) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
6061-T6 (A96061) 25 t,d 43 t 20 68 1
6061-T6 (A96061) 25 t 43 t,d 20 68 3
6063-O (A96063) 34 t 59 t,d 20 68 3
6063-O (A96063) 34 t,d 58 t 20 68 1
6063-T1 (A96063) 29 t 50 t,d 20 68 3
6063-T1 (A96063) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 1
6063-T5 (A96063) 32 t 55 t,d 20 68 3
6063-T5 (A96063) 32 t,d 55 t 20 68 1
6063-T6 (A96063) 31 t 53 t,d 20 68 3
6063-T6 (A96063) 31 t,d 53 t 20 68 1
6063-T83 (A96063) 31 t 53 t,d 20 68 3
6063-T83 (A96063) 31 t,d 53 t 20 68 1
6066-O (A96066) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
6066-O (A96066) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 1
6066-T6 (A96066) 21 t 36 t,d 20 68 3
6066-T6 (A96066) 21 t,d 37 t 20 68 1
6070-T6 (A96070) 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 1
6070-T6 (A96070) 26 t 45 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T6 (A96101) 32 u,d 56 u 20 68 65
6101-T6 (A96101) 33 t 57 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T6 (A96101) 33 t,d 57 t 20 68 1
6101-T61 (A96101) 34 t 59 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T61 (A96101) 34 t,d 59 t 20 68 1
6101-T63 (A96101) 34 t,d 58 t 20 68 1
6101-T63 (A96101) 34 t 59 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T64 (A96101) 35 t 60 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T64 (A96101) 35 t,d 60 t 20 68 1
6101-T65 (A96101) 34 t,d 58 t 20 68 1
6101-T65 (A96101) 34 t 59 t,d 20 68 3
6105-T1 (A96105) 27 t 47 t,d 20 68 3
6105-T1 (A96105) 27 t,d 46 t 20 68 1
6105-T5 (A96105) 29 t 50 t,d 20 68 3
6105-T5 (A96105) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 1
6111-T4 (A96111) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 54
6111-T6 (A96111) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 54
6151-O (A96151) 31 t,d 54 t 20 68 1
6151-O (A96151) 31 t 53 t,d 20 68 3
6151-T4 (A96151) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 3
6151-T4 (A96151) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 1
6151-T6 (A96151) 26 t 45 t,d 20 68 3
6151-T6 (A96151) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 1
Temperature
6 oC oF

6201-T81 (A96201) 31 t 53 t,d 20 68 3
6201-T81 (A96201) 31 t,d 54 t 20 68 1
6205-T1 (A96205) 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 8
6205-T5 (A96205) 28 t,d 49 t 20 68 8
6262-T9 (A96262) 26 t 45 t,d 20 68 3
6262-T9 (A96262) 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 1
6351-T6 (A96351) 27 t,d 46 t 20 68 1
6351-T6 (A96351) 27 t 47 t,d 20 68 3
6463-T1 (A96463) 29 t 50 t,d 20 68 3
6463-T1 (A96463) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 1
6463-T5 (A96463) 32 t 55 t,d 20 68 3
6463-T5 (A96463) 32 t,d 55 t 20 68 1
6463-T6 (A96463) 31 t 53 t,d 20 68 3
6463-T6 (A96463) 31 t,d 53 t 20 68 1
6951-O (A96951) 32 t 55 t,d 20 68 3
6951-O (A96951) 32 t,d 56 t 20 68 1
6951-T6 (A96951) 30 t 52 t,d 20 68 3
6951-T6 (A96951) 30.2 t,d 52 t 20 68 1
Aluminum, Wrought, 7xxx Aluminum Zinc
Alcan 74S-T4 19.01 u,d 32.77 u 20 68 66
Alcan 74S-T6 20.82 u,d 35.90 u 20 68 66
Alcoa 7021-T61 25 u,d 43 u 20 68 Auto bumper 66
Aluminum X7005-Annealed 25 u,d 43 u 20 68 Sheet, extrusion, plate, tube 66
Aluminum X7005-Annealed and age 22 u,d 38 u 20 68 Sheet, extrusion, plate, tube 66
Hardened
7005-O (A97005) 25 t,d 43 t 20 68 8
7005-T53 (A97005) 22 t,d 38 20 68 8
7005-T5351 (A97005) 22 t,d 38 t 20 68 8
7005-T6 (A97005) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 8
7005-T63 (A97005) 22 t,d 38 t 20 68 8
7005-T6351 (A97005) 22 t,d 38 t 20 68 8
7021-T61 (A97021) 25 t,d 43 t 20 68 54
7029-T5 (A97029) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 54
7029-T6 (A97029) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 54
7039 (A97039) 19 to 23 t,d 32 to 40 t 20 68 8
7049 (A97049) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
7049-T73 (A97049) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 1
7049-T73 (A97049) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 3
7050-O (A97050) 27 t,d 47 t 20 68 8
7050-T736 (A97050) 23.5 t,d 40.5 t 20 68 8
7050-T73651 (A97050) 23.5 t,d 40.5 t 20 68 8
7050-T74 (A97050) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 3
7050-T74 (A97050) 24 t,d 41 t 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 1
7050-T76 (A97050) 22.9 t,d 39.5 t 20 68 8
Temperature
6 oC oF

7050-T7651 (A97050) 22.9 t,d 39.5 t 20 68 8
7072-O (A97072) 34 t,d 59 t 20 68 1
7072-O (A97072) 34 t 59 t,d 20 68 3
7075-T6 (A97075) 19 t 33 t,d 20 68 3
7075-T6 (A97075) 19 t,d 33 t 20 68 1
7075-T62 (A97075) 19 t,d 33 t 20 68 8
7075-T651 (A97075) 19 t,d 33 t 20 68 8
7075-T652 (A97075) 19 t,d 33 t 20 68 8
7075-T73 (A97075) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
7075-T7351 (A97075) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
7075-T7352 (A97075) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
7075-T76 (A97075) 22.3 t,d 38.5 t 20 68 8
7075-T7651 (A97075) 22.3 t,d 38.5 t 20 68 8
7076 (A97076) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 8
7116-T5 (A97116) 27 t,d 46 t 20 68 54
7129-T5 (A97129) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 54
7129-T6 (A97129) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 54
7175-O (A97175) 27 t,d 46 t 20 68 8
7175-T66 (A97175) 21 t,d 36 t 20 68 8
7175-T736 (A97175) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
7175-T74 (A97175) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
7175-T7652 (A97175) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
7178-O (A97178) 27 t,d 46 t 20 68 8
7178-T6 (A97178) 18 t,d 31 t 20 68 1
7178-T6 (A97178) 19 t,d 32 t 20 68 8
7178-T6 (A97178) 18 t 31 t,d 20 68 3
7178-T651 (A97178) 19 t,d 32 t 20 68 8
7178-T76 (A97178) 23 t,d 39 t 20 68 8
7178-T7651 (A97178) 23 t,d 39 t 20 68 8
7475-O (A97475) 27 t,d 46 t 20 68 8
7475-T61 (A97475) 21 t,d 36 t 20 68 8
7475-T61 (A97475) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T651 (A97475) 21 t,d 36 t 20 68 8
7475-T651 (A97475) 20 t 34 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T7351 (A97475) 24 t 41 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T7351 (A97475) 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 8
7475-T76 (A97475) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T761 (A97475) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
7475-T761 (A97475) 23 t 40 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T7651 (A97475) 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 8
Aluminum, Wrought, 8xxx Aluminum-Other Elements
8017-H12 (A98017) 34 t 59 t,d 20 68 3
8017-H212 (A98017) 35 t 60 t,d 20 68 3
8017-H212 (A98017) 35 t,d 61 t 20 68 1
8017-H22 (A98017) 34 t 59 t,d 20 68 3
8030-H221 (A98030) 35 t,d 61 t 20 68 1
8030-H221 (A98030) 35 t 60 t,d 20 68 3
Temperature
6 oC oF

8176-H24 (A98176) 35 t,d 61 t 20 68 1
8176-H24 (A98176) 35 t 60 t,d 20 68 3
Copper, Cast, Aluminum Bronze
Ampco Metal 12 7.5 u,d 13 u 20 68 Sand and centrifugal casting 66
Ampco Metal 18 7.5 u,d 13 u 20 68 Sand and centrifugal casting, extrusions 66
Ampco Metal 21 5.8 u,d 10.0 u 20 68 Sand casting, centrifugal casting, and wrought 66
stock
Ampcoloy 495 2 u,d 3u 20 68 Sand and centrifugal casting, bar, rod, forging, 66
sheet, strip, plate, and welding wire
Atlantic 25 5.2 approx,d 9 approx 20 68 Plaster-mold and planar investment castings 66
Aur-O-Met 57-Annealed 7.0 u,d 12 u 20 68 Die casting 66
Elkaloy D 10 t,d 18 t 20 68 58
Elkaloy D110 7 t,d 12 t 20 68 58
Elkaloy D120 6 t,d 10 t 20 68 58
Elkaloy D130 5 t,d 9t 20 68 58
ASTM B148 C95200 (C95200) 7.07 t,d 12.2 t 20 68 Sand casting 22
C95200 (C95200) 7.0 u,d 12 u 20 68 Casting 16
C95300 (C95300) 7.5 u,d 13 u 20 68 Casting 16
ASTM B148 C95400HT (C95400) 7.19 t,d 12.4 t 20 68 Sand casting 22
C95400-As cast (C95400) 7.5 u,d 13 u 20 68 Casting 16
C95400-TQ50 (C95400) 7.5 u,d 13 u 20 68 Casting 16
Continuous Cast Aluminum Bronze 7.5 nom,d 13 nom 20 68 Continuous cast 66
(C95400)
C95500-As cast (C95500) 4.93 u,d 8.5 u 20 68 Sand casting 16
C95500-TQ50 (C95500) 4.93 u,d 8.5 u 20 68 Sand casting 16
C95700-Annealed, fast cooled 1.8 u,d 3.1 u 20 68 Sand casting 16
(C95700)
C95700-As cast (C95700) 1.8 u,d 3.1 u 20 68 Sand casting 16
C95800 (C95800) 4.1 u,d 7.1 u 20 68 Sand casting 16
Copper, Cast, Beryllium Copper
Belmont 4977-Heat treated 10.4 u,d 18 u 20 68 66
Berylco 10Cr-Annealed and hardened 26 to 29 u,d 45 to 50 u 20 68 Contact blades, switches, soldering iron tips 66
Brush Casting 10C (C82000) 26 to 29 u,d 45 to 50 u 20 68 Switches, contacts 66
Brush Casting 3C (C82000) 26 to 29 u,d 45 to 50 u 20 68 Switches, contacts 66
Brush Casting 165C-Age hardened 12 to 14.5 u,d 20 to 25 u 20 68 66
(C82400)
Brush Casting 165CT-Age hardened 12 to 14.5 u,d 20 to 25 u 20 68 66
(C82400)
Temperature
6 oC oF

C82400-Age hardened (C82400) 14.5 u,d 25 u 20 68 16
Brush Casting 20CT (C82500) 10.4 to 14.5 u,d 18 to 25 u 20 68 66
Brush Casting 20C (C82500) 10.4 to 14.5 u,d 18 to 25 u 20 68 66
Brush Casting 21C-Age hardened 10.4 to 14.5 u,d 18 to 25 u 20 68 66
(C82510)
Brush Casting 245C-Age hardened 10.4 to 13 u,d 18 to 23 u 20 68 66
(C82600)
Brush Casting 245CT-Age hardened 10.4 to 13 u,d 18 to 23 u 20 68 66
(C82600)
C82600-Age hardened (C82600) 11 u,d 19 u 20 68 16
Brush Casting 275C (C82800) 10 to 13 u,d 17 to 23 u 20 68 Castings 66
Brush Casting 275CT (C82800) 10 to 13 u,d 17 to 23 u 20 68 Castings 66
Copper, Cast, Commercially Pure Copper
C81100 (C81100) 53.4 u,d 92 u 20 68 16
Copper, Cast, High Copper
CMW 73 12 t,d 20 t 20 68 Cu-Be 58
C81400-Heat treated (C81400) 41 t,d 70 t 20 68 Casting alloy 81
C81500-Heat treated (C81500) 49 t,d 85 t 20 68 Casting alloy 81
C81500-Heat treated (C81500) 23 to 29 u,d 40 to 50 u 20 68 Casting alloy. Solution heat treated 16
C81500-Precipitation hardened 46 u,d 80 u 20 68 65
(C81500)
C81540-Precipitation hardened 24 to 28 u,d 42 to 48 u 20 68 65
(C81540)
C81800-Heat treated (C81800) 27.8 t,d 48 t 20 68 Casting alloy 81
C81800-Heat treated (C81800) 27.8 u,d 48 u 20 68 Casting alloy 16
C82800-Heat treated (C82800) 10 u,d 18 u 20 68 Casting alloy 16
Copper, Cast, High Leaded Tin Bronze Copper
ASTM B584 C93200 (C93200) 7.19 t,d 12.4 t 20 68 Sand Casting 22
C93500 (C93500) 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 Sand Casting 16
C93700 (C93700) 5.9 u,d 10.1 u 20 68 Casting 16
ASTM B66 C93800 (C93800) 6.73 t,d 11.6 t 20 68 Casting 22
C93800 (C93800) 6.67 u,d 11.5 u 20 68 Casting 16
C94300 (C94300) 5.2 u,d 9u 20 68 Casting 16
C94400 (C94400) 5.8 u,d 10 u 20 68 Casting 16
Temperature
6 oC oF
Copper, Cast, Leaded Manganese Bronze

Copper, Cast, Leaded Red Brass
C83600 (C83600) 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 Casting 16
Copper, Cast, Leaded Tin Bronze
C92200 (C92200) 8.29 u,d 14.3 u 20 68 Sand Casting 16
C93900 (C93900) 6.67 u,d 11.5 u 20 68 16
Copper, Cast, Leaded Tin Bronze Copper
Bearium Metal B-10 5.3 ave,d 9.1 ave 20 68 Sand and centrifugal castings 66
Bunting Alloy 72 6.3 to 7.0 11 to 12 20 68 Sand, centrifugal, continous and investment 66
approx,d approx castings
Copper, Cast, Leaded Yellow Brass
ASTM B176 C85800 (C85800) 12.8 t,d 22.0 t 20 68 Die casting 22
C85800 (C85800) 12.8 u,d 22 u 20 68 Die casting 16
Copper, Cast, Manganese Bronze
Atlantic 31 5 approx,d 8 approx 20 68 Plaster-mold and planar investment castings 66
Atlantic 8A 15 approx,d 25 approx 20 68 Plaster-mold and planar investment castings 66
C86100 (C86100) 4.35 u,d 7.5 u 20 68 16
C86300 (C86300) 5.2 u,d 9u 20 68 Casting 16
Copper, Cast, Nickel Silver
Temperature
6 oC oF
Copper, Cast, Nickel Tin Bronze

ASTM B584 C94700(HT) (C94700) 8.56 t,d 14.8 t 20 68 Sand Casting 22
C94700-Precipitation hardened 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 65
(C94700)
Copper, Cast, Phosphor Bronze
Bunting No. 156 5.9 u,d 10.1 u 20 68 Centrifugal, chill or sand casting 66
Copper, Cast, Semi-Red Brass
Copper, Cast, Silicon Brass
Copper, Cast, Silicon Bronze
Atlantic 13B 3 approx,d 6 approx 20 68 Plaster-mold and planar investment castings 66
C87800 (C87800) 3.89 u,d 6.7 u 20 68 Die casting 16
Copper, Cast, Silicon Copper
Copper, Cast, Tin Bronze
C90500 (C90500) 6.4 u,d 11 u 20 68 Casting 16
C90700 (C90700) 5.57 u,d 9.6 u 20 68 16
C91700 (C91700) 5.8 u,d 10 u 20 68 16
Copper, Cast, Unclassified
CMW 3 46 t,d 80 t 20 68 Cu-Cr 58
(C99400)
Copper, Cast, Unclassified Bronze
Asarco Bronwite 11.2 u,d 2.0 u 20 68 Sand casting, permanent mold casting, die 66
casting, investment cast, and ingot
Copper, Miscellaneous, Copper-Clad Steel
ASTM B624 16/68/16 16 min,d 28 min,as spec 20 68 Cable shielding, CCS or CAS 51
ASTM B624 16/68/16 17 nom,d 30 nom 20 68 Cable shielding, CCS or CAS 51
ASTM B624 33.3/33.3/33.3 35 nom,d 61 nom 20 68 Cable shielding, CCS or CAS 51
ASTM B624 33.3/33.3/33.3 35 min,d 60 min,as spec 20 68 Cable shielding, CCS or CAS 51
Temperature
6 oC oF
Copper, Miscellaneous, Instrument and Control

67Cu5Ni27Mn 1.04 u,d 1.8 u 20 68 65
70Cu20Ni10Mn 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 65
83Cu13Mn4Ni(manganin) 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
85Cu10Mn4Ni(shunt manganin) 2.6 u,d 4.5 u 20 68 65
87Cu13Mn(manganin) 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
Copper, Miscellaneous, Thermocouple
55Cu45Ni(constantan) 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
78Cu22Ni 3.3 u,d 5.7 u 20 68 65
89Cu11Ni 6.4 u,d 11 u 20 68 65
94Cu6Ni 9.9 u,d 17 u 20 68 65
98Cu2Ni 20.3 u,d 35 u 20 68 65
Copper, Welding filler copper
Ampcotrode 182 31 u,d 53 u 20 68 Weld filler for high conductivity 66
Copper-trode 23 u,d 40 u 20 68 66
Copper, Wrought, Aluminum Bronze
Alronze 6.09 u,d 10.5 u 20 68 Strip, electrical contacts 66
Ambraloy 901 9.9 u,d 17.0 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, wire, rod, bar, and tube 66
Ambraloy 917 4.35 u,d 7.5 u 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, and die pressed forgings 66
Ambraloy 928-Annealed 8.70 u,d 15.0 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rod, bar and wire 66
Ampco Metal 8 8.1 u,d 14 u 20 68 Rolled plate, sheet, extrusion 66
Ampcoloy 45 5.2 u,d 9u 20 68 Extruded and forged bar 66
Bridgeport 712-Soft 7.0 u,d 12 u 20 68 Strip, tube, rod, and wire 66
Copper No. 630 4.35 u,d 7.5 u 20 68 Bar, rod, plate, sheet, and tube 66
Coronze 638 6 u,d 10 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, wire, welded tube produced from 66
strip
C60800 (C60800) 9.9 t,d 17 t 20 68 15
Ambraloy 610-Annealed (C61000) 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 Rod, wire 66
C61300 (C61300) 7.0 t,d 12 t 20 68 15
C61400 (C61400) 8.12 t,d 14 t 20 68 15
C62300 (C62300) 7.0 t,d 12 t 20 68 15
C62400 (C62400) 7.0 t,d 12 t 20 68 15
C62500 (C62500) 5.8 t,d 10 t 20 68 15
C63000 (C63000) 5.2 t,d 9t 20 68 15
C63200 (C63200) 4.0 t,d 7t 20 68 15
ASTM B422 C63800 (C63800) 6 fio 10 fio 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
C63800 (C63800) 8.7 t,d 15 t 20 68 59
Copper, Wrought, Beryllium Copper
2Be + Ni or Co 9.9 to 12.2 u,d 17 to 21 u 20 68 Contact material 65
Berylco 33-25-Precipitation hardened 13 u,d 22 u 20 68 Rod, wire, tube 66
Brush 10 11.6 to 25 u,d 20 to 60 u 20 68 Billet, forging, casting, ingot, rod, bar, plate, 66
wire, strip, and fabricated shapes
Brush 190 11.6 to 16.2 u,d 20 to 28 u 20 68 Strip 66
Brush M25-Precipitation hardened 12.8 to 14.5 u,d 22 to 25 u 20 68 Rod and bar, connectors, electrical and 66
electronic components
CMW 100 28 t,d 48 t 20 68 58
CMW 73 13 t,d 23 t 20 68 Cu-Be 58
Copper No. 170 12.8 to 17.4 u,d 22 to 30 u 20 68 Strip 66
Copper No. 172-Heat treated 16 to 19 u,d 28 to 33 u 20 68 Strip, wire, rod 66
Temperature
6 oC oF

C17000-As cast (C17000) 9.3 to 13 t,d 16 to 22 t 20 68 Billet 15
C17000-Cast and aged (C17000) 10.4 to 13 t,d 18 to 23 t 20 68 Billet 15
(C17000)
C17000-TB00 (C17000) 10 to 11 t,d 17 to 19 t 20 68 Forging 15
C17000-TB00 (C17000) 7.5 to 10 t,d 13 to 18 t 20 68 Billet 15
C17000-TB00 (C17000) 10 to 11 t,d 17 to 19 t 20 68 Strip 15
C17000-TB00 (C17000) 10 to 11 t,d 17 to 19 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, all sizes 15
C17000-TD01 (C17000) 9.3 to 10.4 t,d 16 to 18 t 20 68 Strip 15
C17000-TD02 (C17000) 8.7 to 10 t,d 15 to 17 t 20 68 Strip 15
C17000-TD04 (C17000) 8.7 to 10 t,d 15 to 17 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, t < 10 mm (0.375 in.) 15
C17000-TD04 (C17000) 8.7 to 10 t,d 15 to 17 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, t > 25 mm (1 in.) 15
C17000-TD04 (C17000) 8.7 to 10 t,d 15 to 17 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, 10 mm (0.375 in.) <= t < 15
25 mm (1 in.)
C17000-TF00 (C17000) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Strip 15
C17000-TF00 (C17000) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, all sizes 15
C17000-TF00 (C17000) 10.4 to 14.5 t,d 18 to 25 t 20 68 Billet 15
C17000-TF00 (C17000) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Forging 15
C17000-TH04 (C17000) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, 10 mm (0.375 in.) <= t < 15
25 mm (1 in.)
C17000-TH04 (C17000) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, t > 25 mm (1 in.) 15
C17000-TH04 (C17000) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, t < 10 mm (0.375 in.) 15
C17000-THxx (C17000) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Strip 15
C17000-TMxx (C17000) 12 to 19 t,d 20 to 33 t 20 68 Strip 15
Wellman Alloy 165HT-TH04 12.8 to 16.2 t,d 22 to 28 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
(C17000)
Wellman Alloy 165A-TB00 (C17000) 8.7 to 11 t,d 15 to 19 t RT Bar, plate 13
Wellman Alloy 165AT-TF00 (C17000) 13 to 16 t,d 22 to 28 t RT Bar, plate 13
Wellman Alloy 165H-TD04 (C17000) 8.7 to 11 t,d 15 to 19 t RT Bar, plate 13
Brushform 290 (C17200) 10 to 15 emp,d 17 to 26 emp 20 68 Current carrying springs 66
C17200-Age hardened (C17200) 12.8 t,d 22 t 20 68 59
C17200-M20 (C17200) 9.9 t,d 17 t 20 68 59
(C17200)
C17200-TB00 (C17200) 10 to 11 t,d 17 to 19 t 20 68 Wire 15
C17200-TD04 (C17200) 8.7 to 10 t,d 15 to 17 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, all sizes 15
C17200-TD04 (C17200) 8.7 to 10 t,d 15 to 17 t 20 68 Wire 15
C17200-TF00 (C17200) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Wire 15
Temperature
6 oC oF

C17200-TH04 (C17200) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Wire 15
C17200-TH04 (C17200) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, all sizes 15
C17200-Thermal hardening (C17200) 13 u,d 22 u 20 68 Electrical connector 17
Olin 172-Heat treated (C17200) 12.8 min,d 22 min 20 68 Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
Olin 172-Mill hardened (C17200) 9.9 min,d 17 min 20 68 Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
Olin 172-Precipitation hardened 9.9 to 17.4 u,d 17 to 30 u 20 68 Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
(C17200)
Wellman Alloy 25A-TB00 (C17200) 8.7 to 11 t,d 15 to 19 t RT Bar, plate 13
Wellman Alloy 25AT-TF00 (C17200) 13 to 16 t,d 22 to 28 t RT Bar, plate 13
Wellman Alloy 25H-TD04 (C17200) 8.7 to 11 t,d 15 to 19 t RT Bar, plate 13
Wellman Alloy 25HT-TH04 (C17200) 13 to 16 t,d 22 to 28 t RT Bar, plate 13
(C17300)
C17300-TB00 (C17300) 10 to 11 t,d 17 to 19 t 20 68 Wire 15
C17300-TD04 (C17300) 8.7 to 10 t,d 15 to 17 t 20 68 Wire 15
C17300-TD04 (C17300) 8.7 to 10 t,d 15 to 17 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, all sizes 15
C17300-TF00 (C17300) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Wire 15
C17300-TH04 (C17300) 13 to 15 t,d 22 to 25 t 20 68 Wire 15
Wellman Alloy M25A-TB00 (C17300) 8.7 to 11.0 t,d 15 to 19 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy M25AT-TF00 12.8 to 16.2 t,d 22 to 28 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
(C17300)
Wellman Alloy M25H-TD04 (C17300) 8.7 to 11.0 t,d 15 to 19 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy M25HT-TH04 12.8 to 16.2 t,d 22 to 28 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
(C17300)
Brush Alloy 174 (C17410) 26.1 u 45 u 20 68 For computer connectors, automotive contact 66
materials, and appliances
ASTM B441 C17500-TB00 (C17500) 12 min,d 20 min,as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 45
ASTM B441 C17500-TD04 (C17500) 12 min,d 20 min,as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 45
Temperature
6 oC oF

ASTM B441 C17500-TF00 (C17500) 26 min,d 45 min,as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 45
ASTM B441 C17500-TH04 (C17500) 28 min,d 48 min,as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 45
ASTM B534 C17500-TF00 (C17500) 26 min,d 45 min as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 49
ASTM B534 C17500-TH02 (C17500) 28 min,d 48 min as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 49
ASTM B534 C17500-TM02 (C17500) 29 min,d 50 min as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 49
C17500-H04 (C17500) 12 to 17 t,d 20 to 30 t 20 68 Strip 15
C17500-H04 (C17500) 12 to 17 t,d 20 to 30 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, all sizes 15
C17500-HTC (C17500) 35 t,min,d 60 t,min 20 68 Strip 15
C17500-HTC (C17500) 26 to 35 t,d 45 to 60 t 20 68 Strip 15
(C17500)
C17500-TH04 (C17500) 29 to 35 t,d 50 to 60 t 20 68 Strip 15
Olin 175-Precipitation hardened 26.1 to 34.8 u,d 45 to 60 u 20 68 Fuse clips, springs, switches, connectors 66
(C17500)
Wellman Alloy 10A-TB00 (C17500) 11.6 to 17.4 t,d 20 to 30 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy 10AT-TF00 (C17500) 26.1 to 34.8 t,d 45 to 60 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy 10H-TD04 (C17500) 11.6 to 17.4 t,d 20 to 30 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy 10HT-TH04 (C17500) 27.8 to 34.8 t,d 48 to 60 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
ASTM B441 C17510-TB00 (C17510) 12 min,d 20 min,as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 45
ASTM B441 C17510-TD04 (C17510) 12 min,d 20 min,as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 45
ASTM B441 C17510-TF00 (C17510) 26 min,d 45 min,as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 45
ASTM B441 C17510-TH04 (C17510) 28 min,d 48 min,as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 45
ASTM B534 C17510-TF00 (C17510) 26 min,d 45 min as spec 20 68 Rod and bar 49
Olin 17510-Precipitation hardened 26.1 to 34.8 u,d 45 to 60 u 20 68 Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical connectors 66
(C17510)
Olin 17510-TF00 (C17510) 26.1 min,d 45 min 20 68 Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical connectors 66
Olin 17510-TH04 (C17510) 27.8 min,d 48 min 20 68 Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical connectors 66
Wellman Alloy 3A-TB00 (C17510) 11.6 to 17.4 t,d 20 to 30 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy 3AT-TF00 (C17510) 26.1 to 34.8 t,d 45 to 60 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy 3H-TD04 (C17510) 11.6 to 17.4 t,d 20 to 30 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy 3HT-TH04 (C17510) 27.8 to 34.8 t,d 48 to 60 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Berylco 7 (C17530) 22 u,d 38 u 20 68 66
C17600-As cast (C17600) 19 to 21 t,d 32 to 37 t 20 68 Billet 15
C17600-Cast and aged (C17600) 23 to 29 t,d 40 to 50 t 20 68 Billet 15
C17600-H04 (C17600) 12 to 17 t,d 20 to 30 t 20 68 Rod, bar, plate, tubing, all sizes 15
Temperature
6 oC oF

(C17600)
C17600-TB00 (C17600) 13 to 16 t,d 22 to 28 t 20 68 Billet 15
C17600-TF00 (C17600) 29 to 35 t,d 50 to 60 t 20 68 Billet 15
Copper, Wrought, Brass
Bridgeport 54-Annealed 13 u,d 23 u 20 68 Tube 66
Bridgeport 77-Annealed 16 u,d 28 u 20 68 Tube and pipe 66
Anaconda 210-Annealed (C21000) 32 u,d 56 u 20 68 Electrical equipment and connectors 66
C21000 (C21000) 11.6 t,d 20 t 20 68 59
Anaconda 220-Annealed (C22000) 24.9 u,d 43.0 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, wire, rod, bar, and tube 66
C22000 (C22000) 29 t,d 50 t 20 68 59
C22000 (C22000) 25.5 t,d 44 t 20 68 Annealed 15
Anaconda 230-Soft annealed (C23000) 21 u,d 37 u 20 68 Cable grips, connectors 66
C23000 (C23000) 32.5 t,d 56 t 20 68 59
C23000 (C23000) 21.5 t,d 37 t 20 68 Annealed 15
C24000 (C24000) 25.5 t,d 44 t 20 68 59
C24000-O61 (C24000) 18.6 t,d 32 t 20 68 15
Anaconda 260-Annealed (C26000) 16 u,d 28 u 20 68 Lamp sockets 66
C26000 (C26000) 21.5 t,d 37 t 20 68 59
C26000-Hardened by rolling (C26000) 16 u,d 28 u 20 68 Electrical connector 17
C26000-O61 (C26000) 16.2 t,d 28 t 20 68 15
Anaconda 268-Annealed (C26800) 15 u,d 26 u 20 68 Clips, lamp sockets 66
Anaconda 280-Annealed (C28000) 16.5 u,d 28.4 u 20 68 Muntz metal, sheet, extruded shapes, plate, rod, 66
bar, and tube
Copper, Wrought, Bronze
ASTM B9 Bronze Trolly Wire Alloy 23.20 min,d 40.00 min 20 68 78
40
55
80
Bohnolloy R-57-Annealed 6.96 u,d 12.0 u 20 68 Extrusion and forging 66
Bronze (5% Sn) 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 FM-103 Magnatester 12
ASTM B624 C22000 (C22000) 23 min,d 40 min,as spec 20 68 Cable shielding 51
Copper, Wrought, Commercially Pure Copper
Ampcoloy 910-Annealed 52 approx,d 90 approx 20 68 Ingot, billet, forging 66
ASTM B1 Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 55.77 min,d 96.16 min 20 68 1.024 mm (0.0403 in.) <= d < 08.255 mm 75
(0.325 in.)
ASTM B1 Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 56.35 min,d 97.16 min 20 68 8.255 mm (0.325 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 75
in.)
ASTM B115 Grade 2 58.00 min,d 100.0 min,as 20 68 Electrolytic cathode 31
spec
ASTM B2 Medium-HardDrawn 56.06 min,d 96.66 min 20 68 1.024 mm (0.0403 in.) <= d < 08.255 mm 76
Copper Wire (0.325 in.)
Temperature
6 oC oF

ASTM B2 Medium-HardDrawn 56.64 min,d 97.66 min 20 68 8.255 mm (0.325 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 76
Copper Wire in.)
ASTM B272-H04 56.35 min,d 97.16 min,as 20 68 Flat wire, strip 38
spec
ASTM B272-O61 58.000 min,d 100.00 min,as 20 68 Flat wire, strip 38
spec
ASTM B3 Soft or Annealed Copper 58.000 min,d 100.00 min 20 68 77
Wire
ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 0.16454 max 939.51 max,as 20 68 0.076 mm (0.0030 in.) <= d < 0.282 mm 79
Copper Wire spec (0.0111 in.)
ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 54.03 min,d 93.15 min 20 68 0.076 mm (0.0030 in.) <= d < 0.282 mm 79
ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 54.61 min,d 94.16 min 20 68 0.282 mm (0.0111 in.) <= d < 0.511 mm 79
ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 55.77 min,d 96.16 min 20 68 0.511 mm (0.0201 in.) <= d < 2.616 mm (0.103 79
Copper Wire in.)
Copper Wire in.)
Copper Wire in.)
ASTM B451 54.35 min,d 93.70 min,as 20 68 1/2 oz/ft**2 47
spec
ASTM B451 55.77 min,d 96.16 min,as 20 68 All weights except 1/2 oz/ft**2 47
spec
ASTM B47 Copper Trolly Wire 56.35 min,d 97.16 min 20 68 80
ASTM B47 Copper Trolly Wire 0.15775 max 900.77 max,as 20 68 80
spec
CDA Copper 109-Annealed 58 min,d 100 min 20 68 Bus bars, conductors cable shielding, 66
waveguides, heatsinks, lead frames
Chase 14310-Annealed 49 min,d 85 min 20 68 Strip and sheet 66
Chase Tellurium Copper-Annealed 52 u,d 90 u 20 68 Rod, bar, wire, and extruded shapes 66
ASTM B152 C10100-Hxx (C10100) 56.93 min,d 98.16 min,as 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar 33
spec
ASTM B152 C10100-O60 (C10100) 58.58 min,d 101.00 min,as 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar 33
spec
ASTM B170 Grade 1 (C10100) 58.6 min,d 101 min,as 20 68 Oxygen free electrolytic wire bars, billets, and 34
spec cakes
ASTM B187 C10100-O60 (C10100) 58.58 min,d 101.0 min,c 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps 36
ASTM B188 C10100-O60 (C10100) 58.58 min,d 101.0 min,c 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes 37
ASTM B188 C10100-O60 (C10100) 56.03 min,d 96.60 min,c 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD > 102 mm (4 in.) 37
ASTM B447 C10100-H58 (C10100) 56.93 min,d 98.16 min,as 20 68 Welded tube 46
spec
ASTM B447 C10100-O61 (C10100) 58.58 min,d 101.00 min,as 20 68 Welded tube 46
spec
ASTM B49 C10100 (C10100) 58.58 max,as 101.00 min,as 20 68 Redraw rod, OFE. Test to ASTM B 193 25
spec spec
ASTM B75 C10100-H55 (C10100) 56.93 min,d 98.16 min,c 20 68 Seamless tube 30
ASTM B75 C10100-O50 (C10100) 58.58 min,d 101.00 min,c 20 68 Seamless tube 30
ASTM F68 (C10100) 58.58 min,d 101.0 min,as 20 68 For electron devices 53
spec
Temperature
6 oC oF

spec
spec
ASTM B170 Grade 2 (C10200) 58 min,d 100 min,as 20 68 Oxygen free electrolytic wire bars, billets, and 34
spec cakes
ASTM B187 C10200-H04 (C10200) 56.49 min,d 97.40 min,c 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod <= 50.8 mm (2 in.), 36
bar <= 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) thick and 102 mm (4
in.) wide
ASTM B187 C10200-H04 (C10200) 57.07 min,d 98.40 min,c 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod 50.8 mm (2 in.) < d 36
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
ASTM B188 C10200-H80 (C10200) 56.03 min,d 96.60 min,c 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD <= 102 mm (4 37
in.)
ASTM B188 C10200-H80 (C10200) 56.72 min,d 97.80 min,c 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim <= 152 mm (6 37
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
ASTM B188 C10200-H80 (C10200) 56.49 min,d 97.40 min,c 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD > 102 mm (4 in.) 37
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
ASTM B188 C10200-H80 (C10200) 57.07 min,d 98.40 min,c 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim > 152 mm (6 in.) 37
ASTM B372 C10200 (C10200) 56.49 min,d 97.40 min,if 20 68 Seamless waveguide tube 40
spec
spec
spec
ASTM B49 C10200 (C10200) 58.000 max,as 100.00 min,as 20 68 Redraw rod, OF. Test to ASTM B 193 25
spec spec
C10200, bare-H00 (C10200) 58.6 t,d 101 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.50 mm (0.02 in.) 14
C10200, tinned-H04 (C10200) 57 t,d 99 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) 14
C10200, tinned-O61 (C10200) 57 t,d 99 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) 14
C10200, tinned-O61 (C10200) 58.6 t,d 101 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.50 mm (0.02 in.) 14
OFCA (C10200) 58.6 t,d 101 t 20 68 59
ASTM B187 C10300-H04 (C10300) 56.93 min,d 98.16 min,c 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps 36
ASTM B188 C10300-H80 (C10300) 55.77 min,d 96.16 min,c 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes 37
ASTM B372 C10300 (C10300) 55.77 min,d 96.16 min,if 20 68 Seamless waveguide tube 40
spec
ASTM B379 C10300 (C10300) 56.93 min,d 98.16 min,as 20 68 Phosphorized shapes 41
spec
spec
spec
Temperature
6 oC oF

in.) wide
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.)
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.) wide
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.)
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.) wide
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
in.)
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
ASTM B379 C10800 (C10800) 52 min,d 90 min,as spec 20 68 Phosphorized shapes 41
Temperature
6 oC oF

in.) wide
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.)
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.) wide
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.)
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
in.) wide
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.)
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
spec
spec
Temperature
6 oC oF

<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
in.) wide
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.)
in.)
spec
spec
ASTM B49 C11000 (C11000) 58.000 max,as 100.00 min,as 20 68 Redraw rod, ETP. Test to ASTM B 193 25
spec spec
ASTM B5 ETP (C11000) 58.00 min,d 100.0 min,as 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use. Test 23
spec to ASTM B 193
ASTM B5 ETP (C11000) 56.64 min,d 97.66 min,as 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for nonelectical use. 23
spec Test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B5 ETP (C11000) 56.64 min,d 97.66 min,as 20 68 Ingots, ingot bars. Test to ASTM B 193 23
spec
ASTM B624 C11000 (C11000) 58.000 min,d 100.00 min,as 20 68 Cable shielding 51
spec
C11000, Ag plated-O61 (C11000) 58.6 t,d 101 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.50 mm (0.02 in.) 14
C11000, bare-O61 (C11000) 58.6 t,d 101 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.50 mm (0.02 in.) 14
C11000, tinned-O61 (C11000) 58.6 t,d 101 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.50 mm (0.02 in.) 14
ETP (C11000) 58 t,d 100 t 20 68 59
ASTM B5 FRHC (C11020) 56.64 min,d 97.66 min,as 20 68 Ingots, ingot bars. Test to ASTM B 193 23
spec
ASTM B5 FRHC (C11020) 56.64 min,d 97.66 min,as 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for nonelectical use. 23
spec Test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B5 FRHC (C11020) 58.00 min,d 100.0 min,as 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use. Test 23
spec to ASTM B 193
ASTM B623 FRHC (C11020) 56.64 min,d 97.66 min,as 20 68 For nonelectrical use 50
spec
ASTM B623 FRHC (C11020) 56.64 min,d 97.66 min,as 20 68 Ingot, ingot bars 50
spec
ASTM B623 FRHC (C11020) 58.00 min,d 100.0 min,as 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use 50
spec
ASTM B49 C11040 (C11040) 58.000 max,as 100.00 min,as 20 68 Redraw rod, ETP. Test to ASTM B 193 25
spec spec
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
Temperature
6 oC oF

in.) wide
ASTM B188 C12000-H80 (C11300) 51.04 min,d 88.0 min,c 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes 37
in.) wide
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
in.) wide
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
ASTM B187 C11600-H04 (C11600) 56.49 min,d 97.40 min,c Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod <= 50.8 mm (2 in.), 36
in.) wide
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes
C11600-H00 (C11600) 57 t,d 98 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.50 mm (0.02 in.) 14
ASTM B152 C12000-Hxx (C12000) 51 min,d 88 min,as spec 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar 33
ASTM B152 C12000-Oxx (C12000) 52 min,d 90 min,as spec 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar 33
ASTM B372 C12000 (C12000) 51 min,d 88 min,if spec 20 68 Seamless waveguide tube 40
spec
spec
ASTM B75 C12000-H55 (C12000) 51 min,d 88 min,c 20 68 Seamless tube 30
ASTM B75 C12000-O50 (C12000) 52 min,d 90 min,c 20 68 Seamless tube 30
ASTM B75 C12000-O60 (C12000) 52 min,d 90 min,c 20 68 Seamless tube 30
Anaconda 122-Annealed (C12200) 49 u,d 85 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, wire, rod, bar, pipe, tube, 66
extruded shapes and wrought plating anodes
ASTM B301 C14500 (C14500) 49.3 min,d 85.0 min,as 20 68 Free-cutting rod and bar 39
spec
spec
C14530 (C14530) 56 t,d 96 t 20 68 59
spec
Temperature
6 oC oF

(C15000)
C15100 (C15100) 55 min,d 95 min 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
ZHC (C15100) 55 t,d 95 t 20 68 59
C15500 (C15500) 49.9 t,d 86 t 20 68 59
CR 155-Precipitation heat treated 55 u,d 94 u 20 68 Electric motor commutators, heat-sink washers, 66
(C15500) hookup wire
C15500, bare-H00 (C15511) 54.4 t,d 93.8 t 20 68 Stressed relaxed wire, d = 0.50 mm (0.02 in.) 14
Anaconda 182-Age hardened 46 u,d 80 u 20 68 Resistance welding electrodes, seam welding 66
(C18200) wheels, cable connectors, current carrying shafts
Anaconda 182-Solution annealed 23 u,d 40 u 20 68 Resistance welding electrodes, seam welding 66
(C18200) wheels, cable connectors, current carrying shafts
Copper, Wrought, Copper Nickel
Bridgeport 520-Soft 4 u,d 6.5 u 20 68 Tube, wire, and strip 66
CDA 710 3.8 u,d 6.5 u 20 68 Bar, rod, tube, pipe, plated, sheet, strip, and wire 66
Copper No. 774 6 u,d 10 u 20 68 Bar, rod, extrusion, forging 66
Cunife II 5.3 u,d 9.2 u 20 68 Wire and strip 66
Dickalloy-Precipitation hardened 11.6 to 14.5 u,d 20 to 25 u 20 68 Strip for electronic switches 66
ASTM B422 C70250-TM00 (C70250) 23 fio 40 fio 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
ASTM B422 C70250-TR02 (C70250) 23 fio 40 fio 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
C70250 (C70250) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 Connector 59
C70250 (C70250) 23 min,d 40 min 20 68 Connector 89
C70260 (C70260) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 59
Anaconda 706-Annealed (C70600) 5 u,d 9.2 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, tube, rod, and bar 66
Carlson 90 10 CuNi (C70600) 5.23 u,d 9.02 u,d 20 68 Plate 66
C71500 (C71500) 2.7 t,d 4.6 t 20 68 59
C71900-Spinodal-hardened (C71900) 2.3 u,d 4u 20 68 65
C71900-Spinodal-hardened (C71900) 2.55 t,d 4.4 t 20 68 15
ASTM B422 C72400 (C72400) 6 fio 10 fio 20 68 Sheet and strip, obsolete 44
C72500 (C72500) 6.4 t,d 11 t 20 68 59
C72500-Hardened by rolling (C72500) 6.4 u,d 11 u 20 68 Electrical connector 17
C72650 (C72650) 8.1 to 8.7 u,d 14 to 15 u 20 68 Electrical contact springs 66
C72700-Spinodal mill hardened 5.8 to 9.3 u,d 10 to 16 u 20 68 Electrical contact springs 89
(C72700)
C72800-Spinodal heat treated 6.26 u,d 10.8 u 20 68 Bar, rod, strip, sheet, pipe, plate, tube, 66
(C72800) extrusions, wire, forging
C72900-Spinodal as rolled (C72900) 4.5 t,d 7.8 t 20 68 59
C72900-Spinodal mill hardened 4.5 t,d 7.8 t 20 68 59
(C72900)
(C72900)
Temperature
6 oC oF

C72900-Spinodal-hardened (C72900) 4.5 u,d 7.8 u 20 68 17
Copper, Wrought, Copper Silicon Tin
C65400-Hardened by rolling (C65400) 4 u,d 7u 20 68 Electrical connector 17
Copper, Wrought, Copper Zinc
15Zn 21.5 u,d 37 u 20 68 Contact material 65
35Zn 15.7 u,d 27 u 20 68 Contact material. FM-103 Magnatester 12
Alcoloy 688-Light annealed 10.4 u,d 17.9 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, welded tube 66
Alcoloy 688-Soft annealed 11.3 u,d 19.4 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, welded tube 66
Alcoloy 688-Spring temper 9.63 u,d 16.6 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, welded tube 66
Ambraloy 687-Annealed 13.1 to 13.3 u,d 22.6 to 23 u 20 68 Tube 66
Anaconda 226-Annealed 23 u,d 40 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate and wire 66
Brimcolloy 100 16 u,d 27 u 20 68 Strip 66
Chamet Bronze Type A-Annealed 15 u,d 26 u 20 68 Wire 66
Chamet Bronze Type B-Annealed 15 u,d 26 u 20 68 Drawn bar and rod 66
Chase 69000-Annealed 10.4 u,d 18 u 20 68 Bellows connectors, circuit breakers, clips, 66
springs, wiring devices
C68800 (C68800) 7.5 t,d 13 t 20 68 59
C68800-H08 (C68800) 9.63 t,d 16.6 t 20 68 15
C68800-O61 (C68800) 10 t,d 18 t 20 68 15
Copper, Wrought, Copper Zirconium
ASTM B747 C15100-H01 (C15100) 52 min,d 90 min,as spec 20 68 Sheet and strip 52
ASTM B747 C15100-OS015 55 min,d 95 min,as spec 20 68 Sheet and strip 52
(C15100)
Copper, Wrought, High Copper
CCZ 49 min,d 85 min 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
Copper No. 194-Annealed 38 u,d 65 u 20 68 Electrical components such as springs, contacts, 66
connections, terminals, transistor bases, lead
frames
(C18000)
(C18200)
(C18400)
Temperature
6 oC oF

(C18500)
spec
Wellman Alloy 1915A-TB00 (C19150) 31.9 t,d 55 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman Alloy 1915AT-TF00 31.9 t,d 55 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
(C19150)
Wellman Alloy 1915H-TD04 31.9 t,d 55 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
(C19150)
Wellman Alloy 1915HT-TH04 31.9 t,d 55 t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
(C19150)
ASTM B465 C19200-H01 (C19200) 35 min,d 60 min as spec 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
ASTM B465 C19200-O50 (C19200) 38 min,d 65 min as spec 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
ASTM B465 C19400-O50 (C19400) 37.7 to 43.5 65 to 75 as 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
min,d spec
min,d spec
min,d spec
min,d spec
C19400 (C19400) 34.8 t,d 60 t 20 68 59
Temperature
6 oC oF

C19500 (C19500) 29.0 t,d 50 t 20 68 59
C19700 (C19700) 46 t,d 80 t 20 68 59
Copper, Wrought, Leaded Brass
Copper No. 385-Annealed 16 u,d 28 u 20 68 Rod, shape, extrusion, and forging 66
Anaconda 330-Annealed (C33000) 15 u,d 26 u 20 68 Tube 66
Anaconda 360-Annealed (C36000) 15 u,d 26 u 20 68 Wire, rod, bar, and extruded shapes 66
C37700 (C37700) 15.7 t,d 27 t 20 68 15
Copper, Wrought, Leaded Copper
Anaconda 1870-Annealed 56 nom,d 96 nom 20 68 Current carrying studs, connectors, solder tips 66
Brush 1915 (C19150) 31.9 u 55 u 20 68 Machined electrical contact 66
Copper, Wrought, Nickel Silver
C73500 (C73500) 5.8 t,d 10 t 20 68 59
C75200 (C75200) 10.4 t,d 18 t 20 68 59
C76200 (C76200) 4.6 t,d 8t 20 68 59
C77000 (C77000) 3.5 t,d 6t 20 68 59
Copper, Wrought, Phosphor Bronze
1.25Sn + P 28 u,d 48 u 20 68 Contact material 65
5Sn + P 10.4 u,d 18 u 20 68 Contact material 65
Anaconda (A) 5090-Annealed 12 u,d 20 u 20 68 Electrical terminals 66
Anaconda (A) 510-Annealed 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 Bar, rod, sheet, strip, plate, wire, and tube 66
Anaconda (C) 521-Annealed 7.0 u,d 12 u 20 68 Heavy duty springs 66
CDA Alloy 544 10 u,d 17 u 20 68 Rod, bar, rolled flat products, strip, wire 66
Chase 444 Bronze-Annealed 10.4 u,d 18 u 20 68 Rod, strip, rolled flat products 66
Anaconda (E) 505-Annealed (C50500) 25 u,d 43 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, tube 66
WRM 5058 (C50580) 23.8 u,d 41 u 20 68 Lead frames, contact springs, fuse clips 66
C50715 (C50715) 20.3 min,d 35 min 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
Brush Phosphor Bronze (C51000) 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 Electronic and precision instrument parts 66
C51000 (C51000) 16.2 t,d 28 t 20 68 59
C51000-Hardened by rolling (C51000) 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 Electrical connector 17
C51100 (C51100) 16.2 t,d 28 t 20 68 59
C51900 (C51900) 8.7 t,d 15 t 20 68 59
C52100 (C52100) 12 t,d 20 t 20 68 59
Copper, Wrought, Silicon Bronze
ASTM B411 C64700-TF00 (C64700) 25.5 to 15.1 44 to 26 range 20 68 Rod and bar 42
range,d spec
ASTM B412 C64700 (C64700) 25.5 to 15.1 44 to 26 range 20 68 Wire 43
range,d spec
Temperature
6 oC oF
Copper, Wrought, Sintered Powder Metal

C15715-Annealed (C15715) 53.76 u,d 92.68 u,d 20 68 Lamp leads, commutators, brush springs, 66
switches, lead frame
C15715-Precipitation heat treated 54 u 92 u 20 68 Lamp leads, commutators, brush springs, 66
(C15715) switches, lead frame
C15720-Annealed (C15720) 51.6 u 89 u 20 68 Lamp leads, commutators, amortisseur bars, 66
C15760-Annealed (C15760) 45.26 u,d 78.04 u,d 20 68 Welding rods and wheels, soldering gun tips 66
C15760-Precipitation heat treated 45 u,d 78 u 20 68 Welding rods and wheels, soldering gun tips 66
(C15760)
Copper, Wrought, Tin Brass
Olin C663 14.5 u,d 25 u 20 68 Connectors, dispersion/solution strengthened 66
C42200-Annealed (C42200) 18 u,d 31 u 20 68 Flats for fuse clips, contact springs, connectors 66
C42500-Hardened by rolling (C42500) 16 u,d 28 u 20 68 Electrical connector 17
TMI Luballoy X (C42500) 19 t,d 32 t 20 68 59
Anaconda 443-Annealed (C44300) 15 u,d 25 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, tube, rod, and bar 66
Copper, Wrought, Unclassified
0.04 oxide 58.0 u,d 100 u 20 68 Contact material 65
Berylco 10-52 12 min,d 20 min 20 68 Rod, welding rod, electrical connectors 66
CMW 3 49 t,d 85 t 20 68 Cu-Cr, forging minor dim <= 19 mm (0.75 in.). 58
Forging minor dim <= 19 mm (0.75 in.)
Noble, Gold, Commercially Pure Gold
CMW Pure Gold 42 t,d 73 t 20 68 58
Noble, Gold, Electrical Contact
41.7Au32.5Cu18.8Ni7Zn 2.6 u,d 4.5 u 20 68 65
69Au25Ag6Pt 6.4 u,d 11 u 20 68 65
72.5Au14Cu8.5Pt4Ag1Zn 6 u,d 10 u 20 68 65
75Au25Ag 9.3 u,d 16 u 20 68 65
90Au10Cu 9.3 u,d 16 u 20 68 65
CMW Elkonium 70 8 t,d 14 t 20 68 58
Gold 44 u,d 75 u 20 68 65
Noble, Gold, Solder
80Au20Sn 2.8 t,d 4.8 t 20 68 Solder 19
88Au12Ge 3.5 t,d 6.0 t 20 68 Solder 19
Noble, Palladium, Electrical Contact
35Pd30Ag14Cu10Pt10Au1Zn 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
45Pd30Ag20Au5Pt 2.6 u,d 4.5 u 20 68 65
50Pd50Ag 3.2 u,d 5.5 u 20 68 65
60Pd40Ag 2.3 u,d 4.0 u 20 68 65
60Pd40Cu 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
60Pd40Cu 0.70 u,d 1.2 u 20 68 65
70Pd30Ag 2.5 u,d 4.3 u 20 68 65
72Pd26Ag2Ni 2.3 u,d 4u 20 68 65
90Pd10Ru 3.8 u,d 6.5 u 20 68 65
95.5Pd4.5 4.1 u,d 7u 20 68 65
CMW Elkonium 405 3 t,d 6t 20 68 58
Temperature
6 oC oF

Noble, Palladium, Unclassified
Pd 9.3 u,d 16 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Noble, Platinum, Commercially Pure
Noble, Platinum, Electrical Contact
65Pt35Ir 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
70Pt30Ir 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
75Pt25Ir 3.2 u,d 5.5 u 20 68 65
80Pt20Ir 3.2 u,d 5.6 u 20 68 65
86Pt14Ru 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
89Pt11Ru 2.3 u,d 4u 20 68 65
90Pt10Ir 4.1 u,d 7u 20 68 65
90Pt10Ru 2.3 u,d 4u 20 68 65
95Pt5Ir 5.2 u,d 9u 20 68 65
95Pt5Ru 3.2 u,d 5.5 u 20 68 65
96Pt4W 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
Noble, Platinum, Unclassified
Pt 9.3 u,d 16 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Noble, Silver, Commercially Pure
CMW Fine Silver 60 t,d 104 t 20 68 58
Fine silver 61.5 u,d 106 u 20 68 Contact material 65
Noble, Silver, Electrical Contact
AgNiCon 2 51 u,d 88 u 20 68 P/M 66
AgNiCon 3 48 u,d 83 u 20 68 P/M 66
AgNiCon 4 45 u,d 78 u 20 68 P/M 66
AgNiCon 6 41 u,d 70 u 20 68 P/M 66
AgNiCon 8 36.8 u,d 63.5 u 20 68 P/M 66
CMW D1058 20 t,d 35 t 20 68 58
CMW D158F 57 t,d 99 t 20 68 58
CMW D57F 52 t,d 90 t 20 68 58
CMW D58 32 t,d 55 t 20 68 58
CMW D581F 59 t,d 102 t 20 68 58
CMW D582F 60 t,d 103 t 20 68 58
CMW D583F 58 t,d 100 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Cadmium
85Ag15Cd 20.3 u,d 35 u 20 68 Contact material 65
Temperature
6 oC oF

CMW D154F 44 t,d 75 t 20 68 58
CMW D154X 42 t,d 73 t 20 68 58
CMW D155F 41 t,d 70 t 20 68 58
CMW D155X 39 t,d 68 t 20 68 58
CMW D355F 39 t,d 68 t 20 68 58
CMW D54 44 t,d 75 t 20 68 58
CMW D54F 48 t,d 82 t 20 68 58
CMW D54X 44 t,d 75 t 20 68 58
CMW D55 32 t,d 55 t 20 68 58
CMW D55F 42 t,d 72 t 20 68 58
CMW D55X 41 t,d 70 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 17 18 t,d 31 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 18 25 t,d 43 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 217 20 t,d 35 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Copper
72Ag26Cu2Ni 35 u,d 60 u 20 68 Contact material 65
72Ag28Cu 50 u,d 87 u 20 68 Contact material 65
92.5Ag7.5Cu 49 u,d 85 u 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Coin Silver 48 t,d 83 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 22 49 t,d 84 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 23 56 t,d 97 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 73 52 t,d 90 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Gold
90Ag10Au 23.0 u,d 40 u 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 71 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Nickel
CMW D50 39 t,d 67 t 20 68 58
CMW D505F 55 t,d 95 t 20 68 58
CMW D50F 46 t,d 80 t 20 68 58
CMW D510F 50 t,d 87 t 20 68 58
CMW D56 32 t,d 55 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Palladium
60Ag40Pd 4.6 u,d 8u 20 68 Contact material 65
70Ag30Pd 7.0 u,d 12 u 20 68 Contact material 65
97Ag3Pd 35 u,d 60 u 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 45 34 t,d 58 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 46 46 t,d 79 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Platinum
97Ag3Pt 29 u,d 50 u 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 36 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Unclassified
CMW Elkonium 63 44 t,d 75 t 20 68 58
Temperature
6 oC oF
Thermostat Metals, Unclassified, Unclassified

66.5Fe22Ni8.5Cr 1.9 u,d 3.3 u 20 68 65
67Ni30Cu1.4Fe1Mn 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
72Mn18Cu10Ni 0.87 u,d 1.5 u 20 68 65
75Fe22Ni3Cr 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
75Fe22Ni3Cr 7.0 u,d 12 u 20 68 65
Unclassified
AL 4750 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 65
Armco 48 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 65
K75 44 min,d 75 min 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
KLF-125 20.3 min,d 35 min 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
Table 2.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families
Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) µΩ . m Ω circular-mil/ft oC oF Notes Reference

201.0-T6 (A02010) 0.054 to 0.064 t 32.48 to 38.50 20 68 10
t,d
204.0-T4 (A02040) 0.0421 t 25.32 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 8
206.0-T6 (A02060) 0.054 to 0.064 t 32.48 to 38.50 20 68 10
t,d
206.0-T7 (A02060) 0.050 to 0.054 t 30.07 to 32.48 20 68 10
t,d
208.0-F (A02080) 0.0556 t 33.45 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 10
208.0-O (A02080) 0.0454 t 27.31 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 10
242.0-T21 (A02420) 0.0392 t 23.58 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
242.0-T571 (A02420) 0.0507 t 30.50 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
242.0-T61 (A02420) 0.0522 t 31.40 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
242.0-T77 (A02420) 0.0454 t 27.31 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
295.0-T4 (A02950) 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 10
295.0-T62 (A02950) 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 10
296.0-T4 (A02960) 0.0522 t 31.40 t,d 20 68 10
296.0-T6 (A02960) 0.0522 t 31.40 t,d 20 68 10
A206.0-T6 (A12060) 0.054 to 0.064 t 32.48 to 38.50 20 68 10
t,d
A206.0-T7 (A12060) 0.050 to 0.054 t 30.07 to 32.48 20 68 10
t,d
308.0 (A03080) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 10
319.0 (A03190) 0.0639 t 38.44 t,d 20 68 10
336.0-T551 (A03360) 0.0595 t 35.79 t,d 20 68 10
355.0-T51 (A03550) 0.0401 t 24.12 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
355.0-T6 (A03550) 0.0479 t 28.81 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
355.0-T61 (A03550) 0.0442 t 26.59 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
355.0-T7 (A03550) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
356.0-T51 (A03560) 0.0401 t 24.12 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
356.0-T6 (A03560) 0.0442 t 26.59 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
356.0-T7 (A03560) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
360.0 (A03600) 0.0616 t 37.05 t,d 20 68 10
380.0 (A03800) 0.065 t 39.10 t,d 20 68 10
A356.0-T51 (A13560) 0.0401 t 24.12 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
A356.0-T6 (A13560) 0.0421 t 25.32 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
A356.0-T6 (A13560) 0.0442 t 26.59 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
A356.0-T7 (A13560) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
A380.0 (A13800) 0.065 t 39.10 t,d 20 68 10
C355.0-T51 (A33550) 0.0401 t 24.12 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
C355.0-T6 (A33550) 0.0442 t 26.59 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
C355.0-T6 (A33550) 0.0479 t 28.81 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
C355.0-T61 (A33550) 0.0442 t 26.59 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
C355.0-T7 (A33550) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
413.0 (A04130) 0.0556 t 33.45 t,d 20 68 10
443.0-F (A04430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
Temperature

443.0-F (A04430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
443.0-F (A04430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Die cast 10
443.0-O (A04430) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
443.0-O (A04430) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
A413.0 (A14130) 0.0556 t 33.45 t,d 20 68 10
A443.0-F (A14430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Die cast 10
A443.0-F (A14430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
A443.0-F (A14430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
A443.0-O (A14430) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
A443.0-O (A14430) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
B443.0-F (A24430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Die cast 10
B443.0-F (A24430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
B443.0-F (A24430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
B443.0-O (A24430) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
B443.0-O (A24430) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
C443.0-F (A34430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Die cast 10
C443.0-F (A34430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
C443.0-F (A34430) 0.0466 t 28.03 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
C443.0-O (A34430) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Permanent mold 10
C443.0-O (A34430) 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 10
Aluminum, Cast, 5xx.x Aluminum Magnesium
520.0-T4 (A05200) 0.0821 t 49.39 t,d 20 68 10
535.0 (A05350) 0.075 t 45.11 t,d 20 68 10
A535.0 (A15350) 0.075 t 45.11 t,d 20 68 10
B535.0 (A25350) 0.075 t 45.11 t,d 20 68 10
712.0 (A07120) 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 10
Aluminum, Cast, 8xx.x Aluminum Tin
850.0 (A0850) 0.0367 t 22.08 t,d 20 68 10
Al 0.02733 u 16.44 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Al 0.02709 u 16.30 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Al (99.996%) 0.0265 u 15.9 u,d 20 68 65
EC-H19 0.028 u 16.8 u,d 20 68 65
EC-O 0.028 u 16.8 u,d 20 68 65
1050-O (A91050) 0.0281 t 16.90 t,d 20 68 8
1050-O (A91050) 0.0281 t 16.90 t,d 20 68 8
1060-H18 (A91060) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
1060-H18 (A91060) 0.0283 t 17.02 t,d 20 68 8
1060-H18 (A91060) 0.028 t 17 t 20 68 1
1060-O (A91060) 0.028 t 17 t 20 68 1
1060-O (A91060) 0.028 t 16.8 t,d 20 68 3
1060-O (A91060) 0.0278 t 16.72 t,d 20 68 8
1100-H18 (A91100) 0.030 t 18 t 20 68 1
Temperature

1100-H18 (A91100) 0.0302 t 18.17 t,d 20 68 8
1100-H18 (A91100) 0.030 t 18.0 t,d 20 68 3
1100-O (A91100) 0.030 t 18 t 20 68 1
1100-O (A91100) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
1100-O (A91100) 0.0292 t 17.56 t,d 20 68 8
1145-H18 (A91145) 0.0287 t 17.26 t,d 20 68 8
1145-O (A91145) 0.0283 t 17.02 t,d 20 68 8
1199-O (A91199) 0.0267 t 16.06 t,d 20 68 8
1350-All (A91350) 0.028 t 17 t 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 1
1350-All (A91350) 0.028 t 16.8 t,d 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 3
1350-H1x (A91350) 0.0282 t 16.96 t,d 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 8
1350-O (A91350) 0.0279 t 16.78 t,d 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 8
2011-T3 (A92011) 0.044 t 26.47 t,d 20 68 8
2011-T3 (A92011) 0.045 t 27 t 20 68 1
2011-T3 (A92011) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
2011-T4 (A92011) 0.044 t 26.47 t,d 20 68 8
2011-T8 (A92011) 0.038 t 23 t 20 68 1
2011-T8 (A92011) 0.038 t 22.86 t,d 20 68 8
2011-T8 (A92011) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
2014-O (A92014) 0.034 t 20.5 t,d 20 68 3
2014-O (A92014) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 1
2014-T3 (A92014) 0.051 t 30.68 t,d 20 68 8
2014-T4 (A92014) 0.0515 t 31 t 20 68 1
2014-T4 (A92014) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
2014-T451 (A92014) 0.051 t 30.68 t,d 20 68 8
2014-T6 (A92014) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
2014-T6 (A92014) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
2014-T651 (A92014) 0.043 t 25.87 t,d 20 68 8
2014-T652 (A92014) 0.043 t 25.87 t,d 20 68 8
2017-O (A92017) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 1
2017-O (A92017) 0.034 t 20.5 t,d 20 68 3
2017-T4 (A92017) 0.0515 t 31 t 20 68 1
2017-T4 (A92017) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
2018-T61 (A92018) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
2018-T61 (A92018) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
2024-O (A92024) 0.034 t 20.45 t,d 20 68 8
2024-O (A92024) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 1
2024-O (A92024) 0.034 t 20.5 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T3 (A92024) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T3 (A92024) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T3 (A92024) 0.058 t 35 t 20 68 1
2024-T351 (A92024) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T36 (A92024) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T361 (A92024) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T361 (A92024) 0.058 t 35 t 20 68 1
2024-T361 (A92024) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T4 (A92024) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) µΩ .m Ω circular-mil/ft oC oF Notes Reference

2024-T4 (A92024) 0.058 t 35 t 20 68 1
2024-T4 (A92024) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T6 (A92024) 0.045 t 27.1 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T6 (A92024) 0.045 t 27 t 20 68 1
2024-T81 (A92024) 0.045 t 27.1 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T81 (A92024) 0.045 t 27 t 20 68 1
2024-T861 (A92024) 0.045 t 27.1 t,d 20 68 3
2024-T861 (A92024) 0.045 t 27 t 20 68 1
2024-T861 (A92024) 0.045 t 27.07 t,d 20 68 8
2025-T6 (A92025) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
2025-T6 (A92025) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
2036-O (A92036) 0.0332 t 19.97 t,d 20 68 8
2036-T4 (A92036) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 1
2036-T4 (A92036) 0.042 t 25.3 t,d 20 68 3
Alcoa 2036-O (A92036) 0.0332 u 20.0 u,d 20 68 Auto body sheet 66
Alcoa 2036-T4 (A92036) 0.0421 u 25.3 u,d 20 68 Auto body sheet 66
2038-T4 (A92038) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 54
2048-T851 (A92048) 0.040 t 24.06 t,d 20 68 8
2117-T4 (A92117) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
2117-T4 (A92117) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
2124-O (A92124) 0.0345 t 20.75 t,d 20 68 8
2124-T851 (A92124) 0.045 t 27.1 t,d 20 68 3
2124-T851 (A92124) 0.045 t 27 t 20 68 1
2218-T61 (A92218) 0.045 t 27.07 t,d 20 68 8
2218-T72 (A92218) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
2218-T72 (A92218) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
2219-O (A92219) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
2219-O (A92219) 0.040 t 24 t 20 68 1
2219-O (A92219) 0.039 t 23.46 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T31 (A92219) 0.062 t 37.3 t,d 20 68 3
2219-T31 (A92219) 0.0615 t 37 t 20 68 1
2219-T351 (A92219) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T37 (A92219) 0.0615 t 37 t 20 68 1
2219-T37 (A92219) 0.062 t 37.3 t,d 20 68 3
2219-T6 (A92219) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
2219-T6 (A92219) 0.058 t 35 t 20 68 1
2219-T62 (A92219) 0.062 t 37.29 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T81 (A92219) 0.058 t 35 t 20 68 1
2219-T81 (A92219) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
2219-T81 (A92219) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T851 (A92219) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T87 (A92219) 0.057 t 34.29 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T87 (A92219) 0.058 t 35 t 20 68 1
2219-T87 (A92219) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
2319-O (A92319) 0.039 t 23.46 t,d 20 68 8
2618-T6 (A92618) 0.048 t 28.9 t,d 20 68 3
2618-T6 (A92618) 0.0465 t 28 t 20 68 1
Temperature

2618-T61 (A92618) 0.047 t 28.27 t,d 20 68 8
3003-H12 (A93003) 0.042 t 25.3 t,d 20 68 3
3003-H12 (A93003) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 1
3003-H14 (A93003) 0.042 t 25.3 t,d 20 68 3
3003-H14 (A93003) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 1
3003-H18 (A93003) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
3003-H18 (A93003) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
3003-O (A93003) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 1
3003-O (A93003) 0.034 t 20.5 t,d 20 68 3
3004-All (A93004) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 1
3004-All (A93004) 0.042 t 25.3 t,d 20 68 3
3004-O (A93004) 0.041 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 8
3105-All (A93105) 0.038 t 23 t 20 68 1
3105-All (A93105) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
3105-O (A93105) 0.0383 t 23.04 t,d 20 68 8
4032-O (A94032) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 8
4032-O (A94032) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
4032-O (A94032) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
4032-T6 (A94032) 0.050 t 30 t 20 68 1
4032-T6 (A94032) 0.0479 t 28.81 t,d 20 68 8
4032-T6 (A94032) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
4043-O (A94043) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 1
4043-O (A94043) 0.041 t 24.7 t,d 20 68 3
4045-All (A94045) 0.038 t 23 t 20 68 1
4045-All (A94045) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
4343-All (A94343) 0.037 t 22.3 t,d 20 68 3
4343-All (A94343) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 1
5005-All (A95005) 0.033 t 19.9 t,d 20 68 3
5005-All (A95005) 0.033 t 20 t 20 68 1
5005-H38 (A95005) 0.0332 t 19.97 t,d 20 68 8
5005-O (A95005) 0.0332 t 19.97 t,d 20 68 8
5050-All (A95050) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5050-All (A95050) 0.034 t 20.5 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 3
5050-H38 (A95050) 0.034 t 20.45 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5050-O (A95050) 0.034 t 20.45 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5052-All (A95052) 0.050 t 30 t 20 68 1
5052-All (A95052) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
5052-H38 (A95052) 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 8
5052-H38 (A95052) 0.0493 u 29.7 u,d 20 68 65
5052-O (A95052) 0.0493 u 29.7 u,d 20 68 65
5052-O (A95052) 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 8
5056-H38 (A95056) 0.062 t 37.3 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 3
5056-H38 (A95056) 0.064 t 38.50 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5056-H38 (A95056) 0.063 t 38 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
Temperature

5056-H38 (A95056) 0.064 u 38.5 u,d 20 68 Obsolete 65
5056-O (A95056) 0.059 t 35.49 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5056-O (A95056) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 3
5056-O (A95056) 0.060 t 36 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5083 (A95083) 0.0595 t 35.79 t,d 20 68 8
5083-O (A95083) 0.060 t 36 t 20 68 1
5083-O (A95083) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
5086 (A95086) 0.056 t 33.69 t,d 20 68 8
5086-All (A95086) 0.055 t 33 t 20 68 1
5086-All (A95086) 0.056 t 33.7 t,d 20 68 3
5154-All (A95154) 0.053 t 31.9 t,d 20 68 3
5154-All (A95154) 0.053 t 32 t 20 68 1
5182 (A95182) 0.0556 t 33.45 t,d 20 68 8
5252-All (A95252) 0.049 t,ave 29.47 t,d 20 68 8
5252-All (A95252) 0.049 t,ave 29.47 t,d 20 68 8
5252-All (A95252) 0.050 t 30 t 20 68 1
5252-All (A95252) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
5254 (A95254) 0.054 t 32.48 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5254-All (A95254) 0.053 t 32 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5356-O (A95356) 0.0594 t 35.73 t,d 20 68 8
5356-O (A95356) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
5356-O (A95356) 0.060 t 36 t 20 68 1
5454-All (A95454) 0.051 t,ave 30.68 t,d 20 68 8
5454-O (A95454) 0.0515 t 31 t 20 68 1
5454-O (A95454) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
5454-H38 (A95456) 0.0515 t 31 t 20 68 1
5454-H38 (A95456) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
5456-All (A95456) 0.0595 t,ave 35.79 t,d 20 68 8
5456-O (A95456) 0.059 t 35.5 t,d 20 68 3
5456-O (A95456) 0.060 t 36 t 20 68 1
5457-All (A95457) 0.038 t 23 t 20 68 1
5457-All (A95457) 0.037 t 22.3 t,d 20 68 3
5652 (A95652) 0.049 t 29.47 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5652-All (A95652) 0.050 t 30 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5657 (A95657) 0.032 t 19.25 t,d 20 68 8
5657-All (A95657) 0.0315 t 19 t 20 68 1
5657-All (A95657) 0.032 t 19.2 t,d 20 68 3
6005-T1 (A96005) 0.0365 t 22 t 20 68 1
6005-T1 (A96005) 0.037 t 22.3 t,d 20 68 3
6005-T5 (A96005) 0.036 t 21.7 t,d 20 68 3
6005-T5 (A96005) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 1
6009-All (A96009) 0.039 t 23.5 t,d 20 68 54
6009-O (A96009) 0.0319 t 19.19 t,d 20 68 8
6009-T4 (A96009) 0.0392 t 23.58 t,d 20 68 8
6009-T6 (A96009) 0.0367 t 22.08 t,d 20 68 8
Temperature

6010-All (A96010) 0.044 t 26.5 t,d 20 68 54
6010-O (A96010) 0.0325 t 19.55 t,d 20 68 8
6010-T4 (A96010) 0.0442 t 26.59 t,d 20 68 8
6010-T6 (A96010) 0.0392 t 23.58 t,d 20 68 8
6053 (A96053) 0.0375 t 22.56 t,d 20 68 8
6053-O (A96053) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
6053-O (A96053) 0.038 t 23 t 20 68 1
6053-T4 (A96053) 0.042 t 25.3 t,d 20 68 3
6053-T4 (A96053) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
6053-T6 (A96053) 0.041 t 24.7 t,d 20 68 3
6053-T6 (A96053) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 1
6061-O (A96061) 0.037 t 22.3 t,d 20 68 3
6061-O (A96061) 0.0365 t 22 t 20 68 1
6061-T4 (A96061) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
6061-T4 (A96061) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
6061-T6 (A96061) 0.040 t 24 t 20 68 1
6061-T6 (A96061) 0.040 t 24.1 t,d 20 68 3
6063-O (A96063) 0.030 t 18 t 20 68 1
6063-O (A96063) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
6063-T1 (A96063) 0.034 t 20.5 t,d 20 68 3
6063-T1 (A96063) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 1
6063-T5 (A96063) 0.031 t 18.6 t,d 20 68 3
6063-T5 (A96063) 0.032 t 19 t 20 68 1
6063-T6 (A96063) 0.033 t 20 t 20 68 1
6063-T6 (A96063) 0.032 t 19.2 t,d 20 68 3
6063-T83 (A96063) 0.033 t 20 t 20 68 1
6063-T83 (A96063) 0.032 t 19.2 t,d 20 68 3
6066-O (A96066) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 1
6066-O (A96066) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
6066-T6 (A96066) 0.048 t 28.9 t,d 20 68 3
6066-T6 (A96066) 0.0465 t 28 t 20 68 1
6070 (A96070) 0.039 t 23.46 t,d 20 68 8
6070-T6 (A96070) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
6070-T6 (A96070) 0.040 t 24 t 20 68 1
6101-T6 (A96101) 0.031 u 18.6 u,d 20 68 65
6101-T6 (A96101) 0.030 t 18 t 20 68 1
6101-T6 (A96101) 0.0302 t 18.17 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T6 (A96101) 0.030 t 18.0 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T61 (A96101) 0.0292 t 17.56 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T61 (A96101) 0.030 t 18 t 20 68 1
6101-T61 (A96101) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T63 (A96101) 0.0297 t 17.87 t,d 20 68 8
Temperature

6101-T63 (A96101) 0.030 t 18 t 20 68 1
6101-T63 (A96101) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T64 (A96101) 0.0287 t 17.26 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T64 (A96101) 0.028 t 17 t 20 68 1
6101-T64 (A96101) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
6101-T65 (A96101) 0.0297 t 17.87 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T65 (A96101) 0.030 t 18 t 20 68 1
6101-T65 (A96101) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
6105-T1 (A96105) 0.038 t 23 t 20 68 1
6105-T1 (A96105) 0.037 t 22.3 t,d 20 68 3
6105-T5 (A96105) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 1
6105-T5 (A96105) 0.034 t 20.5 t,d 20 68 3
6111-T4 (A96111) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 54
6111-T6 (A96111) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 54
6151-O (A96151) 0.032 t 19.2 t,d 20 68 3
6151-O (A96151) 0.0315 t 19 t 20 68 1
6151-T4 (A96151) 0.042 t 25.3 t,d 20 68 3
6151-T4 (A96151) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 1
6151-T6 (A96151) 0.038 t 23 t 20 68 1
6151-T6 (A96151) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
6201-T81 (A96201) 0.0315 t 19 t 20 68 1
6201-T81 (A96201) 0.032 t 19.2 t,d 20 68 3
6205-T1 (A96205) 0.037 t 22.26 t,d 20 68 8
6205-T5 (A96205) 0.035 t 21.05 t,d 20 68 8
6262-T9 (A96262) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
6262-T9 (A96262) 0.039 t 23.46 t,d 20 68 8
6262-T9 (A96262) 0.040 t 24 t 20 68 1
6351-T6 (A96351) 0.038 t 22.9 t,d 20 68 3
6351-T6 (A96351) 0.038 t 23 t 20 68 1
6463-T1 (A96463) 0.034 t 20.5 t,d 20 68 3
6463-T1 (A96463) 0.034 t 20.45 t,d 20 68 8
6463-T1 (A96463) 0.035 t 21 t 20 68 1
6463-T5 (A96463) 0.031 t 18.6 t,d 20 68 3
6463-T5 (A96463) 0.035 t 21.05 t,d 20 68 8
6463-T5 (A96463) 0.0315 t 19 t 20 68 1
6463-T6 (A96463) 0.032 t 19.2 t,d 20 68 3
6463-T6 (A96463) 0.033 t 19.85 t,d 20 68 8
6463-T6 (A96463) 0.033 t 20 t 20 68 1
6951-O (A96951) 0.0315 t 19 t 20 68 1
6951-O (A96951) 0.031 t 18.6 t,d 20 68 3
6951-T6 (A96951) 0.033 t 19.9 t,d 20 68 3
6951-T6 (A96951) 0.033 t 20 t 20 68 1
Alcoa 7029-T6 0.221 133 u 20 68 Auto bumper 66
7005-O (A97005) 0.0401 t 24.12 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T53 (A97005) 0.0454 t 27.31 t,d 20 68 8
Temperature

7005-T5351 (A97005) 0.0454 t 27.31 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T6 (A97005) 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T63 (A97005) 0.0454 t 27.31 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T6351 (A97005) 0.0454 t 27.31 t,d 20 68 8
7021-T61 (A97021) 0.040 t 24.1 t,d 20 68 54
7029-T5 (A97029) 0.041 t 24.7 t,d 20 68 54
7029-T6 (A97029) 0.041 t 24.7 t,d 20 68 54
7049 (A97049) 0.043 t 25.87 t,d 20 68 8
7049-T73 (A97049) 0.043 t 26 t 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 1
7049-T73 (A97049) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 3
7050-O (A97050) 0.0367 t 22.08 t,d 20 68 8
7050-T736 (A97050) 0.0426 t 25.63 t,d 20 68 8
7050-T73651 (A97050) 0.0426 t 25.63 t,d 20 68 8
7050-T74 (A97050) 0.0415 t 25 t 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 1
7050-T74 (A97050) 0.042 t 25.3 t,d 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 3
7050-T76 (A97050) 0.0436 t 26.23 t,d 20 68 8
7050-T7651 (A97050) 0.0436 t 26.23 t,d 20 68 8
7072 (A97072) 0.0287 t 17.26 t,d 20 68 8
7072-O (A97072) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
7072-O (A97072) 0.030 t 18 t 20 68 1
7075-T6 (A97075) 0.0515 t 31 t 20 68 1
7075-T6 (A97075) 0.053 t 31.9 t,d 20 68 3
7075-T62 (A97075) 0.0522 t 31.40 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T651 (A97075) 0.0522 t 31.40 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T652 (A97075) 0.0522 t 31.40 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T73 (A97075) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T7351 (A97075) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T7352 (A97075) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T76 (A97075) 0.0448 t 26.95 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T7651 (A97075) 0.0448 t 26.95 t,d 20 68 8
7116-T5 (A97116) 0.037 t 22.3 t,d 20 68 54
7129-T5 (A97129) 0.041 t 24.7 t,d 20 68 54
7129-T6 (A97129) 0.041 t 24.7 t,d 20 68 54
7175-O (A97175) 0.0375 t 22.56 t,d 20 68 8
7175-T66 (A97175) 0.0479 t 28.81 t,d 20 68 8
7175-T736 (A97175) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 8
7175-T74 (A97175) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
7175-T7652 (A97175) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 8
7178-O (A97178) 0.0375 t 22.56 t,d 20 68 8
7178-T6 (A97178) 0.056 t 33.7 t,d 20 68 3
7178-T6 (A97178) 0.055 t 33 t 20 68 1
7178-T6 (A97178) 0.0539 t 32.42 t,d 20 68 8
7178-T651 (A97178) 0.0539 t 32.42 t,d 20 68 8
7178-T76 (A97178) 0.0442 t 26.59 t,d 20 68 8
7178-T7651 (A97178) 0.0442 t 26.59 t,d 20 68 8
7475-O (A97475) 0.0375 t 22.56 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T61 (A97475) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T61 (A97475) 0.0479 t 28.81 t,d 20 68 8
Temperature

7475-T651 (A97475) 0.050 t 30.1 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T651 (A97475) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T7351 (A97475) 0.041 t 24.7 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T7351 (A97475) 0.0411 t 24.72 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T76 (A97475) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T761 (A97475) 0.0479 t 28.81 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T761 (A97475) 0.043 t 25.9 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T7651 (A97475) 0.0431 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 8
8017-H12 (A98017) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
8017-H212 (A98017) 0.028 t 17 t 20 68 1
8017-H212 (A98017) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
8017-H22 (A98017) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
8030-H221 (A98030) 0.028 t 17 t 20 68 1
8030-H221 (A98030) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
8176-H24 (A98176) 0.029 t 17.4 t,d 20 68 3
8176-H24 (A98176) 0.028 t 17 t 20 68 1
Ampcoloy 495 0.552 u 332 u,d 20 68 Sand and centrifugal casting, bar, rod, forging, 66
sheet, strip, plate, and welding wire
Elkaloy D 0.096 t 57.75 t,d 20 68 58
Elkaloy D110 0.144 t 86.62 t,d 20 68 58
Elkaloy D120 0.172 t 103.46 t,d 20 68 58
Elkaloy D130 0.192 t 115.49 t,d 20 68 58
C95200 (C95200) 0.144 u 86.6 u,d 20 68 Casting 16
C95300 (C95300) 0.133 u 80.00 u,d 20 68 Casting 16
C95400-As cast (C95400) 0.133 u 80.0 u,d 20 68 Casting 16
C95400-TQ50 (C95400) 0.133 u 80.0 u,d 20 68 Casting 16
C95500-As cast (C95500) 0.203 u 122.1 u,d 20 68 Sand casting 16
C95500-TQ50 (C95500) 0.203 u 122.1 u,d 20 68 Sand casting 16
C95700-Annealed, fast cooled 0.556 u 334.5 u,d 20 68 Sand casting 16
(C95700)
C95700-As cast (C95700) 0.556 u 334.5 u,d 20 68 Sand casting 16
C95800 (C95800) 0.243 u 146.2 u,d 20 68 Sand casting 16
Brush Casting 10C (C82000) 0.034 to 0.038 u 20 to 23 u,d 20 68 Switches, contacts 66
Brush Casting 3C (C82000) 0.034 to 0.038 u 20 to 23 u,d 20 68 Switches, contacts 66
Brush Casting 165C-Age hardened 0.069 to 0.086 u 42 to 52 u,d 20 68 66
(C82400)
Brush Casting 165CT-Age hardened 0.069 to 0.086 u 42 to 52 u,d 20 68 66
(C82400)
C82400-Age hardened (C82400) 0.069 u 41.51 u,d 20 68 16
Brush Casting 20CT (C82500) 0.069 to 0.096 u 42 to 58 u,d 20 68 66
Brush Casting 20C (C82500) 0.069 to 0.096 u 42 to 58 u,d 20 68 66
(C82510)
(C82600)
Temperature

Brush Casting 245CT-Age hardened 0.075 to 0.096 u 45 to 58 u,d 20 68 66
(C82600)
C82600-Age hardened (C82600) 0.0907 u 54.56 u,d 20 68 16
Brush Casting 275C (C82800) 0.075 to 0.101 u 45 to 61 u,d 20 68 Castings 66
Brush Casting 275CT (C82800) 0.075 to 0.101 u 45 to 61 u,d 20 68 Castings 66
CMW 73 0.086 t 51.73 t,d 20 68 Cu-Be 58
C81500-Heat treated (C81500) 0.0383 u 23.04 u,d 20 68 Casting alloy. Solution heat treated 16
C81500-Heat treated (C81500) 0.021 u 12.63 u,d 20 68 Casting alloy. Precipitation hardened 16
C81800-Heat treated (C81800) 0.0395 u 23.76 u,d 20 68 Casting alloy 16
C93700 (C93700) 0.17 u 102.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 16
C92200 (C92200) 0.12 u 72.18 u,d 20 68 Sand Casting 16
Copper, Cast, Phosphor Bronze
Bunting No. 156 0.16 u 96 u,d 20 68 Centrifugal, chill or sand casting 66
C87500 (C87500) 0.284 u 170.8 u,d 20 68 Sand Casting 16
C87800 (C87800) 0.284 u 170.8 u,d 20 68 Die casting 16
C90700 (C90700) 0.18 u 108.3 u,d 20 68 16
CMW 3 0.0216 t 12.99 t,d 20 68 Cu-Cr 58
67Cu5Ni27Mn 0.9974 u 599.97 u,d 20 68 65
70Cu20Ni10Mn 0.4888 u 294.03 u,d 20 68 65
83Cu13Mn4Ni(manganin) 0.4821 u 290.00 u,d 20 68 65
85Cu10Mn4Ni(shunt manganin) 0.3823 u 229.97 u,d 20 68 65
87Cu13Mn(manganin) 0.4821 u 290.00 u,d 20 68 65
55Cu45Ni(constantan) 0.4987 u 299.98 u,d 20 68 65
78Cu22Ni 0.2992 u 179.98 u,d 20 68 65
89Cu11Ni 0.1496 u 89.99 u,d 20 68 65
94Cu6Ni 0.0993 u 59.73 u,d 20 68 65
98Cu2Ni 0.0499 u 30.0 u,d 20 68 65
Ambraloy 901 0.101 u,d 61 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, wire, rod, bar, and tube 66
C60800 (C60800) 0.100 u 60.15 u,d 20 68 15
Ambraloy 610-Annealed (C61000) 0.11 u,d 69 u 20 68 Rod, wire 66
C61300 (C61300) 0.144 u 86.6 u,d 20 68 15
C61400 (C61400) 0.123 u 73.99 u,d 20 68 15
Temperature

C62300 (C62300) 0.144 u 86.6 u,d 20 68 15
C62400 (C62400) 0.144 u 86.6 u,d 20 68 15
C62500 (C62500) 0.172 u 103.5 u,d 20 68 15
C63000 (C63000) 0.192 u 115.5 u,d 20 68 15
C63200 (C63200) 0.246 u 148.0 u,d 20 68 15
2Be + Ni or Co 0.096 to 0.115 u 57.7 to 69.2 20 68 Contact material 65
u,d
Berylco 33-25-Precipitation hardened 0.0768 u,d 46.2 u 20 68 Rod, wire, tube 66
Brush M25-Precipitation hardened 0.0768 u,d 46.2 u 20 68 Rod and bar, connectors, electrical and 66
electronic components
CMW 100 0.0359 t 21.59 t,d 20 68 58
CMW 73 0.0749 t 45.05 t,d 20 68 Cu-Be 58
Copper No. 172-Heat treated 0.048 to 0.058 29 to 35 u 20 68 Strip, wire, rod 66
u,d
Brush Alloy 174 (C17410) 0.0382 u 23.0 u 20 68 For computer connectors, automotive contact 66
materials, and appliances
Bridgeport 54-Annealed 0.075 u 45 u,d 20 68 Tube 66
Bridgeport 77-Annealed 0.062 u,d 37 u 20 68 Tube and pipe 66
Anaconda 210-Annealed (C21000) 0.0308 u 18.5 u,d 20 68 Electrical equipment and connectors 66
Anaconda 220-Annealed (C22000) 0.0392 u,d 23.6 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, wire, rod, bar, and tube 66
C22000 (C22000) 0.0391 u 23.52 u,d 20 68 15
Anaconda 230-Soft annealed (C23000) 0.0466 u 28.0 u,d 20 68 Cable grips, connectors 66
C23000 (C23000) 0.047 u 28.27 u,d 20 68 15
C24000-O61 (C24000) 0.054 u 32.48 u,d 20 68 15
Anaconda 260-Annealed (C26000) 0.0616 u 37 u,d 20 68 Lamp sockets 66
C26000-O61 (C26000) 0.062 u 37.29 u,d 20 68 15
Anaconda 268-Annealed (C26800) 0.0638 u,d 38.4 u 20 68 Clips, lamp sockets 66
Anaconda 280-Annealed (C28000) 0.0607 u,d 36.5 u 20 68 Muntz metal, sheet, extruded shapes, plate, rod, 66
bar, and tube
ASTM B9 Bronze Trolly Wire Alloy 0.043103 max 25.928 max 20 68 78
40
55
80
Ampcoloy 910-Annealed 0.0186 approx,d 11.2 approx 20 68 Ingot, billet, forging 66
ASTM B1 Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 0.017745 max 10.674 max 20 68 8.255 mm (0.325 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 75
in.)
ASTM B1 Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 0.017930 max 10.785 max 20 68 1.024 mm (0.0403 in.) <= d < 08.255 mm 75
(0.325 in.)
ASTM B2 Medium-HardDrawn 0.017654 max 10.619 max 20 68 8.255 mm (0.325 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 76
Copper Wire in.)
ASTM B2 Medium-HardDrawn 0.017837 max 10.729 max 20 68 1.024 mm (0.0403 in.) <= d < 08.255 mm 76
ASTM B3 Soft or Annealed Copper 0.017241 max 10.371 max 20 68 77
Wire
Temperature

ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 0.018312 max 11.015 max 20 68 0.282 mm (0.0111 in.) <= d < 0.511 mm 79
ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 0.018508 max 11.133 max 20 68 0.076 mm (0.0030 in.) <= d < 0.282 mm 79
ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 0.017930 max 10.785 max 20 68 0.511 mm (0.0201 in.) <= d < 2.616 mm (0.103 79
Copper Wire in.)
Copper Wire in.)
Copper Wire in.)
ASTM B47 Copper Trolly Wire 0.017745 max 10.674 max 20 68 80
CDA Copper 109-Annealed 0.0171 u,d 10.3 u 20 68 Bus bars, conductors cable shielding, 66
waveguides, heatsinks, lead frames
Chase 14310-Annealed 0.0203 u,d 12.2 u 20 68 Strip and sheet 66
Cu 0.01725 u 10.38 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cu 0.0158 u 9.50 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Anaconda 122-Annealed (C12200) 0.0203 u,d 12.2 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, wire, rod, bar, pipe, tube, 66
extruded shapes and wrought plating anodes
C15100 (C15100) 0.0181 max 10.89 max,d 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
CR 155-Precipitation heat treated 0.0166 u,d 10.0 u 20 68 Electric motor commutators, heat-sink washers, 66
(C15500) hookup wire
Bridgeport 520-Soft 0.266 u,d 160 u 20 68 Tube, wire, and strip 66
CDA 710 0.2776 u,d 167 u 20 68 Bar, rod, tube, pipe, plated, sheet, strip, and wire 66
Cunife II 0.18 u 108 u,d 25 77 Wire and strip 66
Anaconda 706-Annealed (C70600) 0.19 u 114 u,d 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, tube, rod, and bar 66
Carlson 90 10 CuNi (C70600) 0.191 u 115 u 20 68 Plate 66
C71900-Spinodal-hardened (C71900) 0.395 u 237.6 u,d 20 68 15
C72800-Spinodal heat treated 0.159 u,d 95.8 u 20 68 Bar, rod, strip, sheet, pipe, plate, tube, 66
(C72800) extrusions, wire, forging
15Zn 0.047 u 28 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
35Zn 0.064 u 38.5 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
Ambraloy 687-Annealed 0.0750 u,d 45.1 u 20 68 Tube 66
Anaconda 226-Annealed 0.0431 u,d 25.9 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate and wire 66
Brimcolloy 100 0.0632 u,d 38 u 20 68 Strip 66
Chamet Bronze Type A-Annealed 0.066 u,d 40 u 20 68 Wire 66
Chamet Bronze Type B-Annealed 0.066 u,d 40 u 20 68 Drawn bar and rod 66
Chase 69000-Annealed 0.096 u,d 58 u 20 68 Bellows connectors, circuit breakers, clips, 66
springs, wiring devices
C68800-H08 (C68800) 0.104 u 62.6 u,d 20 68 15
C68800-O61 (C68800) 0.096 u 57.75 u,d 20 68 15
CCZ 0.0203 max 12.21 max,d 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
Temperature

Copper No. 194-Annealed 0.0249 u,d 15 u 20 68 Electrical components such as springs, contacts, 66
connections, terminals, transistor bases, lead
frames
Copper No. 385-Annealed 0.062 u,d 37 u 20 68 Rod, shape, extrusion, and forging 66
Anaconda 330-Annealed (C33000) 0.0663 u,d 39.9 u 20 68 Tube 66
Anaconda 360-Annealed (C36000) 0.0663 u,d 39.9 u 20 68 Wire, rod, bar, and extruded shapes 66
C37700 (C37700) 0.064 u 38.50 u,d 20 68 15
Copper, Wrought, Leaded Copper
Anaconda 1870-Annealed 0.0180 nom,d 10.8 nom 20 68 Current carrying studs, connectors, solder tips 66
1.25Sn + P 0.036 u 21.7 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
5Sn + P 0.11 u 66.2 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CDA Alloy 544 0.0002 u,d 0.102 u 20 68 Rod, bar, rolled flat products, strip, wire 66
Brush Phosphor Bronze (C51000) 0.115 u 69.2 u,d 20 68 Electronic and precision instrument parts 66
Copper, Wrought, Sintered Powder Metal
C15715-Annealed (C15715) 0.0186 u 11.19 u 20 68 Lamp leads, commutators, brush springs, 66
C15720-Annealed (C15720) 0.0194 u 11.68 u 20 68 Lamp leads, commutators, amortisseur bars, 66
C15760-Annealed (C15760) 0.0221 u 13.29 u 20 68 Welding rods and wheels, soldering gun tips 66
C42200-Annealed (C42200) 0.055 u,d 33 u 20 68 Flats for fuse clips, contact springs, connectors 66
Anaconda 443-Annealed (C44300) 0.0690 u,d 41.5 u 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, tube, rod, and bar 66
0.04 oxide 0.0172 u 10.35 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
Berylco 10-52 0.0371 u,d 22.3 u 20 68 Rod, welding rod, electrical connectors 66
CMW 3 0.0203 t 12.21 t,d 20 68 Cu-Cr, forging minor dim <= 19 mm (0.75 in.). 58
Forging minor dim <= 19 mm (0.75 in.)
CMW Pure Gold 0.0235 t 14.14 t,d 20 68 58
41.7Au32.5Cu18.8Ni7Zn 0.39 u 234.6 u,d 20 68 65
69Au25Ag6Pt 0.15 u 90.2 u,d 20 68 65
72.5Au14Cu8.5Pt4Ag1Zn 0.17 u 102.3 u,d 20 68 65
75Au25Ag 0.108 u 65.0 u,d 20 68 65
90Au10Cu 0.108 u 65.0 u,d 20 68 65
CMW Elkonium 70 0.125 t 75.19 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 72 0.157 t 94.44 t,d 20 68 58
Temperature

CMW Elkonium 76 0.127 t 76.39 t,d 20 68 58
Gold 0.0235 u 14.1 u,d 20 68 65
Noble, Gold, Unclassified
Au 0.020 u 12.03 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Au 0.02271 u 13.66 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Noble, Iridium, Unclassified
Ir 0.050 u 30.08 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ir 0.0533 u 32.06 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Noble, Osmium, Unclassified
Os 0.084 u 50.53 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Os 0.1059 u 63.70 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
35Pd30Ag14Cu10Pt10Au1Zn 0.35 u 210.5 u,d 20 68 65
45Pd30Ag20Au5Pt 0.39 u 234.6 u,d 20 68 65
50Pd50Ag 0.315 u 189.48 u,d 20 68 65
60Pd40Ag 0.43 u 258.7 u,d 20 68 65
60Pd40Cu 0.35 u 210.5 u,d 20 68 Annealed and quenched 65
60Pd40Cu 1.3795 u 829.81 u,d 20 68 65
70Pd30Ag 0.40 u 240.6 u,d 20 68 65
72Pd26Ag2Ni 0.43 u 258.7 u,d 20 68 65
90Pd10Ru 0.27 u 162.4 u,d 20 68 65
95.5Pd4.5 0.242 u 145.6 u,d 20 68 65
CMW Elkonium 40 0.108 t 64.97 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 405 0.285 t 171.44 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 42 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58
Pd 0.108 u 64.97 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pd 0.1080 u 64.97 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
CMW Elkonium 30 0.113 t 67.97 t,d 20 68 58
65Pt35Ir 0.36 u 216.6 u,d 20 68 65
70Pt30Ir 0.35 u 210.5 u,d 20 68 65
75Pt25Ir 0.33 u 198.5 u,d 20 68 65
80Pt20Ir 0.31 u 186.5 u,d 20 68 65
86Pt14Ru 0.46 u 276.7 u,d 20 68 65
89Pt11Ru 0.43 u 258.7 u,d 20 68 65
90Pt10Ir 0.25 u 150 u,d 20 68 65
90Pt10Ru 0.43 u 258.7 u,d 20 68 65
95Pt5Ir 0.19 u 114.3 u,d 20 68 65
95Pt5Ru 0.315 u 189.5 u,d 20 68 65
Temperature

96Pt4W 0.36 u 216.6 u,d 20 68 65
CMW Elkonium 301 0.285 t 171.44 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 302 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 305 0.345 t 207.53 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 306 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 32 0.315 t 189.48 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 33 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 331 0.429 t 258.06 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 34 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58
Pt 0.106 u 63.8 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Pt 0.1080 u 64.97 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Noble, Rhodium
Rh 0.0501 u 30.14 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rh 0.0440 u 26.47 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Noble, Ruthenium
Ru 0.075 u 45.11 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
CMW Fine Silver 0.0166 t 9.99 t,d 20 68 58
Fine silver 0.0159 u 9.56 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW D1058 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D158F 0.0174 t 10.47 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D57F 0.0192 t 11.55 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D58 0.0313 t 18.83 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D581F 0.0169 t 10.17 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D582F 0.0167 t 10.05 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D583F 0.0172 t 10.35 t,d 20 68 58
85Ag15Cd 0.493 u 297 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW D154F 0.0230 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D154X 0.0236 t 14.20 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D155F 0.0246 t 14.80 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D155X 0.0254 t 15.28 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D355F 0.0254 t 15.28 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D54 0.0230 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D54F 0.0210 t 12.63 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D54X 0.0230 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D55 0.0313 t 18.83 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D55F 0.0239 t 14.38 t,d 20 68 58
Temperature

CMW D55X 0.0246 t 14.80 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 17 0.0556 t 33.45 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 18 0.0401 t 24.12 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 217 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 58
72Ag26Cu2Ni 0.029 u 17 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
72Ag28Cu 0.02 u 12 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
92.5Ag7.5Cu 0.02 u 12 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Coin Silver 0.0210 t 12.63 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 1 0.0230 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 22 0.0205 t 12.33 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 23 0.0178 t 10.71 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 73 0.0192 t 11.55 t,d 20 68 58
90Ag10Au 0.042 u 25 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 71 4.310E-02 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D50 0.0257 t 15.46 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D505F 0.0181 t 10.89 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D50F 0.0216 t 12.99 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D510F 0.0198 t 11.91 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D56 0.0313 t 18.83 t,d 20 68 58
60Ag40Pd 0.23 u 138 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
70Ag30Pd 0.143 u 86.0 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 45 0.0297 t 17.87 t,d 20 68 58
97Ag3Pt 0.035 u 21 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 36 0.0383 t 23.04 t,d 20 68 58
Ag 0.0163 u 9.80 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ag 0.01629 u 9.80 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
CMW Elkonium 28 0.172 t 103.46 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 63 0.023 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
Thermostat Metals, Unclassified, Unclassified
66.5Fe22Ni8.5Cr 0.5818 u 349.97 u,d 20 68 65
67Ni30Cu1.4Fe1Mn 0.5652 u 339.99 u,d 20 68 65
72Mn18Cu10Ni 1.122 u 674.92 u,d 20 68 65
75Fe22Ni3Cr 0.7813 u 469.98 u,d 20 68 65
75Fe22Ni3Cr 0.1579 u 94.98 u,d 20 68 65
Temperature
Unclassified
AL 4750 0.48 u 289 u,d 20 68 65
Armco 48 0.48 u 289 u,d 20 68 65
K75 0.0228 max 13.71 max,d 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
KLF-125 0.0489 max 29.41 max,d 20 68 Lead frame alloy 20
Table 2.3a Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Aluminum Material Families
Temperature
6 oC oF
Alloy-temper (UNS number) 10 S/m* % IACS Notes Reference

1060-H18 (A91060) 117 t 20 68 3
201 t 20 68 1
1060-O (A91060) 118 t 20 68 3
204 t 20 68 1
1100-H18 (A91100) 108 t 20 68 3
187 t 20 68 1
1100-O (A91100) 113 t 20 68 3
194 t 20 68 1
1350-All (A91350) 118 t 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 3
204 t 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 1
2011-T3 (A92011) 71 t 20 68 3
123 t 20 68 1
2011-T8 (A92011) 82 t 20 68 3
142 t 20 68 1
2014-O (A92014) 92 t 20 68 3
159 t 20 68 1
2014-T4 (A92014) 63 t 20 68 3
108 t 20 68 1
2014-T6 (A92014) 74 t 20 68 3
127 t 20 68 1
2017-O (A92017) 92 t 20 68 3
159 t 20 68 1
2017-T4 (A92017) 63 t 20 68 3
108 t 20 68 1
2018-T61 (A92018) 74 t 20 68 3
127 t 20 68 1
2024-O (A92024) 93 t 20 68 3
160 t 20 68 1
2024-T3 (A92024) 56 t 20 68 3
96 t 20 68 1
2024-T361 (A92024) 56 t 20 68 3
96 t 20 68 1
2024-T4 (A92024) 56 t 20 68 3
96 t 20 68 1
2024-T6 (A92024) 71 t 20 68 3
122 t 20 68 1
2024-T81 (A92024) 71 t 20 68 3
122 t 20 68 1
2024-T861 (A92024) 71 t 20 68 3
122 t 20 68 1
2025-T6 (A92025) 74 t 20 68 3
128 t 20 68 1
2036-T4 (A92036) 78 t 20 68 3
135 t 20 68 1
2038-T4 (A92038) 132 t 20 68 54
2117-T4 (A92117) 75 t 20 68 3
RT, room temperature; t, typical; d, derived; u, unstated; min, minimum; max, maximum. See Appendix for other abbreviations and References. *Ref
3 reports conductivity for equal mass at 20 o C in MS/m, MS/m=0.58 x %IACS.
Temperature
6 oC oF

2117-T4 (A92117) 130 t 20 68 1
2124-T851 (A92124) 71 t 20 68 3
122 t 20 68 1
2218-T72 (A92218) 73 t 20 68 3
126 t 20 68 1
2219-O (A92219) 80 t 20 68 3
138 t 20 68 1
2219-T31 (A92219) 57 t 20 68 3
88 t 20 68 1
2219-T37 (A92219) 57 t 20 68 3
88 t 20 68 1
2219-T6 (A92219) 58 t 20 68 3
94 t 20 68 1
2219-T81 (A92219) 58 t 20 68 3
94 t 20 68 1
2219-T87 (A92219) 58 t 20 68 3
94 t 20 68 1
2618-T6 (A92618) 70 t 20 68 3
120 t 20 68 1
3003-H12 (A93003) 78 t 20 68 3
137 t 20 68 1
3003-H14 (A93003) 78 t 20 68 3
134 t 20 68 1
3003-H18 (A93003) 74 t 20 68 3
130 t 20 68 1
3003-O (A93003) 92 t 20 68 3
163 t 20 68 1
3004-All (A93004) 79 t 20 68 3
137 t 20 68 1
3105-All (A93105) 86 t 20 68 3
148 t 20 68 1
4032-O (A94032) 77 t 20 68 3
132 t 20 68 1
4032-T6 (A94032) 67 t 20 68 3
116 t 20 68 1
4043-O (A94043) 81 t 20 68 3
140 t 20 68 1
4045-All (A94045) 88 t 20 68 3
151 t 20 68 1
4343-All (A94343) 92 t 20 68 3
158 t 20 68 1
5005-All (A95005) 100 t 20 68 3
172 t 20 68 1
Temperature
6 oC oF

5050-All (A95050) 96 t 20 68 Obsolete 3
165 t 20 68 Obsolete 1
5052-All (A95052) 67 t 20 68 3
116 t 20 68 1
5056-H38 (A95056) 53 t 20 68 Obsolete 3
5056-O (A95056) 57 t 20 68 Obsolete 3
5083-O (A95083) 57 t 20 68 3
98 t 20 68 1
5086-All (A95086) 60 t 20 68 3
104 t 20 68 1
5154-All (A95154) 62 t 20 68 3
107 t 20 68 1
5252-All (A95252) 67 t 20 68 3
116 t 20 68 1
5254-All (A95254) 62 t 20 68 Obsolete 3
5356-O (A95356) 57 t 20 68 3
98 t 20 68 1
5454-H38 (A95456) 66 t 20 68 3
113 t 20 68 1
5454-O (A95454) 66 t 20 68 3
113 t 20 68 1
5456-O (A95456) 57 t 20 68 3
98 t 20 68 1
5457-All (A95457) 89 t 20 68 3
153 t 20 68 1
5652-All (A95652) 69 t 20 68 Obsolete 3
5657-All (A95657) 104 t 20 68 3
180 t 20 68 1
6005-T1 (A96005) 90 t 20 68 3
155 t 20 68 1
6005-T5 (A96005) 93 t 20 68 3
161 t 20 68 1
6009-All (A96009) 83.5 t,d 144 t 20 68 54
6010-All (A96010) 128 t 20 68 54
6053-O (A96053) 86 t 20 68 3
148 t 20 68 1
6053-T4 (A96053) 81 t 20 68 3
132 t 20 68 1
6053-T6 (A96053) 77 t 20 68 3
139 t 20 68 1
6061-O (A96061) 90 t 20 68 3
155 t 20 68 1
Temperature
6 oC oF

6061-T4 (A96061) 77 t 20 68 3
132 t 20 68 1
6061-T6 (A96061) 82 t 20 68 3
142 t 20 68 1
6063-O (A96063) 111 t 20 68 3
191 t 20 68 1
6063-T1 (A96063) 96 t 20 68 3
165 t 20 68 1
6063-T5 (A96063) 105 t 20 68 3
181 t 20 68 1
6063-T6 (A96063) 102 t 20 68 3
175 t 20 68 1
6063-T83 (A96063) 102 t 20 68 3
175 t 20 68 1
6066-O (A96066) 77 t 20 68 3
132 t 20 68 1
6066-T6 (A96066) 71 t 20 68 3
122 t 20 68 1
6070-T6 (A96070) 84 t 20 68 3
145 t 20 68 1
6101-T6 (A96101) 109 t 20 68 3
188 t 20 68 1
6101-T61 (A96101) 113 t 20 68 3
194 t 20 68 1
6101-T63 (A96101) 111 t 20 68 3
191 t 20 68 1
6101-T64 (A96101) 115 t 20 68 3
198 t 20 68 1
6101-T65 (A96101) 111 t 20 68 3
191 t 20 68 1
6105-T1 (A96105) 88 t 20 68 3
151 t 20 68 1
6105-T5 (A96105) 96 t 20 68 3
165 t 20 68 1
6111-T4 (A96111) 76 t,d 131 t 20 68 54
6111-T6 (A96111) 85.3 t,d 147 t 20 68 54
6151-O (A96151) 103 t 20 68 3
178 t 20 68 1
6151-T4 (A96151) 80 t 20 68 3
138 t 20 68 1
6151-T6 (A96151) 86 t 20 68 3
148 t 20 68 1
6201-T81 (A96201) 104 t 20 68 3
180 t 20 68 1
6262-T9 (A96262) 84 t 20 68 3
145 t 20 68 1
6351-T6 (A96351) 88 t 20 68 3
Temperature
6 oC oF

6351-T6 (A96351) 151 t 20 68 1
6463-T1 (A96463) 96 t 20 68 3
165 t 20 68 1
6463-T5 (A96463) 105 t 20 68 3
181 t 20 68 1
6463-T6 (A96463) 102 t 20 68 3
175 t 20 68 1
6951-O (A96951) 108 t 20 68 3
186 t 20 68 1
6951-T6 (A96951) 100 t 20 68 3
172 t 20 68 1
7021-T61 (A97021) 78.3 t,d 135 t 20 68 54
7029-T5 (A97029) 77.1 t,d 133 t 20 68 54
7029-T6 (A97029) 77.1 t,d 133 t 20 68 54
7049-T73 (A97049) 77 t 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 3
132 t 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 1
7050-T74 (A97050) 78 t 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 3
135 t 20 68 T74 previously T73 and T736 1
7072-O (A97072) 112 t 20 68 3
193 t 20 68 1
7075-T6 (A97075) 61 t 20 68 3
105 t 20 68 1
7116-T5 (A97116) 85.8 t,d 148 t 20 68 54
7129-T5 (A97129) 77.1 t,d 133 t 20 68 54
7129-T6 (A97129) 77.1 133 t 20 68 54
7175-T74 (A97175) 72 t 20 68 3
7178-T6 (A97178) 57 t 20 68 3
98 t 20 68 1
7475-T61 (A97475) 69 t 119 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T651 (A97475) 69 t 119 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T7351 (A97475) 81 t 140 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T76 (A97475) 77 t 133 t,d 20 68 3
7475-T761 (A97475) 77 t 133 t,d 20 68 3
Alcoa 7021-T61 135 u 20 68 Auto bumper 66
Alcoa 7029-T5 133 u 20 68 Auto bumper 66
8017-H12 (A98017) 113 t 20 68 3
8017-H212 (A98017) 117 t 20 68 3
200 t 20 68 1
8017-H22 (A98017) 113 t 20 68 3
8030-H221 (A98030) 117 t 20 68 3
201 t 20 68 1
8176-H24 (A98176) 117 t 20 68 3
201 t 20 68 1
Table 2.3b Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Copper Material Families
Temperature
2 oC oF
Alloy-temper (UNS number) Sm /g % IACS Notes Reference

ASTM B422 C63800 (C63800) 0.652 min,d 10.00 min,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
ASTM B9 Bronze Trolly Wire Alloy 2.610 min,d 40.00 min,d 20 68 78
40
55
80
ASTM B1 Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 6.339 min,d 97.16 min,d 20 68 8.255 mm (0.325 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 75
in.). Test ASTM B 193
6.274 min,d 96.16 min,d 20 68 1.024 mm (0.0403 in.) <= d < 08.255 mm 75
(0.325 in.). Test ASTM B 193
ASTM B115 Grade 2 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Electrolytic cathode. Test to ASTM B 193 31
ASTM B152 C10100-Hxx (C10100) 6.405 min,d 98.17 min,d 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar. Test to ASTM B 33
193
ASTM B152 C10100-O60 (C10100) 6.589 min,d 101.00 min,d 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar. Test to ASTM B 33
193
193
193
193
193
193
ASTM B152 C12000-Oxx (C12000) 5.872 min,d 90.00 min,d 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar. Test to ASTM B 33
193
ASTM B170 Grade 1 (C10100) 6.589 min,d 101.00 min,d 20 68 Oxygen free electrolytic wire bars, billets, and 34
cakes. Test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B170 Grade 2 (C10200) 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Oxygen free electrolytic wire bars, billets, and 34
cakes. Test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B187 C10100-H04 (C10100) 6.483 min,d 99.37 min,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod 50.8 mm (2 in.) < d 36
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
thick, all shapes, test to ASTM B 193
6.416 min,d 98.35 min,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod <= 50.8 mm (2 in.), 36
in.) wide, test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B187 C10100-O60 (C10100) 6.589 min,d 101.00 min,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Test to ASTM B 193 36
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
ASTM B187 C10300-H04 (C10300) 6.274 min,d 96.16 min,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Test to ASTM B 193 36
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
Temperature
2 oC oF

ASTM B187 C10400-H04 (C10400) 6.354 min,d 97.40 min,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod <= 50.8 mm (2 in.), 36
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) Sm 2 /g % IACS oC oF Notes Reference

<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
<= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
ASTM B187 C14420-H04 (C14420) 6.132 min,d 93.99 min,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Test to ASTM B 193 36
ASTM B188 C10100-O60 (C10100) 6.589 min,d 101.00 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes, test to 37
ASTM B 193
6.483 min,d 99.37 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim > 152 mm (6 in.), 37
test to ASTM B 193
6.443 min,d 98.75 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim <= 152 mm (6 37
in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.), test to ASTM B 193
in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.), test to ASTM B 193
6.364 min,d 97.55 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD <= 102 mm (4 37
in.), test to ASTM B 193
6.303 min,d 96.61 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD > 102 mm (4 37
ASTM B188 C10200-H80 (C10200) 6.420 min,d 98.40 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim > 152 mm (6 in.), 37
test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B 193
ASTM B188 C10300-H80 (C10300) 6.274 min,d 96.16 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes, test to 37
ASTM B 193
ASTM B 193
test to ASTM B 193
Temperature
2 oC oF

ASTM B188 C10400-H80 (C10400) 6.380 min,d 97.80 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim <= 152 mm (6 37
ASTM B 193
test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B 193
test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B 193
test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B 193
test to ASTM B 193
Temperature
2 oC oF

ASTM B188 C11300-H80 (C10930) 6.303 min,d 96.61 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD <= 102 mm (4 37
ASTM B 193
test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B 193
test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B 193
ASTM B188 C12000-H80 (C11300) 5.741 min,d 88.00 min,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes, test to 37
ASTM B 193
ASTM B 193
ASTM B2 Medium-HardDrawn 6.372 min,d 97.66 min,d 20 68 8.255 mm (0.325 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 76
Copper Wire in.). Test ASTM B 193
(0.325 in.). Test ASTM B 193
ASTM B272-H04 6.339 min,d 97.16 min,d 20 68 Flat wire, strip. Test to ASTM B 193 38
ASTM B272-O61 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Flat wire, strip. Test to ASTM B 193 38
ASTM B3 Soft or Annealed Copper 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 77
Wire
ASTM B301 C14500 (C14500) 5.545 min,d 85.00 min,d 20 68 Free-cutting rod and bar 39
ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 6.372 min,d 97.66 min,d 20 68 7.366 mm (0.290 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 79
Copper Wire in.)
6.339 min,d 97.16 min,d 20 68 2.616 mm (0.103 in.) <= d < 7.366 mm (0.290 79
in.)
6.274 min,d 96.16 min,d 20 68 0.511 mm (0.0201 in.) <= d < 2.616 mm (0.103 79
in.)
(0.0201 in.)
(0.0111 in.)
Temperature
2 oC oF

ASTM B372 C10200 (C10200) 6.354 min,d 97.40 min,d 20 68 Seamless waveguide tube. Test to ASTM B 193 40
ASTM B379 C10300 (C10300) 6.405 min,d 98.17 min,d 20 68 Phosphorized shapes. Test to ASTM B 193 41
ASTM B379 C10800 (C10800) 5.854 min,d 89.73 min,d 20 68 Phosphorized shapes. Test to ASTM B 193 41
ASTM B447 C10100-H58 (C10100) 6.405 min,d 98.17 min,d 20 68 Welded tube 46
ASTM B447 C10100-O61 (C10100) 6.589 min,d 101.00 min,d 20 68 Welded tube 46
ASTM B451 6.274 min,d 96.16 min,d 20 68 All weights except 1/2 oz/ft**2. Test to ASTM 47
B 193
6.113 min,d 93.69 min,d 20 68 1/2 oz/ft**2. Test to ASTM B 193 47
ASTM B47 Copper Trolly Wire 6.339 min,d 97.16 min,d 20 68 80
ASTM B49 C10100 (C10100) 6.589 min,d 101.00 min,d 20 68 Redraw rod, OFE. Test to ASTM B 193 25
ASTM B49 C10200 (C10200) 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Redraw rod, OF. Test to ASTM B 193 25
ASTM B49 C11000 (C11000) 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Redraw rod, ETP. Test to ASTM B 193 25
ASTM B49 C11040 (C11040) 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Redraw rod, ETP. Test to ASTM B 193 25
ASTM B5 ETP (C11000) 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use. Test 23
to ASTM B 193
6.372 min,d 97.66 min,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for nonelectical use. 23
Test to ASTM B 193
6.372 min,d 97.66 min,d 20 68 Ingots, ingot bars. Test to ASTM B 193 23
ASTM B5 FRHC (C11020) 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use. Test 23
to ASTM B 193
6.372 min,d 97.66 min,d 20 68 Ingots, ingot bars. Test to ASTM B 193 23
6.372 min,d 97.66 min,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for nonelectical use. 23
Test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B623 FRHC (C11020) 6.524 min,d 100.00 min,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use. Test 50
to ASTM B 193
6.372 min,d 97.66 min,d 20 68 Ingot, ingot bars. Test to ASTM B 193 50
6.372 min,d 97.66 min,d 20 68 For nonelectrical use. Test to ASTM B 193 50
ASTM B75 C10100-H55 (C10100) 6.405 min,d 98.17 min,d 20 68 Seamless tube. Test to ASTM B 193 30
ASTM B75 C10100-O50 (C10100) 6.589 min,d 101.00 min,d 20 68 Seamless tube. Test to ASTM B 193 30
Temperature
2 oC oF

ASTM F68 (C10100) 6.589 min,d 101.00 min,d 20 68 For electron devices. Test to ASTM B 193 53
ASTM B422 C70250-TM00 (C70250) 2.372 min,d 36.36 min,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
ASTM B422 C70250-TR02 (C70250) 2.372 min,d 36.36 min,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
ASTM B422 C72400 (C72400) 0.652 min,d 10.00 min,d 20 68 Sheet and strip, obsolete 44
ASTM B747 C15100-H01 (C15100) 5.872 min,d 90.00 min,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 52
ASTM B747 C15100-OS015 6.197 min,d 94.99 min,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 52
(C15100)
ASTM B465 C19200-H01 (C19200) 3.914 min,d 60.00 min,d 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
ASTM B465 C19200-O50 (C19200) 4.241 min,d 65.00 min,d 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) Sm 2 /g % IACS oC oF Notes Reference

ASTM B465 C19400-O50 (C19400) 4.241 to 4.893 65.00 to 75.00 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
min,d min,d
min,d min,d
min,d min,d
min,d min,d
ASTM B411 C64700-TF00 (C64700) 1.696 to 2.871 26.00 to 44.45 20 68 Rod and bar 42
min,d min,d
ASTM B412 C64700 (C64700) 1.696 to 2.871 26.00 to 44.45 20 68 Wire. Test to ASTM B 193 43
min,d min,d
Table 2.4 Weight Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of High Conductivity Material Families
Temperature
2 2 oC oF
Alloy-temper (UNS number) Ω g/m Ω lb/mile Notes Reference

ASTM B422 C63800 (C63800) 1.5328 fio 8752.29 fio,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
ASTM B9 Bronze Trolly Wire Alloy 0.38320 max 2188 max,as 20 68 78
40 spec
55 spec
80 spec
ASTM B1 Hard-Drawn Copper Wire 0.15775 max 900.77 max,as 20 68 8.255 mm (0.325 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 75
spec in.). Test ASTM B 193
0.15940 max 910.15 max,as 20 68 1.024 mm (0.0403 in.) <= d < 08.255 mm 75
spec (0.325 in.). Test ASTM B 193
ASTM B115 Grade 2 0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Electrolytic cathode. Test to ASTM B 193 31
max,as spec
ASTM B152 C10100-Hxx (C10100) 0.15614 891.56 max,d 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar. Test to ASTM B 33
max,as spec 193
ASTM B152 C10100-O60 (C10100) 0.15176 866.55 max,d 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar. Test to ASTM B 33
max,as spec 193
max,as spec 193
max,as spec 193
max,as spec 193
max,as spec 193
max,as spec 193
ASTM B152 C12000-Oxx (C12000) 0.17031 972.47 max,d 20 68 Sheet, strip, plate, rolled bar. Test to ASTM B 33
max,as spec 193
ASTM B170 Grade 1 (C10100) 0.15176 866.55 max,d 20 68 Oxygen free electrolytic wire bars, billets, and 34
max,as spec cakes. Test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B170 Grade 2 (C10200) 0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Oxygen free electrolytic wire bars, billets, and 34
max,as spec cakes. Test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B187 C10100-H04 (C10100) 0.15425 880.77 max,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod 50.8 mm (2 in.) < d 36
max,as spec <= 76.2 mm (3 in.), bar > 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
0.15585 889.90 max,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod <= 50.8 mm (2 in.), 36
max,as spec bar <= 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) thick and 102 mm (4
ASTM B187 C10100-O60 (C10100) 0.15176 866.55 max,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Test to ASTM B 193 36
max,as spec
ASTM B187 C10200-H04 (C10200) 0.15737 898.58 max,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod <= 50.8 mm (2 in.), 36
0.15577 889.45 max,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Rod 50.8 mm (2 in.) < d 36
max,as spec
ASTM B187 C10300-H04 (C10300) 0.15940 910.17 max,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Test to ASTM B 193 36
max,as spec
max,as spec
Temperature
2 2 oC oF

max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
Temperature
2 2 oC oF

max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
ASTM B187 C14420-H04 (C14420) 0.16307 931.13 max,d 20 68 Bar, bus bar, rod, shps. Test to ASTM B 193 36
max,as spec
max,as spec
ASTM B188 C10100-O60 (C10100) 0.15865 905.89 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD > 102 mm (4 37
max,as spec in.), test to ASTM B 193
0.15713 897.21 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD <= 102 mm (4 37
0.15521 886.25 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim <= 152 mm (6 37
max,as spec in.), t > 4.8 mm (3/16 in.), test to ASTM B 193
0.15176 866.55 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes, test to 37
max,as spec ASTM B 193
0.15425 880.77 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim > 152 mm (6 in.), 37
max,as spec test to ASTM B 193
max,as spec in.), t <= 4.8 mm (3/16 in.), test to ASTM B 193
ASTM B188 C10200-H80 (C10200) 0.15737 898.58 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim <= 152 mm (6 37
Temperature
2 2 oC oF

ASTM B188 C10200-H80 (C10200) 0.15737 898.58 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD > 102 mm (4 37
ASTM B188 C10200-O60 (C10200) 0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes, test to 37
ASTM B188 C10300-H80 (C10300) 0.15940 910.17 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes, test to 37
ASTM B188 C10400-H80 (C10400) 0.15577 889.45 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Rect dim > 152 mm (6 in.), 37
0.15737 898.58 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. Round OD > 102 mm (4 37
Temperature
2 2 oC oF

ASTM B188 C12000-H80 (C11300) 0.17418 994.57 max,d 20 68 Seamless pipe tube. All types and sizes, test to 37
ASTM B2 Medium-HardDrawn 0.15694 max 896.15 max,as 20 68 8.255 mm (0.325 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 76
Copper Wire spec in.). Test ASTM B 193
spec (0.325 in.). Test ASTM B 193
ASTM B272-H04 0.15775 900.75 max,d 20 68 Flat wire, strip. Test to ASTM B 193 38
max,as spec
ASTM B272-O61 0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Flat wire, strip. Test to ASTM B 193 38
max,as spec
ASTM B3 Soft or Annealed Copper 0.15328 max 875.20 max,as 20 68 77
Wire spec
ASTM B301 C14500 (C14500) 0.18033 1029.68 max,d 20 68 Free-cutting rod and bar 39
max,as spec
Temperature
2 2 oC oF

max,as spec
max,as spec
ASTM B33 Tinned Soft or Annealed 0.15694 max 896.15 max,as 20 68 7.366 mm (0.290 in.) <= d < 11.684 mm (0.460 79
Copper Wire spec in.)
0.15940 max 910.15 max,as 20 68 0.511 mm (0.0201 in.) <= d < 2.616 mm (0.103 79
spec in.)
spec (0.0201 in.)
0.15775 max 900.77 max,as 20 68 2.616 mm (0.103 in.) <= d < 7.366 mm (0.290 79
spec in.)
ASTM B372 C10200 (C10200) 0.15737 max,if 898.58 max,d 20 68 Seamless waveguide tube. Test to ASTM B 193 40
spec
spec
spec
ASTM B379 C10300 (C10300) 0.15614 891.56 max,d 20 68 Phosphorized shapes. Test to ASTM B 193 41
max,as spec
ASTM B379 C10800 (C10800) 0.17081 975.33 max,d 20 68 Phosphorized shapes. Test to ASTM B 193 41
max,as spec
ASTM B447 C10100-H58 (C10100) 0.15614 891.56 max,d 20 68 Welded tube 46
max,as spec
ASTM B447 C10100-O61 (C10100) 0.15176 866.55 max,d 20 68 Welded tube 46
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
ASTM B451 0.16359 934.10 max,d 20 68 1/2 oz/ft**2. Test to ASTM B 193 47
max,as spec
0.15940 910.17 max,d 20 68 All weights except 1/2 oz/ft**2. Test to ASTM 47
max,as spec B 193
ASTM B49 C10100 (C10100) 0.15176 866.55 max,d 20 68 Redraw rod, OFE. Test to ASTM B 193 25
max,as spec
ASTM B49 C10200 (C10200) 0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Redraw rod, OF. Test to ASTM B 193 25
max,as spec
ASTM B49 C11000 (C11000) 0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Redraw rod, ETP. Test to ASTM B 193 25
max,as spec
ASTM B49 C11040 (C11040) 0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Redraw rod, ETP. Test to ASTM B 193 25
max,as spec
Temperature
2 2 oC oF

ASTM B5 ETP (C11000) 0.15694 896.13 max,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for nonelectical use. 23
max,as spec Test to ASTM B 193
0.15694 896.13 max,d 20 68 Ingots, ingot bars. Test to ASTM B 193 23
max,as spec
0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use. Test 23
max,as spec to ASTM B 193
ASTM B5 FRHC (C11020) 0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use. Test 23
0.15694 896.13 max,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for nonelectical use. 23
max,as spec Test to ASTM B 193
0.15694 896.13 max,d 20 68 Ingots, ingot bars. Test to ASTM B 193 23
max,as spec
ASTM B623 FRHC (C11020) 0.15694 896.13 max,d 20 68 Ingot, ingot bars. Test to ASTM B 193 50
max,as spec
0.15694 896.13 max,d 20 68 For nonelectrical use. Test to ASTM B 193 50
max,as spec
0.15328 875.23 max,d 20 68 Wire bar, cake, slab, billet for electical use. Test 50
ASTM B75 C10100-H55 (C10100) 0.15614 891.56 max,d 20 68 Seamless tube. Test to ASTM B 193 30
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
ASTM B75 C10100-O50 (C10100) 0.15176 866.55 max,d 20 68 Seamless tube. Test to ASTM B 193 30
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
Temperature
2 2 oC oF

max,as spec
max,as spec
ASTM F68 (C10100) 0.15176 866.55 max,d 20 68 For electron devices. Test to ASTM B 193 53
max,as spec
ASTM B422 C70250-TM00 (C70250) 0.4215 fio 2406.77 max,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
ASTM B422 C70250-TR02 (C70250) 0.4215 fio 2406.77 max,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 44
ASTM B422 C72400 (C72400) 1.5328 fio 8752.29 max,d 20 68 Sheet and strip, obsolete 44
ASTM B747 C15100-H01 (C15100) 0.17031 972.47 max,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 52
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
max,as spec
ASTM B747 C15100-OS015 0.16136 921.37 max,d 20 68 Sheet and strip 52
(C15100) max,as spec
max,as spec
ASTM B465 C19200-H01 (C19200) 0.25547 max 1458.73 max,d 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
ASTM B465 C19200-O50 (C19200) 0.23581 max 1346.48 max,d 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
as spec
as spec
as spec
Temperature
2 2 oC oF

as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
ASTM B465 C19400-O50 (C19400) 0.23581 to 1346.48 to 20 68 Cu-Fe plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar 48
0.20437 as spec 1166.95 max,d
0.20437 as spec 1166.95 max,d
0.20437 as spec 1166.95 max,d
0.20437 as spec 1166.95 max,d
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
as spec
ASTM B411 C64700-TF00 (C64700) 0.34836 to 1969.00 to 20 68 Rod and bar 42
0.58954 range 3366.27 max,d
ASTM B412 C64700 (C64700) 0.34836 to 1969.00 to 20 68 Wire. Test to ASTM B 193 43
0.58954 range 3366.27 max,d
Table 2.5 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of High Conductivity Material Families
Temperature

5-9s purity commercial Al-O 2.20E-03 e 1.32 e,d -196 -321 5
5-9s purity commercial Al-O 5.7E-05 e 3.43E-02 e,d -269.0 -452.2 5
6-9s purity commercial Al-O 2.20E-03 e 1.32 e,d -196 -321 5
6-9s purity commercial Al-O 2.3E-05 e 1.38E-02 e,d -269.0 -452.2 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.0250 e 15.04 e,d 0 32 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.0362 e 21.78 e,d 100 212 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.0478 e 28.75 e,d 200 392 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.0600 e 36.09 e,d 300 572 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.0729 e 43.85 e,d 400 752 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.0863 e 51.91 e,d 500 932 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.1010 e 60.75 e,d 600 1112 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.1090 e 65.57 e,d 650 1202 Wire 5
99.99% Al 0.292 e 175.65 e,d 1000 1832 Liquid 5
99.99% Al 0.3065 e 184.37 e,d 1100 2012 Liquid 5
99.99% Al 0.3215 e 193.39 e,d 1200 2192 Liquid 5
99.99% Al 0.1095 e 65.87 e,d 660 1220 5
99.99% Al 0.242 e 145.57 e,d 660 1220 Liquid 5
99.99% Al 0.2475 e 148.88 e,d 700 1292 Liquid 5
99.99% Al 0.2625 e 157.90 e,d 800 1472 Liquid 5
99.99% Al 0.2775 e 166.92 e,d 900 1652 Liquid 5
99.998% Al 6.14E-03 e 3.69 e,d -161.6 -258.9 Single crystal 5
99.998% Al 8.70E-04 e 0.523 e,d -215 -355 Single crystal 5
99.998% Al 7.33E-06 e 4.41E-03 e,d -252.8 -423.0 Single crystal 5
Al 1.006E-02 u 6.05 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Al 7.5E-06 u 4.51E-03 u,d -253 -423.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Al 1.9E-06 u 1.14E-03 u,d -263 -441 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Al 1E-06 u 6.02E-04 u,d -272 -457.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature

7049-T73 (A97049) 0.043 u 26 u,d RT RT T74 previously T73 and T736 66
Olin 172-Precipitation hardened 0.057 to 0.10 34 to 61 RT RT Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
(C17200)
Olin 175-Precipitation hardened 0.028 to 0.038 17 to 23 RT RT Fuse clips, springs, switches, connectors 66
(C17500)
Olin 17510-Precipitation hardened 0.028 to 0.038 17 to 23 RT RT Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical connectors 66
(C17510)
C22000 (C22000) 0.272 163.6 1100 2012 Liquid state 15
C22000 (C22000) 0.330 198.5 538 1000 Liquid 15
C22000 (C22000) 0.338 203.3 649 1200 Liquid 15
C23000 (C23000) 0.299 179.9 593 1100 Liquid 15
C23000 (C23000) 0.304 182.9 649 1200 Liquid 15
Cu 6.99E-03 u 4.20 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cu 2.8E-05 u 1.68E-02 u,d -253 -423.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cu 2.0E-05 u 1.20E-02 u,d -272 -457.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cu 1.543E-02 u 9.28 u,d 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
DHP (C12200) 0.2245 u 135.04 u,d 1100 2012 Phosphorous deoxidized copper 22
DHP (C12200) 0.251 ext 151.0 ext,d 1400 2552 Phosphorous deoxidized copper 22
OFHC 0.218 u 131.1 u,d 1100 2012 Oxygen free high conductivity copper. Molten 22
metal
metal
metal
Temperature

metal
metal
metal
OFHC 0.241 ext 145.0 ext,d 1400 2552 Oxygen free high conductivity copper. Molten 22
metal
CDA 710 0.294 177 u 200 392 Bar, rod, tube, pipe, plated, sheet, strip, and wire 66
Dickalloy-Precipitation hardened 0.089 53.5 RT RT Strip for electronic switches 66
Olin C663 0.068 41 RT RT Connectors, dispersion/solution strengthened 66
Nickel, Nickel, Iron Nickel Chromium
A286 (S66286) 0.906 d 545 31 87 Superalloy, precipitation-hardenable 61
Au 1.061E-02 u 6.38 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Au 2.051E-02 u 12.34 u,d 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ir 0.0116 u 6.98 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ir 0.0325 u 19.55 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature

Os 0.0195 u 11.73 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Os 0.0549 u 33.02 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pd 4.800E-02 u 28.87 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pd 0.0262 u 15.76 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pd 9.780E-02 u 58.83 u,d 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pt 4.760E-02 u 28.63 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pt 0.02795 u 16.81 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature

Pt 2.0E-05 u 1.20E-02 u,d -272 -457.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pt 9.600E-02 u 57.75 u,d 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Noble, Rhodium
Rh 0.0091 u 5.47 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rh 0.0295 u 17.75 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Noble, Ruthenium
Ru 0.0280 u 16.84 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ru 0.0050 u 3.01 u,d -260 -436 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ru 0.4120 u 247.83 u,d 1127 2060.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Noble, Ruthenium
Ag 7.26E-03 u 4.37 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ag 4.2E-05 u 2.53E-02 u,d -253 -423.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ag 1.0E-05 u 6.02E-03 u,d -272 -457.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ag 1.467E-02 u 8.82 u,d 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Table 2.6 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of High Conductivity Material Families

Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) oC -1 oF -1 oC oF Notes Reference
204.0-T4 (A02040) 0.00238 t,d 0.00132 t,d 20 68 Sand cast 8
1050-O (A91050) 0.00356 t,d 0.00198 t,d 20 68 8
1050-O (A91050) 0.00356 t,d 0.00198 t,d 20 68 8
1060-H18 (A91060) 0.00353 t,d 0.00196 t,d 20 68 8
1060-O (A91060) 0.00360 t,d 0.00200 t,d 20 68 8
1100-H18 (A91100) 0.00331 t,d 0.00184 t,d 20 68 8
1100-O (A91100) 0.00342 t,d 0.00190 t,d 20 68 8
1145-H18 (A91145) 0.00348 t,d 0.00193 t,d 20 68 8
1145-O (A91145) 0.00353 t,d 0.00196 t,d 20 68 8
1199-O (A91199) 0.00375 t,d 0.00208 t,d 20 68 8
1350-H1x (A91350) 0.00355 t,d 0.00197 t,d 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 8
1350-O (A91350) 0.00358 t,d 0.00199 t,d 20 68 Obsolete, EC Grade 8
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.00436 d 0.00242 d 0 32 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.00315 d 0.00175 d 100 212 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.00249 d 0.00138 d 200 392 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.00207 d 0.00115 d 300 572 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.00178 d 0.00099 d 400 752 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.00152 d 0.00084 d 600 1112 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.00152 d 0.00084 d 650 1202 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 0.00161 d 0.00089 d 500 932 Wire 5
Al 0.0045 u 0.00250 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
2011-T3 (A92011) 0.00227 t,d 0.00126 t,d 20 68 8
2011-T4 (A92011) 0.00227 t,d 0.00126 t,d 20 68 8
2011-T8 (A92011) 0.00263 t,d 0.00146 t,d 20 68 8
2014-T3 (A92014) 0.00196 t,d 0.00109 t,d 20 68 8
2014-T451 (A92014) 0.00196 t,d 0.00109 t,d 20 68 8
2014-T651 (A92014) 0.00233 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
2014-T652 (A92014) 0.00233 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
2024-O (A92024) 0.00294 t,d 0.00163 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T3 (A92024) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T351 (A92024) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T36 (A92024) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T361 (A92024) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T4 (A92024) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2024-T861 (A92024) 0.00222 t,d 0.00123 t,d 20 68 8
2036-O (A92036) 0.00301 t,d 0.00167 t,d 20 68 8
2048-T851 (A92048) 0.00250 t,d 0.00139 t,d 20 68 8
2124-O (A92124) 0.00290 t,d 0.00161 t,d 20 68 8
2218-T61 (A92218) 0.00222 t,d 0.00123 t,d 20 68 8
2219-O (A92219) 0.00256 t,d 0.00142 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T351 (A92219) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T62 (A92219) 0.00161 t,d 0.00089 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T81 (A92219) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T851 (A92219) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2219-T87 (A92219) 0.00175 t,d 0.00097 t,d 20 68 8
2319-O (A92319) 0.00256 t,d 0.00142 t,d 20 68 8

Temperature
2618-T61 (A92618) 0.00213 t,d 0.00118 t,d 20 68 8
Alcoa 2036-O (A92036) 0.00301 u,d 0.00167 u,d RT RT Auto body sheet 66
Alcoa 2036-T4 (A92036) 0.00238 u,d 0.00132 u,d RT RT Auto body sheet 66
3004-O (A93004) 0.00244 t,d 0.00136 t,d 20 68 8
3105-O (A93105) 0.00261 t,d 0.00145 t,d 20 68 8
4032-O (A94032) 0.00232 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
4032-T6 (A94032) 0.00209 t,d 0.00116 t,d 20 68 8
5005-H38 (A95005) 0.00301 t,d 0.00167 t,d 20 68 8
5005-O (A95005) 0.00301 t,d 0.00167 t,d 20 68 8
5050-H38 (A95050) 0.00294 t,d 0.00163 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5050-O (A95050) 0.00294 t,d 0.00163 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5052-H38 (A95052) 0.00203 t,d 0.00113 t,d 20 68 8
5052-O (A95052) 0.00203 t,d 0.00113 t,d 20 68 8
5056-H38 (A95056) 0.00156 t,d 0.00087 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5056-O (A95056) 0.00169 t,d 0.00094 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5083 (A95083) 0.00168 t,d 0.00093 t,d 20 68 8
5086 (A95086) 0.00179 t,d 0.00099 t,d 20 68 8
5182 (A95182) 0.00180 t,d 0.00100 t,d 20 68 8
5252-All (A95252) 0.00204 t,d 0.00113 t,d 20 68 8
5252-All (A95252) 0.00204 t,d 0.00113 t,d 20 68 8
5254 (A95254) 0.00185 t,d 0.00103 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5356-O (A95356) 0.00168 t,d 0.00093 t,d 20 68 8
5454-All (A95454) 0.00196 t,d 0.00109 t,d 20 68 8
5456-All (A95456) 0.00168 t,d 0.00093 t,d 20 68 8
5652 (A95652) 0.00204 t,d 0.00113 t,d 20 68 Obsolete 8
5657 (A95657) 0.00313 t,d 0.00174 t,d 20 68 8
6009-O (A96009) 0.00313 t,d 0.00174 t,d 20 68 8
6009-T4 (A96009) 0.00255 t,d 0.00142 t,d 20 68 8
6009-T6 (A96009) 0.00272 t,d 0.00151 t,d 20 68 8
6010-O (A96010) 0.00308 t,d 0.00171 t,d 20 68 8
6010-T4 (A96010) 0.00226 t,d 0.00126 t,d 20 68 8
6010-T6 (A96010) 0.00255 t,d 0.00142 t,d 20 68 8
6053 (A96053) 0.00267 t,d 0.00148 t,d 20 68 8
6070 (A96070) 0.00256 t,d 0.00142 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T6 (A96101) 0.00331 t,d 0.00184 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T61 (A96101) 0.00342 t,d 0.00190 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T63 (A96101) 0.00337 t,d 0.00187 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T64 (A96101) 0.00348 t,d 0.00193 t,d 20 68 8
6101-T65 (A96101) 0.00337 t,d 0.00187 t,d 20 68 8
6205-T1 (A96205) 0.00270 t,d 0.00150 t,d 20 68 8
6205-T5 (A96205) 0.00286 t,d 0.00159 t,d 20 68 8
6262-T9 (A96262) 0.00256 t,d 0.00142 t,d 20 68 8
6463-T1 (A96463) 0.00294 t,d 0.00163 t,d 20 68 8
6463-T5 (A96463) 0.00286 t,d 0.00159 t,d 20 68 8

Temperature
6463-T6 (A96463) 0.00303 t,d 0.00168 t,d 20 68 8
7005-O (A97005) 0.00249 t,d 0.00138 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T53 (A97005) 0.00220 t,d 0.00122 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T5351 (A97005) 0.00220 t,d 0.00122 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T6 (A97005) 0.00203 t,d 0.00113 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T63 (A97005) 0.00220 t,d 0.00122 t,d 20 68 8
7005-T6351 (A97005) 0.00220 t,d 0.00122 t,d 20 68 8
7049 (A97049) 0.00233 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
7050-O (A97050) 0.00272 t,d 0.00151 t,d 20 68 8
7050-T736 (A97050) 0.00235 t,d 0.00131 t,d 20 68 8
7050-T73651 (A97050) 0.00235 t,d 0.00131 t,d 20 68 8
7050-T76 (A97050) 0.00229 t,d 0.00127 t,d 20 68 8
7050-T7651 (A97050) 0.00229 t,d 0.00127 t,d 20 68 8
7072 (A97072) 0.00348 t,d 0.00193 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T62 (A97075) 0.00192 t,d 0.00107 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T651 (A97075) 0.00192 t,d 0.00107 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T652 (A97075) 0.00192 t,d 0.00107 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T73 (A97075) 0.00232 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T7351 (A97075) 0.00232 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T7352 (A97075) 0.00232 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T76 (A97075) 0.00223 t,d 0.00124 t,d 20 68 8
7075-T7651 (A97075) 0.00223 t,d 0.00124 t,d 20 68 8
7175-O (A97175) 0.00267 t,d 0.00148 t,d 20 68 8
7175-T66 (A97175) 0.00209 t,d 0.00116 t,d 20 68 8
7175-T736 (A97175) 0.00232 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
7175-T7652 (A97175) 0.00232 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
7178-O (A97178) 0.00267 t,d 0.00148 t,d 20 68 8
7178-T6 (A97178) 0.00186 t,d 0.00103 t,d 20 68 8
7178-T651 (A97178) 0.00186 t,d 0.00103 t,d 20 68 8
7178-T76 (A97178) 0.00226 t,d 0.00126 t,d 20 68 8
7178-T7651 (A97178) 0.00226 t,d 0.00126 t,d 20 68 8
7475-O (A97475) 0.00267 t,d 0.00148 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T61 (A97475) 0.00209 t,d 0.00116 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T651 (A97475) 0.00232 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T7351 (A97475) 0.00243 t,d 0.00135 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T761 (A97475) 0.00209 t,d 0.00116 t,d 20 68 8
7475-T7651 (A97475) 0.00232 t,d 0.00129 t,d 20 68 8
C24000-O61 (C24000) 0.00154 d 0.00086 d 20 68 15
C26000-O61 (C26000) 0.00148 d 0.00082 d 20 68 15
Cu 0.0043 u 0.00239 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Au 0.0040 u 0.00222 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212

Temperature
Ir 0.0045 u 0.00250 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Os 0.0041 u 0.00228 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Pd 0.0042 u 0.00233 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Pt 0.0039 u 0.00217 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Noble, Rhodium
Rh 0.0044 u 0.00244 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Noble, Ruthenium
Ru 0.0041 u 0.00228 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Ag 0.0041 u 0.00228 u,t 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Table 2.7 Relative Resistivity at Extreme Temperatures of High Conductivity Material Families
Relative Resistivity Temperature

Alloy-temper (UNS number) (Unitless) oC oF Notes Reference

99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 1 def 0 32 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 1.448 e 100 212 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 1.911 e 200 392 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 2.400 e 300 572 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 2.915 e 400 752 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 3.453 e 500 932 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 4.036 e 600 1112 Wire 5
99.9% Al (0.05% Si) 4.361 e 650 1202 Wire 5
99.998% Al 0.246 e -161.6 -258.9 Single crystal 5
99.998% Al 0.140 e -182.84 -297.11 Single crystal 5
99.998% Al 9.34E-2 e -195.8 -320.4 Single crystal 5
99.998% Al 3.48E-2 e -215 -355 Single crystal 5
Pd 1.0 u 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pd 4.25 u 1127 2060.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pd 3.8 u 927 1700 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pt 1.0 u 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pt 1.5 u 127 260.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pt 3.0 u 527 980.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Chapter 3
Higher Resistivity Materials
SOME OF THE MATERIALS found in this While it is a characteristic of metals that the
chapter are used for applications where electri- resistance increases with temperature, there are
cal power is transformed into heat or light. exceptions to the rule. The precision resistance
Heating elements require good high-tempera- alloys having a ± preceding the temperature co-
ture mechanical properties and oxidation resis- efficient may have an inverse temperature re-
tance at elevated temperatures to satisfy the de- sistance relation. This effect is illustrated by the
sign requirements. Nickel-chromium, nickel- positive and negative slopes of the curves in
chromium iron, iron-chromium aluminum, and Fig. 3.1.
elements such as tungsten and platinum are For resistance temperature detectors (RTD),
used as heating elements. the resistance is directly converted to a temper-
Electronic controls and instrumentation make ature reading. A material with a linear coeffi-
use of these higher-resistance alloys. Precision cient of resistivity over the operating tempera-
resistors and resistance temperature detectors are ture range is desired.
two applications. Thermal stability is an impor- The properties found in the Chapter 3 tables
tant consideration for precision resistors, so the are identical to those of Chapter 2.
thermal coefficient of resistivity should be low. Other higher-resistivity alloys, which are not
Copper-nickel alloys, including constantan, and used as precision resistors or heating elements,
copper-manganese nickels, called manganins, are are included in this chapter. These alloys in-
used for precision resistors. Constantan is also clude all the iron and steel alloys not mentioned
a popular thermocouple material. Nickel-chro- already. Steels and stainless steels are used in
mium and nickel-chromium alloys also are used. power resistors and load cells.
Precision resistors are wire or ribbon wound.
Fig. 3.1 Variation of resistance with temperature for
precision resistor alloys. The slopes of the
lines correspond to the coefficients of resistivity.
Table 3.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Higher Resistivity Material Families
Temperature
6
Alloy-temper (UNS number) 10 S/m % IACS oC oF Notes Reference
Copper, Miscellaneous, Copper-Clad Steel

ASTM B624 16/68/16 16 min,d 28 min,as spec 20 68 Cable shielding, CCS or CAS 51
ASTM B624 16/68/16 17 nom,d 30 nom 20 68 Cable shielding, CCS or CAS 51
ASTM B624 33.3/33.3/33.3 35 min,d 60 min,as spec 20 68 Cable shielding, CCS or CAS 51
ASTM B624 33.3/33.3/33.3 35 nom,d 61 nom 20 68 Cable shielding, CCS or CAS 51

Marinel-Precipitation hardened 2.85 u 4.91 u,d 20 68 High strength bolting material 66
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Aluminum

AM100A-F (M10100) 6.67 u,d 11.5 u 20 68 Casting 84
AM100A-T4 (M10100) 5.74 u,d 9.9 u 20 68 Casting 84
AM100A-T6 (M10100) 7.13 u,d 12.3 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Aluminum Zinc

AZ63A-F (M11630) 8.70 u,d 15 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ63A-T4 (M11630) 7.13 u,d 12.3 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ81A (M11810) 6.96 u,d 12 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91A-F (M11910) 5.86 u,d 10.1 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91B-F (M11912) 5.86 u,d 10.1 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91C-F (M11914) 6.67 u,d 11.5 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91C-T4 (M11914) 5.74 u,d 9.9 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91C-T6 (M11914) 6.50 u,d 11.2 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91D-F (M11916) 5.86 u,d 10.1 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ92A-F (M11920) 7.13 u,d 12.3 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91E-F (M11921) 6.67 u,d 11.5 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91E-T4 (M11921) 5.74 u,d 9.9 u 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91E-T6 (M11921) 6.50 u,d 11.2 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Rare Earth Zinc

EZ33A (M12330) 14.50 u,d 25 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Silver

EQ21 (M16330) 14.62 u,d 25.2 u 20 68 Casting 84
QE22A (M18220) 14.62 u,d 25.2 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Thorium Silver

QH21A 14.62 u,d 25.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Thorium Zinc

HZ32A-T5 (M13320) 15.37 u,d 26.5 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Thorium Zirconium

HK31A-T6 (M13310) 12.76 u,d 22 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Yttrium Rare Earth

WE54 (M18410) 5.8 u 10 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
WE43 (M18430) 6.8 u 12 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Zinc

ZC63 (M16631) 18.5 u,d 32 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Higher Resistivity Materials / 95
Temperature
6
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Zinc Rare Earth

ZE63A (M16630) 17.92 u,d 30.9 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Zinc Thorium

ZH62A (M16620) 15.37 u,d 26.5 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Zinc Zirconium

ZK51A (M16510) 16.24 u,d 28 u 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Magnesium Aluminum Zinc

AZ31B-F,O, H24 (M11311) 10.73 u,d 18.5 u 20 68 Forging, rod, sheet, plate 84
AZ31C-F,O, H24 (M11312) 10.73 u,d 18.5 u 20 68 Forging, rod, sheet, plate, commercial grade 84
AZ61A-F (M11610) 6.73 u,d 11.6 u 20 68 Sheet used for batteries 84
AZ80A (M11800) 6.15 u,d 10.6 u 20 68 Extruded 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Magnesium Manganese

M1A (M13100) 20.01 u,d 34.5 u 20 68 Extruded, forgings 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Magnesium Thorium Manganese

HM31A-F (M13312) 15.08 u,d 26 u 20 68 Extruded 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Magnesium Zinc Zirconium

ZK60A-F (M16600) 16.82 u,d 29 u 20 68 Extruded 84
ZK60A-T5 (M16600) 17.40 u,d 30 u 20 68 Extruded 84
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Low Expansion, Iron Nickel

50% Ni Iron-Annealed 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
78% Ni Iron-Annealed 6.4 u,d 11 u 20 68 65
79% Ni Iron(Mo)-Annealed 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Low Expansion, Iron Nickel Chromium

35Ni20Cr43.5Fe1.5Si 0.99 u,d 1.7 u 20 68 65
35Ni20Cr45Fe 0.99 u,d 1.7 u 20 68 65
77% Ni Iron(Cu, Cr)-Annealed 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Electrical Steel

Ingot Iron-Annealed 10.2 u,d 17.5 u 20 68 Electrical 65
M-14 1.7 to 2.0 u,d 3 to 3.5 u 20 68 65
M-15 1.7 to 2.0 u,d 3 to 3.5 u 20 68 65
M-17 1.7 to 2.0 u,d 3 to 3.5 u 20 68 65
M-19 2.0 to 2.9 u,d 3.5 to 5 u 20 68 65
M-22 2.0 to 2.9 u,d 3.5 to 5 u 20 68 65
M-27 2.0 to 4.4 u,d 3.5 to 7.5 u 20 68 65
M-36 3.2 to 4.4 u,d 5.5 to 7.5 u 20 68 65
M-43 3.5 to 5.2 u,d 6 to 9 u 20 68 65
M-5 1.7 to 2.0 u,d 3 to 3.5 u 20 68 65
M-50 5.5 u,d 9.5 u 20 68 65
M-6 1.7 to 2.0 u,d 3 to 3.5 u 20 68 65
M-7 1.7 to 2.0 u,d 3 to 3.5 u 20 68 65
USS M-19-Fully processed, not 0.52 t 313 t,d RT 29 Gage (0.0140 in.) 69
annealed
annealed
annealed
6112-Titanium-Chapter 3
Temperature
6

annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
annealed
USS Stator B-Fully processed, not 0.23 t 138 t,d RT 24 Gage (0.0250 in.) 69
annealed
USS Stator B-Fully processed, not 0.23 t 138 t,d RT 26 Gage (0.0185 in.) 69
annealed
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Iron-Cobalt Soft Magnetic
2V Permendur-Annealed 2.6 u,d 4.5 u 20 68 High permeability 65
35Co1Cr-Annealed 5.2 u,d 9u 20 68 65
Supermendur-Annealed 2.6 u,d 4.5 u 20 68 Obsolete 65
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Nickel-Iron Soft Magnetic

45 Permalloy 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 Obsolete 65
High Permaloy 49 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 65
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Unclassified Magnetically Soft Iron
16 Alfenol 0.41 u,d 0.7 u 20 68 65
Lowcarbon Iron-Annealed 10.2 u,d 17.5 u 20 68 65
Sinimax 1.2 u,d 2u 20 68 65
Thermenol 0.29 u,d 0.5 u 20 68 65
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Permanent Magnet, Unclassified

Alnico 1 1.9 u,d 3.3 u 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 2 1.9 u,d 3.3 u 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 3 1.9 u,d 3.3 u 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 4 1.9 u,d 3.3 u 20 68 Cast 65
6112-Titanium-Chapter 3
Temperature
6

Alnico 5 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 6 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 Cast 65
Carbon steel (0.65%C) 5.5 u,d 9.5 u 20 68 65
Carbon steel (1%C) 4.6 u,d 8u 20 68 65
Chromium steel (3.5%Cr) 3.5 u,d 6.1 u 20 68 65
Cobalt steel (17%Co) 3.7 u,d 6.3 u 20 68 65
Cobalt steel (36%Co) 3.8 u,d 6.5 u 20 68 65
Comol 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 65
Cunico 4.4 u,d 7.5 u 20 68 65
Cunife 5.5 u,d 9.5 u 20 68 65
Tungsten steel (6%W) 3.5 u,d 6u 20 68 65
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Unclassified

Iron (wrought plate) 9.3 u,d 16 u 20 68 Plate. FM-103 Magnatester 12
Iron(99.99%) 10.3 u,d 17.75 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Nickel, Electrical Resistance Nickel, Nickel Chromium

60Ni16Cr22.5Fe1.5Si 0.87 u,d 1.5 u 20 68 65
68Ni20Cr8.5Fe2Si 0.87 u,d 1.5 u 20 68 65
78.5Ni20Cr1.5Si(80-20) 0.93 u,d 1.6 u 20 68 65
Nickel, Magnetically Soft Nickel, Unclassified Magnetically Soft Nickel

4-79 Moly Permalloy 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 Obsolete 65
Hymu 80 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 Magnetic shielding 65
Monimax 1.5 u,d 2.5 u 20 68 65
Mumetal 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
Supermalloy 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
Nickel, Nickel, Commercially Pure

99.8 Ni 13.3 u,d 23 u 20 68 65

Hastelloy G-30-Solution strengthened 0.862 u,d 1.49 u,d 24 75 Superalloy 96
(N06030)
Nickel, Nickel, Nickel Beryllium
42C-Aged 3 min,t,d 5 min,t 20 68 Cast 17
N03360-Aged (N03360) 3 min,t,d 6 min,t 20 68 Wrought 17
N03360-Mill hardened (N03360) 3 min,t,d 5 min,t 20 68 Wrought 17
N03360-Unaged (N03360) 2 min,t,d 4 min,t 20 68 Wrought 17
Wellman (Nibryl)360A-A (N03360) 2.3 t,d 4t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
Wellman (Nibryl)360H1050-H1050 4.1 t,d 7t 20 68 Rod, bar 13
(N03360)
(N03360)
(N03360)
Nickel, Nickel, Nickel Chromium
60Ni16Cr24Fe 0.87 u,d 1.5 u 20 68 65
71Ni29Fe 5.2 u,d 9u 20 68 65
75Ni20Cr3Al+Cu or Fe 0.75 u,d 1.3 u 20 68 65
76Ni17Cr4Si3Mn 0.75 u,d 1.3 u 20 68 65
80Ni20Cr (N06003) 0.87 u,d 1.5 u 20 68 65
Temperature
6
Refractory, Cobalt, Cobalt Chromium

Haynes Stellite No. 4 1.1 u,d 1.88 u 20 68 Used in dry batteries 66
Refractory, Cobalt, Commercially Pure

Co 15.95 u,d 27.6 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 83
Refractory, Molybdenum, Commercially Pure

CMW Elkon 100M 19 t 33 t 20 68 58
Refractory, Molybdenum, Molybdenum Silver

CMW Elkonite 7065 26 t,d 44 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 7165 20 t,d 35 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Repress 58
CMW Elkonite G17 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
Refractory, Molybdenum, Unclassified

CMW Thermkon 65M 16 t,d 28 t 20 68 Composite 58
Mo 19.7 u,d 34 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Mo 19.1 u,d 33.0 u 18 64 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Refractory, Niobium
Cabot Columbium 7.7 u,d 13.2 u 25 77 Unalloyed 66
Nb 7.7 u,d 13.2 u 18 64 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Refractory, Rhenium
Re 4.7 u,d 8.1 u 18 64 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Refractory, Tantalum
Ta 8.06 u,d 13.9 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Refractory, Tungsten, Commercially Pure

CMW Elkon 100W 18 t 31 t 20 68 58
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Cobalt

71WC12TiC12TaC4.5Co medium 2.5 u,d 4.3 u 20 68 Tungsten carbide 65
grain
72WC8TiC11.5TaC8.5Co medium 3.0 u,d 5.2 u 20 68 Tungsten carbide 65
grain
75WC25Co medium grain 5.7 u,d 9.8 u 20 68 Tungsten carbide 65
84WC16Co course grain 5.3 u,d 9.2 u 20 68 Tungsten carbide 65
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Copper

CMW Elkonite 10W3 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 2050C 34 t,d 58 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 2140C 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Repress 58
Temperature
6

CMW Elkonite TC1O 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite TC20 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Thermkon 62 19 t,d 32 t 20 68 Composite 58
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Nickel

CMW 1000 8.1 t,d 14.0 t 20 68 58
CMW 2000 9.3 t,d 16.0 t 20 68 58
CMW 3000 5.8 t,d 10.0 t 20 68 58
CMW 3950 7.5 t,d 13.0 t 20 68 58
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Silver

CMW Elkonite 20S 28 t,d 49 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 20SB 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 Press-Sinter 58
Refractory, Tungsten, Unclassified

W 17.4 u,d 30 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
W 17.4 u,d 30.0 u 18 64 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Steel, Alloy, Nickel

50% Ni Iron-Annealed 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
ASTM F15 2 min,d 4 min 20 68 Lead frame alloy, Sealing Alloy 20
ASTM F30 1.5 min,d 2.5 min 20 68 Lead frame alloy, Sealing Alloy 20
K94100 (K94100) 29.0 t,d 50 t 20 68 59
K94610 (K94610) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 59
Temperature
6
Steel, Alloy, Silicon

0.5% Si steel-Annealed 3.5 u,d 6u 20 68 Electrical 65
1% Si steel-Annealed 4.4 u,d 7.5 u 20 68 65
1.75% Si steel-Annealed 2.7 u,d 4.6 u 20 68 Electrical 65
2.5 % Si steel-Annealed 2.3 u,d 4u 20 68 65
3% Si steel-Annealed 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
3.0% Si steel-Annealed 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 Electrical 65
4% Si steel-Annealed 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
Grain oriented 3% Si steel-Annealed 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
Grain oriented 3.0% Si steel-Annealed 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 Electrical 65
Grain oriented 50% Ni iron-Annealed 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 Electrical 65
Steel, Carbon Steel, Nonresulfurized

1010-Annealed (G10100) 8.41 u,d 14.5 u 20 68 65
1040 (G10400) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
Steel, Cast Stainless, Heat Resisting

HH (J93503) 1.5 u,d 2.5 u 20 68 65
HK (J94224) 1.2 u,d 2u 20 68 65
HT (N08605) 0.99 u,d 1.7 u 20 68 65
Steel, Wrought Stainless, Austenitic

S30100 (S30100) 2.0 t,d 3.5 t 20 68 59
302 (S30200) 1.4 t,d 2.4 t 20 68 Superalloy 59
302 (S30200) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 Superalloy 65
304 (S30400) 1.5 t,d 2.5 t 20 68 Superalloy 59
S30500 (S30500) 1.4 t,d 2.4 t 20 68 59
309 (S30900) 1.5 u,d 2.5 u 20 68 65
310 (S31000) 1.4 t,d 2.4 t 20 68 Superalloy 59
316 (S31600) 1.4 t,d 2.4 t 20 68 Superalloy 59
316 (S31600) 1.5 u,d 2.5 u 20 68 Superalloy 65
317 (S31700) 1.5 u,d 2.5 u 20 68 65
321 (S32100) 1.3 t,d 2.2 t 20 68 Superalloy 59
347 (S34700) 1.5 u,d 2.5 u 20 68 Superalloy 65
Steel, Wrought Stainless, Ferritic

405 (S40500) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
430-Annealed (S43000) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
S43000 (S43000) 1.3 t,d 2.3 t 20 68 59
446-Annealed (S44600) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
Steel, Wrought Stainless, Martensitic

403 (S40300) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
410-Annealed (S41000) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 Superalloy 65
416-Annealed (S41600) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
443-Annealed (S44300) 1.7 u,d 3u 20 68 65
Steel, Wrought Stainless, Precipitation Hardening

14-4PH-A (J92240) 1.0 u,d 1.73 u 20 68 Bar 64
14-4PH-A (J92240) 1.0 u,d 1.76 u 20 68 Sheet 64
14-4PH-H1075 (J92240) 1.3 u,d 2.16 u 20 68 Bar 64
14-4PH-H1075 (J92240) 3.5 u,d 6u 20 68 Bar 65
14-4PH-H900 (J92240) 1.3 u,d 2.16 u 20 68 Bar 64
Temperature
6

14-4PH-H900 (J92240) 1.3 u,d 2.24 u 20 68 Sheet 64
Steel, Wrought Stainless, Unclassified

55Fe37.5Cr7.5Al 0.70 u,d 1.2 u 20 68 65
72Fe23Cr5Al 0.75 u,d 1.3 u 20 68 65
72Fe23Cr5Al0.5Co 0.75 u,d 1.3 u 20 68 65
501 (S50100) 2.6 u,d 4.5 u 20 68 65
Unclassified
AL 4750 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 65
Armco 48 2.1 u,d 3.6 u 20 68 65
Zinc, Cast
Z33520 (Z33520) 16 t,d 27 t 20 68 Casting alloy 55
Z33531 (Z33531) 15 t,d 26 t 20 68 Casting alloy 55
Table 3.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of Higher Resistivity Material Families
Temperature
Actinide, Plutonium
Pu 1.46 u 878.23 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pu 1.50 u 902.30 u,d 25 77 Alpha phase 18
Actinide, Uranium
U 0.27 u 162.41 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
U 0.32 u 192.49 u,d 20 68 Alpha phase 18
Al (99.996%) 0.02655 t 16.0 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Carbon, Graphite
Graphite 9.100 t 5474 t,d 20 68 Heating element. Heating alloy 91
Cast Iron, Ductile
High-nickel ductile (20 Ni) 1.02 u 614 u,d RT 65
High-nickel ductile (23 Ni) 1.0 est 602 e,d RT 65
High-nickel ductile iron 1.0 est 600 e,d RT 65
Medium-silicon ductile 0.58 to 0.87 u 350 to 420 u,d RT 65
Cast Iron, Gray
High-aluminum 2.4 u 1440 u,d RT 65
High-nickel gray iron 1.0 est 602 e,d RT 65
High-nickel gray iron 1.4 to1.7 u 840 to 1020 u RT 65
Nickel-chromium-silicon iron 1.5 to 1.7 u 900 to 1020 RT 65
u,d
Cast Iron, Miscellaneous
High-silicon iron 0.50 u 301 u,d RT 65
Cast Iron, White
Low-C white iron 0.53 u 319 u,d RT 65
Martensitic nickel-chromium iron 0.80 u 481 u,d RT 65
Ceramic Permanent Magnet
Bonded Ferrite A 10E10 approx 6E12 approx,d RT Permanent magnet 88
Sintered Ferrite 1 10E10 approx 6E12 approx,d RT Permanent magnet 88
Sintered Ferrite 4 10E10 nom 6E12 nom,t RT Permanent magnet 88
Sintered Ferrite 5 10E10 nom 6E12 nom,t RT Permanent magnet 88
83Cu13Mn4Ni(manganin) 0.480 t 289 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
85Cu10Mn4Ni(shunt manganin) 0.380 t 229 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
87Cu13Mn(manganin) 0.480 t 289 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
53Cu44Ni3Mn(constantan) 0.525 t 316 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
55Cu45Ni(constantan) 0.500 t 301 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
57Cu43Ni(constantan) 0.500 t 301 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
78Cu22Ni 0.300 t 180 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
89Cu11Ni 0.150 t 90.2 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Temperature

Cu(99.99) 0.01673 t 10.1 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Marinel-Precipitation hardened 0.35 u 211 u,d 20 68 High strength bolting material 66
Lanthanide, Dysprosium
Dy 0.97 u 583.48 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Dy 1.00 u 601.53 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Dy 0.91 u 547.39 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Erbium
Er 0.86 u 517.32 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Er 0.80 u 481.22 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Europium
Eu 0.8100 u 487.24 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Eu 0.86 u 517.32 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Eu 1.1600 u 697.78 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Gadolinium
Gd 1.3200 u 794.02 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Gd 1.3400 u 806.05 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Holmium
Ho 0.94 u 565.44 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ho 0.87 u 523.33 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ho 0.90 u 541.38 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Lutetium
Lu 0.67 u 403.03 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lu 0.65 u 390.99 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Neodymium
Nd 0.6400 u 384.98 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Nd 0.68 u 409.04 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Nd 0.6450 u 387.99 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Praseodymium
Pr 0.6800 u 409.04 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pr 0.69 u 415.06 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pr 0.6600 u 397.01 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Samarium
Sm 0.9200 u 553.41 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sm 0.90 u 541.38 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sm 0.8600 u 517.32 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Terbium
Tb 1.0700 u 643.64 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Tb 1.17 u 703.79 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Lanthanide, Thulium
Tm 0.90 u 541.38 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Tm 1.07 u 643.64 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Tm 0.78 u 469.19 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Ytterbium
Yb 0.29 u 174.44 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Yb 0.28 u 168.43 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Aluminum
AM100A-F (M10100) 0.150 u 90.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AM100A-T4 (M10100) 0.175 u 105.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AM100A-T6 (M10100) 0.140 u 84.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Aluminum Zinc
AZ63A-F (M11630) 0.115 u 69.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ63A-T4 (M11630) 0.140 u 84.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ81A (M11810) 0.0143 u 8.6 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91B-F (M11912) 0.170 u 102.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91C-F (M11914) 0.150 u 90.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91C-T4 (M11914) 0.175 u 105.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91C-T6 (M11914) 0.1515 u 91.1 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91D-F (M11916) 0.170 u 102.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91E-F (M11921) 0.150 u 90.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91E-T4 (M11921) 0.175 u 105.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
AZ91E-T6 (M11921) 0.1515 u 91.1 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Rare Earth Zinc
EZ33A (M12330) 0.070 u 42.1 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Silver
EQ21 (M16330) 0.0685 u 41.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
QE22A (M18220) 0.0685 u 41.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Thorium Silver
QH21A 0.0685 u 41.2 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Thorium Zinc
HZ32A-T5 (M13320) 0.065 u 39.1 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Thorium Zirconium
HK31A-H24 (M13310) 0.061 u 36.7 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
HK31A-O (M13310) 0.060 u 36.1 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
HK31A-T6 (M13310) 0.077 u 46.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Yttrium Rare Earth
WE54 (M18410) 0.173 u 104.1 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
WE43 (M18430) 0.148 u 89.0 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Zinc
ZC63 (M16631) 0.054 u 32.5 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Temperature
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Zinc Rare Earth

ZE41A-T5 (M16410) 0.060 u 36.1 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
ZE63A (M16630) 0.056 u 33.7 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Zinc Thorium
ZH62A (M16620) 0.065 u 39.1 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
ZK51A (M16510) 0.062 u 37.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Cast, Magnesium Zirconium
K1A (M18010) 0.057 u 34.3 u,d 20 68 Casting 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Magnesium Aluminum Zinc
AZ10A-All (M11100) 0.064 u 38.5 u,d 20 68 Rods, bars, shapes 84
AZ31B-F,O, H24 (M11311) 0.092 u 55.3 u,d 20 68 Forging, rod, sheet, plate 84
AZ31C-F,O, H24 (M11312) 0.092 u 55.3 u,d 20 68 Forging, rod, sheet, plate, commercial grade 84
AZ61A-F (M11610) 0.125 u 75.2 u,d 20 68 Sheet used for batteries 84
AZ80A (M11800) 0.145 u 87.2 u,d 20 68 Extruded 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Magnesium Manganese
M1A (M13100) 0.050 u 30.1 u,d 20 68 Extruded, forgings 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Magnesium Thorium
HK31A-H24 (M13310) 0.061 u 36.7 u,d 20 68 Sheet, plate 84
HK31A-O (M13310) 0.060 u 36.1 u,d 20 68 Sheet, plate 84
HM21A-H24 (M13210) 0.052 u 31.3 u,d 20 68 Sheet, plate, forging 84
HM21A-O (M13210) 0.050 u 30.1 u,d 20 68 Sheet, plate, forging 84
HM31A-F (M13312) 0.066 u 39.7 u,d 20 68 Extruded 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Magnesium Zinc
ZC71 (M16710) 0.054 u 32.5 u,d 20 68 84
Magnesium, Wrought, Unclassified
Mg 0.0451 u 27.13 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mg 0.0420 u 25.26 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
50% Ni Iron-Annealed 0.48 u 289 u,d 20 68 65
79% Ni Iron(Mo)-Annealed 0.58 u 349 u,d 20 68 65
35Ni20Cr42.5Fe1.5Si1Nb 1.00 t 602 t,d 20 68 Resistance heating alloy. Heating alloy 91
35Ni20Cr43.5Fe1.5Si 1.000 t 602 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
35Ni20Cr43.5Fe1.5Si 1.014 u 609.95 u,d 20 68 65
35Ni20Cr45Fe 1.014 u 609.95 u,d 20 68 65
77% Ni Iron(Cu, Cr)-Annealed 0.60 u 361 u,d 20 68 65
Ingot Iron-Annealed 0.10 u 60 u,d 20 68 Electrical 65
M-14 0.58 to 0.69 u 350 to 415 u 20 68 65
M-15 0.45 to 0.69 u 270 to 415 u 20 68 65
M-17 0.45 to 0.58 u 270 to 350 u 20 68 65
M-19 0.41 to 0.56 u 250 to 340 u 20 68 65
Temperature

M-22 0.41 to 0.52 u 250 to 310 u,d 20 68 65
M-27 0.32 to 0.47 u 190 to 280 u,d 20 68 65
M-36 0.24 to 0.33 u 140 to 200 u,d 20 68 65
M-43 0.20 to 0.28 u 120 to 170 u,d 20 68 65
M-5 0.45 to 0.52 u 270 to 310 u,d 20 68 65
M-50 0.18 u 108 u,d 20 68 65
M-6 0.45 to 0.52 u 270 to 310 u 20 68 65
M-7 0.45 to 0.52 u 270 to 310 u 20 68 65
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Iron-Cobalt Electrical Steel
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 27 0.19 t 114 t RT Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50 0.40 t 241 t RT Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50A 0.40 t 241 t RT Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50HS 0.42 t 253 t RT Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50HS-Cold 0.420 253 RT Test ring with 503 MPa (73 ksi) yield 66
rolled and annealed
rolled and annealed
rolled and annealed
2V Permendur-Annealed 0.40 u 241 u,d 20 68 High permeability 65
35Co1Cr-Annealed 0.20 u 120 u,d 20 68 65
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 0.40 t 240 t,d RT All forms and sizes 74
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 0.19 t 114 t,d RT All forms and sizes 74
Permendur V 0.40 u 241 u,d RT 66
Supermendur-Annealed 0.40 u 241 u,d 20 68 Obsolete 65
45 Permalloy 0.45 u 271 u,d 20 68 Obsolete 65
High Permaloy 49 0.48 u 289 u,d 20 68 65
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 0.55 t 330 t,d RT All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
(K94490) mm (0.500 in.)
ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 0.49 t 294 t,d RT All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
(K94840) mm (0.500 in.)
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Silicon Core Iron
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A" 0.25 t 150 t RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A-FM" 0.25 t 150 t RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B" 0.40 t 240 t RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B-FM" 0.40 t 240 t RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "C" 0.58 t 350 t RT All shapes 57
16 Alfenol 1.53 u 920 u,d 20 68 65
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 0.13 t 78 t,d RT Bar 85
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 0.13 t 78 t,d RT Strip > 1 mm (0.040 in.) 85
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 0.13 t 78 t,d RT Bar 85
Carpenter Consumet Electrical Iron 0.13 t 78 t RT Bar, strip, billet 57
Carpenter Electrical Iron 0.13 t 78 t,d RT All shapes 57
Lowcarbon Iron-Annealed 0.10 u 60 u,d 20 68 65
Sinimax 0.90 u 541 u,d 20 68 65
Temperature
Thermenol 1.62 u 974 u,d 20 68 65
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Permanent Magnet, Ductile Permanent Magnet
Carpenter "73" Alloy 0.29 t 174 t,d RT All shapes 57
Carpenter "83" Alloy 0.27 t 162 t,d RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Chrominur II 0.75 t 451 t,d RT All shapes 57
Carpenter P6 Alloy 0.33 t 199 t,d RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Vicalloy I-Aged for max 0.63 379 t,d RT All shapes 57
energy product
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Permanent Magnet, Iron Cobalt
GE Alloy P6 0.30 u 180 u,d RT 66
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Permanent Magnet, Neodymium Iron Boron
Bonded neodymium 10E06 nom 6.0E08 nom,t RT Sintered. Permanent magnet 88
Hotformed neodymium 1.60 nom 962 nom,t RT Sintered. Permanent magnet 88
Hotpressed neodymium 1.60 nom 962 nom,t RT Sintered. Permanent magnet 88
Sintered neodymium 1.60 nom 962 nom,t RT Sintered. Permanent magnet 88
Alnico 1 0.75 nom 451 nom,d RT Cast. Permanent magnet 88
Alnico 1 0.75 u 451 u,d 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 2 0.65 u 391 u,d 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 2 0.68 nom 409 nom,d RT Scintered. Permanent magnet 88
Alnico 3 0.60 u 361 u,d 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 4 0.75 u 451 u,d 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 5 0.47 u 283 u,d 20 68 Cast 65
Alnico 5-7 0.47 nom 283 nom,d RT Cast. Permanent magnet 88
Alnico 5DG 0.47 nom 283 nom,d RT Cast. Permanent magnet 88
Alnico 6 0.50 u 301 u,d 20 68 Cast 65
Carbon steel (0.65%C) 0.18 u 108.3 u,d 20 68 65
Carbon steel (1%C) 0.20 u 120 u,d 20 68 65
Chromium steel (3.5%Cr) 0.29 nom 174 nom,d RT Permanent magnet 88
Chromium steel (3.5%Cr) 0.29 u 174 u,d 20 68 65
Cobalt steel (17%Co) 0.28 nom 168 nom,d RT Permanent magnet 88
Cobalt steel (17%Co) 0.28 u 168 u,d 20 68 65
Cobalt steel (36%Co) 0.27 u 162 u,d 20 68 65
Cobalt steel (36%Co) 0.27 nom 162 nom,d RT Permanent magnet 88
Comol 0.45 u 271 u,d 20 68 65
Cunico 0.24 u 144 u,d 20 68 65
Temperature

Cunife 0.18 u 108 u,d 20 68 65
Cunife 0.18 nom 108 nom,d RT Permanent magnet 88
Tungsten steel (6%W) 0.30 nom 180 nom,d RT Permanent magnet 88
Tungsten steel (6%W) 0.30 u 180 u,d 20 68 65
Fe 0.0980 u 58.95 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Fe 0.102 u 61.36 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Fe(99.94) 0.970 t 583 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Fe, vacuum-melted high purity- 0.10 t 60 t,d RT Bar, strip >1mm (0.040 in.). ASTM A 596 test 85
Annealed
Iron(99.99%) 0.0971 u 58.41 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Miscellaneous, Antimony
Sb 0.4010 u 241.21 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Miscellaneous, Barium
Ba 0.3430 u 206.32 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Miscellaneous, Calcium
Ca 0.0370 u 22.26 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Miscellaneous, Manganese
Mn 1.4400 u 866.20 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mn 1.442 u 867.41 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity. Very pure, >= 18
99.99%
Mn 1.440 u 866.20 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity. Very pure, >= 18
99.99%
Miscellaneous, Potassium
K 0.0747 u 44.93 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
K 0.0680 u 40.90 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Miscellaneous, Scandium
Sc 0.6600 u 397.01 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sc 0.64 u 384.98 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 99.96% pure 18
Sc 0.52 u 312.80 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Miscellaneous, Sodium
Na 0.0493 u 29.66 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Na 0.0493 u 29.66 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Miscellaneous, Strontium
Sr 0.1350 u 81.21 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Miscellaneous, Technetium
Tc 0.185 u 111.28 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Tc 0.204 u 122.71 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Miscellaneous, Thallium
Tl 0.195 u 117.30 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
37Ni21Cr40Fe2Si 1.080 t 650 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
60Ni16Cr22.5Fe1.5Si 1.125 t 677 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
60Ni16Cr22.5Fe1.5Si 1.1220 u 674.92 u,d 20 68 65
68.5Ni30Cr1.5Si 1.187 t 714 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
68Ni20Cr8.5Fe2Si 1.165 t 701 t,d 20 68 Heating alloy 91
68Ni20Cr8.5Fe2Si 1.1636 u 699.94 u,d 20 68 65
72Ni20Cr3Al5Mn 1.375 t 827 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
77.5Ni20Cr1.5Si1Nb 1.080 t 650 t,d 20 68 Resistance heating alloy. Heating alloy 91
78.5Ni20Cr1.5Si(80-20) 1.0805 u 649.95 u,d 20 68 65
78.5Ni20Cr1.5Si(80-20) 1.080 t 650 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
4-79 Moly Permalloy 0.58 u 349 u,d 20 68 Obsolete 65
45Ni-Fe-Annealed 0.50 t 301 t,d RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
45Ni3MoFe-Annealed 0.65 t 391 t,d RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 0.47 t 283 t,d RT Annealed at 995 C (1750 F) 85
75Ni5Cu2CrFe-Annealed 0.56 t 337 t,d RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
78.5NiFe-Annealed 0.16 t 96 t,d RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
79Ni4MoFe-Annealed 0.59 t 355 t,d RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
Carpenter Wear Resistant HyMu 800A 0.625 t 376 t,d RT All shapes, used for tape recorder heads 57
Hymu 80 0.58 u 349 u,d 20 68 Magnetic shielding 65
Monimax 0.82 u 493 u,d 20 68 65
Mumetal 0.60 u 361 u,d 20 68 65
Supermalloy 0.65 u 391 u,d 20 68 65
ASTM A753 Type 3 N14076 0.60 t 360 t,d RT All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
(N14076) mm (0.500 in.)
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 0.60 t 360 t,d RT All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
(N14080) mm (0.500 in.)
Nickel, Miscellaneous Nickel, Controlled-expansion
NI-SPAN-C alloy 902-Precipitation 1.02 u 614 u,d RT Sheet 82
hardened (N09902)
INCOLOY alloy 903-Precipitation 0.61 u 367 u,d RT Sheet 82
hardened (N19903)
hardened (N19907)
hardened (N19909)
99.8 Ni 0.0798 u 48.00 u,d 20 68 65
Nickel 212-Annealed 0.109 u 66 u,d RT Sheet 82
Nickel 222-Annealed 0.088 u 53 u,d RT Sheet 82
Nickel 200 (N02200) 0.096 d 58 21 70 Rod, bar, sheet, strip, pipe, tube, wire 61
Nickel 201-Annealed (N02201) 0.085 u 51 u,d RT Sheet 82
Temperature

DURANICKEL Alloy 301-Aged 0.424 d 255 21 70 61
(N03301)
DURANICKEL Alloy 301- 0.424 u 255 u,d RT Sheet 82
Precipitation hardened (N03301)
Nickel, Nickel, Iron Chromium Aluminum
INCOLOY Alloy MA956 (S67956) 1.386 d 833.7 22 72 Superalloy 61
20Cb3-Annealed 1.082 u 651 u,d RT Sheet 82
20Mo-4-Annealed 1.056 u 635 u,d RT Sheet 82
20Mo-6-Annealed 1.082 u 651 u,d RT Sheet 82
Alloy 556-Annealed 0.952 u 573 u,d RT Sheet 82
Alloy 800HT-Annealed 0.989 u 595 u,d RT Sheet 82
Hastelloy G-30-Solution strengthened 1.16 d 698 u,d 24 75 Superalloy 96
(N06030)
INCOLOY alloy 800-Annealed 0.952 u 573 u,d RT Sheet 82
(N08800)
(N08825)
(N09925)
42C-Aged 0.345 max,t 207.5 max,t,d 20 68 Cast 17
M220C-Aged 0.21 t 126.3 t,d 20 68 Cast 17
N03360-Aged (N03360) 0.287 max,t 172.6 max,t,d 20 68 Wrought 17
N03360-Mill hardened (N03360) 0.345 max,t 207.5 max,t,d 20 68 Wrought 17
N03360-Unaged (N03360) 0.431 max,t 259.3 max,t,d 20 68 Wrought 17
60Ni16Cr24Fe 1.120 t 674 t,d 20 68 Heating alloy 91
60Ni16Cr24Fe 1.122 u 674.92 u,d 20 68 65
71Ni29Fe 0.208 t 125 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
71Ni29Fe 0.1995 u 120.01 u,d 20 68 65
75Ni20Cr3Al+Cu or Fe 1.333 t 802 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
75Ni20Cr3Al+Cu or Fe 1.3298 u 799.92 u,d 20 68 65
76Ni17Cr4Si3Mn 1.330 t 800 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
76Ni17Cr4Si3Mn 1.3298 u 799.92 u,d 20 68 65
Alloy S-Annealed 1.28 u 770 u,d RT Sheet 82
Alloy X-Annealed 1.18 u 710 u,d RT Sheet 82
INCONEL alloy 686 1.237 744.1 d 22 72 61
INCONEL Alloy MA758 1.139 d 685.1 21 70 Superalloy 61
Alloy 230(a)-Cold rolled and annealed 1.25 u 752 u,d RT Sheet 82
(N02230)
Alloy HX-Annealed (N06002) 1.16 u 698 u,d RT Sheet 82
80Ni20Cr (N06003) 1.112 u 668.90 u,d 20 68 65
Alloy 600-Annealed (N06600) 1.03 u 620 u,d RT Sheet 82
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.193 717.6 d 26 78 61
Temperature

INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.290 d 776 21 70 61
Alloy 718-Precipitation hardened 1.25 u 752 u,d RT Sheet 82
(N07718)
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.144 d 688.3 21 70 61
Alloy X750-Annealed (N07750) 1.22 u 734 u,d RT Sheet 82
INCONEL Alloy MA754 (N07754) 1.075 d 646.6 26 78 61
Alloy C276-Annealed (N10276) 1.3 u 782 u,d RT Sheet 82
Nickel, Nickel, Nickel Cobalt
MP35N 1.033 u 621.4 u,d 21 70 Ultra-high strength 66
Nickel, Nickel, Nickel Copper
Alloy 450-Annealed 0.412 u 248 u,d RT Sheet 82
Alloy R-405-Annealed (N04405) 0.51 u 307 u,d RT Sheet 82
Alloy K-500-Precipitation hardened 0.615 u 370 u,d RT Sheet 82
(N05500)
Nickel, Nickel, Nickel Molybdenum
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 0.58 t 349 t RT All shapes 57
Carpenter HyMu "800" 0.62 to 0.63 t 370 to 380 t RT All shapes 57
Carpenter HyRa "80" 0.58 t 349 t RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Vacumet HyMu "800" Alloy 0.62 t 373 t,d RT All shapes 57
Nickel, Nickel, Unclassified
Ni 7.37 u 4433.28 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ni 0.0690 u 41.51 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ni(99.8) 0.080 t 48.1 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Au(99.999+) 0.02350 t 14.1 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Noble, Platinum, Platinum Cobalt Permanent Magnet
Platinum cobalt 0.28 nom 168 nom,t RT Permanent magnet 88
Pt(99.99+) 0.105 t 63.2 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Ag(99.99) 0.016 t 9.6 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Rare Earth, Cerium
Ce 0.7500 u 451.15 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ce 0.8540 u 513.71 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ce 0.77 u 463.18 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rare Earth, Lanthanum
La 0.6200 u 372.95 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
La 0.5700 u 342.87 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
La 0.617 u 371.14 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature

La 0.565 u 339.86 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 98% pure 18
Rare Earth, Thorium
Th 0.14 u 84.21 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Th 0.142 u 85.42 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rare Earth, Yttrium
Y 0.667 c 401.22 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Y 0.5960 u 358.51 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Y 0.5300 u 318.81 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Refractory, Beryllium
Be 0.0330 u 19.85 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Refractory, Chromium
Cr 0.127 u 76.39 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cr 0.13 u 78.20 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
ALX Alloy-Cast 1.011 u,d 608 u,d RT Composite, tool and die alloy 66
Cobalt Alloy 1-Cast 0.94 u 565 u,d RT Wear resistant 83
Cobalt Alloy 6B-Wrought 0.91 u 547 u,d RT Wear resistant 83
Haynes Stellite No. 4 0.917 u 552 u,d RT Used in dry batteries 66
Conicro 5010W (R30605) 0.89 535 20 68 High temp corrosion res 66
Refractory, Cobalt, Cobalt Nickel
Carpenter MP35N (R30035) 1.033 621 21 70 66
Cobalt Alloy MP35N (R30035) 1.03 u 620 u,d RT Work hardened and aged 83
Refractory, Cobalt, Cobalt Rare Earth
INCOR 18 0.55 t 331 t,d RT Magnet alloy 66
INCOR 21 0.55 t 331 t,d RT Magnet alloy 66
Refractory, Cobalt, Cobalt Rare Earth Permanent Magnet
Cobalt rare earth 1 0.50 nom 301 nom,t RT Permanent magnet 88
Co 0.599 u 360.32 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Co 0.0634 u 38.14 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Co 0.0525 u 31.6 u,d RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 83
Refractory, Cobalt, Soft Magnetic Alloy
Covandur-Annealed 0.26 u 156 u,d RT CoFeV 66
Covandur-Unannealed 0.26 u 156 u,d RT CoFeV 66
Refractory, Cobalt, Superalloy
Colbalt 188 0.922 u,d 555 u,d 21 70 Superalloy 66
Colbalt 188 1.01 u 607.5 u,d RT Superalloy 83
Colbalt 25 0.89 u 535 u,d RT Superalloy 83
Temperature

HS-21 0.8738 t,d 525.6 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
HS-31 (X-40) 0.9703 t,d 583.7 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
UMCo50 0.8255 t,d 496.6 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
Elgiloy (R30003) 0.9975 t,d 600.0 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
Stellite 6 (R30006) 0.9093 t,d 547.0 t,d 22 72 Superalloy 56
L-605 (R30605) 0.8865 t,d 533.2 t,d 24 75 Superalloy 56
Refractory, Halfnium
Hf 0.3400 u 204.52 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Hf 0.322 u 193.69 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
CMW Elkon 100M 0.052 t 31.28 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonite 7065 0.0392 t 23.58 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite G17 0.0383 t 23.04 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
Mo 0.052 u 31.3 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Mo(99.9) 0.052 t 31.3 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Refractory, Niobium
Cabot Columbium 0.125 u 75.2 u,d 25 77 Unalloyed 66
Nb 0.1600 u 96.24 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Refractory, Rhenium
Re 0.210 u 126.32 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Re 0.1988 u 119.58 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Re 0.193 u 116 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Ta 0.1245 u 74.89 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Ta 0.134 u 80.61 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ta(99.96) 0.125 t 75.2 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
CMW Elkon 100W 0.055 t 33.08 t,d 20 68 58
Temperature

CMW Elkonite 10W3 0.0383 t 23.04 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 2050C 0.0297 t 17.87 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 2140C 0.0575 t 34.59 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Repress 58
CMW Elkonite TC1O 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite TC20 0.0575 t 34.59 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Thermkon 62 0.0539 t 32.42 t,d 20 68 Composite 58
CMW 1000 0.1230 t 73.99 t,d 20 68 58
CMW 2000 0.1078 t 64.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW 3000 0.1724 t 103.70 t,d 20 68 58
CMW 3950 0.1330 t 80.00 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonite 20S 0.0352 t 21.17 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 20SB 0.0383 t 23.04 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter 58
CMW Elkonite 2110 0.0187 t 11.25 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Repress 58
W 0.053 u 31.9 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Temperature

W 0.0545 u 32.78 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
W(99.9) 0.055 t 33.1 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Refractory, Vanadium
V 0.201 u 120.91 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 0.248 u 149.18 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Refractory, Zirconium
Zr 0.435 u 261.67 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 0.50 u 300.77 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 99.9% pure 18
Zr 0.3890 u 234.00 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Silicon, Carbide
Silicon carbide 0.995 to 1.995 t 599 to 1176 20 68 Heating element. Heating alloy 91
t,d
Steel, Alloy, Chromium
81Fe15Cr4Al 1.250 t 752 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
83.5Fe13Cr3.25Al 1.12 t 674 t,d 20 68 Heating element. Heating alloy 91
Carpenter Chrome Core 8 & 8FM 0.49 t 295 t RT All shapes 57
Alloys
5132# (G51320) 0.210 u 126.3 u,d 20 68 Nearest AISI 65
5140# (G51400) 0.228 u 137 u,d 20 68 Nearest AISI 65
Steel, Alloy, Chromium Molybdenum
18Ni250 0.6 to 0.7 u 360 to 420 u,d 20 68 65
ASTM F15 0.49 max 295.0 max,d 20 68 Lead frame alloy, Sealing Alloy 20
ASTM F30 0.70 max 421.0 max,d 20 68 Lead frame alloy, Sealing Alloy 20
Carpenter Temperature Compensator 0.80 t 480 t RT All shapes 57
"32" (Type 1)
Carpenter Temperature Compensator 0.80 t 480 t RT All shapes 57
"32" (Type 2, 3, and 4)
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 0.48 t 290 t RT All shapes 57
INCOLOY alloy 800 (N08800) 0.989 d 595 21 70 Superalloy 61
Steel, Alloy, Nickel Chromium Molybdenum
0.5% Si steel-Annealed 0.28 u 168 u,d 20 68 Electrical 65
1% Si steel-Annealed 0.23 u 138 u,d 20 68 65
1% Si steel-Annealed 0.25 t 150 t,d RT 85
Temperature

1% Si steel, free machining-Annealed 0.25 t 150 t,d RT Bar 85
2.5 % Si steel-Annealed 0.41 u 247 u,d 20 68 65
2.5 % Si steel-Annealed 0.40 t 241 t,d RT 85
2.5 % Si steel, free machining- 0.40 t 241 t,d RT Bar 85
Annealed
2.5 % Si steel, free machining- 0.40 t 241 t,d RT Bar 85
Annealed
Grain oriented 3% Si steel-Annealed 0.48 u 289 u,d 20 68 65
Grain oriented 3.0% Si steel-Annealed 0.50 u 301 u,d 20 68 Electrical 65
Grain oriented 50% Ni iron-Annealed 0.45 u 271 u,d 20 68 Electrical 65
Steel, Carbon Steel, High-Manganese
1008# (0.06C) (G10080) 0.130 u 78.2 u,d 20 68 Nearest AISI 65
1008#(0.07C) (G10080) 0.142 u 85.4 u,d 20 68 Nearest AISI 65
1010-Annealed (G10100) 0.12 u 72 u,d 20 68 65
1010-Annealed (G10100) 0.13 t 78 t,d RT 85
1040 (G10400) 0.56 u 337 u,d 20 68 65
Steel, Cast Stainless, Austenitic
CH-20 (J93402) 0.840 u 505.3 u,d 21 70 64
CK-20 (J94202) 0.900 u 541.4 u,d 21 70 64
CN-7M (N08007) 0.896 u 539.0 u,d 21 70 64
Steel, Cast Stainless, Ferritic
CB30 (J91803) 0.760 u 457.2 u,d 21 70 64
CC50 (J92615) 0.770 u 463.2 u,d 21 70 64
Steel, Cast Stainless, Heat Resisting
HH (J93503) 0.80 u 481 u,d 20 68 65
HK (J94224) 0.90 u 541 u,d 20 68 65
HT (N08605) 1.00 u 602 u,d 20 68 65
Steel, Cast Stainless, Martensitic
CA15 (J91150) 0.780 u 469.2 u,d 21 70 64
CA40 (J91153) 0.760 u 457.2 u,d 21 70 64
Steel, Cast Stainless, Unclassified
CF-12M 0.820 u 493.3 u,d 21 70 64
CF-3 (J92500) 0.762 u 458.4 u,d 21 70 64
CF-8 (J92600) 0.762 u 458.4 u,d 21 70 64
CF-20 (J92602) 0.779 u 468.6 u,d 21 70 64
CF-16F (J92701) 0.720 u 433.1 u,d 21 70 64
CF-8C (J92710) 0.710 u 427.1 u,d 21 70 64
Temperature

CF-3M (J92900) 0.820 u 493.3 u,d 21 70 64
CF-8M (J92900) 0.820 u 493.3 u,d 21 70 64
CG-8M (J93000) 0.820 u 493.3 u,d 21 70 64
CE-30 (J93423) 0.850 u 511.3 u,d 21 70 64
330-Annealed (N08330) 1.020 t 613.6 t,d RT 65
201-Annealed (S20100) 0.69 t 415 t,d RT 65
J&L Type 201-Annealed (S20100) 0.69 415 21 70 Ingot, slabs, sheet, strip 66
202-Annealed (S20200) 0.69 t 415 t,d RT 65
301-Annealed (S30100) 0.72 u 432 u,d 20 68 64
301-Annealed (S30100) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT 65
J&L Type 301 (S30100) 0.72 433 21 70 66
302 (S30200) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT Superalloy 65
302 (S30200) 0.72 u 433 u,d 20 68 Superalloy 65
302B-Annealed (S30215) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT 65
303-Annealed (S30300) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT 65
304 (S30400) 0.72 u 433 u,d 20 68 Superalloy 64
304L (S30403) 1.8288 t,d 1100.1 t,d 20 68 Superalloy 56
S30430-Annealed (S30430) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT 65
304N-Annealed (S30451) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT 65
305-Annealed (S30500) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT 65
308-Annealed (S30800) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT 65
309 (S30900) 0.78 u 469 u,d 20 68 65
309-Annealed (S30900) 0.78 t 469 t,d RT 65
314 (S31400) 1.9558 t,d 1176.5 t,d 20 68 Superalloy 56
316 (S31600) 0.74 u 445 u,d 20 68 Superalloy 65
316-Annealed (S31600) 0.74 u 445 u,d 20 68 64
316N-Annealed (S31651) 0.74 t 445 t,d RT 65
317 (S31700) 0.74 u 445 u,d 20 68 65
317-Annealed (S31700) 0.74 t 445 t,d RT 65
317L-Annealed (S31703) 0.79 t 475 t,d RT 65
329-Annealed (S32900) 0.75 t 451 t,d RT 65
347 (S34700) 0.73 u 439 u,d 20 68 Superalloy 65
384-Annealed (S38400) 0.79 t 475 t,d RT 65
Steel, Wrought Stainless, Duplex
J&L Type 2205 (S31803) 0.85 511 21 70 Continuous mill plate, slabs, sheet, strip 66
Carpenter Chrome Core 12 & 12FM 0.57 t 343 t RT All shapes 57
Alloys
Carpenter Chrome Core 18FM 0.755 t 453 t RT All shapes 57
Solenoid Quality Stainless
Temperature

Carpenter Stainless Type 430FR 0.76 t 460 t RT All shapes 57
Solenoid Quality
405 (S40500) 0.60 u 361 u,d 20 68 65
405-Annealed (S40500) 0.60 t 361 t,d RT 65
429-Annealed (S42900) 0.59 t 355 t,d RT 65
430-Annealed (S43000) 0.60 u 361 u,d 20 68 65
430-Annealed (S43000) 0.60 t 361 t,d RT 65
430F-Annealed (S43020) 0.60 t 361 t,d RT 65
Carpenter Stainless Type 430F 0.60 t 361 t RT All shapes 57
Solenoid Quality (S43020)
434-Annealed (S43400) 0.60 t 361 t,d RT 65
436-Annealed (S43600) 0.60 t 361 t,d RT 65
444-Annealed (S44400) 0.62 t 373 t,d RT 65
446-Annealed (S44600) 0.67 t 403 t,d RT 65
446-Annealed (S44600) 0.61 u 367 u,d 20 68 65
403 (S40300) 0.57 u 343 u,d 20 68 65
410 (S41000) 0.57 t 342.9 u,d RT Superalloy 65
410-Annealed (S41000) 0.57 u 343 u,d 20 68 Superalloy 65
414-Annealed (S41400) 0.70 t 421 t,d RT 65
416-Annealed (S41600) 0.57 t 343 t,d RT 65
416-Annealed (S41600) 0.57 u 343 u,d 20 68 65
Greek Ascoloy (S41800) 0.7874 t,d 473.6 t,d 25 77 Superalloy 56
420-Annealed (S42000) 0.55 t 331 t,d RT 65
431-Annealed (S43100) 0.72 t 433 t,d RT 65
440A-Annealed (S44002) 0.60 t 361 t,d RT 65
440C-Annealed (S44004) 0.60 t 361 t,d RT 65
443-Annealed (S44300) 0.68 u 409 u,d 20 68 65
14-4PH-A (J92240) 0.770 u,d 463 u,d 20 68 Bar 64
14-4PH-A (J92240) 0.025 u,d 15 u,d 20 68 Sheet 64
14-4PH-H1075 (J92240) 0.285 u 171.4 u,d 20 68 Bar 65
14-4PH-H1075 (J92240) 0.800 u,d 481 u,d 20 68 Bar 64
14-4PH-H900 (J92240) 1.001 u,d 602 u,d 20 68 Bar 64
14-4PH-H900 (J92240) 0.980 u,d 590 u,d 20 68 Sheet 64
PH13-8Mo-Annealed (S13800) 1.02 t 614 t,d RT 65
15-5PH-Annealed (S15500) 0.77 t 463 t,d RT 65
PH15-7Mo (S15789) 2.1082 t,d 1268.1 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
17-4PH (S17400) 1.9558 t,d 1176.5 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
17-4PH (S17400) 0.80 t 481 t,d RT Superalloy 65
Stainless W (S17600) 2.1590 t,d 1298.7 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
17-7PH (S17700) 0.83 t 499 t,d RT Superalloy 65
17-7PH (S17700) 2.1082 t,d 1268.1 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
17-7PH-A (S17700) 0.800 u,d 481 u,d RT 64
17-7PH-CH 900 (S17700) 0.838 u,d 504 u,d RT 64
17-7PH-RH 950 (S17700) 0.831 u,d 500 u,d RT 64
17-7PH-TH 1050 (S17700) 0.826 u,d 497 u,d RT 64
AM-350 (S35000) 2.0015 t,d 1204.0 t,d 27 80 Superalloy 56
Temperature

AM-355 (S35500) 1.9202 t,d 1155.1 t,d 27 80 Superalloy 56
55Fe37.5Cr7.5Al 1.6623 u 999.9 u 20 68 65
72.5Fe22Cr5.5Al 1.450 t 872 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
72Fe23Cr5Al 1.388 u 834.92 u,d 20 68 65
72Fe23Cr5Al0.5Co 1.3548 u 814.95 u 20 68 65
73.5Fe22Cr4.55Al 1.350 t 812 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
73Fe22Cr5Al 1.390 t 836 t,d 20 68 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
501 (S50100) 0.40 u 241 u,d 20 68 65
Titanium, Titanium, Alpha
IMI 230 0.65 approx 391 approx RT 63
IMI 679 1.6 t 962 t RT 63
IMI 685 1.67 t 1005 t RT 63
Ti5621S 1.7 t 1023 t RT 63
Timetal 1100 1.8 t 1083 t RT 63
Ti5Al2.5Sn (R54520) 1.6 t 962 t RT 63
Ti5Al2.5Sn (R54520) 1.573 u 946.2 u 20 68 63
Ti6242Si (R54620) 1.85 to 1.9 t 1110 to 1140 t RT 63
Ti811 (R54810) 1.97 approx 1185 approx RT 63
Ti621/0.8 (R56210) 1.6 u 962 u RT 63
Ti3Al2.5V (R56320) 1.27 u 764 u RT 63
Titanium, Titanium, Alpha Beta
IMI 550 1.59 t 956 t RT 63
IMI 551 1.7 t 1023 t RT 63
SP-700 1.64 t 987 t RT 63
Timetal 62S 1.62 t 974 t RT 63
Ti5522S (R54560) 1.71 t 1029 t RT 63
Ti8Mn (R56080) 0.92 553 RT 63
Ti6246 (R56260) 1.9 to 2.05 t 1140 to 1230 t RT 63
Ti6Al6V2Sn (R56620) 1.57 t 944.40 t RT 63
Ti7Al4Mo (R56740) 1.7 t 1023 t RT 63
Titanium, Titanium, Beta
Ti15-3 1.48 t 890 t 25 77 63
Ti15-3 1.4 t 842 t RT 63
Ti13-11-3 (R58010) 1.4 t 842 t RT 63
Beta III (R58030) 1.56 t 938 t RT 63
Timetal 21S (R58210) 1.35 t 812 t RT 63
Beta C (R58640) 1.6 t 962 t RT 63
Titanium, Titanium, Commercially Pure
High-Purity Ti 0.42 u 253 u RT 63
Unalloyed Ti Grade 2 (R50400) 0.5 to 0.55 u 55 to 331 u RT 63
Unalloyed Ti Grade 4 (R50700) 0.6 u 361 u RT 63
Ti0.2 Pd (Grade 11) (R52250) 0.55 u 331 u RT 63
Ti0.2 Pd (Grade 7) (R52400) 0.55 u 331 u RT 63
Ti0.3Mo0.8Ni (Grade 12) (R53400) 0.52 u 313 u RT 63
Titanium, Titanium, Titanium Nickel
TiNi Shape Memory Alloy (austenite) 0.82 t 493 t RT 63
Temperature

TiNi Shape Memory Alloy (martensite) 0.76 t 457 t RT 63
Titanium, Titanium, Unclassified
Ti 0.5400 u 324.83 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ti 0.65 u 390.99 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity. Pure 18
Ti 0.54 u 324.83 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 99.74% pure 18
Unclassified
AL 4750 0.48 u 289 u,d 20 68 65
Armco 48 0.48 u 289 u,d 20 68 65
Zinc, Cast
Z33520 (Z33520) 0.063694 t 38.314 t,d 20 68 Casting alloy 55
Z33531 (Z33531) 0.065359 t 39.315 t,d 20 68 Casting alloy 55
Zinc, Miscellaneous
Zn 0.0596 u 35.85 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Table 3.3 Volume Resistivity at High and Low Temperatures of Higher Resistivity Material Families
Temperature
Actinide, Neptunium
Np 1.164 u 700.18 u,d 310 590 Alpha phase 18
Np 1.177 u 708.00 u,d 334 633.2 Alpha phase 18
Np 1.053 u 633.41 u,d 600 1112 Beta phase 18
Np 1.071 u 644.24 u,d 641 1185.8 Beta phase 18
Np 1.089 u 655.07 u,d 705 1301 Beta phase 18
Np 1.099 u 661.08 u,d 771 1419.8 Beta phase 18
Np 1.098 u 660.48 u,d 828 1522.4 Beta phase 18
Np 1.097 u 659.88 u,d 849 1560.2 Gamma phase 18
Actinide, Plutonium
Pu 1.11 u 667.70 u,d 130 163.8 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pu 1.08 u 649.65 u,d 150 302 Beta phase 18
Pu 1.08 u 649.65 u,d 200 392 Beta phase 18
Pu 1.10 u 661.68 u,d 200 392 Beta phase 18
Pu 1.07 u 643.64 u,d 225 437 Gamma phase 18
Pu 1.00 u 601.53 u,d 325 617 Delta phase 18
Pu 1.14 u 685.74 u,d 500 932 Epsilon phase 18
Actinide, Uranium
U 0.040 u 24.06 u,d -150 -238 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
U 0.59 u 354.90 u,d 100 212 Alpha phase 18
U 0.557 u 335.05 u,d 700 1292 Beta phase 18
U 0.54 u 324.83 u,d 800 1472 Gamma phase 18
Temperature
Actinide, Uranium
U 0.557 u 335.05 u,d 900 1652 Gamma phase 18
Lanthanide, Dysprosium
Dy 0.88 u 529.35 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Erbium
Er 0.60 u 360.92 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Europium
Eu 0.84 u 505.29 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Eu 0.81 u 487.24 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Holmium
Ho 0.71 u 427.09 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lu 0.20 u 120.31 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lu 0.46 u 276.70 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Nd 0.26 u 156.40 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Nd 0.50 u 300.77 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pr 0.41 u 246.63 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pr 0.55 u 330.84 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Samarium
Sm 0.64 u 384.98 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sm 0.77 u 463.18 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Terbium
Tb 0.87 u 523.33 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Lanthanide, Thulium
Tm 0.42 u 252.64 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Tm 0.61 u 366.93 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mg 1.840E-02 u 11.07 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature

Mg 0.00908 u 5.46 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mg 0.0275 u 16.54 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 1.60 t 16.0 t 727 1340.6 All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
(K94490) mm (0.500 in.)
ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 1.55 t 15.5 t 727 1340.6 All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
(K94840) mm (0.500 in.)
Fe 0.0315 u 18.95 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Fe 7.58E-4 u 0.46 u,d -233 -387.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature

Ba 0.143 u 86.02 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ba 8.850E-02 u 53.24 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ba 0.202 u 121.51 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ba 0.302 u 181.66 u,d 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ca 1.560E-02 u 9.38 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mn 1.359 u 817.48 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity. Very pure, >= 18
99.99%
Mn 1.36 u 818.08 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
Mn 0.189 u 113.69 u,d -263 -441 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mn 0.1884 u 113.33 u,d -263 -441 Pure metal, R depends on purity. Very pure, >= 18
99.99%
Mn 7.020E-02 u 42.23 u,d -272 -457.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
99.99%
Temperature
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
99.99%
K 2.990E-02 u 17.99 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
K 0.0179 u 10.77 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
K 2.014 u,F 1211.48 u,d 1327 2420.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sc 0.12 u 72.18 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sc 0.11 u 66.17 u,d -250 -418 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 99.96% pure 18
Sc 0.30 u 180.46 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Na 2.030E-02 u 12.21 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Na 0.01158 u 6.97 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Na 1.351 u,F 812.67 u,d 1527 2780.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Na 1.844 u,F 1109.22 u,d 1727 3140.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sr 6.840E-02 u 41.14 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sr 0.17 u 102.26 u,d -20 -4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Tc approaching 0 u approaching 0 -273 -459.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
u,d
Temperature
ASTM A753 Type 3 N14076 0.69 t 6.9 t 727 1340.6 All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
(N14076) mm (0.500 in.)
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 0.78 t 7.8 t 727 1340.6 All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
(N14080) mm (0.500 in.)
(N03301)
(N03301)
(N03301)
(N03301)
(N03301)
(N03301)
(N03301)
(N03301)
(N03301)
(N03301)
INCOLOY Alloy MA956 (S67956) 1.413 d 850 427 800 Superalloy 61
Temperature

(N06030)
(N06030)
(N06030)
(N06030)
(N06030)
(N06030)
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.212 729.1 d 129 265 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.223 735.7 d 192 378 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.241 746.5 d 309 588 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.250 751.9 d 369 697 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.251 752.5 d 400 752 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.259 757.3 d 446 835 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.251 752.5 d 493 920 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.259 757.3 d 578 1073 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.261 758.5 d 635 1175 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.267 762.1 d 704 1299 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.268 762.7 d 777 1430 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.272 765.1 d 831 1527 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.285 773.0 d 929 1704 61
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.290 776.0 d 994 1822 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.245 748.9 d 204 400 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.258 756.7 d 316 600 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.265 760.9 d 427 800 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.273 765.7 d 538 1000 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.296 779.6 d 649 1200 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.290 776.0 d 760 1400 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.269 763.3 d 871 1600 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.237 744.1 d 93 200 61
INCONEL alloy 686 1.265 760.9 d 982 1800 61
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.181 d 710.4 204 400 61
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.209 d 727.1 316 600 61
Temperature

INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.232 d 741.3 427 800 61
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.261 d 758.6 538 1000 61
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.266 d 761.7 649 1200 61
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.290 d 776.1 760 1400 61
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.304 d 784.6 871 1600 61
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) 1.157 d 696.2 93 200 61
INCONEL Alloy MA754 (N07754) 1.157 d 696 982 1800 61
INCONEL Alloy MA758 1.162 d 699 204 400 Superalloy 61
INCONEL Alloy MA758 1.169 d 703 260 500 Superalloy 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.340 d 806 1093 2000 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.340 d 806 204 400 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.350 d 812 316 600 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.360 d 818 427 800 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.380 d 830 538 1000 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.380 d 830 649 1200 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.370 d 824 760 1400 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.360 d 818 871 1600 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.320 d 794 93 200 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.350 d 812 982 1800 61
Temperature

MP35N 0.986 u 593.1 u,d -184 -300 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 1.011 u 608.1 u,d -73 -100 Ultra-high strength 66
Nickel, Nickel, Superalloy
Alloy 713C 4.0132 t,d 2414.1 t,d 871 1600 Superalloy 56
NIMONIC Alloy 75 (N06075) 2.8702 t,d 1726.5 t,d 800 1472 Superalloy 56
NIMONIC Alloy 90 (N07090) 3.1496 t,d 1894.6 t,d 800 1472 Superalloy 56
NIMONIC Alloy 105 3.6068 t,d 2169.6 t,d 800 1472 Superalloy 56
Udimet 500 (N07500) 3.4519 t,d 2076.4 t,d 982 1800 Superalloy 56
Udimet700 3.7109 t,d 2232.2 t,d 982 1800 Superalloy 56
Ni 2.210E-02 u 13.29 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ni 0.98 u 589.50 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ni 3.91 u 2351.98 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rare Earth, Cerium
Ce 0.67 u 403.03 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Rare Earth, Cerium

La 0.25 u 150.38 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
La 9.000E-02 u 54.14 u,d -260 -436 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 98% pure 18
La 0.50 u 300.77 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rare Earth, Thorium
Th 0.19 u 114.29 u,d 0 32 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 99.1%pure 18
Th 0.71 u 427.09 u,d 1200 2192 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 99.9% pure 18
Rare Earth, Yttrium
Y 2.00 c 1203.06 u,d 927 1700 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Be 5.10E-03 u 3.07 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Be 0.0129 u 7.76 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cr 4.500E-02 u 27.07 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cr 0.118 u 70.98 u,d -23 -9.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Conicro 5010W (R30605) 0.93 553 100 212 High temp corrosion res 66
Carpenter MP35N (R30035) 0.986 593 -300 -184 66
Carpenter MP35N (R30035) 1.154 694 1000 1832 66
Carpenter MP35N (R30035) 1.179 709 1200 2192 66
Carpenter MP35N (R30035) 1.051 632 200 392 66
Carpenter MP35N (R30035) 1.104 664 600 1112 66
Co 9.300E-02 u 55.94 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Co 0.321 u 193.09 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Hf 0.1500 u 90.23 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Hf 9.120E-02 u 54.86 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Mo 1.990E-02 u 11.97 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mo 0.0313 u 18.83 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Refractory, Niobium
Refractory, Rhenium
Temperature
Refractory, Rhenium
Ta 6.190E-02 u 37.23 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ta 1.02E-03 u 0.61 u,d -263 -441 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ta 0.0876 u 52.69 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ta 0.0866 u 52.09 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
W 2.090E-02 u 12.57 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
W 0.0318 u 19.13 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
W 0.0319 u 19.19 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 8.200E-02 u 49.33 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
V 1.45E-04 u 0.09 u,d -263 -441 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 0.124 u 74.59 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 0.127 u 76.39 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 1.088 u,F 654.47 u,d 1727 3140.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 1.133 u,F 681.53 u,d 1827 3320.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 0.17800 u 107.07 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 9.790E-02 u 58.89 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 0.10 u 60.15 u,d -200 -328 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 99.9% pure 18
Temperature

Steel, Alloy, Chromium Molybdenum
Steel, Alloy, Nickel Chromium Molybdenum
Temperature

Temperature

301-Annealed (S30100) 0.78 u 469 u,d 100 212 64
301-Annealed (S30100) 0.86 u 516 u,d 200 392 64
301-Annealed (S30100) 1.00 u 602 u,d 400 752 64
301-Annealed (S30100) 1.11 u 668 u,d 600 1112 64
301-Annealed (S30100) 1.21 u 727 u,d 800 1472 64
301-Annealed (S30100) 1.26 u 758 u,d 900 1652 64
304 (S30400) 0.86 u 517 u,d 204 400 Superalloy 64
304 (S30400) 0.95 u 571 u,d 316 600 Superalloy 64
304 (S30400) 1.02 u 614 u,d 427 800 Superalloy 64
304 (S30400) 1.08 u 650 u,d 538 1000 Superalloy 64
304 (S30400) 1.14 u 686 u,d 649 1200 Superalloy 64
304 (S30400) 1.18 u 710 u,d 760 1400 Superalloy 64
304 (S30400) 1.25 u 752 u,d 871 1600 Superalloy 64
304 (S30400) 0.78 u 469 u,d 93 200 Superalloy 64
309S (S30909) 2.9464 t,d 1772.3 t,d 649 1200 Superalloy 56
316-Annealed (S31600) 0.87 u 523 u,d 204 400 64
316-Annealed (S31600) 0.93 u 559 u,d 316 600 64
316-Annealed (S31600) 0.99 u 596 u,d 427 800 64
316-Annealed (S31600) 1.04 u 626 u,d 538 1000 64
316-Annealed (S31600) 1.10 u 662 u,d 649 1200 64
316-Annealed (S31600) 0.79 u 475 u,d 93 200 64
A286 (S66286) 1.1887 t,d 715.1 t,d 649 1200 Superalloy 56
Temperature

5Al2.5Sn 4.6482 t,d 2796.0 t,d 427 800 Superalloy 56
8Al1Mo1V 5.1054 t,d 3071.1 t,d 427 800 Superalloy 56
Ti5Al2.5Sn (R54520) 1.707 u 1026.8 u 200 392 63
Ti5Al2.5Sn (R54520) 1.860 u 1118.8 u 540 1000 63
Ti5Al2.5Sn (R54520) 1.885 u 1133.8 u 760 1400 63
Ti679 4.6990 t,d 2826.6 t,d 427 800 Superalloy 56
4Al4Mn 4.3688 t,d 2628.0 t,d 427 800 Superalloy 56
6Al4V 4.7498 t,d 2857.1 t,d 427 800 Superalloy 56
7Al4Mo 4.6482 t,d 2796.0 t,d 427 800 Superalloy 56
8Mn 3.5560 t,d 2139.0 t,d 427 800 Superalloy 56
Ti155a 4.5720 t,d 2750.2 t,d 427 800 Superalloy 56
Ti6Al4V-Annealed (R56400) 1.675 u 1007.5 u 0 32 63
Ti6Al4V-Annealed (R56400) 1.469 u 883.65 u 292.81 559.1 63
Ti6Al4V ELI-Annealed (R56401) 1.563 u 940.19 u 0 32 63
Ti6Al4V ELI-Annealed (R56401) 1.331 u 800.64 u 292.81 559.1 63
Ti15-3 1.55 t 932 t 250 482 63
Ti15-3 1.60 t 962 t 540 1000 63
Ti 0.20 u 120.31 u,d -173 -279.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity. Pure 18
Ti 0.46 u 276.70 u,d -73 -99.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity. Pure 18
Ti 1.74 u 1046.66 u,d 927 1700 Pure metal, R depends on purity. Pure 18
Zinc, Miscellaneous
Zn 2.710E-02 u 16.30 u,d -123 -189.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zn 2.200E-02 u 13.23 u,d -160 -256 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Temperature
Zinc, Miscellaneous
Table 3.4 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Higher Resistivity Material Families

Temperature
Actinide, Uranium
U 0.0034 u 0.00189 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Al (99.996%) 0.004290 t 0.002383 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91

83Cu13Mn4Ni(manganin) +/-15E-06 t +/-8E-06 t,d 15 to 35 59 to 81 Resistance alloy 91
85Cu10Mn4Ni(shunt manganin) +/-10E-06 t +/-6E-06 t,d 40 to 60 104 to 140 Resistance alloy 91
87Cu13Mn(manganin) +/-15E-06 t +/-8E-06 t,d 15 to 35 59 to 81 Resistance alloy 91

53Cu44Ni3Mn(constantan) +/-70E-06 t +/-39E-06 -55 to 105 -67 to 221 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
t,d
55Cu45Ni(constantan) +/-40E-06 t +/-22E-06 -55 to 105 -67 to 221 Resistance alloy 91
t,d
57Cu43Ni(constantan) +/-20E-06 t +/-11E-06 25 to 105 77 to 221 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
t,d
78Cu22Ni 0.000180 t 0.000100 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Resistance alloy 91

Cu(99.99) 0.004270 t 0.002372 t,d 0 to 50 32 to 122 Resistance alloy 91

ZK51A (M16510) 0.00258 u,d 0.00143 u,d 20 68 Casting 84

HM31A-F (M13312) 0.00273 u,d 0.00152 u,d 20 68 Extruded 84

Mg 0.00425 u 0.00236 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

35Ni20Cr43.5Fe1.5Si 0.000400 t 0.000222 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Resistance alloy 91

Fe 0.0065 u 0.00361 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Fe(99.94) 0.005000 t 0.002778 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Sb 0.0051 u 0.00283 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ca 0.00457 u 0.00254 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Na 0.0055 u 0.00306 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Tl 0.0052 u 0.00289 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Temperature

37Ni21Cr40Fe2Si 0.000300 t 0.000167 t,d 20 to 100 68 to 212 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
60Ni16Cr22.5Fe1.5Si 0.000150 t 83E-06 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Resistance alloy 91
68.5Ni30Cr1.5Si 90E-06 t 50E-06 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
72Ni20Cr3Al5Mn +/-20E-06 t +/-11E-06 -55 to 105 -67 to 221 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
t,d
78.5Ni20Cr1.5Si(80-20) 80E-06 t 44E-06 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Resistance alloy 91

Carpenter Wear Resistant HyMu 800A 0.0011 t 0.0006 t -17.8 to 0 to 930 All shapes, used for tape recorder heads 57
499

71Ni29Fe 0.004300 t 0.002389 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Resistance alloy 91
75Ni20Cr3Al+Cu or Fe +/-20E-06 t +/-11E-06 -55 to 105 -67 to 221 Resistance alloy 91
t,d
76Ni17Cr4Si3Mn +/-20E-06 t +/-11E-06 -55 to 105 -67 to 221 Resistance alloy 91
t,d

Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 0.0011 t 0.0006 t -17.8 to 0 to 930 All shapes 57
499
Carpenter HyMu "800" 0.0011 t 0.0006 t -17.8 to 0 to 930 All shapes 57
499
Carpenter HyRa "80" 0.0011 t 0.0006 t -20 to 500 0 to 930 All shapes 57
Carpenter Vacumet HyMu "800" Alloy 0.0011 t 0.0006 t -18 to 500 0 to 930 All shapes 57

Ni(99.8) 0.006000 t 0.003333 t,d 20 to 35 68 to 81 Resistance alloy 91

Au(99.999+) 0.004000 t 0.002222 t,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Resistance alloy 91

Pt(99.99+) 0.003920 t 0.002178 t,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Resistance alloy 91

Ag(99.99) 0.004100 t 0.002278 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Be 0.0090 u 0.00500 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cr 0.00214 u 0.00119 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Co 0.0066 u 0.00367 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Co 0.101 u,d 0.056 u,d RT RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 83
Hf 0.0044 u 0.00244 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Temperature

Mo 0.0044 u 0.00244 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mo(99.9) 0.003300 t 0.001833 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
Refractory, Niobium
Cabot Columbium 0.00395 u 0.00219 u,t 0 to 600 32 to 1112 Unalloyed 66
Nb 0.0026 u 0.00144 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Refractory, Rhenium
Re 0.0045 u 0.00250 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ta 0.0035 u 0.00194 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ta(99.96) 0.003820 t 0.002122 t,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Resistance alloy 91

W 0.0048 u 0.00267 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
W(99.9) 0.004500 t 0.002500 t,d 20 68 Resistance alloy 91
V 0.0039 u 0.00217 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 0.0044 u 0.00244 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

81Fe15Cr4Al +/-50E-06 t +/-28E-06 25 to 105 77 to 221 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
t,d

Carpenter Temperature Compensator 0.00126 t 0.0007 t 0 to 100 32 to 212 All shapes 57
"32" (Type 1)
Carpenter Temperature Compensator 0.00126 t 0.0007 t 0 to 100 32 to 212 All shapes 57
"32" (Type 2, 3, and 4)
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 0.0036 t 0.002 t -17.8 to 0 to 930 All shapes 57
499

72.5Fe22Cr5.5Al 20E-06 t 11E-06 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
73.5Fe22Cr4.55Al 60E-06 t 33E-06 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91
73Fe22Cr5Al 40E-06 t 22E-06 t,d 25 to 105 77 to 221 Electrical resistance alloy. Resistance alloy 91

Ti 0.0038 u 0.00211 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zinc, Miscellaneous
Zn 0.0042 u 0.00233 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Chapter 4
Solders and Fusible Links
SOLDERS AND FUSIBLE LINK MATE- compound, or eutectic alloy changes from a must be given to other circuit elements in prox-
RIALS share the combination of a relatively liquid to a solid. imity to the process that may be susceptible to
low melting point along with moderately high • Melting range: The range of temperature for the temperature rise.
conductivity. By definition, soldering is the alloys other than pure metals, compounds, or A fusible link could be any circuit element
process of joining metals by heating them to a eutectic alloys at which they change from a designed to melt or vaporize under a specified
suitable temperature below the solidus temper- solid to a liquid, thus between the solidus overcurrent condition with the intent of protect-
ature of the base metals with a filler metal hav- and liquidus temperatures. ing other circuit elements. This process can be
ing a liquidus temperature below 450 °C (840 • Solidus: The highest temperature at which achieved by a reduction in cross-sectional area
°F). When base metals are joined with filler the metal is completely solid. In these tables, of the conductor as well as by materials selec-
metals with liquidus above 450 °C (840 °F) but the solidus, liquidus, and melting points are tion. Fusible metal alloys also can be employed
below the solidus of the base metals, the pro- given as appropriate, along with conductiv- in applications such as fire sprinklers.
cess is defined as brazing (Ref 1). ity and resistivity. When the material is a
Other definitions relevant to these materials pure metal, compound, or eutectic alloy, the
are as follows: solidus temperature is equal to the liquidus
temperature. REFERENCES
• Liquidus: The lowest temperature at which a
metal is completely liquid. Conductors and other circuit elements can be 1. J.R. Davis, ASM Materials Engineering
• Melting point: For metals, the melting point joined by soldering, brazing, and other more Dictionary, ASM International, 1992, p 48,
is the temperature at which a pure metal, general welding processes. Due consideration 431
Solders and Fusible Links / 147
Table 4.1 Volume Conductivity of Solders and Fusible LInks

Temperature Solidus Liquidus Melting point
6 oC oF oC oF oC oF oC oF
Low Melting, Bismuth

Indalloy #117 2.61 u,d 4.50 u 20 68 60
47 u 117 u 60
Indalloy #136 1.41 u,d 2.43 u 20 68 60
58 u 136 u 60
Indalloy #158 2.32 u,d 4.00 u 20 68 60
70 u 158 u 60
Indalloy #255 2.32 u,d 4.00 u 20 68 60
124 u 255 u 60
Indalloy #281 2.61 u,d 4.50 u 20 68 60
138 u 281 u 60
Low Melting, Indium
Indalloy #19 1.91 u,d 3.30 u 20 68 60
60 u 140 u 60
Indalloy #1E 6.79 u,d 11.70 u 20 68 60
118 u 244 u 60
Indalloy #2 7.54 u,d 13.00 u 20 68 60
149 u 300 u 60
154 u 309 u 60
Indalloy #204 5.10 u,d 8.80 u 20 68 60
165 u 329 u 60
175 u 347 u 60
Indalloy #205 4.06 u,d 7.00 u 20 68 60
173 u 343 u 60
181 u 358 u 60
Indalloy #290 13.34 u,d 23.00 u 20 68 60
143 u 290 u 60
Indalloy #3 12.82 u,d 22.10 u 20 68 60
143 u 289 u 60
237 u 459 u 60
Indalloy #4 13.92 u,d 24.00 u 20 68 60
157 u 314 u 60
Indalloy #7 3.48 u,d 6.00 u 20 68 60
184 u 363 u 60
210 u 410 u 60
Low melting, Lead, Lead Indium
50Pb50In 3.0 t,d 5.1 t 20 68 Solder 19
RT Solder 180 t 355 t 19
Indalloy #10 2.67 u,d 4.60 u 20 68 60
240 u 464 u 60
260 u 500 u 60
Indalloy #150 2.61 u,d 4.50 u 20 68 60
260 u 500 u 60
275 u 527 u 60
Indalloy #164 3.19 u,d 5.50 u 20 68 60
300 u 572 u 60
310 u 590 u 60
Indalloy #206 3.02 u,d 5.20 u 20 68 60


Indalloy #206 197 u 387 u 60
231 u 448 u 60
Low Melting, Lead, Tin Lead
10Sn90Pb 4.8 u,d 8.2 u 20 68 Solder 21
Indalloy #151 4.99 u,d 8.60 u 20 68 60
287 u 549 u 60
296 u 565 u 60
Indalloy #159 5.16 u,d 8.90 u 20 68 60
275 u 527 u 60
302 u 576 u 60
Indalloy #171 5.10 u,d 8.80 u 20 68 60
308 u 586 u 60
312 u 594 u 60
Indalloy #228 4.93 u,d 8.50 u 20 68 60
267 u 513 u 60
299 u 570 u 60
Low Melting, Lead, Unclassified
Indalloy #165 3.48 u,d 6.00 u 20 68 60
309 u 588 u 60
Low Melting, Mercury
Hg 20 68 Pure metal, R -38.87 u -37.97 18
depends on u,d
purity
20 68 Pure metal, R -38.87 u -37.97 93
depends on u,d
purity
Low Melting, Tin, Commercially Pure Tin
100Sn0Pb 1.4 t,d 2.4 t 20 68 59
RT 300 t 572 t 59
Low Melting, Tin, Tin Antimony
95Sn5Sb 6.9 u,d 11.9 u 20 68 Solder 21
97Sn3Sb RT 327 t 621 t 59
Indalloy #133 6.90 u,d 11.90 u 20 68 60
235 u 455 u 60
240 u 464 u 60
Indalloy #233 3.48 u,d 6.00 u 20 68 60
245 u 473 u 60
255 u 491 u 60
Low Melting, Tin, Tin Indium
Indalloy #227 5.68 u,d 9.80 u 20 68 60
175 u 347 u 60
187 u 369 u 60
Low Melting, Tin, Tin Lead
50Sn50Pb 6.3 u,d 10.9 u 20 68 Solder 21
RT Solder 183 u 360 u 21
RT 183 t 361 t 59


50Sn50Pb RT 189 t 372 t 59
60Sn40Pb 6.7 u,d 11.5 u 20 68 Solder 21
RT 183 t 361 t 59
RT 186 t 367 t 59
62Sn36Pb2Ag 8.1 t,d 14.0 t 20 68 Solder 19
RT 221 t 430 t 59
63Sn37Pb 6.7 t,d 11.5 t 20 68 Solder 19
RT 183 t 361 t 59
RT 191 t 376 t 59
95Sn5 Pb 1.7 t,d 2.9 t 20 68 59
97.5Pb2.5Ag RT 179 t 355 t 59
Indalloy #106(Sn63) 6.67 u,d 11.50 u 20 68 60
183 u 361 u 60
183 u 361 u 60
Indalloy #9 7.08 u,d 12.20 u 20 68 60
154 u 309 u 60
167 u 333 u 60
Indalloy #Sn62 6.90 u,d 11.90 u 20 68 60
179 u 354 u 60
Low melting, Tin, Tin Silver
95Sn5Ag 7.3 t,d 12.6 t 20 68 Solder 19
RT 185 t 365 t 59
RT 243 t 470 t 59
96.5Sn3.5Ag 8.1 u,d 14 u 20 68 Solder 21
RT 232 t 450 t 59
RT 240 t 464 t 59
Indalloy #121 9.28 u,d 16.00 u 20 68 60
221 u 430 u 60
Low Melting, Tin, Tin Zinc
60Sn40Zn RT 250 t 482 t 59
RT 264 t 508 t 59
Low Melting, Tin, Unclassified
Sn 9.0 u,d 15.6 u 20 68 Solder 21


Sn RT Solder 232 u 450 u 21
Low Melting, Tin, Zinc
Indalloy #201 8.70 u,d 15.00 u 20 68 60
199 u 390 u 60
Noble, Gold, Solder
80Au20Sn 2.8 t,d 4.8 t 20 68 Solder 19
88Au12Ge 3.5 t,d 6.0 t 20 68 Solder 19
Table 4.2 Volume Resistivity of Solders and Fusible LInks

Alloy-temper (UNS number) µ Ω .m Ω circular-mil/ft oC oF Notes oC oF oC oF oC oF Reference

Bi 1.190 u 715.82 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
1.15 u 691.76 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
1.17 u 703.79 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Indalloy #117 47 u 117 u 60
Indalloy #136 58 u 136 u 60
Indalloy #158 70 u 158 u 60
Indalloy #255 124 u 255 u 60
Indalloy #281 138 u 281 u 60
Low Melting, Cadmium
Cd 0.0660 u 39.70 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.0757 u 45.54 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.0730 u 43.91 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Low Melting, Cesium
Cs 0.2104 u 126.56 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.2100 u 126.32 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.2000 u 120.31 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Low Melting, Gallium
Ga 0.1365 u 82.11 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.1370 u 82.41 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Low Melting, Indium
In 0.0880 u 52.93 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.0800 u 48.12 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Indalloy #19 60 u 140 u 60
Indalloy #1E 118 u 244 u 60
Indalloy #2 149 u 300 u 60
154 u 309 u 60
Indalloy #204 165 u 329 u 60
175 u 347 u 60
Indalloy #205 173 u 343 u 60
181 u 358 u 60
Indalloy #290 143 u 290 u 60
Indalloy #3 143 u 289 u 60
237 u 459 u 60
Indalloy #4 157 u 314 u 60
Indalloy #7 184 u 363 u 60
210 u 410 u 60

Alloy-temper (UNS number) µΩ . m Ω circular-mil/ft oC oF Notes oC oF oC oF oC oF Reference

50Pb50In RT Solder 180 t 355 t 19
Indalloy #10 240 u 464 u 60
260 u 500 u 60
Indalloy #150 260 u 500 u 60
275 u 527 u 60
Indalloy #164 300 u 572 u 60
310 u 590 u 60
Indalloy #206 197 u 387 u 60
231 u 448 u 60
Low Melting, Lead, Tin Lead
Indalloy #151 287 u 549 u 60
296 u 565 u 60
Indalloy #159 275 u 527 u 60
302 u 576 u 60
Indalloy #171 308 u 586 u 60
312 u 594 u 60
Indalloy #228 267 u 513 u 60
299 u 570 u 60
Indalloy #165 309 u 588 u 60
Pb 0.211 u 126.92 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.193 u 116.10 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.206 u 123.92 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.213 u 128.13 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Low Melting, Lithium
Li 0.0929 u 55.88 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.0955 u 57.45 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.0955 u 57.45 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Hg 0.958 u 576.3 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 93
depends on purity
0.959 u 576.9 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
20 68 Pure metal, R -38.87 u -37.97 u,d 18
depends on purity
20 68 Pure metal, R -38.87 u -37.97 u,d 93
depends on purity
Low Melting, Rubidium
Rb 0.1210 u 72.79 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.1332 u 80.12 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity


Rb 0.1330 u 80.00 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Low Melting, Tin, Commercially Pure Tin
100Sn0Pb RT 300 t 572 t 59
Low Melting, Tin, Tin Antimony
97Sn3Sb RT 327 t 621 t 59
Indalloy #133 235 u 455 u 60
240 u 464 u 60
Indalloy #233 245 u 473 u 60
255 u 491 u 60
Low Melting, Tin, Tin Indium
Indalloy #227 175 u 347 u 60
187 u 369 u 60
50Sn50Pb RT 183 t 361 t 59
RT 189 t 372 t 59
60Sn40Pb RT 183 t 361 t 59
RT 186 t 367 t 59
62Sn36Pb2Ag RT Solder 177 u 350 u 21
RT 221 t 430 t 59
63Sn37Pb RT 183 t 361 t 59
RT 191 t 376 t 59
97.5Pb2.5Ag RT 179 t 355 t 59
Indalloy #106(Sn63) 183 u 361 u 60
183 u 361 u 60
Indalloy #9 154 u 309 u 60
167 u 333 u 60
Indalloy #Sn62 179 u 354 u 60
95Sn5Ag RT Solder 221 t 430 t 19
RT 185 t 365 t 59
RT 243 t 470 t 59
96.5Sn3.5Ag RT 232 t 450 t 59
RT 240 t 464 t 59


96.5Sn3.5Ag RT Solder 221 u 430 u 21
Indalloy #121 221 u 430 u 60
Low Melting, Tin, Tin Zinc
60Sn40Zn RT 250 t 482 t 59
RT 264 t 508 t 59
Sn 0.126 u 75.79 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.1010 u 60.75 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
0.1260 u 75.79 u,d 20 68 Pure metal, R 18
depends on purity
Low Melting, Tin, Zinc
Indalloy #201 199 u 390 u 60
Noble, Gold, Solder
80Au20Sn RT Solder 280 t 535 t 19
88Au12Ge RT Solder 356 t 675 t 19
Table 4.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Solders and Fusible Links

Temperature

Bi 0.0046 u 0.00256 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Cd 0.0043 u 0.00239 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Low Melting, Cesium
Cs 0.0048 u 0.00267 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Low Melting, Indium
In 0.0052 u 0.00289 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Pb 0.0042 u 0.00233 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Li 0.00435 u 0.00242 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Rb 0.0048 u 0.00267 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Sn 0.0046 u 0.00256 0 to 32 to Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
100 212
Chapter 5
Contact Materials
ELECTRICAL CONTACTS complete and to maintain contact pressures. Chemically listed in the notes with the following abbrevi-
disconnect electrical circuits, or they may allow nonreactive materials are necessary to with- ations:
for completion of an electrical circuit between stand the effects of the electrical arcing and to
moving parts. The first are called make-or- resist oxidation that would form a high-resis- • PSR, press-sinter-re-press
break contacts, and the latter are sliding con- tance coating. • INF, press-sinter-infiltrate
tacts. The materials that make up the contact The groups of materials commonly used for • PS, press-sinter
may be wrought, cast, powdered metals, com- make-or-break contacts and connectors are the • PSE, press-sinter-extrude
posites, plated metals, or films. These materials copper contact alloys, hard contacts (tungsten • IO, internal oxidation
are exposed to a variety of stresses depending and molybdenum), noncorroding contacts (no- • PPSE, preoxidize-press-sinter-extrude
on the nature of the circuit. Not only is the ble metals), and miscellaneous contacts such as • SF, oxidized from one direction
magnitude of the voltage and current a consid- graphite, composites, and mercury.
eration, but the nature of circuit, such as Sliding contacts require low friction and rea-
Copper contact alloys are widely available,
whether it is ac or dc, inductive, capacitive, or sonable wear characteristics. In motors and
economical, good for machining and other
resistive, must be taken into account. Absence generators, the contact is composed of a con-
manufacturing processes, and have good elec-
of any load, very low voltages, and a low-duty ductive slip ring of a material such as brass, and
trical and thermal conductivity. Copper is often the sliding brushes are composed of
cycle are factors as much as large loads and silver or nickel plated when oxidation poses a
high-duty cycles. metal-graphite. Most brushes are copper based,
problem. but silver, tungsten, molydenum, platinum, pal-
Primarily, the same electrical properties that The hard contacts have the desirable charac-
are desirable in an electrical conductor (i.e., ladium, and gold are used (Ref 1).
teristics of high melting and boiling points that Connectors are contacts that are designed to
low electrical resistivity and good thermal con-
resist material loss due to arcing, and the me- make and break the circuit under no-load con-
duction) are desired in contacts. On a micro-
chanical properties to resist wear. ditions. Materials for spring-type connectors
scopic level, the electrical contact is made be-
The noble metals are used because of their require electrical properties and wear proper-
tween a few high points on the surface of the
adjoining parts. The current densities are high, high conductivity and resistance to oxidation. ties as do sliding contacts. Bolted connectors
so the lesser the ohmic heat (I2R) generated is Because of cost, their desirable features can be can be made of the parent conductor and im-
and the greater the heat conduction away from utilized in the form of plating and other deposi- proved for corrosion resistance with plating.
these points is, the better for the life and perfor- tions on less expensive base metals. Silver has Silver is used on copper, and aluminum uses a
mance of the contact. Increased contact pres- the highest conductivity of all metals. Silver al- combination of copper and silver or tin. Wire
sure improves the electrical contact by increas- loys have combinations of properties that make and cable connectors must have selected yield
ing contact area and decreasing surface them desirable as contacts. Silver itself should strength to allow for crimping, but not relax.
coatings and contaminates. not be used for very low voltage contacts (less
Materials selection must be a compromise than 10 volts dc) because the silver oxide resis-
between optimizing the electrical performance tance is then detrimental. Gold is most resistant REFERENCES
and satisfying the other severe stresses present. to oxidation and most other chemicals. It is al-
The high temperatures of an electrical usually loyed to enhance other properties. Platinum and 1. Y.-S. Shen, P. Lattari, J. Gardner, and H.
require high-melting-point materials (mercury palladium combine chemical resistance with Wiegard, Electrical Contact Materials,
being the exception). Good mechanical good high-temperature characteristics. Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys
strength, especially at elevated temperatures, is The properties of the composite contacts are and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM
required to avoid permanent deformations and dependent on the method of manufacture, Handbook, ASM International, 1990
Contact Materials / 157
Table 5.1 Volume Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of Contact Materials

Temperature
6
Alloy-temper (UNS number) 10 S/m %IACS oC oF Notes Reference

Elkaloy D 10 t,d 18 t 20 68 58
Elkaloy D110 7 t,d 12 t 20 68 58
Elkaloy D120 6 t,d 10 t 20 68 58
Elkaloy D130 5 t,d 9t 20 68 58
C95400-TQ50 (C95400) 5.8 u,d 10 u RT Casting 92

CMW 73 12 t,d 20 t 20 68 Cu-Be 58

CMW 3 46 t,d 80 t 20 68 Cu-Cr 58
Copper, Miscellaneous, Copper-Graphite

Copper-graphite 30-70 0.063 u,d 0.11 u RT Brush contact, 2.60 g/cm**3 92
Copper-graphite 30-70 1.2 u,d 2u RT Brush contact, 2.50 g/cm**3 92
Copper-graphite 36-64 1.7 u,d 3u RT Brush contact 92
Copper-graphite 75-25 0.30 u,d 0.51 u RT Brush contact 92
Copper-graphite 92-8 23.8 u,d 41 u RT Brush contact 92

2Be + Ni or Co 9.9 to 12.2 u,d 17 to 21 u 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW 100 28 t,d 48 t 20 68 58
CMW 73 13 t,d 23 t 20 68 Cu-Be 58
Olin 172-Heat treated (C17200) 12.8 min,d 22 min 20 68 Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
Olin 172-Mill hardened (C17200) 9.9 min,d 17 min 20 68 Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
Olin 172-Precipitation hardened 9.9 to 17.4 u,d 17 to 30 u 20 68 Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
(C17200)
Olin 175-Precipitation hardened 26.1 to 34.8 u,d 45 to 60 u 20 68 Fuse clips, springs, switches, connectors 66
(C17500)
Olin 17510-Precipitation hardened 26.1 to 34.8 u,d 45 to 60 u 20 68 Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical connectors 66
(C17510)
Olin 17510-TF00 (C17510) 26.1 min,d 45 min 20 68 Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical connectors 66
Olin 17510-TH04 (C17510) 27.8 min,d 48 min 20 68 Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical connectors 66

Bronze (5% Sn) 8.7 u,d 15 u 20 68 12

Dickalloy-Precipitation hardened 11.6 to 14.5 u,d 20 to 25 u 20 68 Strip for electronic switches 66
ASTM B422 C70250-TR02 (C70250) 23 fio 40 fio 20 68 Sheet and strip 44

Temperature
6

C70250 (C70250) 23 min,d 40 min 20 68 Connector 89
C70250 (C70250) 20.3 t,d 35 t 20 68 Connector 59
C72700-Spinodal mill hardened 5.8 to 9.3 u,d 10 to 16 u 20 68 Electrical contact springs 89
(C72700)
C72900-Spinodal as rolled (C72900) 4.5 t,d 7.8 t 20 68 59
(C72900)
(C72900)
C72900-Spinodal-hardened (C72900) 4.5 u,d 7.8 u 20 68 17


1.25Sn + P 28 u,d 48 u 20 68 Contact material 65
WRM 5058 (C50580) 23.8 u,d 41 u 20 68 Lead frames, contact springs, fuse clips 66

Olin C663 14.5 u,d 25 u 20 68 Connectors, dispersion/solution strengthened 66

0.04 oxide 58.0 u,d 100 u 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW 3 49 t,d 85 t 20 68 Cu-Cr, forging minor dim <= 19 mm (0.75 in.) 58

CMW Pure Gold 42 t,d 73 t 20 68 58

41.7Au32.5Cu18.8Ni7Zn 2.6 u,d 4.5 u 20 68 65
69Au25Ag6Pt 5.8 u,d 10 u RT 92
69Au25Ag6Pt 6.4 u,d 11 u 20 68 65
71.5Au14.5Cu8.5Pt4Ag1Zn 6.4 u,d 11 u RT Electrical contact 92
71Au5Ag9Pt15Cu 4.6 u,d 8u RT Electrical contact 92
72.5Au14Cu8.5Pt4Ag1Zn 6 u,d 10 u 20 68 65
72Au26.2Ag1.8Ni 8.1 u,d 14 u RT Electrical contact 92
75Au25Ag 9.3 u,d 16 u 20 68 65
75Au25Ag 9.9 u,d 17 u RT 92
90Au10Cu 9.3 u,d 16 u 20 68 65
90Au10Cu 9.3 u,d 16 u RT 92
99Au 42.9 u,d 74 u RT Electrical contact 92

Temperature
6

Gold 44 u,d 75 u 20 68 65

35Pd30Ag14Cu10Pt10Au1Zn 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
45Pd30Ag20Au5Pt 2.6 u,d 4.5 u 20 68 65
50Pd50Ag 3.2 u,d 5.5 u 20 68 65
60Pd40Ag 2.3 u,d 4.0 u 20 68 65
60Pd40Cu 0.70 u,d 1.2 u 20 68 65
60Pd40Cu 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
70Pd30Ag 2.5 u,d 4.3 u 20 68 65
72Pd26Ag2Ni 2.3 u,d 4u 20 68 65
90Pd10Ru 3.8 u,d 6.5 u 20 68 65
95.5Pd4.5 4.1 u,d 7u 20 68 65

Pd 9.3 u,d 16 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65


65Pt35Ir 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
70Pt30Ir 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65
75Pt25Ir 3.2 u,d 5.5 u 20 68 65
80Pt20Ir 3.2 u,d 5.6 u 20 68 65
86Pt14Ru 2.0 u,d 3.5 u 20 68 65
89Pt11Ru 2.3 u,d 4u 20 68 65
90Pt10Ir 4.1 u,d 7u 20 68 65
90Pt10Ru 2.3 u,d 4u 20 68 65
95Pt5Ir 5.2 u,d 9u 20 68 65
95Pt5Ru 3.2 u,d 5.5 u 20 68 65
96Pt4W 2.9 u,d 5u 20 68 65


CMW Fine Silver 60 t,d 104 t 20 68 58

Temperature
6

Fine silver 61.5 u,d 106 u 20 68 Contact material 65

60Ag23Pd12Cu5Ni 6.4 u,d 11 u RT 92
75Ag24.5Cu0.5Ni 43.5 u,d 75 u RT Electrical contact 92
77Ag22.6Cd0.4Ni 18.0 u,d 31 u RT 92
86.8Ag5.5Cd0.2Ni7.5Cu 24.9 u,d 43 u RT 92
99.47Ag0.18Mg0.2Ni0.15Cu 43.5 u,d 75 u RT Electrical contact 92
99.55Ag0.25Mg0.2Ni 40.6 u,d 70 u RT Electrical contact 92
99Ag1Pd 45.8 u,d 79 u RT Electrical contact 92
Ag(99.9) 60.3 u,d 104 u RT 92
AgNiCon 2 51 u,d 88 u 20 68 P/M 66
AgNiCon 3 48 u,d 83 u 20 68 P/M 66
AgNiCon 4 45 u,d 78 u 20 68 P/M 66
AgNiCon 6 41 u,d 70 u 20 68 P/M 66
AgNiCon 8 36.8 u,d 63.5 u 20 68 P/M 66
CMW D1058 20 t,d 35 t 20 68 58
CMW D158F 57 t,d 99 t 20 68 58
CMW D57F 52 t,d 90 t 20 68 58
CMW D58 32 t,d 55 t 20 68 58
CMW D581F 59 t,d 102 t 20 68 58
CMW D582F 60 t,d 103 t 20 68 58
CMW D583F 58 t,d 100 t 20 68 58
Silver-graphite 50-50 1.2 u,d 2u RT Brush contact 92
Silver-graphite 75-20 7.0 u,d 12 u RT Brush contact 92

85Ag15Cd 20.3 u,d 35 u 20 68 Contact material 65
85Ag15Cd 20.3 u,d 35 u RT Contact material 92
CMW D154F 44 t,d 75 t 20 68 58
CMW D154X 42 t,d 73 t 20 68 58
CMW D155F 41 t,d 70 t 20 68 58
CMW D155X 39 t,d 68 t 20 68 58
CMW D355F 39 t,d 68 t 20 68 58
CMW D54 44 t,d 75 t 20 68 58
CMW D54F 48 t,d 82 t 20 68 58
CMW D54X 44 t,d 75 t 20 68 58
CMW D55 32 t,d 55 t 20 68 58
CMW D55F 42 t,d 72 t 20 68 58
CMW D55X 41 t,d 70 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 17 18 t,d 31 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 18 25 t,d 43 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 217 20 t,d 35 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Cadmium Oxide Composite

75Ag-25CdO 34.8 u,d 60 u 20 68 PPSE, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
truck controls, contactors, circuit breakers,
governor relays

Temperature
6

governor relays
governor relays
83Ag-17CdO 36.0 u,d 62 u 20 68 IO, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, truck 92
controls, contactors, circuit breakers, governor
relays
85Ag-15CdO 31.9 to 43.5 u,d 55 to 75 u 20 68 PSE, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
automotive relays, truck controls, snap switches,
contactors, motor controllers, circuit breakers,
governor relays
85Ag-15CdO 37.7 u,d 65 u 20 68 IO, pressure and temperature controls 92
85Ag-15CdO 31.9 to 43.5 u,d 55 to 75 u 20 68 PSR, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
85Ag-15CdO 41.8 u,d 72 u 20 68 PPSE, pressure and temperature controls 92
86.5Ag-13.5CdO 43.5 u,d 75 u 20 68 PPSE, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
86.7Ag-13.3CdO 39.4 u,d 68 u 20 68 IO, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
87Ag-13CdO 24.9 u,d 43 u 20 68 Aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
88Ag-12CdO 47.0 u,d 81 u 20 68 PSE, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
90Ag-10CdO 43.5 u,d 75 u 20 68 IO, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
governor relays
governor relays
90Ag-10CdO 48.7 to 50.5 u,d 84 to 87 u 20 68 PSE, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
95Ag-5CdO 46.4 u,d 80 u 20 68 IO, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays

Temperature
6

governor relays
95Ag-5CdO 53.4 u,d 92 u 20 68 PSE, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
governor relays
97.5Ag-2.5CdO 55.1 u,d 95 u 20 68 PSE, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
97.5Ag-2.5CdO 49.3 u,d 85 u 20 68 PSR, aircraft circuit breakers, aircraft relays, 92
governor relays
Noble, Silver, Silver Complex Composite

25Ag-50Fe-25Cu -PSR 12.2 u,d 21 u 20 68 PSR, circuit breakers 92
88Ag-10Ni-2C 40.6 u,d 70 u 20 68 PSR, sliding contacts 92

72Ag26Cu2Ni 35 u,d 60 u 20 68 Contact material 65
72Ag28Cu 48.7 u,d 84 u RT Contact material 92
90Ag10Cu 49.3 u,d 85 u RT Contact material 92
92.5Ag7.5Cu 51.0 u,d 88 u RT Contact material 92
92.5Ag7.5Cu 49 u,d 85 u 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Coin Silver 48 t,d 83 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 22 49 t,d 84 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 23 56 t,d 97 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 73 52 t,d 90 t 20 68 58

90Ag10Au 23.2 u,d 40 u RT Contact material 92
90Ag10Au 23.0 u,d 40 u 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 71 23 t,d 40 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Graphite Composite

90Ag10C 24.9 to 30.7 u,d 43 to 53 u 20 68 PSR, electrical brush 92
93Ag7C 29.0 to 33.1 u,d 50 to 57 u 20 68 PSR, mate with other contact materials in circuit 92
breakers
breakers
95Ag5C 43.5 u,d 75 u 20 68 PSE, mate with other contact materials in circuit 92
breakers
breakers

Temperature
6
Noble, Silver, Silver Graphite Composite

breakers
breakers
98.5Ag1.5C 56.3 u,d 97 u 20 68 PSR, mate with other contact materials in circuit 92
breakers
breakers
99.25Ag0.75C 52.2 to 58.0 u,d 90 to 100 u 20 68 PSR, automotive regulators, low voltage make- 92
break contacts, sliding contacts
99Ag1C 50.5 to 57.4 u,d 87 to 99 u 20 68 PSR, automotive regulators, low voltage make- 92
Noble, Silver, Silver Iron Composite

90Ag10Fe 50.5 to 53.4 u,d 87 to 92 u 20 68 PSR, wall switches, thermostat controls 92
Noble, Silver, Silver Molybdenum Composite

10Ag90Mo 15.7 to 17.4 u,d 27 to 30 u 20 68 INF, semiconducting material 92
15Ag85Mo 16.2 to 18.0 u,d 28 to 31 u 20 68 INF, arcing contacts, heavy duty 92
20Ag80Mo 16.2 to 18.6 u,d 28 to 32 u 20 68 INF, arcing contacts, heavy duty 92
25Ag75Mo 18.0 to 19.7 u,d 31 to 34 u 20 68 INF, air circuit breakers, low-erosion arcing tips 92
30Ag70Mo 20.3 to 26.1 u,d 35 to 45 u 20 68 INF, air circuit breakers, low-erosion arcing tips 92
35Ag65Mo 23.2 to 26.1 u,d 40 to 45 u 20 68 INF, aircraft switches, breaker arcing tips, 92
electric razors, air/oil-circuit breakers
40Ag60Mo 24.4 to 28.4 u,d 42 to 49 u 20 68 INF, aircraft switches, breaker arcing tips, 92
40Ag60Mo 26.1 u,d 45 u 20 68 PSR, aircraft switches, breaker arcing tips, 92
45Ag55Mo 25.5 to 33.6 u,d 44 to 58 u 20 68 INF, air/oil-circuit breakers, arcing tips, traffic 92
signal relays, home circuit breakers
50Ag50Mo 26.1 to 30.2 u,d 45 to 52 u 20 68 INF, air/oil-circuit breakers, arcing tips, traffic 92
50Ag50Mo 29.0 u,d 50 u 20 68 PSR, air/oil-circuit breakers, arcing tips, traffic 92
60Ag40Mo 31.9 to 36.0 u,d 55 to 62 u 20 68 PSR, automatic circuit protectors, starting 92
switches
65Ag35Mo 31.9 to 37.1 u,d 55 to 64 u 20 68 PSR, automatic circuit protectors, starting 92
switches
70Ag30Mo 32.5 to 34.8 u,d 56 to 60 u 20 68 PSR, light/medium duty, automotive circuit 92
breakers
breakers
breakers
90Ag10Mo 37.7 to 39.4 u,d 65 to 68 u 20 68 PSR, air conditioner control 92

CMW D50 39 t,d 67 t 20 68 58
CMW D505F 55 t,d 95 t 20 68 58
CMW D50F 46 t,d 80 t 20 68 58
CMW D510F 50 t,d 87 t 20 68 58

Temperature
6

CMW D56 32 t,d 55 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Nickel Composite

20Ag80Ni 12.2 u,d 21 u 20 68 PSR, transformer protectors, contactors, relays 92
40Ag60Ni 23.2 u,d 40 u 20 68 PSE, transformer protectors, contactors, relays 92
40Ag60Ni 18.6 u,d 32 u 20 68 PSR, circuit breakers 92
55Ag45Ni 23.8 u,d 41 u 20 68 PSR, circuit breakers, disconnect switches 92
60Ag40Ni 34.8 u,d 60 u 20 68 PSE, circuit breakers, disconnect switches 92
60Ag40Ni 25.5 to 27.3 u,d 44 to 47 u 20 68 PSR, circuit breakers, disconnect switches 92
85Ag15Ni 38.3 to 46.4 u,d 66 to 80 u 20 68 PSR, circuit breakers 92
90Ag10Ni 43.5 to 52.2 u,d 75 to 90 u 20 68 PSR, low rating line starters 92
95Ag5Ni 46.4 to 55.1 u,d 80 to 95 u 20 68 PSR, appliance switches 92
99.7Ag0.3Ni 58.0 u,d 100 u 20 68 92

60Ag40Pd 4.6 u,d 8u 20 68 Contact material 65
90Ag10Pd 15.7 u,d 27 u RT Contact material 92
97Ag3Pd 35 u,d 60 u 20 68 Contact material 65
97Ag3Pd 33.6 u,d 58 u RT Contact material 92
CMW Elkonium 45 34 t,d 58 t 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 46 46 t,d 79 t 20 68 58

97Ag3Pt 29 u,d 50 u 20 68 Contact material 65
97Ag3Pt 26.1 u,d 45 u RT Contact material 92
CMW Elkonium 36 26 t,d 45 t 20 68 58
Noble, Silver, Silver Tin Oxide Composite

88Ag12SnO2 41.8 u,d 72 u 20 68 PSE, low-voltage motor contactors and switches 92
rated to 10A. Low-voltage circuit breakers rated
to 100A
90Ag10SnO2 47.6 u,d 82 u 20 68 PSE, light switches, relays, motor vehicle 92
switches
92Ag8SnO2 51.0 u,d 88 u 20 68 PSE, light switches, relays, motor vehicle 92
switches
Noble, Silver, Silver Zinc Oxide Composite

92Ag8ZnO 44.7 u,d 77 u 20 68 PSE, low-voltage circuit breakers rated to 200A 92
Noble, Silver, Tungsten Silver Carbide Composite

65Ag35WC 31.9 to 34.8 u,d 55 to 60 u 20 68 INF, aircraft contactors, lighting relays, low- 92
voltage switches, circuit breakers

Temperature
6

CMW Elkonium 63 44 t,d 75 t 20 68 58

Co 15.95 u,d 27.6 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 83

CMW Elkon 100M 19 t 33 t 20 68 58


Mo 19.7 u,d 34 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65

CMW Elkon 100W 18 t 31 t 20 68 58
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Carbide Copper Composite

30Cu 17.4 u,d 30 u 20 68 INF, arcing contacts in oil switches, wiping 92
shoes in power transformers
44Cu 24.9 u,d 43 u 20 68 INF, arcing contacts in oil switches, wiping 92
50Cu 24.4 to 27.3 u,d 42 to 47 u 20 68 INF, arcing contacts in oil switches, wiping 92
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Cobalt

71WC12TiC12TaC4.5Co medium 2.5 u,d 4.3 u 20 68 Tungsten carbide 65
grain
72WC8TiC11.5TaC8.5Co medium 3.0 u,d 5.2 u 20 68 Tungsten carbide 65
grain

CMW Elkonite 2050C 34 t,d 58 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 2140C 17 t,d 30 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Repress 58

Temperature
6

CMW Elkonite TC1O 24 t,d 42 t 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Copper Composite

10.4Cu89.6W 17.4 u,d 30 u 20 68 INF, vacuum switches, arcing tips, oil-circuit 92
breakers
13.4Cu86.6W 19.1 u,d 33 u 20 68 INF, vacuum switches, arcing tips, oil-circuit 92
breakers
15Cu85W 11.6 u,d 20 u 20 68 PSR, vacuum switches, arcing tips, oil-circuit 92
breakers
20Cu80W 17.4 to 23.2 u,d 30 to 40 u 20 68 INF, vacuum switches, arcing tips, oil-circuit 92
breakers
25Cu75W 19.1 to 27.8 u,d 33 to 48 u 20 68 INF, vacuum switches, arcing tips, oil-circuit 92
breakers
26Cu74W 26.7 u,d 46 u 20 68 INF, circuit breaker runners, arcing tips, tap 92
change arcing tips
30Cu70W 20.9 to 29.6 u,d 36 to 51 u 20 68 INF, circuit breaker runners, arcing tips, tap 92
change arcing tips
32Cu68W 29.0 u,d 50 u 20 68 INF, oil-circuit breakers, reclosing devices, 92
arcing tips, tap change arcing tips, contactors
35Cu65W 31.3 u,d 54 u 20 68 INF, oil-circuit breakers, reclosing devices, 92
40Cu60W 24.4 to 33.0 u,d 42 to 57 u 20 68 INF, oil-circuit breakers, reclosing devices, 92
44Cu56W 31.9 u,d 55 u 20 68 INF, oil-circuit breakers, arcing tips 92
50Cu50W 26.1 to 36.5 u,d 45 to 63 u 20 68 INF, oil-circuit breakers, arcing tips 92
60Cu40W 39.4 u,d 68 u 20 68 Oil-circuit breakers, arcing tips 92
65Cu35W 41.8 u,d 72 u 20 68 Vacuum interrupter 92
70Cu30W 44.0 u,d 76 u 20 68 Current-carrying contacts 92
75Cu25W 29.0 to 45.8 u,d 50 to 79 u 20 68 PSR, current-carrying contacts 92
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Graphite Silver Composite

45Ag50W5C 21.5 to 24.9 u,d 37 to 43 u 20 68 PSR, circuit breakers, arcing tips 92
46Ag53W1C 31.9 u,d 55 u 20 68 PSR, circuit breakers, arcing tips 92
48Ag51.75W0.25C 37.7 u,d 65 u 20 68 PSR, circuit breakers, arcing tips 92

CMW 1000 8.1 t,d 14.0 t 20 68 58
CMW 2000 9.3 t,d 16.0 t 20 68 58
CMW 3000 5.8 t,d 10.0 t 20 68 58
CMW 3950 7.5 t,d 13.0 t 20 68 58


Temperature
6

Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Silver Carbide Composite

20Ag80WC 11.0 u,d 19 u 20 68 PSR, suppression of tungstate formation in low- 92
voltage and high-voltage circuit breakers
35Ag65WC 17.4 to 21.5 u,d 30 to 37 u 20 68 INF, semiconducting material 92
38Ag62WC 20.3 to 22.0 u,d 35 to 38 u 20 68 INF, heavy-duty circuit breakers 92
40Ag60WC 23.2 to 27.3 u,d 40 to 47 u 20 68 INF, heavy-duty circuit breakers 92
50Ag50WC 24.9 to 30.2 u,d 43 to 52 u 20 68 INF, aircraft contactors, lighting relays, low- 92
58Ag42WC 29.0 to 31.9 u,d 50 to 55 u 20 68 PSR, aircraft contactors, lighting relays, low- 92
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Silver Composite

10Ag90W 16.8 to 20.3 u,d 29 to 35 u 20 68 PSR, semiconducting material 92
15Ag85W 18.6 to 23.8 u,d 32 to 41 u 20 68 INF, motor governors 92
20Ag80W 20.3 to 23.2 u,d 35 to 40 u 20 68 INF, motor starters, aircraft equipment, circuit 92
breakers, contactors, computers, arcing tips
27.5Ag72.5W 28.4 u,d 49 u 20 68 INF, motor starters, aircraft equipment, circuit 92
35Ag65W 26.1 to 30.7 u,d 45 to 53 u 20 68 INF, automotive starting switches, circuit 92
breakers
35Ag65W 27.3 to 29.0 u,d 47 to 50 u 20 68 PS, automotive starting switches, circuit breakers 92
35Ag65W 27.3 to 29.0 u,d 47 to 50 u 20 68 PS, automotive starting switches, circuit breakers 92
60Ag40W 34.8 to 37.7 u,d 60 to 65 u 20 68 PSR, current-carrying contacts in circuit 92
breakers, light-duty contactors

Temperature
6
Refractory, Tungsten, Tungsten Silver Composite

65Ag35W 39.4 u,d 68 u 20 68 PSR, current-carrying contacts in circuit 92
90Ag10W 52.2 to 55.1 u,d 90 to 95 u 20 68 PSR, controls, automatic circuit protectors, wall 92
switches

W 17.4 u,d 30 u 20 68 Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Table 5.2 Volume Resistivity at Ambient Temperature of Contact Materials

Temperature

Elkaloy D 0.096 t 57.75 t,d 20 68 58
Elkaloy D110 0.144 t 86.62 t,d 20 68 58
Elkaloy D120 0.172 t 103.46 t,d 20 68 58
Elkaloy D130 0.192 t 115.49 t,d 20 68 58

CMW 73 0.086 t 51.73 t,d 20 68 Cu-Be 58

CMW 3 0.0216 t 12.99 t,d 20 68 Cu-Cr 58

2Be + Ni or Co 0.096 to 0.115 u 57.7 to 69.2 20 68 Contact material 65
u,d
CMW 100 0.0359 t 21.59 t,d 20 68 58
CMW 73 0.0749 t 45.05 t,d 20 68 Cu-Be 58
Olin 172-Precipitation hardened 0.057 to 0.10 34 to 61 RT Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
(C17200)
Olin 175-Precipitation hardened 0.028 to 0.038 17 to 23 RT Fuse clips, springs, switches, connectors 66
(C17500)
Olin 17510-Precipitation hardened 0.028 to 0.038 17 to 23 RT Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical connectors 66
(C17510)

Dickalloy-Precipitation hardened 0.089 53.5 RT Strip for electronic switches 66

35Zn 0.064 u 38.5 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65

1.25Sn + P 0.036 u 21.7 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65

Olin C663 0.068 41 RT Connectors, dispersion/solution strengthened 66

0.04 oxide 0.0172 u 10.35 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW 3 0.0203 t 12.21 t,d 20 68 Cu-Cr, forging minor dim <= 19 mm (0.75 in.) 58

CMW Pure Gold 0.0235 t 14.14 t,d 20 68 58

41.7Au32.5Cu18.8Ni7Zn 0.39 u 234.6 u,d 20 68 65
69Au25Ag6Pt 0.15 u 90.2 u,d 20 68 65
72.5Au14Cu8.5Pt4Ag1Zn 0.17 u 102.3 u,d 20 68 65
75Au25Ag 0.108 u 65.0 u,d 20 68 65
90Au10Cu 0.108 u 65.0 u,d 20 68 65
CMW Elkonium 70 0.125 t 75.19 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 72 0.157 t 94.44 t,d 20 68 58

Temperature

CMW Elkonium 76 0.127 t 76.39 t,d 20 68 58
Gold 0.0235 u 14.1 u,d 20 68 65




35Pd30Ag14Cu10Pt10Au1Zn 0.35 u 210.5 u,d 20 68 65
45Pd30Ag20Au5Pt 0.39 u 234.6 u,d 20 68 65
50Pd50Ag 0.315 u 189.48 u,d 20 68 65
60Pd40Ag 0.43 u 258.7 u,d 20 68 65
60Pd40Cu 0.35 u 210.5 u,d 20 68 65
60Pd40Cu 1.3795 u 829.81 u,d 20 68 65
70Pd30Ag 0.40 u 240.6 u,d 20 68 65
72Pd26Ag2Ni 0.43 u 258.7 u,d 20 68 65
90Pd10Ru 0.27 u 162.4 u,d 20 68 65
95.5Pd4.5 0.242 u 145.6 u,d 20 68 65
CMW Elkonium 40 0.108 t 64.97 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 405 0.285 t 171.44 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 42 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58


CMW Elkonium 30 0.113 t 67.97 t,d 20 68 58

65Pt35Ir 0.36 u 216.6 u,d 20 68 65
70Pt30Ir 0.35 u 210.5 u,d 20 68 65
75Pt25Ir 0.33 u 198.5 u,d 20 68 65
80Pt20Ir 0.31 u 186.5 u,d 20 68 65
86Pt14Ru 0.46 u 276.7 u,d 20 68 65
89Pt11Ru 0.43 u 258.7 u,d 20 68 65
90Pt10Ir 0.25 u 150 u,d 20 68 65
90Pt10Ru 0.43 u 258.7 u,d 20 68 65
95Pt5Ir 0.19 u 114.3 u,d 20 68 65

Temperature

95Pt5Ru 0.315 u 189.5 u,d 20 68 65
96Pt4W 0.36 u 216.6 u,d 20 68 65
CMW Elkonium 301 0.285 t 171.44 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 302 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 305 0.345 t 207.53 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 306 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 32 0.315 t 189.48 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 33 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 331 0.429 t 258.06 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 34 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 58

Noble, Rhodium
Noble, Ruthenium

CMW Fine Silver 0.0166 t 9.99 t,d 20 68 58
Fine silver 0.0159 u 9.56 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65

CMW D1058 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D158F 0.0174 t 10.47 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D57F 0.0192 t 11.55 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D58 0.0313 t 18.83 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D581F 0.0169 t 10.17 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D582F 0.0167 t 10.05 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D583F 0.0172 t 10.35 t,d 20 68 58

85Ag15Cd 0.493 u 297 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW D154F 0.0230 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D154X 0.0236 t 14.20 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D155F 0.0246 t 14.80 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D155X 0.0254 t 15.28 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D355F 0.0254 t 15.28 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D54 0.0230 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D54F 0.0210 t 12.63 t,d 20 68 58

Temperature

CMW D54X 0.0230 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D55 0.0313 t 18.83 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D55F 0.0239 t 14.38 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D55X 0.0246 t 14.80 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 17 0.0556 t 33.45 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 18 0.0401 t 24.12 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 217 0.0493 t 29.66 t,d 20 68 58

72Ag26Cu2Ni 0.029 u 17 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
92.5Ag7.5Cu 0.02 u 12 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Coin Silver 0.0210 t 12.63 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 1 0.0230 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 22 0.0205 t 12.33 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 23 0.0178 t 10.71 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 73 0.0192 t 11.55 t,d 20 68 58

90Ag10Au 0.042 u 25 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65

CMW D50 0.0257 t 15.46 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D505F 0.0181 t 10.89 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D50F 0.0216 t 12.99 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D510F 0.0198 t 11.91 t,d 20 68 58
CMW D56 0.0313 t 18.83 t,d 20 68 58

70Ag30Pd 0.143 u 86.0 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 45 0.0297 t 17.87 t,d 20 68 58

97Ag3Pt 0.035 u 21 u,d 20 68 Contact material 65
CMW Elkonium 36 0.0383 t 23.04 t,d 20 68 58

CMW Elkonium 28 0.172 t 103.46 t,d 20 68 58
CMW Elkonium 63 0.023 t 13.84 t,d 20 68 58

Temperature

Cobalt Alloy MP35N (R30035) 1.03 u 620 u,d RT 83

Co 0.0525 u 31.6 u,d RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 83

Colbalt 188 1.01 u 607.5 u,d RT Superalloy 83
Colbalt 188 0.922 u,d 555 u,d 21 70 Superalloy 66
Colbalt 25 0.89 u 535 u,d RT Superalloy 83
HS-21 0.8738 t,d 525.6 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
HS-31 (X-40) 0.9703 t,d 583.7 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
Elgiloy (R30003) 0.9975 t,d 600.0 t,d 21 70 Superalloy 56
Stellite 6 (R30006) 0.9093 t,d 547.0 t,d 22 72 Superalloy 56
L-605 (R30605) 0.8865 t,d 533.2 t,d 24 75 Superalloy 56

CMW Elkon 100M 0.052 t 31.28 t,d 20 68 58


Refractory, Niobium

Temperature
Refractory, Rhenium

CMW Elkon 100W 0.055 t 33.08 t,d 20 68 58

CMW Elkonite 2050C 0.0297 t 17.87 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58
CMW Elkonite 2140C 0.0575 t 34.59 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Repress 58
CMW Elkonite TC1O 0.0410 t 24.66 t,d 20 68 Press-Sinter-Infiltrate 58

CMW 1000 0.1230 t 73.99 t,d 20 68 58
CMW 2000 0.1078 t 64.84 t,d 20 68 58
CMW 3000 0.1724 t 103.70 t,d 20 68 58
CMW 3950 0.1330 t 80.00 t,d 20 68 58


Temperature



IMI 230 0.65 approx 391 approx RT 63
IMI 679 1.6 t 962 t RT 63
IMI 685 1.67 t 1005 t RT 63
Ti5621S 1.7 t 1023 t RT 63
Timetal 1100 1.8 t 1083 t RT 63
Ti5Al2.5Sn (R54520) 1.573 u 946.2 u 20 68 63
Ti5Al2.5Sn (R54520) 1.6 t 962 t RT 63
Ti6242Si (R54620) 1.85 to 1.9 t 1110 to 1140 t RT 63
Ti811 (R54810) 1.97 approx 1185 approx RT 63
Ti621/0.8 (R56210) 1.6 u 962 u RT 63
Ti3Al2.5V (R56320) 1.27 u 764 u RT 63

IMI 550 1.59 t 956 t RT 63
IMI 551 1.7 t 1023 t RT 63
SP-700 1.64 t 987 t RT 63
Timetal 62S 1.62 t 974 t RT 63
Ti5522S (R54560) 1.71 t 1029 t RT 63

Temperature

Ti8Mn (R56080) 0.92 553 RT 63
Ti6246 (R56260) 1.9 to 2.05 t 1140 to 1230 t RT 63
Ti6Al6V2Sn (R56620) 1.57 t 944.40 t RT 63
Ti7Al4Mo (R56740) 1.7 t 1023 t RT 63

Ti15-3 1.4 t 842 t RT 63
Ti15-3 1.48 t 890 t 25 77 63
Ti13-11-3 (R58010) 1.4 t 842 t RT 63
Beta III (R58030) 1.56 t 938 t RT 63
Timetal 21S (R58210) 1.35 t 812 t RT 63
Beta C (R58640) 1.6 t 962 t RT 63

High-Purity Ti 0.42 u 253 u RT 63
Unalloyed Ti Grade 2 (R50400) 0.5 to 0.55 u 55 to 331 u RT 63
Unalloyed Ti Grade 4 (R50700) 0.6 u 361 u RT 63
Ti0.2 Pd (Grade 11) (R52250) 0.55 u 331 u RT 63
Ti0.2 Pd (Grade 7) (R52400) 0.55 u 331 u RT 63
Ti0.3Mo0.8Ni (Grade 12) (R53400) 0.52 u 313 u RT 63

TiNi Shape Memory Alloy (austenite) 0.82 t 493 t RT 63
TiNi Shape Memory Alloy (martensite) 0.76 t 457 t RT 63

Ti 0.65 u 390.99 u,d 27 80.6 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Table 5.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Contact Materials

Temperature

Au 0.0040 u 0.00222 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Ir 0.0045 u 0.00250 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Os 0.0041 u 0.00228 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Pd 0.0042 u 0.00233 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Pt 0.0039 u 0.00217 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Noble, Rhodium
Rh 0.0044 u 0.00244 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Noble, Ruthenium
Ru 0.0041 u 0.00228 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Ag 0.0041 u 0.00228 u,t 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Be 0.0090 u 0.00500 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cr 0.00214 u 0.00119 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Co 0.101 u,d 0.056 u,d RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 83
Hf 0.0044 u 0.00244 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Mo 0.0044 u 0.00244 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Refractory, Niobium
Nb 0.0026 u 0.00144 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Refractory, Rhenium
Re 0.0045 u 0.00250 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ta 0.0035 u 0.00194 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

W 0.0048 u 0.00267 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 0.0039 u 0.00217 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 0.0044 u 0.00244 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Table 5.3 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity of Contact Materials

Temperature

Ti 0.0038 u 0.00211 u,d 0 to 100 32 to 212 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Chapter 6
Superconductivity
IN 1911, ONNES DISCOVERED that mer- perconductors are perfectly diamagnetic up to that at low temperature (4.2 K) and is a
cury had superconducting properties at approx- Hc1. A mixed state exists from Hc1 to Hc2. Above measure of the purity of the material. Degree
imately 4 K. Superconductivity is the property Hc2, the superconduction is terminated. The of purity influences the mean free path (λ) of
of many elements, alloys, and compounds by higher Hc2 field allows these materials, usually electrons, with higher purity specimens having
virtue of which their electrical resistance van- alloys, to be used for high field applications. higher λ and, thus, lower resistance. The mean
ishes and they become strongly diamagnetic Just as magnets are called “hard” and “soft,” these free path can be comparable to the specimen
under appropriate conditions. type II alloys are called “hard” superconductors. size itself at low temperatures.
Tin and lead were identified as superconduc- Linked to the critical temperature and critical The RRR is a unitless quantity.
tors after mercury. The temperature at which re- magnetic field strength is the critical current
sistance disappears is the critical temperature (Tc). density (Jc). The superconductive state is stable
It usually is expressed only in degrees kelvin (K). only if the temperature, magnetic field strength,
Shortly after the discovery of superconduc- and current density are below their critical val- REFERENCES
tors, the application creating large magnetic ues. This interdependence is seen for a niobium
fields was recognized. Unfortunately, the mag- titanium alloy in Fig. 6.1. 1. “Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to
netic field thus created has an adverse effect on Elements that are superconductors and po- Superconductors,” B 713-82, Annual Book
the superconducting nature of the material. The tential superconductors are illustrated in Fig. of ASTM Standards, ASTM
presence of a critical external field greater than 6.2. In addition, there are hundreds of alloys 2. W.H. Warrens, Principles of Superconduc-
Hc destroys the superconducting state. exhibiting superconducting properties. tivity, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous
Superconductors are classified as type I and The residual resistance ratio (RRR) is the ra- Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol
type II. For type I, usually elements, the super- tio of resistivity at room temperature (293 K) to 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
conduction is terminated above Hc. Type II su-
7
Current density, kA · mm–2
1
0
2 2
4 K 4
ture,
6 era 6
mp Fie 8
ld,
8 Te T
10 10
12
14
16
Fig. 6.1 The critical surface for a niobium-titanium al-

loy. As long as the state of the superconductor
remains within the critical surface, it will be supercon-
ducting. The strong interdependence of the three critical
parameters (Tc, Hc2, and Jc) is clearly seen. Fig. 6.2 Elements with superconducting properties
Table 6.1 Volume Resistivity at Low and Superconducting Temperatures

Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) µΩ . m Ω circular-mil/ft oC oF Kelvin Notes Reference

5-9s purity commercial Al-O 2.20E-03 e 1.32 e,d -196 -321 77 5
5-9s purity commercial Al-O 5.7E-05 e 3.43E-02 e,d -269.0 -452.2 4.2 5
6-9s purity commercial Al-O 2.20E-03 e 1.32 e,d -196 -321 77 5
6-9s purity commercial Al-O 2.3E-05 e 1.38E-02 e,d -269.0 -452.2 4.2 5
99.998% Al 6.14E-03 e 3.69 e,d -161.6 -258.9 111.6 Single crystal 5
99.998% Al 8.70E-04 e 0.523 e,d -215 -355 58 Single crystal 5
99.998% Al 7.33E-06 e 4.41E-03 e,d -252.8 -423.0 20.4 Single crystal 5
99.998% Al 2.61E-06 e 1.57E-03 e,d -259.2 -435.6 14 Single crystal 5
Al 1.006E-02 u 6.05 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Al 7.5E-06 u 4.51E-03 u,d -253 -423.4 20 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Al 1.9E-06 u 1.14E-03 u,d -263 -441 10 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Al 1E-06 u 6.02E-04 u,d -272 -457.6 1 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cu 7.75E-03 u 4.66 u,d -113 -171 160 Pure metal, R depends on purity 94
Cu 6.99E-03 u 4.20 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cu 6.30E-05 u 3.800E-02 u,d -243 -405 30 Pure metal, R depends on purity 94
Cu 2.8E-05 u 1.68E-02 u,d -253 -423.4 20 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Superconductivity / 181

Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) µΩ .m Ω circular-mil/ft oC oF Kelvin Notes Reference

Cu 1.543E-02 u 9.28 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Low Melting, Cesium
Cs 8.430E-02 u 50.71 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cs 0.122 u 73.39 u,d -73 -99.4 200 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cs 0.187 u 112.49 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Li 3.720E-02 u 22.38 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Li 8.530E-02 u 51.31 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rb 5.270E-02 u 31.70 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rb 0.115 u 69.18 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mg 1.840E-02 u 11.07 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ba 0.143 u 86.02 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ba 8.850E-02 u 53.24 u,d -173 -279.4 100 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Temperature
Ba 0.202 u 121.51 u,d -73 -99.4 200 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ba 0.302 u 181.66 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ca 1.560E-02 u 9.38 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mn 1.36 u 818.08 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mn 0.189 u 113.69 u,d -263 -441 10 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mn 7.020E-02 u 42.23 u,d -272 -457.6 1 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
K 2.990E-02 u 17.99 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Na 2.030E-02 u 12.21 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sr 6.840E-02 u 41.14 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Sr 0.123 u 73.99 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Temperature

Ni 2.210E-02 u 13.29 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Au 1.061E-02 u 6.38 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Au 2.051E-02 u 12.34 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pd 4.800E-02 u 28.87 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pd 9.780E-02 u 58.83 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
CMW Elkonium 302 0.430 t 258.66 t,d 20 68 293 58
Pt 4.760E-02 u 28.63 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pt 2.0E-05 u 1.20E-02 u,d -272 -457.6 1 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Pt 9.600E-02 u 57.75 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
CMW Elkonium 71 4.310E-02 t 25.93 t,d 20 68 293 58
CMW Elkonium 46 2.180E-02 t 13.11 t,d 20 68 293 58
Ag 7.26E-03 u 4.37 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Temperature

Ag 4.2E-05 u 2.53E-02 u,d -253 -423.4 20 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ag 1.0E-05 u 6.02E-03 u,d -272 -457.6 1 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ag 1.467E-02 u 8.82 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rare Earth, Cerium
Ce 0.67 u 403.03 u,d -73 -99.4 200 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
La 0.25 u 150.38 u,d -173 -279.4 100 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
La 9.000E-02 u 54.14 u,d -260 -436 13 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 18
98% pure
La 0.50 u 300.77 u,d -73 -99.4 200 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Rare Earth, Thorium
Th 0.19 u 114.29 u,d 0 32 273 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 18
99.1%pure
Be 5.10E-03 u 3.07 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cr 4.500E-02 u 27.07 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Cr 0.118 u 70.98 u,d -23 -9.4 250 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Co 9.300E-02 u 55.94 u,d -173 -279.4 100 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Hf 0.1500 u 90.23 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Hf 9.120E-02 u 54.86 u,d -173 -279.4 100 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Mo 1.990E-02 u 11.97 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18

Temperature
Ta 6.190E-02 u 37.23 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Ta 1.02E-03 u 0.61 u,d -263 -441 10 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
W 2.090E-02 u 12.57 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 8.200E-02 u 49.33 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
V 1.45E-04 u 0.09 u,d -263 -441 10 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 0.17800 u 107.07 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 9.790E-02 u 58.89 u,d -173 -279.4 100 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zr 0.10 u 60.15 u,d -200 -328 73 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 18
99.9% pure
Zinc, Miscellaneous
Zn 2.710E-02 u 16.30 u,d -123 -189.4 150 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Zn 2.200E-02 u 13.23 u,d -160 -256 113 Pure metal, R depends on purity 18
Table 6.2 Critical Temperature for Superconductors
Alloy-temper (UNS number) K Condition Notes Reference

Actinide, Protactinium
Pa 1.4 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Actinide, Uranium
U 2.4 to 0.4 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Al 1.98 to 0.075 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Al 1.75 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Lu 0.022 to 1.0 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Lu 0.1 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Bi 6.17 to 2.6 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Cd 0.517 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Cd 0.53 to 0.59 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity. Ordered 65
Cd 0.79 to 0.91 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity. Disordered 65
Low Melting, Gallium
Ga 1.083 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Low Melting, Indium
In 3.408 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Pb 7.3 approx Magnetic induction: 0 T Pure metal, R depends on purity 97
Pb 1.8 to 7.5 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Pb 7.196 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Pb0.9Mo5.1S6 14.4 u 98
PbMo6S8 14 to 15 approx Magnetic induction: 0 T 97
Hg 3.87 to 4.5 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
37.5Sn37.5Pb25In 4.5 to 5.4 u Pressure: High pressure 65
Sn 3.5 to ~6 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Sn 3.722 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Sb 2.6 to 2.7 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Miscellaneous, Arsenic
As 0.31 to 0.5 u Pressure: High pressure 65
BaII ~1 to 1.8 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
BaIII 1.8 to 5 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Miscellaneous, Germanium
Ge 5.35 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Miscellaneous, Phosphorus
P 5.8 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Tc 7.8 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Tc 4.6 to 7.7 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Tl 1.95 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity. Hexagonal form 65

Tl 1.45 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity. Cubic form 65
Tl 2.38 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Ir 0.1125 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Os 0.66 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Noble, Ruthenium
Ru 0.49 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
La ~5.5 to 12.9 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
La 3.55 to 6.74 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Rare Earth, Thorium
Th 1.38 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Rare Earth, Yttrium
Y 2.3 to 1.7 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
YBa2Cu3O7 92 approx Magnetic induction: 0 T 97
Be 0.026 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Be 5 to 9.75 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Hf 0.128 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Mo 0.915 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Refractory, Niobium
Nb 9.3 approx Magnetic induction: 0 T Pure metal, R depends on purity 97
Nb 9.25 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Nb 2.0 to 10.1 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Refractory, Niobium, Niobium Superconductor
Nb-Ti 9u 98
Nb3(Al0.7Ge0.3) 20.7 u 98
Nb3Ge 23 approx Magnetic induction: 0 T Pure metal, R depends on purity 97
Nb3N 15.7 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 98
Nb3N 22.5 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 98
Nb3N 16 to 18 approx Magnetic induction: 0 T Pure metal, R depends on purity 97
Nb3Sn 18.0 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 98
Nb3Sn 18 approx Magnetic induction: 0 T Pure metal, R depends on purity 97
Nb45-50Ti 8.9 to 9.3 approx Magnetic induction: 0 T Pure metal, R depends on purity 97
Refractory, Rhenium
Re 1.697 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Re 1.7 to ~7 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Ta <1.7 to 4.51 u Pressure: High pressure Pure metal, R depends on purity. Thin film 65
Ta 4.47 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
W 0.0154 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
W <1.0 to 4.1 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
V 5.40 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65

V 1.8 to 6.02 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
V3Ga 14.8 u 98
V3Si 16.9 u 98
Zr 0.61 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Ti 0.40 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Ti 1.3 max Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Zinc, Miscellaneous
Zn 0.85 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Zn 0.77 to 1.70 u Form: Thin films Pure metal, R depends on purity 65
Table 6.3 Critical Fields of Superconductors
Thermodynamic Field Strength

Alloy-temper (UNS number) Critical Field, T H c x 10 -7 A/m Kelvin Notes Reference

Pb0.9Mo5.1S6 4.8 u 4.2 K 98
PbMo6S8 40 to 55 approx 4.2 K At mu zero H sub c2 97
Rare Earth, Yttrium
YBa2Cu3O7 > 200 approx 4.2 K At mu zero H sub c2, 97
measured with field parallel to
a-b plane
60 approx 4.2 K At mu zero H sub c2, 97
measured with field parallel to
c-axis
Refractory, Niobium
Nb 0.41 approx 4.2 K Pure metal, R depends on 97
purity. At mu zero H sub c2
Nb-Ti 0.9 u 4.2 K 98
Nb3(Al0.7Ge0.3) 3.3 u 4.2 K 98
Nb3Ge 36 to 41 approx 4.2 K Pure metal, R depends on 97
Nb3N 0.8 u 4.2 K Pure metal, R depends on 98
purity
2.9 u 4.2 K Pure metal, R depends on 98
purity
20 to 35 approx 4.2 K Pure metal, R depends on 97
Nb3Sn 2.1 u 4.2 K Pure metal, R depends on 98
purity
19 to 25 approx 4.2 K Pure metal, R depends on 97
purity. A mu zero H sub c2
Nb45-50Ti 10.5 to 11.0 approx 4.2 K Pure metal, R depends on 97
V3Ga 1.9 u 4.2 K 98
V3Si 1.8 u 4.2 K 98
Table 6.4 Critical Current Density for Superconductors
Alloy-temper (UNS number) J c , kA/mm2 Kelvin Notes Reference

PbMo6S8 0.8 approx 5T At 4.2 K 97
Rare Earth, Yttrium
YBa2Cu3O7 1 approx 0T At 77 K, thin film 97
Nb3Ge 10 approx 5T Pure metal, R depends on purity. At 4.2 K 97
Nb3N 10 approx 0T Pure metal, R depends on purity. At 4.2 K 97
Nb3Sn 10 approx 5T Pure metal, R depends on purity. At 4.2 K 97
Nb45-50Ti 3 approx 5T Pure metal, R depends on purity. At 4.2 K 97
Chapter 7
Introduction to Magnetic Properties
MAGNETISM ARISES as the result of mov- when measured in the two unit systems also can be H = NI/m (Fig. 7.1). A long solenoid is spec-
ing charges, either on the atomic level or on a cause confusion. A review of fundamentals is ified because the field is not uniform at the end,
larger scale. This movement of charge estab- helpful in ameliorating the situation. but H is uniform through the length if the wind-
lishes a magnetic field. Most materials do not ing is uniform. The magnetic field would be the
interact with the magnetic field in which they same if fewer and larger conductors were carry-
are placed to any great extent, but certain Magnetic Fundamentals ing a greater current, or if more smaller con-
classes of materials interact significantly. ductors were each carrying less current, so long
These materials, called ferromagnetic materi- as the product NI is the same. The term am-
als, are predominantly alloys of iron, cobalt, The Curie temperature (TC) is the tempera- pere-turn per meter is used often to describe the
and nickel. Magnetic materials often are classi- ture at which ferromagnetic materials can no magnetic field strength in recognition of this
fied as being either hard or soft. longer be magnetized by outside forces and the equivalency.
Magnetically hard alloys are ferromagnetic temperature at which they lose their residual The cgs-emu unit, oersted, relates to a field
alloys capable of being magnetized perma- magnetism. Above this temperature, the produced by two poles having a strength such
nently because of their ability to retain induced ferromagnetics become paramagnetic. that two magnetic poles have a repulsive force
magnetization and magnetic poles after re- of 1 dyne at a distance of 1 cm. The cgs-emu
moval of the externally applied field. These al- field unit was represented as that field in a
loys have a high coercive force. The name is
Magnetic Field Strength (H) sphere of 1 unit radius surrounding a unit pole.
based on the fact that the quality of the early The surface area of the unit sphere is 4π. This
permanent magnets was related to their hard- The space around a moving charge is altered factor appears often in magnetic units. The so-
ness. The permanent magnets had been made of by such a change in current density. A mag- lenoid that would have field strength of 1 Oe
hardened steels. Many of the steels first used netic field exists and is quantified by H, the would have 10/4π A/cm in the coil. Therefore,
for permanent magnets were tool steels. A ma- magnetic field strength. the conversion factor is 1 Oe = 10/4π A/cm
jor advancement came in 1917 when the Japa- The SI unit is amps per meter (A/m), and the (m/100 cm) = 1000/4π A/m = 79.57747A/m.
nese discovered the magnetic properties of co- customary unit is oersted (Oe). Oersted discov- The field strengths for the SI and customary
balt steels (Ref 1). Since that time, ered the relationship between moving charges unit system are often listed by sources as differ-
and magnetism. The unit A/m is defined in ing by a factor of 80. A bar-type permanent
iron-nickel-copper, Cunife, nickel-iron-alumi-
terms of the magnetic field produced in a long, magnet can create an identical external field to
num, Alnico, cobalt and rare-earth alloys, and
uniformly wound solenoid, with N turns of wire that of the solenoid (Fig. 7.2).
hard ferrites (ceramics) have been most widely
per meter carrying current a current of I amps. Other Magnetic Field Strengths. Various
used. Data for these materials are found in
The magnetic field strength in the center would peak values of H are defined depending on the
Chapter 9.
Magnetically soft alloys are ferromagnetic
alloys that become magnetized readily upon ap-
plication of a field and that return to practically I
a nonmagnetic condition when the field is re-
moved. Such alloys have high magnetic perme-
ability, low coercive force, and low magnetic
hysteresis loss. Chapter 8 contains data on
these alloys. They are useful in applications
needing time-varying magnetic fields, such as H
motors, generators, transformers, and relays.
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
At first, distinguishing magnetic properties

can seem to be a daunting task because of the NI/m
subtle differences between some of the terms.
The task is complicated by the basic differences I
in the two most commonly used systems of
units, the SI and cgs-emu unit systems. The
large differences in the values of the properties Fig. 7.1 Magnetic field in a long solenoid. If NI/m = 79.57747 A/m, the field in the center of the solenoid would be 1 Oe.
194 / Magnetic Properties
• Bm: Maximum value of B on a dc hysteresis

loop
• Bmax: Maximum value of B on an ac flux cur-
rent loop
S N H Note that Bm and Hm occur at the same time on

the hysteresis loop, while in the cyclic ac flux
current loop, Bmax occurs after Hmax.
If so stipulated by the source, the qualifier
indicates ac or dc to contrast Bm and Bmax.
These values are listed sometimes as mini-
mum peak values, indicating in a specification
that these are the smallest maximum values that
will satisfy the specification. Note also that there
Fig. 7.2 Field of bar type permanent magnet is identical to external field of solenoid.
are often large differences between the typical
maximum induction and the guaranteed value.
Bm
Magnetic Permeability
Magnetic permeability is a generic term that

B B
represents a number of different measured
µ 0H D properties. ASTM A 340-96, “Symbols and
Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing,” is
0 an essential source for anyone conducting per-
0 0 Hm
0 µ 0H meability tests or trying to interpret them. The
m0H standard lists nine ac permeabilities and 12 dc
Fig. 7.4 B-versus-H curve for a virgin iron bar in the permeabilities. Magnetic permeability, dc (µ),
B-versus-H curve for the solenoid in Fig. 7.1 solenoid field. Vertical scale represents values
Fig. 7.3 (units arbitrary) 102 to 104 times those of Fig. 7.3. is the ratio of the magnetic induction, B, to the
magnetic field strength, H, under defined con-
ditions. It expresses the relationship between B
method of determining that peak value. It can change in the flux. B is a vector quantity and and H in the expression B = µH. Figure 7.3
be determined by the peak value of the exciting also is described in terms of the flux per unit area: shows the relationship between B and H is lin-
current, or it can be the computed peak value of ear in the air core solenoid.
the magnetizing current from the assumption If a virgin iron bar were placed in the sole-
B = ϕ/A
that the rms current is sinusoidal. Other mag- noid, the H field could be controlled to be the
netic field strength definitions include: same values as before since it is dependent only
B has the unit of tesla (T) in the SI system and on the current. The B field would now be much
• Hd, demagnetizing field strength: The field gauss (G) in the alternate cgs-emu system. A larger, and the B-versus-H curve would now be
strength required to reduce the induction in a tesla is a Weber/meter2 (Wb/m2), which is as shown in Fig. 7.4. The curve is now nonlin-
magnetized body equivalent to a volt per second/m2. A tesla is 10 ear, and B will reach some maximum value.
• Hm: The maximum value of field strength in kilogauss (kG), or 10,000 G. Because of the nonlinearity of magnetic materi-
a dc hysteresis loop Other Magnetic Inductions. Magnetic in- als, the magnetic permeability must be given at
• Hmax: The maximum value in an ac current duction is a fundamental term. There are sev- a stated value of either B or H.
loop curve eral magnetic inductions that relate to the in- As noted earlier, µ0 is the magnetic perme-
duction or flux density that remains in a ability of free space (vacuum), µr is the relative
material after the magnetizing field has been re- permeability of a material that is placed in the
Magnetic Induction (B) duced to zero. Residual induction (Br) is the
H field, and B = µ0µrH; hence, µ = µ0µr. In the
magnetic induction corresponding to the H
alternate cgs-emu system, µ0 = 1, and so µ =
field being zero, under cyclic conditions.
Magnetic induction, also called the flux den- µr;; the relative permeability is identical to the
Remanent induction (Bd) is the magnetic induc-
sity, is the strength of the induced field that per- absolute permeability. In the SI system, µv ( µ0
tion when the H field is removed from a mag-
meates space near a magnet or magnetic coil: above) is identical to Γm (µ0 is used in some
netic circuit. When there are no inhomo-
geneities, such as air gaps, Br = Bd; if there are sources to denote the initial permeability,
B = µ0µr H inhomogeneities, Bd < Br. The maximum value which is the limiting value as the H field ap-
of Br is called retentivity (Brs), which is associ- proaches zero.)
where µ0 is the magnetic permeability of free ated with the saturation induction (Bs). Magnetic Constant or Permeability of
space (vacuum), and µr is the relative perme- Remanence (Bdm) is the maximum value of Free Space (Γm). Γm = 4π10−7 H/m. (Note that
ability of a material that is placed in the H field. the Bd. When there are no inhomogeneities, this H is for henry, not the field H.) In the
Note that in the ASTM definitions, the mag- such as air gaps, Brs = Bdm; if there are cgs-em system, Γm = 1 G/Oe:
netic permeability of unoccupied space (vac- inhomogeneities, Bdm < Brs.
uum) is symbolized by µv and is identical to In the tables for residual induction, the quali- µabs = Γm µr
Γm, which is called the magnetic field constant fier “max” indicates retentivity. Remanent and
(in ASTM standards, µ0 is the initial perme- remanence are not given because they are be-
ability). yond strictly material properties. Henry (H) is the unit of induction (not the
B is measured by the force experienced by an Maximum values of magnetic induction are field H). H/m = Wb turn/A/m. However, a tesla
element of an electric current or by the electro- given in the maximum magnetic induction ta- is Wb/m2, so H/m = Tm/A or T/(A/m), which
motive force (emf) induced in a test coil due to a bles. The values reported are as follows: are units of B/H in the SI system.
Introduction to Magnetic Properties / 195
Relative Permeability (µr). In either sys- Hysteresis Curve. A look at a hysteresis directly opposite the original force in order to
tem, the relative permeability (µr) is a pure curve will point out that a given value of H or B reduce the magnetic flux density (B) to zero. In
number (unitless) and, hence, identical in may have two values of the other variable, so ferromagnetic materials, this force is low, thus
value. Ferromagnetic materials have relative the history of the material is important as well. allowing these materials practical application
permeability values on the order of 102 to 106. The history of a virgin iron bar placed in the so- to ac apparatus. In permanent magnetic mate-
Nonmagnetic materials will have permeabil- lenoid is shown in the development of the hys- rials, Hc is high, thus allowing permanent
ity µr on the order of 1.00000 ± 0.00001; there- teresis curve in Fig. 7.5. magnets to maintain themselves. Demagne-
fore, the difference between B and H is 1 part From the preceding discussion, it is seen that tizing forces include the earth’s field, and in
in 10−5. A more convenient parameter to use µ is also unitless in the cgs-emu system, while the case of permanent magnetic motors and
in this case is the magnetic susceptibility (κ). in the SI system, the units are B/H, which is µ = generators, short circuits and normal induced
Susceptibility (κ). The nature of the ability µvµ r or Γmµ r. The value of Γm is 4π ⋅ 10−7 magnetism.
of a material to interact with a magnetic field is H/m; therefore, µ also has those units (this H is The coercive force needed to reduce the in-
expressed as susceptibility (κ), which is closely for henry, not the field H). A H/m = Wb trinsic magnetic induction (Bi) to zero is the in-
related to the permeability: turn/Amp/meter. But a tesla is Wb/m2, so H/m trinsic coercive force (Hci). These values are
= Tm/A or T/(A/m), which are units of B/H in given in the same tables as Hc and are labeled
κ = µr – 1 the SI system. “intrinsic” as a qualifier.
Magnetic permeability, ac, is also generic, Coercivity (Hcs) is the maximum Hc of a
and the method of determining B and/or H de- material. It is the field strength required to re-
In the cgs-emu units, κ = (µr – 1)/4π, where κ is
termines the specific permeability. The most duce the magnetic flux density from saturation
unitless. In free space, κ = 0. If κ is slightly pos-
widely reported parameters include: (Bs) to zero. Hcs is listed in the coercive force
itive, the material is paramagnetic; if slightly
tables qualified as “max.”
negative, it is diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic ma- • Permeability, ac, rms, impedance, (µz): The Weber (Wb) is the SI unit of flux equal to a
terials have large positive values such that the ratio of the measured peak value of magnetic volt per second.
difference between κ and µr is insignificant. induction B to the calculated peak value of H The relationship between the preferred SI
The value range is up to 1,000,000. determined from the Irms value of the total units and alternate, customary cgs-emu units is
Diamagnetic materials will have a negative exciting current. H peak = 1.414 Irms. summarized in Table 1.
value of κ, whereas paramagnetic materials • Permeability, ac peak (µp): The ratio of the
have a slightly positive value of κ. measured maximum value of the magnetic
induction to the peak value of the magnetic
field strength calculated from measuring the
peak value of the exciting current.
B
(H m, B m )
B
(H m, B m ) • Permeability, ac inductance, (µL): This per-
meability is evaluated from measuring a par-
Br
allel inductance of the electric circuit that is
considered to carry the magnetizing current
H H exclusively.
REFERENCES
(a) (b)
Coercive force (Hc) is a measure of the
magnetic retentivity of the material. Hc is the 1. F.G. Spreadbury, Permanent Magnets, Sir
B B magnetizing force that is required to be applied Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., 1949
Br
– Hc H H
Table 1 Comparison of magnetic units
–Bm
(c) (d)
Property Symbol SI Customary (cgs-emu)
Magnetic field strength H (units) amp (turn)/m oersted (Oe)
B B (Equals) 1 amp (turn)/m 4π 10–3 Oe
(Equals) (1000/4π) amp (turn)/m 1 Oe
(Equals) 79.59 amp (turn)/m 1 Oe
Magnetic induction B (units) tesla (T) gauss (G)
(Equals) 1T 10,000 G
–Hc Hc H H
(Equals) 10–4 T 1G
Magnetic induction, intrinsic Bi (formula) B–Γm H B – Γm H
–Bm Absolute dc permeability µabs (formula) ∆B/∆H ∆B/∆H
(–Hm, –Bm)
(Units) T/(amp/m) = H/m G/Oe
(Equals) H/m (1 4 π) 107 G/Oe
(e) (f) Permeability of free space µ0, µv (assigned values) 4π 10 –7H/m 1
Magnetic constant Γm (assigned values) 4π 10–7H/m 1
Permeability, normal dc µ (formula) B/H B/H
Fig. 7.5 Development of hysteresis curve for an iron
Permeability, relative µr (formula) µabs/Γm µabs/Γm = µabs
bar. (a) Current increases in solenoid. (b) Cur-
µr (units) Unitless Unitless
rent reduced to 0. (c) Reverse current increased until bar is
Permeability, intrinsic µi (formula) µabs – Γm = Bi/H µabs – Γm = µabs – 1
demagnetized. (d) Reverse current increased until satura-
tion. (e) Reverse current reduced to 0, and then current in- Susceptibility κ (formula) Bi /ΓmH = µr – 1 Bi /4 πΓm H =
creased in original direction until B = 0. Curve width (µr – 1)/4π
(–Hc–Hc ) is ideally narrow for soft magnets and wide for (Units) Unitless Unitless
permanent magnets. (f) Current increased until saturation Susceptibility, mass χ (formula) κ/δ κ/δ
is reached. Near saturation, the hysteresis loop may be in- (Units) (cm3/g) cm3/g
side the original magnetizing line. Density δ (equals) kg/m3 10–3 g/cm3
Chapter 8
Magnetically Soft Materials
MAGNETICALLY SOFT MATERIALS are Magnetic core loss (Pc ) is the active power path around the hysteresis curve. The power is
those that are readily magnetized in a relatively (watts) expended per unit mass of magnetic proportional to the area enclosed by the B-H
low magnetic field and are equally easily de- material in which there is a cyclically, normally curve. This Wh is reported for alloys with the
magnetized with a small residual magnetic in- sinusoidal, varying induction at a specified units of energy per unit volume of material per
duction. These characteristics suit their use in ac maximum induction (Bmax) at a specified fre- cycle (J/m3 or erg/cm3 per cycle).
circuits. The basis of transformers, motors, and quency (f). The core loss is made up of eddy
generators are time-varying induced magnetic current and hysteresis losses. The core loss usu-
fields. Relays, electromagnets, and magnetic ally is reported at power frequencies, 50 and 60 REFERENCES
shielding are other applications of these materi- Hz, and at the higher frequency, 400 Hz, which
als. The coercive force for these materials is is used aboard aircraft. 1. D.W. Dietrich, Magnetically Soft Materials,
typically from 0.16 to 400 A/m (0.002–5 Oe) Hysteresis losses are a component of the core Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys
(Ref 1). Magnetic properties of importance to loss. The hysteresis loss (Wh) can be deter- and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM
ac applications include the following. mined as the power expended for a single slow Handbook, 1990, p 761–781
Magnetically Soft Materials / 197
Table 8.1 Relative Permeability ( µ r ) of Magnetically Soft Material Families

Parameter Values
Alloy-temper (UNS number) µ r [unitless] Parameter SI (Cust) Notes Reference

Alten 50WR 9000 u Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 66
strength Oe)
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Cold-Rolled Magnetic Lamination
ASTM A726/A726M 47D200- 2100 t,peak Magnetic induction, 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 Sheet, 0.47 mm (0.0185 in.) thick. 72
Semiprocessed frequency kG, 60Hz) Epstein specimens
ASTM A726/A726M 56D230- 2200 t,peak Magnetic induction, 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 Sheet, 0.56 mm (0.022 in.) thick. Epstein 72
Semiprocessed frequency kG, 60Hz) specimens
ASTM A726/A726M 79D450- 2650 t,peak Magnetic induction, 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 Sheet, 0.79 mm mm (0.031 in.) thick. 72
ASTM A726/A726M 79D610- 2650 t,peak Magnetic induction, 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 Sheet, 0.79 mm mm (0.031 in.) thick. 72

Parameter Values

ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 35,000 Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 73
(K94490) max,smallest 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). ASTM A34/A34M
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 4500 min Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 73
(K94490) 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). ASTM A34/A34M
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 40,000 Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <=1 2.7 mm 73
(K94490) max,smallest (0.500 in.). Test specimen ASTM
A34/A34M; method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 55,000 Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Sheet, strip 1.52 mm (0.0600 in.) <= d <= 73
(K94490) max,smallest 4.75 mm (0.187 in.). Test specimen
ASTM A34/A34M; method
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 5000 min Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <=1 2.7 mm 73
(K94490) (0.500 in.). Test specimen ASTM
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 7500 min Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Sheet, strip 1.52 mm (0.0600 in.) <= d <= 73
(K94490) 4.75 mm (0.187 in.). Test specimen
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 60,000 Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <= 12.7 mm 73
(K94840) max,smallest (0.500 in.). Test specimen ASTM
A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 6000 min Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 73
(K94840) 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). ASTM A34/A34M
ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 50,000 Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 73
A596/A596M, A773/A773M

Parameter Values

ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 7500 min Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <= 12.7 mm 73
(K94840) (0.500 in.). Test specimen ASTM
A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Nonoriented Electrical Steel
ASTM A677 36F145-Fully processed 700 to 1100 t Magnetic induction, 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 Sheet, 0.36 mm (0.0140 in.) thick. 67
frequency kG, 60Hz) Epstein specimens

Parameter Values

ASTM A677M 36F320M-Fully 700 to 1100 t Magnetic induction, 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 Sheet, 0.36 mm (0.0140 in.) thick. 68
processed frequency kG, 60Hz) Epstein specimens

Parameter Values

ASTM A683 47S175-Semiprocessed 1400 t,peak Magnetic induction, 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 Sheet, 0.47 mm (0.0185 in.) thick. 70
ASTM A683M 47S386M- 1400 t,peak Magnetic induction, 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 Sheet, 0.47 mm (0.0185 in.) thick. 71

Parameter Values

Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Magnetically Soft Iron, Oriented Electrical Steel
ASTM A876/876M 18G041-Fully >1800 t Magnetic field 796 A/m (10 Oe) Sheet, 0.18 mm mm (0.0070 in.) thick 86
processed strength
ASTM A876/876M 23G045-Fully >1800 t Magnetic field 796 A/m (10 Oe) Sheet, 0.23 mm (0.0090 in.) thick 86
processed strength
ASTM A876/876M 23H070-Fully >1800 t Magnetic field 796 A/m (10 Oe) Sheet, 0.23 mm (0.0090 in.) thick 86
processed strength
ASTM A876/876M 23P060-Fully >1880 t Magnetic field 796 A/m (10 Oe) Sheet, 0.23 mm (0.0090 in.) thick 86
processed strength
ASTM A876/876M 23Q054-Fully >1880 t Magnetic field 796 A/m (10 Oe) Sheet, 0.23mm (0.0090 in.) thick 86
processed strength
processed strength
ASTM A876/876M 27H074-Fully >1800 t Magnetic field 796 A/m (10 Oe) Sheet, 0.27mm (0.0106 in.) thick 86
processed strength
ASTM A876/876M 27P066-Fully >1880 t Magnetic field 796 A/m (10 Oe) Sheet, 0.27 mm (0.0106 in.) thick 86
processed strength
ASTM A876/876M 27Q057-Fully >1880 t Magnetic field 796 A/m (10 Oe) Sheet, 0.27 mm (0.0106 in.) thick 86
processed strength
processed strength
processed strength
processed strength
processed strength

Parameter Values
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 7000 max Temperature RT Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 8000 max Temperature RT Bar. ASTM A 596 test 85
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 11,000 max Temperature RT Strip > 1 mm (0.040 in.). ASTM A 596 85
test
Fe, vacuum-melted high purity- 8000 max Temperature RT Bar, strip >1mm (0.040 in.). ASTM A 85
Annealed 341 test
Fe, vacuum-melted high purity- 17,000 max Temperature RT Bar, strip >1mm (0.040 in.). ASTM A 85
Annealed 596 test
45Ni-Fe-Annealed 7000 initial,t Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
45Ni-Fe-Annealed 90,000 max,t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
45Ni3MoFe-Annealed 6000 initial,t Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
45Ni3MoFe-Annealed 60,000 max,t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 6100 initial,t Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Annealed at 995 C (1750 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 14,000 initial,t Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Annealed at 1065 C (1950 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 17,000 initial,t Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 140,000 max,t Temperature RT Annealed at 1065 C (1950 F) 85
75Ni5Cu2CrFe-Annealed 85,000 initial,t Magnetic induction 0.004 T (40 G) Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
75Ni5Cu2CrFe-Annealed 375,000 max,t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
78.5NiFe-Annealed 50,000 initial,t Magnetic induction 0.004 T (40 G) Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
78.5NiFe-Annealed 300,000 max,t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
79Ni4MoFe-Annealed 90,000 initial,t Magnetic induction 0.004 T (40 G) Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
79Ni4MoFe-Annealed 400,000 max,t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
ASTM A753 Type 3 N14076 50,000 min Magnetic induction 0.004 T (40 G) Sheet, strip 1.52 mm (0.0600 in.) <= d <= 73
(N14076) 4.75 mm (0.187 in.). Test specimen
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 3 N14076 230,000 Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Sheet, strip 1.52 mm (0.0600 in.) <= d <= 73
(N14076) max,smallest 4.75 mm (0.187 in.). Test specimen
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M

Parameter Values

ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 35,000 min Magnetic induction 0.004 T (40 G) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <= 12.7 mm 73
(N14080) (0.500 in.). Test specimen ASTM
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 35,000 min Magnetic induction 0.004 T (40 G) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 73
(N14080) 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). ASTM A34/A34M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 42,000 min Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <= 12.7 mm 73
(N14080) (0.500 in.). Test specimen ASTM
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 175,000 Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 73
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 175,000 Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <= 12.7 mm 73
(N14080) max,smallest (0.500 in.). Test specimen ASTM
A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 42,000 min Magnetic induction 0.010 T (100 G) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 73
(N14080) 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). ASTM A34/A34M
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
INCOLOY Alloy MA956 (S67956) 1.001 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Superalloy. at 21.1 C (70 F) 61
strength Oe)
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.003 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 at 24.4 C (76 F) 61
strength Oe)
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.004 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 at -78.3 C (-109 F) 61
strength Oe)
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) 1.016 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 at -195.6 C (-320 F) 61
strength Oe)

Parameter Values

INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) 1.006 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 at 24.4 C (76 F) 61
strength Oe)
INCONEL Alloy 725 (N07725) < 1.001 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 61
strength Oe)
INCONEL Alloy MA754 (N07754) 1.001 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 at 21.1 C ( 70 F) 61
strength Oe)
Carpenter Hipernom Alloy 60,000 min Magnetic induction 0.004 T (40 G) All shapes. ASTM A 596 57
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 50,000 u Magnetic induction 0.004 T (40 G) Bar, wire 57
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 200,000 max Temperature RT Bar, wire 57
Haynes Stellite No. 4 1.2 max Magnetic field 9280 A/m (116 Used in dry batteries 66
strength Oe)
Covandur-Annealed 1700 max Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 CoFeV 66
strength Oe)
Covandur-Unannealed 400 max Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 CoFeV 66
strength Oe)
INCOLOY alloy 800 (N08800) 1.014 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Superalloy. at 21.1 C ( 70 F) annealed 61
strength Oe)
INCOLOY alloy 800 (N08800) 1.014 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Superalloy. at 21.1 C (70 F) hot rolled 61
strength Oe)
1% Si steel-Annealed 7700 max Temperature RT ASTM A 341 test 85
1% Si steel-Annealed 14,800 max Temperature RT ASTM A 596 test 85
1% Si steel, free machining-Annealed 9000 max Temperature RT Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
2.5 % Si steel-Annealed 18,000 max Temperature RT ASTM A 596 test 85
2.5 % Si steel, free machining- 10,000 max Temperature RT Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
Annealed
2.5 % Si steel, free machining- 14,000 max Temperature RT Bar. ASTM A 596 test 85
Annealed
4% Si steel-Annealed 18,500 max Temperature RT ASTM A 596 test 85
1010-Annealed (G10100) 3800 max Temperature RT 85
Steel, Cast Stainless, Austenitic
CH-20 (J93402) 1.71 Temperature RT 64
CK-20 (J94202) 1.02 Temperature RT 64
CN-7M (N08007) 1.01 to 1.1 u Temperature RT 64
Steel, Cast Stainless, Ferritic
CB30 (J91803) Ferromagnetic Temperature RT 64
CC50 (J92615) Ferromagnetic Temperature RT 64

Parameter Values
Steel, Cast Stainless, Martensitic

CA15 (J91150) Ferromagnetic Temperature RT 64
CA40 (J91153) Ferromagnetic Temperature RT 64
CF-12M 1.5 to 2.5 Temperature RT 64
CF-8 (J92600) 1.0 to 1.3 u Temperature RT 64
CF-20 (J92602) 1.01 u Temperature RT 64
CF-16F (J92701) 1.0 to 2.0 u Temperature RT 64
CF-8C (J92710) 1.2 to 1.8 Temperature RT 64
CF-8M (J92900) 1.5 to 2.5 Temperature RT 64
CE-30 (J93423) >1.5 u Temperature RT 64
330-Annealed (N08330) 1.02 approx Temperature RT 65
201-Annealed (S20100) 1.02 approx Temperature RT 65
302 (S30200) 1.02 approx Temperature RT Superalloy 65
302B-Annealed (S30215) 1.02 approx Temperature RT 65
304L (S30403) 1.02 approx Temperature RT Superalloy 65
S30430-Annealed (S30430) 1.02 approx Temperature RT 65
304N-Annealed (S30451) 1.02 approx Temperature RT 65
316L-Annealed (S31603) 1.02 approx Temperature RT 65
316N-Annealed (S31651) 1.02 approx Temperature RT 65
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 1 Grade 1- 2300 t,max () Bar, HRB 75 to 82, 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) 87
Mill annealed <= d <= 17.46 mm (0.6825 in.)
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 2 Grade 1- 2350 t,max () Bar, HRB 80 to 88, 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) 87
Mill annealed <= d <= 17.46 mm (0.6825 in.)

Parameter Values

430-Annealed (S43000) 600 to 1100 Temperature RT 65
approx
approx
approx
446-Annealed (S44600) 1000 max Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy permeameter 85
approx
410 (S41000) 700 to 1000 Temperature RT Superalloy 65
approx
410-Annealed (S41000) 750 max Temperature RT Superalloy. ASTM A 341 using Fahy 85
permeameter
410-Heat Treated (S41000) 95 max Temperature RT Superalloy. ASTM A 341 using Fahy 85
permeameter
approx
416-Heat Treated (S41600) 95 max Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy permeameter 85
420-Heat Treated (S42000) 40 max Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy permeameter 85
440B-Heat Treated (S44003) 62 max Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy permeameter 85
14-4PH-A (J92240) 48 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 All wrought forms 64
strength Oe)
14-4PH-A (J92240) 74 u Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 All wrought forms 64
strength Oe)
14-4PH-A (J92240) 95 max Temperature RT All wrought forms 64
14-4PH-H1075 (J92240) 52 u Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 All wrought forms 64
strength Oe)
strength Oe)
14-4PH-H1075 (J92240) 136 max Temperature RT All wrought forms 64
strength Oe)
strength Oe)
strength Oe)
strength Oe)

Parameter Values

15-5PH-Annealed (S15500) 95 approx Temperature RT 65
17-4PH (S17400) 95 approx Temperature RT Superalloy 65
Table 8.2 Coercive Force ( H c ) of Magnetically Soft Material Families
Hc Parameter Values
Alloy-temper (UNS number) A/m Oe Parameter SI (Cust) Notes Reference
Type CC Meehanite-As cast 995 u,d 12.5 u Temperature RT Corrosion resistant iron. As cast 66
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 27 135 to 239 t 1.7 to 3.0 t Temperature RT Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50A-Duplex 48 t,d 0.6 t Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Option 1-1.25 in. round bar 57
treatment strength Oe)
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50A-HT 32 t,d 0.4 t Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Laminations or tape cores made 57
1600F strength Oe) from strip
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50A-HT 152 t,d 1.9 t Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Standard bar 57
1600F strength Oe)
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50A-Slow 80 t,d 1.0 t Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Option 2-bar 57
cool strength Oe)
27Co0.6CrFe-Annealed 130 t 1.6 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Strip, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) <= t <= 85
strength Oe) 0.5 mm (0.020 in.)
27Co0.6CrFe-Annealed 925 approx 1700 approx Temperature RT Strip, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) <= t <= 85
0.5 mm (0.020 in.)
2V49Co49Fe-Annealed 72 t 0.9 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Strip, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) <= t <= 85
strength Oe) 0.5 mm (0.020 in.)
2V49Co49Fe-Annealed 970 approx 1775 approx Temperature RT Strip, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) <= t <= 85
0.5 mm (0.020 in.)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 71.6 t 0.900 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Ring, 0.35 mm (0.014 in.) 74
strength Oe)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 159 t 2.00 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Round bar, 13.5 mm (0.531 in.) 74
strength Oe)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 240 t 3.0 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Round bar, 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) 74
strength Oe)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 135 t 1.70 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Ring, 0.35 mm (0.014 in.) 74
strength Oe)
Permendur V 72 0.9 Temperature RT 66
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 6.4 max 0.080 max Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Sheet, strip 1.52 mm (0.0600 in.) 73
(K94490) induction <= d <= 4.75 mm (0.187 in.). Test
specimen ASTM A34/A34M;
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 6.4 max 0.080 max Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate 73
(K94490) induction coil: d > 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Test
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 6.4 max 0.080 max Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <=1 73
(K94490) induction 2.7 mm (0.500 in.). Test specimen
A596/A596M, A773/A773M
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
Hc Parameter Values
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 5.6 max 0.070 max Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <= 73
(K94840) induction 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Test
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 6.0 max 0.075 max Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate 73
(K94840) induction coil: d > 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Test
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A"- 72 t,d 0.90 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
Annealed induction
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A-FM"- 56 to 64 t,d 0.70 to 0.80 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
Annealed induction
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B"- 56 t,d 0.70 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
Annealed induction
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B-FM"- 56 t,d 0.70 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
Annealed induction
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "C"- 48 t,d 0.60 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
Annealed induction
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 60 t 0.75 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
induction
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 48 t 0.60 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Strip > 1 mm (0.040 in.). ASTM A 85
induction 596 test
Airmelted magnetic iron-Annealed 68 t 0.85 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 596 test 85
induction
Fe, vacuum-melted high purity- 32 t 0.40 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar, strip >1mm (0.040 in.). 85
Annealed induction ASTM A 341 test
Fe, vacuum-melted high purity- 20 t 0.25 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar, strip >1mm (0.040 in.). 85
Annealed induction ASTM A 596 test
45Ni-Fe-Annealed 4t 0.05 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
45Ni3MoFe-Annealed 4.8 t 0.06 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 2.4 t 0.03 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 8t 0.10 t Temperature RT Annealed at 995 C (1750 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 4t 0.05 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1065 C (1950 F) 85
75Ni5Cu2CrFe-Annealed 0.4 t 0.005 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
Hc Parameter Values
78.5NiFe-Annealed 1.0 t 0.013 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
79Ni4MoFe-Annealed 0.3 t 0.004 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
ASTM A753 Type 3 N14076 1.2 max 0.015 max Magnetic 0.5 T (5 kG) Sheet, strip 1.52 mm (0.0600 in.) 73
(N14076) induction <= d <= 4.75 mm (0.187 in.). Test
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 2.0 max 0.025 max Magnetic 0.5 T (5 kG) Bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d <= 73
(N14080) induction 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Test
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 2.0 max 0.025 max Magnetic 0.5 T (5 kG) All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate 73
(N14080) induction coil: d > 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Test
method A596/A596M,
A773/A773M
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 0.64 to 1.6 u,d 0.008 to 0.02 u Magnetic field 80 A/m (1 Oe) All shapes 57
strength
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 1.6 max,d 0.02 max Magnetic field 80 A/m (1 Oe) Bar, wire 57
strength
Covandur-Annealed 400 u,d 5.00 u Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 CoFeV 66
strength Oe)
Covandur-Unannealed 720 u,d 9.0 u Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 CoFeV 66
strength Oe)
Carpenter Chrome Core 8 & 8FM 200 t 2.50 t Temperature RT All shapes. ASTM A 341 57
Alloys
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 3.2 to 5.6 u,d 0.04 to 0.07 u Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar 57
induction
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 3.2 to 5.6 u,d 0.04 to 0.07 u Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Strip 0.64 to 3.18 mm (0.025 to 57
induction 1.25 in.) thick
Carpenter "49" Alloy-Annealed 1450 38 u,d 0.48 u Magnetic 1.3 T (13 kG) Ring t = 1.52 mm (0.060 in.) 57
F (K94840) induction
Hc Parameter Values
Carpenter "49" Alloy-Mill annealed 68 u,d 0.85 u Magnetic 1.3 T (13 kG) Ring t = 1.52 mm (0.060 in.) 57
(K94840) induction
Carpenter "49" Alloy Rotor Grade 4 to 4.8 u,d 0.05 to 0.06 u Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) thick 57
(K94840) induction
Carpenter "49" Alloy Transformer 4 to 4.8 u,d 0.05 to 0.06 u Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) thick 57
Grade (K94840) induction
1% Si steel-Annealed 32 t 0.40 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) ASTM A 596 test 85
induction
induction
1% Si steel, free machining-Annealed 40 t 0.50 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
induction
2.5 % Si steel-Annealed 28 t 0.35 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) ASTM A 596 test 85
induction
2.5 % Si steel, free machining- 32 t 0.40 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
Annealed induction
2.5 % Si steel, free machining- 24 t 0.30 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 596 test 85
Annealed induction
induction
1010-Annealed (G10100) 80 to 160 t 1.0 to 2.0 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) 85
induction
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 1 All 175 max 2.20 max Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) < d <= 87
Grades-Full Anneal induction 41.28 mm (1.625 in.). Ring and
permeameter test
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 1 Grade 1- 143 t 1.80 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, HRB 75 to 82, 6.35 mm 87
Mill annealed induction (0.250 in.) <= d <= 17.46 mm
(0.6825 in.)
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 1 Grade 1- 239 max 3.00 max Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, HRB 75 to 82, 17.46 mm 87
Mill annealed induction (0.6825 in.) < d <= 41.28 mm
(1.625 in.). Ring and permeameter
test
(0.6825 in.). Ring and
permeameter test
test
permeameter test
Hc Parameter Values
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 1 Grade 3- 557 max 7.00 max Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) < d <= 87
Unannealed, cold drawn induction 41.28 mm (1.625 in.). Ring and
permeameter test
permeameter test
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 2 Grade 1- 130 t 1.64 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, HRB 80 to 88, 6.35 mm 87
(0.6825 in.)
test
Unannealed, cold drawn induction (0.6825 in.) < d <= 41.28 mm
test
Carpenter Chrome Core 12 & 12FM 200 t 2.50 t Temperature RT All shapes. ASTM A 341 57
Alloys
Carpenter Chrome Core 18FM 199 t 2.5 t Temperature RT All shapes. IEC 404-1 57
Solenoid Quality Stainless
Carpenter Stainless Type 430FR 95 to 200 t 1.2 to 2.5 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) All shapes. ASTM A 341 57
Solenoid Quality-Full anneal induction
Solenoid Quality-Mill annealed CG induction
Solenoid Quality-Mill annealed PG induction
Solenoid Quality-Unannealed induction
Carpenter Stainless Type 430F 120 to 200 t 1.5 to 2.5 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar. ASTM A 341 57
Solenoid Quality-Full anneal (S43020) induction
Carpenter Stainless Type 430F 240 to 400 t 3.0 to 5.0 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar, HRB 82 to 91. ASTM A 57
Solenoid Quality-Mill annealed CG induction 341
(S43020)
Carpenter Stainless Type 430F 120 to 200 t 1.5 to 2.5 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar, HRB 75 to 82. ASTM A 57
Solenoid Quality-Mill annealed CG induction 341
(S43020)
Solenoid Quality-Mill annealed PG induction
(S43020)
(S43020)
446-Annealed (S44600) 360 4.5 Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy 85
permeameter
410-Annealed (S41000) 480 6 Temperature RT Superalloy. ASTM A 341 using 85
Fahy permeameter
410-Heat Treated (S41000) 2900 36 Temperature RT Superalloy. ASTM A 341 using 85
Fahy permeameter
Hc Parameter Values
416-Annealed (S41600) 480 6 Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy 85
permeameter
416-Heat Treated (S41600) 2900 36 Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy 85
permeameter
420-Annealed (S42000) 800 10 Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy 85
permeameter
420-Heat Treated (S42000) 3600 45 Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy 85
permeameter
440B-Heat Treated (S44003) 5100 64 Temperature RT ASTM A 341 using Fahy 85
permeameter
Table 8.3 Peak Induction ( B m , Bmax) of Magnetically Soft Material Families

B m , B max Parameter Values
Alloy-temper (UNS number) T G Parameters SI (Cust) Notes Reference

Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 27 2.36 t 23,600 t Temperature RT Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 2.20 min,as spec 22,000 min,as Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Oe) Bar, 25.4 mm (1 in.) < d <= 177.8 74
spec strength mm (7 in.). Test to ASTM A 341,
A 596, A 773
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 2.28 min,as spec 22,800 min,as Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Oe) Strip. Test to ASTM A 341, A 74
spec strength 596, A 773
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 2.20 min,as spec 22,000 min,as Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Oe) Bar, 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) <= d <= 74
spec strength 25.4 mm (1 in.). Test to ASTM A
341, A 596, A 773
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 0.25 t 2500 t Magnetic field 160 A/m (2 Oe) Round bar, 13.5 mm (0.531 in.) 74
strength
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 1.35 t 13,500 t Magnetic field 160 A/m (2 Oe) Ring, 0.35 mm (0.014 in.) 74
strength
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 2.00 t 20,000 t Magnetic field 1600 A/m (20 Oe) Round bar, 13.5 mm (0.531 in.) 74
strength
A 596, A 773
strength
341, A 596, A 773
strength
strength
341, A 596, A 773
strength
A 596, A 773
strength
strength
strength
strength


341, A 596, A 773
A 596, A 773
341, A 596, A 773
A 596, A 773
strength
strength
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 2.12 min,as spec 21,200 min,as Magnetic field 11940 A/m (150 Oe) Bar, d < 6.35 mm (0.250 in.). Test 74
spec strength to ASTM A 341, A 596, A 773
spec strength 178 mm (7 in.). Test to ASTM A
341, A 596, A 773
341, A 596, A 773
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 0.50 t 5000 t Magnetic field 160 A/m (2 Oe) Ring, 0.35 mm (0.014 in.) 74
strength
strength
strength
341, A 596, A 773


strength
strength
341, A 596, A 773
strength
strength
strength
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 1.35 t 13500 t Magnetic field 800 A/m (10 Oe) Ring, 0.35 mm (0.014 in.) 74
strength
strength
341, A 596, A 773
strength
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron 2.10 t 21,000 t Temperature RT Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
"A"-Annealed
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron 2.10 t 21,000 t Magnetic field 15920 A/m (200 Oe) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
"A-FM"-Annealed strength
"B"-Annealed
"B-FM"-Annealed
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron 2.00 t,d 20,000 t Temperature RT Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
"C"-Annealed
Carpenter Consumet 2.15 t,d 21,500 t Temperature RT Bar, strip, billet 57
Electrical Iron
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 0.73 t 7300 t Temperature RT All shapes 57
Co 1.87 u 18,700 u Temperature RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 83


Carpenter "49" Alloy 1.50 t 15,000 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Oe) Bar 57
(K94840) strength
Carpenter "49" Alloy 1.50 t 15,000 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Oe) Strip 0.64 to 3.18 mm (0.025 to 57
(K94840) strength 1.25 in.) thick
Carpenter "49" Alloy Rotor 1.50 t 15,000 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Oe) 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) thick 57
Grade (K94840) strength
Carpenter "49" Alloy 1.50 t,d 15,000 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Oe) 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) thick 57
Transformer Grade (K94840) strength
Carpenter Chrome Core 1.50 t 15,000 t Temperature RT All shapes 57
18FM Solenoid Quality
Stainless
Carpenter Stainless Type 1.35 t 13,500 t Temperature RT All shapes 57
430FR Solenoid Quality
Carpenter Stainless Type 1.42 t 14,200 t Temperature RT All shapes 57
430F Solenoid Quality
(S43020)
Table 8.4 Residual Induction ( B r ) of Magnetically Soft Material Families

Br Parameter Values

Cunife II 0.73 7300 t Temperature RT Wire and strip 66
27Co0.6CrFe-Annealed 1.4 t 14,000 t Temperature RT Strip, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) <= t <= 0.5 85
mm (0.020 in.)
2V49Co49Fe-Annealed 1.6 t 16,000 t Temperature RT Strip, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) <= t <= 0.5 85
mm (0.020 in.)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 1.45 t 14,500 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Ring, 0.35 mm (0.014 in.) 74
strength Oe)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 1.00 t 10,000 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Round bar, 13.5 mm (0.531 in.) 74
strength Oe)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 0.85 t 8500 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Ring, 0.35 mm (0.014 in.) 74
strength Oe)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 0.60 t 6000 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Round bar, 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) 74
strength Oe)
Permendur V 1.45 u,d 14,500 u Temperature RT 66
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A"- 0.65 t 6500 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
Annealed induction
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A- 0.6 t 6000 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
FM"-Annealed induction
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B"- 0.6 t,d 6000 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
Annealed induction
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B- 0.55 t 5500 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
FM"-Annealed induction
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "C"- 0.4 t 4000 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar d = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) 57
Annealed induction
Airmelted magnetic iron- 1.38 t 13,800 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Strip > 1 mm (0.040 in.). ASTM A 596 85
Annealed induction test
Airmelted magnetic iron- 1.42 t 14,200 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 596 test 85
Annealed induction
Airmelted magnetic iron- 0.25 to 1.20 t 2500 to 12,000 Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
Annealed t induction
Carpenter Consumet Electrical 0.6 to 0.8 t 6000 to 8000 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar, strip, billet 57
Iron induction
Fe, vacuum-melted high purity- 0.11 to 0.58 t 1100 to 5800 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar, strip >1mm (0.040 in.). ASTM A 85
Annealed induction 341 test
Fe, vacuum-melted high purity- 1.00 t 10,000 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar, strip >1mm (0.040 in.). ASTM A 85
Annealed induction 596 test
45Ni-Fe-Annealed 0.68 t 6800 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
45Ni3MoFe-Annealed 0.89 t 8900 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
49NiFe-Annealed 0.90 t 9000 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85

Br Parameter Values

75Ni5Cu2CrFe-Annealed 0.1 t 3400 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
78.5NiFe-Annealed 0.50 t 5000 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
79Ni4MoFe-Annealed 0.5 t 3500 t Temperature RT Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 0.35 u 3500 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Covandur-Unannealed 0.6 6000 u Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 CoFeV 66
strength Oe)
CMW 3950 0.029 t 290 t Temperature 20 C (68F) 58
Carpenter Temperature 0.27 u 2700 u Temperature 25 C (77F) All shapes 57
Compensator "32" (Type 1)
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 0.9 u,d 9000 u Temperature RT Bar 57
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 0.9 u,d 9000 u Temperature RT Strip 0.64 to 3.18 mm (0.025 to 1.25 57
in.) thick
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 0.9 u,d 9000 u Temperature RT Strip 0.64 to 3.18 mm (0.025 to 1.25 57
in.) thick
Carpenter "49" Alloy-Annealed 0.99 u,d 9900 u Magnetic 1.3 T (13 kG) Ring t = 1.52 mm (0.060 in.) 57
1450 F (K94840) induction
Carpenter "49" Alloy-Mill 0.63 u 6300 u Magnetic 1.3 T (13 kG) Ring t = 1.52 mm (0.060 in.) 57
annealed (K94840) induction
Carpenter "49" Alloy Rotor 0.9 u 9000 u Temperature RT 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) thick 57
Grade (K94840)
Grade (K94840)
Carpenter "49" Alloy 0.9 u 9000 u Temperature RT 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) thick 57
Transformer Grade (K94840)
1% Si steel-Annealed 1.31 t 13,100 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) ASTM A 596 test 85
induction
1% Si steel-Annealed 0.80 t 8000 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) ASTM A 341 test 85
induction
1% Si steel, free machining- 0.20 to 1.10 t 2000 to 11,000 Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
2.5 % Si steel-Annealed 1.30 t 13,000 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) ASTM A 596 test 85
induction
2.5 % Si steel, free machining- 1.37 t 13,700 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 596 test 85
Annealed induction
2.5 % Si steel, free machining- 0.25 to 1.20 t 2500 to 12,000 Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) Bar. ASTM A 341 test 85
4% Si steel-Annealed 1.08 t 10,800 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) ASTM A 596 test 85
induction

Br Parameter Values

1010-Annealed (G10100) 0.90 t 9000 t Magnetic 1.5 T (15 kG) 85
induction
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 1 0.754 t 7450 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, HRB 75 to 82, 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) 87
Grade 1-Mill annealed induction <= d <= 17.46 mm (0.6825 in.)
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 2 0.742 t 7420 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Bar, HRB 80 to 88, 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) 87
Grade 1-Mill annealed induction <= d <= 17.46 mm (0.6825 in.)
Carpenter Chrome Core 12 & 1.26 t 12,600 t Temperature RT All shapes. ASTM A 341 57
12FM Alloys
Carpenter Stainless Type 430FR 0.25 to 0.80 t 2500 to 8000 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) All shapes. ASTM A 341 57
Solenoid Quality-Mill annealed induction
CG
PG
Carpenter Stainless Type 430F 0.2 to 0.85 t 2000 to 8500 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar. ASTM A 341 57
(S43020)
Carpenter Stainless Type 430F 0.2 to 0.85 t 2000 to 8500 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar, HRB 82 to 91. ASTM A 341 57
CG (S43020)
Carpenter Stainless Type 430F 0.2 to 0.85 t 2000 to 8500 t Magnetic 1.0 T (10 kG) Test bar, HRB 75 to 82. ASTM A 341 57
CG (S43020)
PG (S43020)
(S43020)
Table 8.5 Curie Temperature (T c ) of Magnetically Soft Material Families

Tc
Alloy-temper (UNS number) oC oF Notes Reference
50% Ni Iron-Annealed 500 approx 930 approx 85
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 27 925 t 1697 t Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50 940 t 1724 t Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50A 940 t 1724 t Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50HS 940 t 1724 t Fe-Co-V, all shapes 57
Carpenter Hiperco Alloy 50HS-Cold 940 1724 Test ring with 503 MPa (73 ksi) yield 66
rolled and annealed
rolled and annealed
rolled and annealed
2V49Co49Fe-Annealed 970 approx 1775 approx Strip, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) <= t <= 0.5 mm 85
(0.020 in.)
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 940 t 1724 t,d All forms and sizes 74
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 925 t 1697 t,d All forms and sizes 74
Permendur V 940 1725 66
ASTM A753 Type 1 K94490 (K94490) 440 t 824 t,d All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
mm (0.500 in.)
ASTM A753 Type 2 K94840 (K94840) 482 t 900 t,d All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
mm (0.500 in.)
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A" 810 t 1490 t All shapes 57
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A-FM" 810 t 1490 t All shapes 57
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B" 799 t 1470 t All shapes 57
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B-FM" 799 t 1470 t All shapes 57
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "C" 788 t 1450 t All shapes 57
Carpenter Consumet Electrical Iron 760 t 1400 t Bar, strip, billet 57
Carpenter Electrical Iron 760 app 1400 app All shapes 57
Carpenter "73" Alloy 745 t 1373 t,d All shapes 57
Carpenter Chrominur II 640 t 1184 t,d All shapes 57
Carpenter Vicalloy I-Aged for max energy 855 t 1571 t,d All shapes 57
product
Fe 770 approx 1420 approx Pure metal, R depends on purity 85

Tc
79Ni4MoFe-Annealed 455 approx 850 approx Annealed at 1175 C (2150 F) 85
Carpenter Wear Resistant HyMu 800A 460 t 860 t All shapes, used for tape recorder heads 57
ASTM A753 Type 3 N14076 (N14076) 399 t 750 t,d All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
mm (0.500 in.)
ASTM A753 Type 4 N14080 (N14080) 460 t 860 t,d All billet, bar, wire, plate, plate coil: d > 12.7 73
mm (0.500 in.)
Nickel, Miscellaneous Nickel, Controlled-expansion
NI-SPAN-C alloy 902-Precipitation 190 u 380 u Sheet 82
hardened (N09902)
INCOLOY alloy 903-Precipitation 415 to 470 u 780 to 880 u Sheet 82
hardened (N19903)
hardened (N19907)
hardened (N19909)
Nickel 200 (N02200) 360 u,d 680 u Rod, bar, sheet, strip, pipe, tube, wire 61
Nickel 201-Annealed (N02201) 360 u 680 u Sheet 82
DURANICKEL Alloy 301-Aged (N03301) 93 u,d 200 u 61
DURANICKEL Alloy 301-Aged (N03301) 16 to 49 u,d 60 to 120 u 61
DURANICKEL Alloy 301-Precipitation 16 to 50 u 60 to 120 u Sheet 82
hardened (N03301)
Alloy 800HT-Annealed -115 u -175 u Sheet 82
INCOLOY alloy 800-Annealed (N08800) -115 u -175 u Sheet 82
INCOLOY alloy 825-Annealed (N08825) -196 u -320 u Sheet 82
Alloy 600-Annealed (N06600) -124 u -192 u Sheet 82
INCONEL Alloy 601 (N06601) <-196 u,d <-320 u 61
INCONELAlloy 625 (N06625) <-196 u,d <-320 u 61
Alloy 718-Precipitation hardened -112 u -170 u Sheet 82
(N07718)
Alloy X750-Annealed (N07750) -125 u -193 u Sheet 82

Tc
Nickel, Nickel, Nickel Copper
Alloy 400-Annealed (N04400) 20 to 50 u 70 to 120 u Sheet 82
Alloy 401-Annealed (N04401) <-196 u <-320 u Sheet 82
Alloy R-405-Annealed (N04405) 20 to 50 u 70 to 120 u Sheet 82
Alloy K-500-Precipitation hardened -134 u -210 u Sheet 82
(N05500)
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy 460 t 860 t All shapes 57
Carpenter HyMu "800" 460 t 860 t All shapes 57
Carpenter HyRa "80" 460 t 860 t All shapes 57
Carpenter Vacumet HyMu "800" Alloy 460 t 860 t All shapes 57
Co 1121 u 2050 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 83
Covandur-Annealed 750 u,d 1380 u CoFeV 66
Covandur-Unannealed 750 u,d 1380 u CoFeV 66
Carpenter Chrome Core 8 & 8FM Alloys 750 t 1382 t All shapes 57
Carpenter Temperature Compensator "32" 199 t 390 t All shapes 57
(Type 1)
Carpenter Temperature Compensator "32" 149 app 300 app All shapes 57
(Type 2, 3, and 4)
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 449 to 499 t 840 to 930 t All shapes 57
INCOLOY alloy 800 (N08800) -115 u,d -175 u Superalloy 61
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 1 Grade 1- 671 t 1240 t,d Bar, HRB 75 to 82, 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) <= d 87
Mill annealed <= 17.46 mm (0.6825 in.)
ASTM A838/A838M Alloy 2 Grade 1- 660 t 1220 t,d Bar, HRB 80 to 88, 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) <= d 87
Mill annealed <= 17.46 mm (0.6825 in.)
Carpenter Chrome Core 12 & 12FM 730 t 1346 t All shapes 57
Alloys
Carpenter Stainless Type 430FR 660 t 1220 t All shapes 57
Solenoid Quality
Carpenter Stainless Type 430F Solenoid 671 t 1240 t All shapes 57
Quality (S43020)
Table 8.6 Core Loss ( Pc ) of Magnetically Soft Material Families
Pc Parameter Values
Alloy-temper (UNS number) W/kg W/lb Parameters SI (Cust) Notes Reference

ASTM A726/A726M 47D200- 3.5 max,as 1.6 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.47 mm (0.0185 in.) 72
Semiprocessed spec,d spec,d induction, freq 50Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
Semiprocessed spec spec induction, 60Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
frequency
frequency
frequency
frequency
frequency
frequency
frequency
frequency
frequency
frequency
Pc Parameter Values

frequency
frequency
frequency
frequency
ASTM A726/A726M 64D490- 10.8 4.9 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.64 mm (0.025 in.) 72
Semiprocessed max,as spec induction, 60Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
spec frequency
frequency
spec frequency
spec frequency
ASTM A726/A726M 79D450- 7.8 max,as 3.6 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.79 mm mm (0.031 in.) 72
ASTM A726/A726M 79D450- 9.9 max,as 4.5 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.79 mm mm (0.031 in.) 72
frequency
spec frequency
Pc Parameter Values

ASTM A726/A726M 79D610- 10.7 4.8 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.79 mm mm (0.031 in.) 72
Semiprocessed max,as spec,d induction, freq 50Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
spec,d
ASTM A726/A726M 79D610- 13.5 6.1 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.79 mm mm (0.031 in.) 72
spec frequency
USS M-19-Fully processed, not 2.01 max,d 0.91 max Magnetic 1.0 T, 60 Hz (10 kG, 24 Gage (0.0250 in.). Epstein 69
annealed induction, freq 60 Hz) specimens
annealed induction, freq 50Hz) specimens
USS M-27-Semi-processed, annealed 4.28 max,d 1.94 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 24 Gage (0.0250 in.). Epstein 69
induction, freq 50Hz) specimens
Pc Parameter Values

induction, freq 60 Hz) specimens
Pc Parameter Values

USS M-47-Fully processed, not 10.80 4.90 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 24 Gage (0.0250 in.). Epstein 69
annealed max,d induction, freq 50Hz) specimens
USS Q-Core 6.50 max,d 2.95 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 0.018 in. thick. Epstein 69
USS Q-Core 10.14 4.60 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 0.028 in. thick. Epstein 69
max,d induction, freq 50Hz) specimens
USS Stator B-Fully processed, not 13.45 6.10 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 24 Gage (0.0250 in.). Epstein 69
USS Stator B-Fully processed, not 10.47 4.75 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 26 Gage (0.0185 in.). Epstein 69
USS Stator B-Semi-processed, 7.72 max,d 3.50 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 24 Gage (0.0250 in.). Epstein 69
USS Stator B-Semi-processed, 6.61 max,d 3.00 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 26 Gage (0.0185 in.). Epstein 69
USS Type 2-S 7.94 max,d 3.60 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 0.018 in. thick. Epstein 69
Pc Parameter Values

USS Type 2-S 10.36 4.70 max Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, 0.024 in. thick. Epstein 69
27Co0.6CrFe 8.00 t 3.63 t Magnetic 0.020 T, 60 Hz (200 Strip t = 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) 85
induction, freq G, 60 Hz)
induction, freq kG, 400 Hz)
27Co0.6CrFe 3.13 t 1.42 t Magnetic 1.0 T, 60 Hz (10 kG, Strip t = 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) 85
induction, freq 60 Hz)
27Co0.6CrFe 5.55 t 2.52 t Magnetic 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 kG, Strip t = 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) 85
induction, 60Hz)
frequency
27Co0.6CrFe 110 t 50.0 t Magnetic 2.0 T, 400 Hz (20 Strip t = 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) 85
2V49Co49Fe 3.08 t 1.40 t Magnetic 0.020 T, 60 Hz (200 Strip t = 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) 85
2V49Co49Fe 10 t 4.7 t Magnetic 1.0 T, 400 Hz (10 Strip t = 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) 85
Pc Parameter Values

2V49Co49Fe 1.2 t 0.53 t Magnetic 1.0 T, 60 Hz (10 kG, Strip t = 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) 85
induction, 60Hz)
frequency
induction, 60Hz)
frequency
induction, 60Hz)
frequency
induction, 60Hz)
frequency
induction, 60Hz)
frequency
Pc Parameter Values

ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 22 t 10 t Magnetic 1.0 T, 400 Hz (10 Strip t = 0.36 mm (0.014 in.), 74
induction, freq kG, 400 Hz) HT at 845 C
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 15.4 t 7t Magnetic 1.0 T, 400 Hz (10 Strip, t = 0.05 mm (0.002 in.), 74
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 26.4 t 12 t Magnetic 1.0 T, 400 Hz (10 Strip, t = 0.36 mm (0.014 in.), 74
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 41.8 t 19 t Magnetic 1.5 T, 400 Hz (15 Strip t = 0.36 mm (0.014 in.), 74
Pc Parameter Values

ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 110 t 50 t Magnetic 2.0 T, 400 Hz (20 Strip, t = 0.25 mm (0.010 in.), 74
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 2 150 t 68 t Magnetic 2.0 T, 400 Hz (20 Strip, t = 0.36 mm (0.014 in.), 74
ASTM A677 36F145-Fully processed 2.54 1.15 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.36 mm (0.0140 in.) 67
max,as spec induction, freq 50Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
spec,d
max,as spec induction, 60Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
Pc Parameter Values

spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
Pc Parameter Values

spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
Pc Parameter Values

spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
ASTM A677M 36F320M-Fully 2.53 1.15 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.36 mm (0.0140 in.) 68
processed max,as spec,d induction, freq 50Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
spec
processed max,as spec,d induction, 60Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
Pc Parameter Values

spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
Pc Parameter Values

spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
Pc Parameter Values

spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
ASTM A683 47S175-Semiprocessed 3.05 1.38 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.47 mm (0.0185 in.) 70
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
Pc Parameter Values

spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
spec,d
spec,d frequency
ASTM A683M 47S386M- 3.05 1.38 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.47 mm (0.0185 in.) 71
spec
Pc Parameter Values

Semiprocessed max,as spec,d induction, 60Hz) thick. Epstein specimens
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
Pc Parameter Values

spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
spec
spec frequency
ASTM A876/876M 18G041-Fully 0.68 0.31 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.18 mm mm (0.0070 86
processed max,as spec induction, freq 50Hz) in.) thick. Test method ASTM
spec A 772
ASTM A876/876M 18G041-Fully 0.90 0.41 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 60 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.18 mm mm (0.0070 86
processed max,as spec induction, 60Hz) in.) thick. Test method ASTM
spec frequency A 343
ASTM A876/876M 23G045-Fully 0.75 0.34 max,as Magnetic 1.5 T, 50 Hz (15 kG, Sheet, 0.23 mm (0.0090 in.) 86
processed max,as spec induction, freq 50Hz) thick. Test method ASTM A
spec 772
processed max,as spec induction, 60Hz) thick. Test method ASTM A
spec frequency 343
ASTM A876/876M 23H070-Fully 1.17 0.53 max,as Magnetic 1.7 T, 50 Hz (17 kG, Sheet, 0.23 mm (0.0090 in.) 86
spec 772
spec 772
ASTM A876/876M 23P060-Fully 1.01 0.46 max,as Magnetic 1.7 T, 50 Hz (17 kG, Sheet, 0.23 mm (0.0090 in.) 86
spec 772
spec 772
ASTM A876/876M 23Q054-Fully 0.90 0.41 max,as Magnetic 1.7 T, 50 Hz (17 kG, Sheet, 0.23mm (0.0090 in.) 86
spec 772
ASTM A876/876M 23Q054-Fully 1.19 0.54 max,as Magnetic 1.7 T, 60 Hz (17 kG, Sheet, 0.23mm (0.0090 in.) 86
spec 772
spec 772
Pc Parameter Values

spec frequency 772
ASTM A876/876M 27H074-Fully 1.24 0.56 max,as Magnetic 1.7 T, 50 Hz (17 kG, Sheet, 0.27mm (0.0106 in.) 86
spec 343
ASTM A876/876M 27H074-Fully 1.63 0.74 max,as Magnetic 1.7 T, 60 Hz (17 kG, Sheet, 0.27mm (0.0106 in.) 86
spec 772
spec 772
spec 772
ASTM A876/876M 27Q057-Fully 0.97 0.44 max,as Magnetic 1.7 T, 50 Hz (17 kG, Sheet, 0.27 mm (0.0106 in.) 86
spec 343
ASTM A876/876M 27Q057-Fully 1.28 0.58 max,as Magnetic 1.7 T, 60 Hz (17 kG, Sheet, 0.27 mm (0.0106 in.) 86
spec 772
spec 772
spec frequency 772
spec 772
spec 772
spec 343
spec frequency 772
spec 772
spec 343
Nickel, Magnetically Soft Nickel, Nonoriented Magnetically Soft Nickel
49NiFe-Annealed 0.00015 t 0.000069 t Magnetic 0.004 T, 400 Hz (40 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) thick 85
Pc Parameter Values
Nickel, Magnetically Soft Nickel, Nonoriented Magnetically Soft Nickel

49NiFe-Annealed 0.0032 t 0.00145 t Magnetic 0.020 T,400 Hz (200 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) thick 85
Nickel, Magnetically Soft Nickel, Semioriented Magnetically Soft Nickel
Pc Parameter Values
Nickel, Magnetically Soft Nickel, Semioriented Magnetically Soft Nickel

79Ni4MoFe-Annealed 0.000099 t 0.000045 t Magnetic 0.020 T, 60 Hz (200 0.36 mm (0.014 in.) thick 85
Table 8.7 Hysteresis Loss ( Wh) of Magnetically Soft Material Families

Wh Parameter Values
Alloy-temper (UNS number) 3 3
J/m per cycle erg/cm per cycle Parameters SI (Cust) Notes Reference
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "A"- 2.91E-10 t,d 2910 t Temperature RT Test bar d = 9.53 mm 57
Annealed (0.375 in.)
Carpenter Silicon Core Iron "B"- 2.54E-10 t,d 2540 t Temperature RT Test bar d = 9.53 mm 57
Annealed (0.375 in.)
Carpenter HyMu "80" Alloy (1.8 to 2.4)E-12 18 to 24 Magnetic field 80 A/m (1 Oe) All shapes 57
strength
Co 690 u 6.9E15 u,d Magnetic 0.5 T (5 kG) Pure metal, R depends on 83

induction purity
Chapter 9
Magnetically Hard Materials
THE FIRST CONTACT humans had with their temperature increases. Up to a certain point, For permanent magnets, the second quadrant
magnetic properties occurred with naturally oc- this loss is linear and the change is reversible. of the B-H curve (Fig. 9.1a) is of interest and is
curring lodestones. The stones were first dis- Magnetization will return on a lowering of tem- called the demagnetization curve. The product
covered by the Chinese and later by the Greeks. perature. Beyond this normal operating region, of BH for all points along the curve map an en-
These stones were found in the Greek city state the change would be irreversible. As the Curie ergy-product curve (Fig. 9.1b). This curve is
of Magnesia, hence, the name magnet. temperature (Tc) is approached, the magnetic important for comparing the quality of perma-
Permanent magnets are “permanent” in that flux approaches zero. While it is beyond the op- nent magnet materials. In the design of perma-
these materials will retain the induced magnetic erating range, the Curie temperature is an indi- nent magnet devices, it indicates the most effi-
field after the magnetizing field is removed. cation of thermal stability. Generally, the higher cient point at which work can be done by the
Permanent magnets will lose magnetization as the Tc is, the more thermally stable the material. permanent magnet in its air gap.
+B B
Br
Normal induction
Bd
(BdHd)max
–H
Hc Hd 0 0
BdHd
(a) Demagnetizing field (b)
Fig. 9.1 (a) Demagnetization curve and (b) energy product curve for a permanent magnet
Table 9.1 Coercive Force ( H c ) of Magnetically Hard Material Families
Hc Parameter Values
Alloy-temper (UNS number) A/m Oe Parameters SI (Cust) Notes Reference

Type CC Meehanite-As cast 995 u,d 12.5 u Temperature RT Corrosion resistant iron. As cast 66

Bonded Ferrite A 155,000 nom 1,940 nom Temperature RT 88
Bonded Ferrite B 92,000 nom 1,150 nom Temperature RT 88
Ceramic 10 (hard ferrite) 236,000 t,d 2950 t Temperature RT 95
Ceramic 10 (hard ferrite) 244,000 3050 intrinsic,t Temperature RT 95
intrinsic,t,d
Ceramic 8 (hard ferrite) 236,000 t,d 2950 t Temperature RT 95
Ceramic 8 (hard ferrite) 256,000 3200 intrinsic,t Temperature RT 95
intrinsic,t,d
Sintered Ferrite 1 145,000 nom 1,800 nom Temperature RT 88
Sintered Ferrite 1 276,000 nom 3,450 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88
Sintered Ferrite 4 185,000 nom 2300 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88
Sintered Ferrite 5 287,000 nom 3590 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88

Cunife II 20690 t,d 260 t Temperature RT Wire and strip 66

Carpenter "73" Alloy 4800 u 60 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter "83" Alloy 6400 u 80 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Chrominur II 26,000 u 320 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter P6 Alloy 5000 u 63 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Vicalloy I-Aged for max 16,700 t,d 210 t Magnetic field 80000 A/m All shapes 57
energy product strength (1000 Oe)
Carpenter Vicalloy I-Aged for max 17,000 u 210 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
energy product

GE Alloy P6 4800 u 60 u Temperature 25 C (77F) 66

Bonded neodymium 720,000 nom 9000 nom Temperature RT Sintered. Intrinsic 88
Bonded neodymium 430,000 nom 5400 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Hotformed neodymium 1,200,000 nom 15,000 nom Temperature RT Sintered. Intrinsic 88
Hotformed neodymium 880,000 nom 11,000 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Magnetically Hard Materials / 249
Hc Parameter Values

Hotpressed neodymium 560,000 nom 7,000 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Hotpressed neodymium 1,280,000 nom 16,000 nom Temperature RT Sintered. Intrinsic 88
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 800,000 10,000 intrinsic,t Temperature RT Polymer bonded 95
NFB10 intrinsic,t,d
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 400,000 t,d 5000 t Temperature RT Polymer bonded 95
NFB10
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 440,000 min,d 5500 min Temperature RT Polymer bonded 95
NFB10
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 640,000 8000 Temperature RT Polymer bonded 95
NFB10 intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 760,000 t,d 9500 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS24UH
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 2,000,000 25,000 intrinsic,t Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS24UH intrinsic,t,d
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 720,000 min,d 9000 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS24UH
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 1,840,000 23,000 Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS24UH intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min
NFS27H intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min
NFS27H
NFS27H intrinsic,t,d
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 800,000 t,d 10,000 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS27H
NFS28UH
NFS28UH intrinsic,t,d
NFS28UH
NFS28UH intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 800,000 min,d 10,000 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS30
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 960,000 12,000 Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS30 intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min
NFS30 intrinsic,t,d
NFS30
NFS33
NFS33 intrinsic,t,d
Hc Parameter Values

NFS33
NFS35 intrinsic,t,d
NFS35
NFS35
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 1,008,000 t,d 12,600 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS45
NFS45 intrinsic,t,d
NFS45
Sintered neodymium >1,350,000 nom >17,000 nom Temperature RT Sintered. Intrinsic 88
Sintered neodymium 848,000 nom 10,600 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88

Alnico 1 36,000 nom 455 nom Temperature RT Cast. Intrinsic 88
Alnico 1 35,000 nom 440 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 12 115,000 nom 1,450 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 2 76,000 nom 950 nom Temperature RT Scintered 88
Alnico 2 44,000 nom 545 nom Temperature RT Scintered. Intrinsic 88
Alnico 5-7 59,000 nom 735 nom Temperature RT Cast. Intrinsic 88
Hc Parameter Values

Alnico 5-7 58,000 nom 730 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 5-7 42,000 nom 525 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 5DG 52,000 nom 655 nom Temperature RT Cast. Intrinsic 88
Alnico 5DG 52,000 nom 650 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 8 125,000 nom 1,550 nom Temperature RT Scintered 88
Alnico 8 134,000 nom 1,675 nom Temperature RT Scintered. Intrinsic 88
Alnico 8 138,000 nom 1,720 nom Temperature RT Cast. Intrinsic 88
Chromium steel (3.5%Cr) 5,300 nom 66 nom Temperature RT 88
Cobalt steel (17%Co) 14,000 nom 170 nom Temperature RT 88
Cobalt steel (36%Co) 19,000 nom 240 nom Temperature RT 88
Cunife 44,000 nom 555 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88
Cunife 44,000 nom 550 nom Temperature RT 88
Tungsten steel (6%W) 5,900 nom 74 nom Temperature RT 88

Platinum cobalt 355,000 nom 4,450 nom Temperature RT 88
Platinum cobalt 430,000 nom 5,400 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88

INCOR 18 656,000 u,d 8200 u Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
INCOR 18 955,000 Intrinsic >12,000 Intrinsic Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
INCOR 21 664,000 u,d 8300 u Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
INCOR 21 800,000 >10,000 Intrinsic Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
Intrinsic,d
RAECO-15 560,000 u,d 7000 u Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
RAECO-15 1,200,000 15,000 Intrinsic Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
Intrinsic,d

Cobalt rare earth 1 1,600,000 nom 20,000 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88
Cobalt rare earth 1 720,000 nom 9,000 nom Temperature RT 88
Cobalt rare earth 2 >2,000,000 nom >25,000 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88
Cobalt rare earth 3 >1,200,000 nom >15,000 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88
Hc Parameter Values

Cobalt rare earth 4 >640,000 nom >8,000 nom Temperature RT Intrinsic 88
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 320,000 min,d 4000 min Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB8
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 800,000 10,000 Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB8 intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 360,000 t,d 4500 t Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB8
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 880,000 11,000 intrinsic,t Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB8 intrinsic,t,d
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 1,200,000 15,000 Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSI-24 intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 696,000 t,d 8700 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSI-24
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 680,000 min,d 8500 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSI-24
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 1,360,000 17,000 intrinsic,t Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSI-24 intrinsic,t,d
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 880,000 11,000 intrinsic,t Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB12 intrinsic,t,d
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 800,000 10,000 Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB12 intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 440,000 t,d 5500 t Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB12
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 400,000 min,d 5000 min Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB12
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 1,200,000 15,000 intrinsic,t Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSII-30H intrinsic,t,d
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 816,000 t,d 10,200 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSII-30H
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 784,000 min,d 9800 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSII-30H
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 960,000 12,000 Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSII-30H intrinsic,min,d intrinsic,min

Co 708 u 8.9 u Magnetic 0.1 T (1000 Pure metal, R depends on purity 83
induction G)

CMW 3000 2000 t 25 t Temperature 20 C (68F) 58
Table 9.2 Peak Induction ( B m , B max ) of Magnetically Hard Material Families


Carpenter "73" Alloy 1.30 u 13,000 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter "83" Alloy 1.25 u 12,500 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Chrominur II 1.50 u 15,000 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter P6 Alloy 1.70 u 17,000 u Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Vicalloy I-Aged for 1.20 u 12,000 u Temperature RT All shapes 57

max energy product
Co 1.87 u 18,700 u Temperature RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 83
Table 9.3 Residual Induction ( B r ) of Magnetically Hard Material Families

Br Parameter Values

Bonded Ferrite A 0.214 nom 2,140 nom Temperature RT 88
Bonded Ferrite B 0.14 nom 1,400 nom Temperature RT 88
Ceramic 10 (hard ferrite) 0.42 t,d 4200 t Temperature RT 95
Ceramic 8 (hard ferrite) 0.39 t,d 3850 t Temperature RT 95
Sintered Ferrite 1 0.22 nom 2,200 nom Temperature RT 88
ASTM A801/A801M Alloy 1 1.00 t 10,000 t Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Oe) Round bar, 13.5 mm (0.531 74
strength in.)
strength
Carpenter "73" Alloy 1.03 t,d 10,300 t Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter "83" Alloy 0.97 t,d 9700 t Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter Chrominur II 1.01 t,d 10,100 t Temperature RT All shapes 57
Carpenter P6 Alloy 1.44 t,d 14,400 t Temperature 25 C (77F) All shapes 57
Carpenter Vicalloy I-Aged for 1.07 t,d 10,700 t Magnetic field 80000 A/m (1000 All shapes 57
max energy product strength Oe)
Carpenter Vicalloy I-Aged for 1.07 t 10,700 t Magnetic field 80000 A/m (1000 All shapes 57
max energy product strength Oe)
GE Alloy P6 1.42 u 14,200 u Temperature 25 C (77F) 66
Bonded neodymium 0.69 nom 6,900 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Hotformed neodymium 1.20 nom 12,000 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Hotpressed neodymium 0.80 nom 8,000 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 0.65 min,d 6500 min Temperature RT Polymer bonded 95
NFB10
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 0.70 t,d 7000 t Temperature RT Polymer bonded 95
NFB10
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 1.04 t,d 10,400 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS24UH
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 1.00 min,d 10,000 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS24UH
NFS27H
NFS27H
NFS28UH

Br Parameter Values

NFS28UH
NFS30
NFS30
NFS33
NFS33
NFS35
NFS35
NFS45
NFS45
Sintered neodymium 1.16 nom 11,600 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Alnico 1 0.71 nom 7,100 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 2 0.67 nom 6,700 nom Temperature RT Scintered 88
Alnico 5-7 1.32 nom 13,200 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 5DG 1.29 nom 12,900 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Chromium steel (3.5%Cr) 0.95 nom 9,500 nom Temperature RT 88
Cobalt steel (17%Co) 0.95 nom 9,500 nom Temperature RT 88
Cobalt steel (36%Co) 0.975 nom 9,750 nom Temperature RT 88
Cunife 0.54 nom 5,400 nom Temperature RT 88
Tungsten steel (6%W) 0.95 nom 9,500 nom Temperature RT 88

Br Parameter Values

Platinum cobalt 0.645 nom 6,450 nom Temperature RT 88
INCOR 18 0.88 u 8800 u Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
INCOR 21 0.94 u 9400 u Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
RAECO-15 0.8 u 8000 u Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
Cobalt rare earth 1 0.92 nom 9,200 nom Temperature RT 88
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets 0.55 t,d 5500 t Temperature RT Bonded 95
Grade SCB8
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets 0.50 min,d 5000 min Temperature RT Bonded 95
Grade SCB8
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets 1.00 min,d 10,000 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
Grade SCSI-24
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets 1.02 t,d 10,200 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
Grade SCSI-24
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets 0.80 t,d 8000 t Temperature RT Bonded 95
Grade SCB12
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets 0.70 min,d 7000 min Temperature RT Bonded 95
Grade SCB12
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets 1.08 min,d 10,800 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
Grade SCSII-30H
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets 1.15 t,d 11,500 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
Grade SCSII-30H
Co 0.49 u 4900 u Magnetic 0.1 T (1000 G) Pure metal, R depends on 83
induction purity
Covandur-Annealed 1.5 15,000 u Magnetic field 8000 A/m (100 Oe) CoFeV 66
strength
CMW 3000 0.95 t 9500 t Temperature 20 C (68F) 58
8FM Alloys
Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 0.9 u,d 9000 u Temperature RT Strip 0.64 to 3.18 mm (0.025 57
to 1.25 in.) thick

Br Parameter Values

Carpenter "49" Alloy (K94840) 0.9 u,d 9000 u Temperature RT Strip 0.64 to 3.18 mm (0.025 57
to 1.25 in.) thick
Carpenter "49" Alloy-Annealed 0.99 u,d 9900 u Magnetic 1.3 T (13 kG) Ring t = 1.52 mm (0.060 in.) 57
Carpenter "49" Alloy-Annealed 1.02 u,d 10,200 u Magnetic 1.3 T (13 kG) Ring t = 1.52 mm (0.060 in.) 57
Grade (K94840)
Grade (K94840)
12FM Alloys
Table 9.4 Curie Temperature (Tc ) of Magnetically Hard Material Families

Tc

Bonded Ferrite A 450 approx 840 approx,d 88
Bonded Ferrite B 450 approx 840 approx,d 88
Ceramic 10 (hard ferrite) 450 t 842 t,d 95
Ceramic 8 (hard ferrite) 450 t 842 t,d 95
Sintered Ferrite 1 450 approx 840 approx 88


Miscellaneous Iron Alloy, Permanent Magnet, Iron Chromium Cobalt
FeCrCo 640 approx 1185 approx 88
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade NFB10 350 t 662 t,d Polymer bonded 95
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 350 t 662 t,d Sintered 95

NFS24UH
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade NFS27H 320 t 608 t,d Sintered 95
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 350 t 662 t,d Sintered 95
NFS28UH
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade NFS30 310 t 590 t,d Sintered 95
Sintered neodymium 310 approx 590 approx Sintered 88

Alnico 1 780 approx 1440 approx Cast 88

Alnico 4 800 approx 1475 approx Scintered 88
Alnico 5-7 900 approx 1650 approx Cast 88
Alnico 5-7 610 approx 1490 approx Cast 88
Alnico 5DG 900 approx 1650 approx Cast 88
Table 9.4 Curie Temperature (Tc ) of Magnetically Hard Material Families

Tc

Chromium steel (3.5%Cr) 745 approx 1370 approx 88
Cobalt steel (36%Co) 890 approx 1630 approx 88
Cunife 410 approx 770 approx 88
Tungsten steel (6%W) 760 approx 1400 approx 88

Platinum cobalt 480 approx 900 approx 88
INCOR 18 680 approx 1256 approx,d Magnet alloy 66
INCOR 21 680 approx 1256 approx,d Magnet alloy 66
RAECO-15 750 1382 Magnet alloy 66

Cobalt rare earth 1 725 approx 1340 approx 88
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade SCB8 720 t 1328 t,d Bonded 95
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade SCSI- 750 t 1382 t,d Sintered 95

24
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 720 t 1328 t,d Bonded 95
SCB12
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade SCSII- 800 t 1472 t,d Sintered 95
30H
Co 1121 u 2050 u Pure metal, R depends on purity 83
Table 9.5 Energy Product ( Bd H d ) of Magnetically Hard Material Families

Bd H Parameter Values
Alloy-temper (UNS number) T A/m G Oe Parameters SI (Cust) Notes Reference

Bonded Ferrite A 8,000 nom 1.00E+06 nom Temperature RT 88
Bonded Ferrite B 3,000 nom 4.00E+05 nom Temperature RT 88
Ceramic 10 (hard ferrite) 3.34E04 t,d 4.2E06 t Temperature RT 95
Ceramic 8 (hard ferrite) 2.79E04 t,d 3.5E06 t Temperature RT 95
Sintered Ferrite 1 8,000 nom 1.00E+06 nom Temperature RT 88
GE Alloy P6 3.26E03 410,000 max Temperature 25 C (77F) 66
max,d
Bonded neodymium 76,000 nom 9.50E+06 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Hotformed neodymium 274,000 nom 3.42E+07 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Hotpressed neodymium 110,000 nom 1.37E+07 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 7.16E04 9.0E06 min Temperature RT Polymer bonded 95
NFB10 min,d
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 7.96E04 t,d 10E06 t Temperature RT Polymer bonded 95
NFB10
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 1.75E05 22E06 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS24UH min,d
NdFeB, Stanford Magnets Grade 1.91E05 t,d 24E06 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
NFS24UH
NFS27H min,d
NFS27H
NFS28UH min,d
NFS28UH
NFS30 min,d
NFS30
NFS33 min,d
NFS33
NFS35 min,d
NFS35


NFS45
NFS45 min,d
Sintered neodymium 255,000 nom 3.20E+07 nom Temperature RT Sintered 88
Alnico 1 11,000 nom 1.40E+06 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 2 12,000 nom 1.50E+06 nom Temperature RT Scintered 88
Alnico 5-7 59,000 nom 7.40E+06 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Alnico 5DG 49,000 nom 6.10E+06 nom Temperature RT Cast 88
Chromium steel (3.5%Cr) 2,300 nom 2.90E+05 nom Temperature RT 88
Cobalt steel (17%Co) 5,200 nom 6.50E+05 nom Temperature RT 88
Cobalt steel (36%Co) 7,400 nom 9.30E+05 nom Temperature RT 88
Cunife 12,000 nom 1.50E+06 nom Temperature RT 88
Tungsten steel (6%W) 2,600 nom 3.30E+05 nom Temperature RT 88
Platinum cobalt 74,000 nom 9.20E+06 nom Temperature RT 88
INCOR 18 1.43E05 18.0E06 normal Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
normal,d
INCOR 21 1.67E05 21.0E06 normal Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
normal,d
RAECO-15 4.38E05 55E06 intrinsic Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
intrinsic,d
RAECO-15 1.19E05 15E06 normal Temperature RT Magnet alloy 66
normal,d
Cobalt rare earth 1 170,000 nom 2.10E+07 nom Temperature RT 88


Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 6.37E04 t,d 8E06 t Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB8
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 4.78E04 6E06 min Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB8 min,d
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 1.75E05 22E06 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSI-24 min,d
Sm1Co5, Stanford Magnets Grade 1.91E05 t,d 24E06 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSI-24
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 7.96E04 10E06 min Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB12 min,d
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 9.55E04 t,d 12E06 t Temperature RT Bonded 95
SCB12
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 2.23E05 t,d 28E06 t Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSII-30H
Sm2Co15, Stanford Magnets Grade 2.07E05 26E06 min Temperature RT Sintered 95
SCSII-30H min,d
Chapter 10
Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Materials
MATERIALS INTERACT WITH MAG- as susceptibility (κ), which is closely related to the SI unit of density (kg/m3). Data from
NETIC FIELDS in different ways. The ferro- the permeability. In the SI system : sources that have reported the mass susceptibil-
magnetic materials are strongly attracted to the ity as χ -cgs units have been interpreted as the
field source. Paramagnetic materials will be κ=µr–1 classic unit equals:
oriented parallel to a strong field, while dia-
magnetic materials orient themselves perpen- In the customary cgs-emu system:
dicular to the strong field. χ = κ/δ
κ = (µ r –1 )/4π
Superconductors display perfect diamagne-
tism within the core of the material in that they In both systems, κ is unitless. If κ is slightly χ = [(µ r –1)/4π]/δ
completely exclude the external magnetic field positive, the material is paramagnetic; if
within their core. There is a magnetic penetra- slightly negative, it is diamagnetic. The value
tion depth on the surface. of κ for free space is zero. The preferred units of cm3/g were then derived
Mass Susceptibility (χ). This is the pre- by multiplying χ by 4π, uing 4π = 12.566.
Susceptibility ferred form of reporting data for magnetic sus- Molar susceptibility (χM) has units of
ceptibility and is magnetic susceptibility (κ) di- cm3/mole.
vided by density (δ), with units of cm3/g. This Atomic susceptibility (χA) is χ multiplied
Magnetic materials properties are expressed is the preferred unit, although it does not use by the atomic weight of the material.
Table 10.1 Relative Permeability ( µ r ) of Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Material Families

Magnetic Field Strength Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) µ r [unitless] A/m Oe oC oF Notes Reference
C95200 (C95200) 1.20 u 200 16000 Casting 16
C95300 (C95300) 1.07 u 100 8000 Casting 16
C95400-As cast (C95400) 1.27 u 200 16000 Casting 16
C95400-TQ50 (C95400) 1.20 u 200 16000 Casting 16
C95500-As cast (C95500) 1.30 u 200 16000 Sand casting 16
C95500-TQ50 (C95500) 1.20 u 200 16000 Sand casting 16
C95700-Annealed, fast cooled 1.03 u RT Sand casting 16
(C95700)
C95700-As cast (C95700) 2.2 to 15.0 u RT Sand casting 16
C95800 (C95800) 1.05 u 200 16000 Sand casting 16
Copper, Cast, Commercially Pure Copper
C81100 (C81100) 1.0 u RT 16
C81500-Heat treated (C81500) 1.0 u RT Casting alloy 16
C93500 (C93500) 1.0 u RT Sand Casting 16
C93700 (C93700) 1.0 u RT Casting 16
C93800 (C93800) 1.0 u RT Casting 16
C94400 (C94400) 1.0 u RT Casting 16
Copper, Cast, Leaded Red Brass
C83600 (C83600) 1.0 u RT Casting 16
C93900 (C93900) 1.0 u RT 16
Copper, Cast, Leaded Yellow Brass
C85800 (C85800) 1.00 u RT Die casting 16
Copper, Cast, Manganese Bronze
C86100 (C86100) 1.24 u 200 16000 16
C86200 (C86200) 1.24 u 200 16000 Sand Casting 16
C86300 (C86300) 1.09 u 200 16000 Casting 16
C86500 (C86500) 1.09 u 200 16000 Sand Casting 16
Copper, Cast, Semi-Red Brass
C87800 (C87800) 1.0 u RT Die casting 16
Copper, Cast, Silicon Copper
C90500 (C90500) 1.0 u RT Casting 16
C90700 (C90700) 1.0 u RT 16
C91700 (C91700) 1.0 u RT 16
Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Materials / 265

C60800 (C60800) 1.01 u RT 15
C61300 (C61300) 1.16 u RT 15
C61400 (C61400) 1.16 u RT 15
C62300 (C62300) 1.17 u RT 15
C62400 (C62400) 1.34 u RT 15
C62500 (C62500) 1.2 u RT 15
C63000 (C63000) 1.05 u RT 15
C63200 (C63200) 1.04 u RT 15
Olin 172-Precipitation hardened 1.0 u RT Contact bridges, bolts, screws 66
(C17200)
Olin 175-Precipitation hardened 1.0 u RT Fuse clips, springs, switches, connectors 66
(C17500)
Olin 17510-Precipitation hardened 1.0 u RT Fuse clips, switch parts, electrical 66
(C17510) connectors
CDA 710 1.000062 u RT Bar, rod, tube, pipe, plated, sheet, strip, 66
and wire. cgs
Dickalloy-Precipitation hardened 1.001 u RT Strip for electronic switches 66
Marinel-Precipitation hardened <1.01 u RT High strength bolting material 66
C71900-Spinodal-hardened (C71900) 1.0003 u 200 16000 15
Alcoloy 688-Soft annealed 1.003 u RT Sheet, strip, welded tube 66
C68800 (C68800) 1.003 u RT 15
Olin C663 1.1 to 1.2 u RT Connectors, dispersion/solution 66
strengthened
2V49Co49Fe-Annealed 1.0 u RT Strip, 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) <= t <= 0.5 mm 16
(0.020 in.)
MP35N 1.00117 u -140 -220 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 1.00142 u -195 -319 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 1.00096 u -27 -16.6 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 1.00104 u -73 -99.4 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 1.00085 u 119 246 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 1.00092 u 25 77 Ultra-high strength 66
ALX Alloy-Cast 1.004 u 200 15920 Composite, tool and die alloy 66
Stellite 190 PM <1.2 u 116 9280 Powder Metal 66
Stellite 98M2 PM <1.2 u 200 15920 Powder Metal 66
Stellite19PM <1.2 u 116 9280 Powder Metal 66
Conicro 5010W (R30605) <1.00 u 20 68 High temp corrosion res 66
Carpenter MP35N (R30035) 1.0014 u -319 -195 66
Carpenter MP35N (R30035) 1.0009 u 25 77 66
J&L Type 201-Annealed (S20100) 1.003 u 200 15920 Ingot, slabs, sheet, strip 66

J&L Type 201-Cold reduced 10% 1.147 u 200 15920 Ingot, slabs, sheet, strip 66
(S20100)
(S20100)
(S20100)
(S20100)
(S20100)
J&L Type 301 (S30100) nonmagnetic RT 66
Allegheny Ludlum Type 310 (S31000) 1.02 u RT Superalloy 66
Steel, Wrought Stainless, Duplex
J&L Type 2205 (S31803) 40 u RT Continuous mill plate, slabs, sheet, strip 66
IMI 230 nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti5621S nonmagnetic RT 63
Timetal 1100 nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti5Al2.5Sn (R54520) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti6242Si (R54620) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti811 (R54810) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti621/0.8 (R56210) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti3Al2.5V (R56320) nonmagnetic RT 63
SP-700 1.0020 t RT 63
Timetal 62S nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti5522S (R54560) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti8Mn (R56080) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti6246 (R56260) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti6Al6V2Sn (R56620) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti7Al4Mo (R56740) nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti15-3 nonmagnetic RT 63
Ti15Mo5Zr 1.000 t RT 63
Ti15Mo5Zr3Al 1.000 t RT 63
Ti13-11-3 (R58010) nonmagnetic RT 63
Beta III (R58030) nonmagnetic RT 63
Timetal 21S (R58210) nonmagnetic RT 63
Beta C (R58640) nonmagnetic RT 63
High-Purity Ti 1.00005 u 20 1600 63
Table 10.2 Susceptibility ( κ ) of Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Material Families

Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) SI [unitless] cgs-emu [unitless] oC oF Notes Reference

C82400-Age hardened (C82400) 0.002 approx 1.59E-04 RT Kappa varies with Fe content 16
approx
C82600-Age hardened (C82600) 0.002 approx 1.59E-04 RT Kappa varies with Fe content 16
approx
C81800-Heat treated (C81800) 0.001 max 7.96E-05 max RT Casting alloy. Kappa varies with 16
Fe content
Fe content
Fe content
C82500-Heat treated (C82500) 0.002 approx 1.59E-04 RT Casting alloy. Kappa varies with 16
approx Fe content
C82800-Heat treated (C82800) 0.002 approx 1.59E-04 RT Casting alloy. Kappa varies with 16
approx Fe content
Cu -9.83E-06 u,d -7.82E-07 u,d -233 -387.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 22
Cu -9.58E-06 u,d -7.62E-07 u,d -250 -418 Pure metal, R depends on purity 22
Cu -8.61E-06 u,d -6.85E-07 u,d 1080 1976 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 22
Solid
Cu -1.09E-04 u,d -8.63E-06 u,d 1080 1976 Pure metal, R depends on purity 22
Cu -6.04E-06 u,d -4.81E-07 u,d 1090 1994 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 22
Liquid
CR 155-Precipitation heat treated 0.002 max,d 1.59E-04 RT Electric motor commutators, heat- 66
(C15500) max,d sink washers, hookup wire
CDA 710 0.000062 u,d 4.93E-06 u,d RT Bar, rod, tube, pipe, plated, sheet, 66
strip, and wire
Alcoloy 688-Soft annealed 0.003 u,d 2.39E-04 u,d RT Sheet, strip, welded tube 66
MP35N 0.00117 u,d 9.31E-05 u,d -140 -220 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 0.00142 u,d 1.13E-04 u,d -195 -319 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 0.00096 u,d 7.64E-05 u,d -27 -16.6 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 0.00104 u,d 8.27E-05 u,d -73 -99.4 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 0.00085 u,d 6.76E-05 u,d 119 246 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 0.00092 u,d 7.32E-05 u,d 25 77 Ultra-high strength 66
Table 10.3 Mass Susceptibility (χ ) of Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Material Families

χ Temperature
Alloy-temper (UNS number) Preferred cm3 /g Classic cm 3 / g oC oF Notes Reference

Al 8.17E-06 u,d 0.65E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
3003 (A93003) 10.5E-06 u,d 0.8E-06 u 25 77 8
3004 (A93004) 10.5E-06 u,d 0.8E-06 u 25 77 8
3105 (A93105) 8.8E-06 u,d 0.7E-06 u 20 68 8
C22000 (C22000) -1.08E-06 to -12.56E-06 u,d -0.086E-06 to -1.00E-06 u RT 15
C23000 (C23000) -12.56E-06 approx,d -1.00E-06 approx RT 15
C24000 (C24000) -12.56E-06 approx,d -1.00E-06 approx RT 15
C26000 (C26000) -8E-05 to -16E-05 u,d -6.3E-06 to -12.7E-06 u RT 15
Cu -1.10E-06 u,d -0.0879E-06 u -233 -387.4 Pure metal, R depends on purity 22
Cu -1.08E-06 u,d -0.0856E-06 u -250 -418 Pure metal, R depends on purity 22
Cu -1.22E-05 u,d -0.97E-06 u 1080 1976 Pure metal, R depends on purity 22
Cu -6.79E-07 u,d -0.054E-06 u 1090 1994 Pure metal, R depends on purity. 22
Liquid
Cu -1.08E-06 u,d -0.086E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
CR 155-Precipitation heat treated 0.025 max 0.002 max RT Electric motor commutators, 66
(C15500) heat-sink washers, hookup wire
CDA 710 6.9E-6 u,d 0.55 E-6 u RT Bar, rod, tube, pipe, plated, 66
sheet, strip, and wire
C37700 (C37700) Nonmagnetic u Nonmagnetic u RT 15
Nd 4.53E-04 u,d 36.0E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Pr 3.14E-04 u,d 25.0E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Bi -1.70E-05 u,d -1.35E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100

χ Temperature
Low Melting, Cesium

Cs 1.89E-04 u,d 15.0E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Low Melting, Indium
In -2.26E-06 u,d -0.18E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Li 6.29E-06 u,d 0.50E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Sn -3.14E-06 u,d -0.25E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Mg 6.91E-06 u,d 0.55E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Sb -1.09E-05 u,d -0.87E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Ca 1.38E-05 u,d 1.10E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Mn 1.48E-04 u,d 11.8E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Miscellaneous, Phosphorus
P -1.13E-05 u,d -0.90E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Miscellaneous, Silicon
Si -1.63E-06 u,d -0.13E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Na 6.41E-06 u,d 0.51E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
MP35N 139E-06 u,d 11.07E-06 u -140 -220 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 169E-06 u,d 13.47E-06 u -195 -319 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 116E-06 u,d 9.22E-06 u -27 -16.6 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 123E-06 u,d 9.81E-06 u -73 -99.4 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 101E-06 u,d 8.03E-06 u 119 246 Ultra-high strength 66
MP35N 109E-06 u,d 8.70E-06 u 25 77 Ultra-high strength 66
Pd 6.79E-05 u,d 5.4E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Pt 1.38E-05 u,d 1.10E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Ag -2.51E-06 u,d -0.20E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
La 1.31E-05 u,d 1.04E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100

χ Temperature
Be -1.26E-05 u,d -1.00E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Cr 3.87E-05 u,d 3.08E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Mo 1.17E-06 u 0.093E-06 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Mo 5.03E-07 u,d 0.04E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Refractory, Niobium
Cabot Columbium 2.28E-06 u 0.181E-06 u,d 25 77 Unalloyed 66
Nb 28E-06 u 2.23E-06 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Nb 1.89E-05 u,d 1.5E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Refractory, Rhenium
Re 0.37E-06 u 0.029E-06 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Ta 10.4E-06 u 0.828E-06 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
Ta 1.17E-05 u,d 0.93E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
W 4.1E-06 u 0.326E-06 u,d 25 77 Pure metal, R depends on purity 90
W 3.52E-06 u,d 0.28E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
V 1.76E-05 u,d 1.4E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Zr -5.66E-06 u,d -0.45E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Ti 1.57E-05 u,d 1.25E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Zinc, Miscellaneous
Zn -1.97E-06 u,d -0.157E-06 u RT Pure metal, R depends on purity 100
Charles Moosbrugger, editor, p273-280 All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org
DOI: 10.1361/empm2000p273
Appendix / 273
Table A.1 Material Hierarchy

Material Type Class Subclass Group Family
Ceramic
Miscellaneous Ceramic Material
Metal
Ferrous
Cast Iron
Ductile
Gray
Miscellaneous
White
Miscellaneous Iron Alloy
Low Expansion
Iron Nickel
Iron Nickel Chromium
Magnetically Soft Iron
Cold-Rolled Magnetic Lamination
Electrical Steel
Iron-Cobalt Electrical Steel
Iron-Cobalt Soft Magnetic
Nickel-Iron Soft Magnetic
Nonoriented Electrical Steel
Oriented Electrical Steel
Silicon Core Iron
Unclassified Magnetically Soft Iron
Permanent Magnet
Ductile Permanent Magnet
Iron Chromium Cobalt
Iron Cobalt
Neodymium Iron Boron
Unclassified
Unclassified
Steel
Alloy
Chromium
Chromium Molybdenum
Nickel
Nickel Chromium Molybdenum
Silicon
Carbon Steel
High-Manganese
Nonresulfurized
Cast Stainless
Austenitic
Ferritic
Heat Resisting
Martinsitic
Unclassified
Wrought Stainless
Austenitic
Duplex
Ferritic
Martensitic
274 / Appendix
Table A.1 Material Hierachy

Metal
Ferrous
Steel
Wrought Stainless
Precipitation Hardening
Unclassified
Miscellaneous
Thermostat Metals
Unclassified
Unclassified
Nonferrous
Actinide
Neptunium
Plutonium
Protactinium
Uranium
Aluminum
Cast
1xx.x Commercially Pure Aluminum
2xx.x Aluminum Copper
3xx.x Aluminum Silicon plus Copper or Magnesium
4xx.x Aluminum Silicon
5xx.x Aluminum Magnesium
7xx.x Aluminum Zinc
8xx.x Aluminum Tin
Sintered Powder Aluminum
2xx.x Aluminum Copper
6xx.x Aluminum Magnesium
Wrought
1xxx Commercially Pure Aluminum
2xxx Aluminum Copper
3xxx Aluminum Manganese
4xxx Aluminum Silicon
5xxx Aluminum Magnesium
6xxx Aluminum Magnesium Silicon
7xxx Aluminum Zinc
8xxx Aluminum-Other Elements
Copper
Cast
Aluminum Bronze
Beryllium Copper
Commercially Pure Copper
Copper Nickel
High Copper
High Leaded Tin Bronze Copper
Leaded Manganese Bronze
Leaded Red Brass
Leaded Tin Bronze
Leaded Tin Bronze Copper
Leaded Yellow Brass
Manganese Bronze
Nickel Silver
Appendix / 275

Metal
Nonferrous
Copper
Cast
Nickel Tin Bronze
Phosphor Bronze
Semi-Red Brass
Silicon Brass
Silicon Bronze
Silicon Copper
Tin Bronze
Unclassified
Unclassified Brass
Unclassified Bronze
Miscellaneous
Copper-Clad Steel
Copper-Graphite
Instrument and Control
Thermocouple
Welding filler copper
Wrought
Aluminum Bronze
Beryllium Copper
Brass
Bronze
Commercially Pure Copper
Copper Nickel
Copper Nickel Silver
Copper Silicon Tin
Copper Zinc
Copper Zirconium
Dispersion Strengthened
High Copper
Leaded Brass
Leaded Bronze
Leaded Copper
Nickel Silver
Phosphor Bronze
Silicon Bronze
Sintered Powder Metal
Tin Brass
Unclassified
Lanthanide
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Gadolinium
Holmium
Lutetium
Neodymium
Praseodymium
Samarium
Terbium
276 / Appendix

Metal
Nonferrous
Lanthanide
Thulium
Ytterbium
Low Melting
Bismuth
Cadmium
Cesium
Gallium
Indium
Lead
Commercially Pure
Lead Indium
Tin Lead
Unclassified
Lithium
Mercury
Rubidium
Tin
Commercially Pure Tin
Tin Antimony
Tin Copper
Tin Indium
Tin Lead
Tin Silver
Tin Zinc
Unclassified
Zinc
Magnesium
Cast
Magnesium Aluminum
Magnesium Aluminum Zinc
Magnesium Rare Earth Zinc
Magnesium Silver
Magnesium Thorium Silver
Magnesium Thorium Zinc
Magnesium Thorium Zirconium
Magnesium Yttrium Rare Earth
Magnesium Zinc
Magnesium Zinc Rare Earth
Magnesium Zinc Thorium
Magnesium Zinc Zirconium
Magnesium Zirconium
Wrought
Magnesium Aluminum Zinc
Magnesium Manganese
Magnesium Thorium
Magnesium Thorium Manganese
Magnesium Zinc
Magnesium Zinc Zirconium
Unclassified
Miscellaneous
Appendix / 277

Metal
Nonferrous
Miscellaneous
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Calcium
Germanium
Manganese
Phosphorus
Potassium
Scandium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Technetium
Thallium
Nickel
Electrical Resistance Nickel
Nickel Chromium
Magnetically Soft Nickel
Nonoriented Magnetically Soft Nickel
Semioriented Magnetically Soft Nickel
Unclassified Magnetically Soft Nickel
Miscellaneous Nickel
Controlled-expansion
Nickel
Commercially Pure
Iron Chromium Aluminum
Iron Nickel Chromium
Nickel Beryllium
Nickel Chromium
Nickel Cobalt
Nickel Copper
Nickel Molybdenum
Superalloy
Unclassified
Noble
Gold
Commercially Pure Gold
Electrical Contact
Solder
Unclassified
Iridium
Unclassified
Osmium
Unclassified
Palladium
Electrical Contact
Unclassified
Platinum
Commercially Pure
Electrical Contact
278 / Appendix

Metal
Nonferrous
Noble
Platinum
Platinum Cobalt Permanent Magnet
Unclassified
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Silver
Commercially Pure
Electrical Contact
Silver Cadmium
Silver Cadmium Oxide Composite
Silver Complex Composite
Silver Copper
Silver Gold
Silver Graphite Composite
Silver Iron Composite
Silver Molybdenum Composite
Silver Nickel
Silver Nickel Composite
Silver Palladium
Silver Platinum
Silver Tin Oxide Composite
Silver Zinc Oxide Composite
Tungsten Silver Carbide Composite
Unclassified
Rare Earth
Cerium
Lanthanum
Thorium
Yttrium
Refractory
Beryllium
Chromium
Cobalt
Cobalt Chromium
Cobalt Nickel
Cobalt Rare Earth
Cobalt Rare Earth Permanent Magnet
Commercially Pure
Soft Magnetic Alloy
Superalloy
Halfnium
Molybdenum
Commercially Pure
Molybdenum Silver
Unclassified
Niobium
Niobium Superconductor
Rhenium
Tantalum
Appendix / 279

Metal
Nonferrous
Refractory
Tungsten
Commercially Pure
Tungsten Carbide Copper Composite
Tungsten Cobalt
Tungsten Copper
Tungsten Copper Composite
Tungsten Graphite Silver Composite
Tungsten Nickel
Tungsten Silver
Tungsten Silver Carbide Composite
Tungsten Silver Composite
Unclassified
Vanadium
Zirconium
Titanium
Titanium
Alpha
Alpha Beta
Beta
Commercially Pure
Titanium Nickel
Unclassified
Zinc
Cast
Miscellaneous
Unclassified
Unclassified
Nonmetal
Carbon Based
Carbon
Graphite
Silicon Based
Silicon
Carbide
280 / Appendix
Table A.2 Abbreviations Used in Qualifiers and Notes
Abbreviation Meaning
** Exponent as in oz/ft **2 = oz/ft2

approx Approximate
as spec As specified
ave Average
c Calculated by source
C °C
CAS Copper-clad alloy steel for electrical cable shielding
CCS Copper-clad stainless steel for electrical cable shielding
d As a qualifier: derived by ASM
d In notes: diameter or dimension as appropriate
dim Dimension
DU Lamination shape
e Estimated
EC Obsolete electrical grade of aluminum
ETP Electrolytic tough pitch copper
ext Extrapolated
F Further study required–per source
fio For information only
HT Heat treated
INF Composite processing: press-sinter-infiltrate
IO Composite processing: internal oxidation
max Maximum
max, if spec Maximum if specified
max, smallest Smallest maximum
max, t Typical maximum
min Minimum
nom Nominal
OD Outside diameter
OF Oxygen-free copper
OFE Oxygen-free electronic copper
P/M Powdered metal
PPSE Composite processing: pre-oxidize-press-sinter-extrude
PS Composite processing: press-sinter
PSE Composite processing: press-sinter-extrude
PSR Composite processing: press-sinter-re-press
R Resistance
rect dim Rectangular dimension
SF Composite processing: oxidized from one direction
t In qualifier: typical
t In notes: thickness
t, peak Typical peak
u Unstated, source did not qualify value
Note: Superconducting compounds are written without subscripted numbers (e.g., Nb3 Ge is
Nb3Ge).
Appendix / 281
Table A.3 REFERENCES

REFERENCE
NUMBER REFERENCES CITED IN TABLES
1 J.W. Bray, Aluminum Mill and Engineered Wrought Products, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous
Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
2 SAE J452, Society of Automotive Engineers, Jan 1989
3 Aluminum Standards and Data, The Aluminum Association, Inc., 2000
4 Product Design for Diecasting, Diecasting Development Council
5 J.E. Hatch, Aluminum Properties and Physical Metallurgy, ASM, 1984
6 Structural Handbook, CINDAS, 1994
7 Aluminum Casting Design: Sand and Permanent Mold, Non-Ferrous Founders Society
8 Properties of Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous
9 A. Kearney & E.L. Rooy, Aluminum Foundry Products, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous
10 A. Kearney, Properties of Cast Aluminum Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and
Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
11 R.S. James, Aluminum-Lithium Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
12 J.R. Pinkens, High-Strength Aluminum P/M Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys
and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
13 Brush Wellman Web site, www.brushwellman.com, May 2000
14 D.E. Tyler, Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Products, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous
15 P. Robinson, Properties of Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys, Properties and Selection:
Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
16 A. Cohen, Properties of Cast Copper Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and
17 J.C. Harkness, W.D. Spiegelberg, and W.R. Cribb, Beryllium-Copper and of the Beryllium-
Containing Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol
2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
18 A. Buch, Pure Metals Properties A Scientific-Technical Handbook, ASM International and Freund
Publishing House Ltd., 1999
19 R.L. Cadenhead, Materials, and Electronic Phenomena, Vol 1, Packaging, Electronic Materials,
Handbook, ASM International, 1989
20 J. Crane and J Breedis, Lead Frame Materials, Vol 1, Packaging, Electronic Materials Handbook,
ASM International, 1989
21 W.B. Hampshire, Solders, Vol 1, Packaging, Electronic Materials Handbook, ASM International,
1989
22 G. Joseph, Copper: Its Trade, Manufacture, Use, and Environmental Status, ASM International,
1999
23 ASTM B 5 - 95, High Conductivity Tough-Pitch Copper Refinery Shapes, ASTM, 1995
24 ASTM B 22 - 95, Bronze Castings for Bridges and Turntables, ASTM, 1995
25 ASTM B 25 - 92, Copper Redraw Rod for Electrical Purposes, ASTM, 1992
282 / Appendix

REFERENCE
26 ASTM B 61 - 93, Steam or Valve Bronze Casting, ASTM, 1993
27 ASTM B 62 - 93, Composition Bronze or Ounce Metal Casting, ASTM, 1993
28 ASTM B 66 - 95, Bronze Casting for Steam Locomotive Wearing Parts, ASTM, 1995
29 ASTM B 67 - 93a, Car and Tender Journal Bearings, Lined, ASTM, 1993
30 ASTM B 75 - 95a, Seamless Copper Tube, ASTM, 1995
31 ASTM B 115 - 95, Electrolytic Cathode Copper, ASTM, 1995
32 ASTM B 148 - 93a, Aluminm-Bronze Sand Castings, ASTM, 1993
33 ASTM B 152 - 94, Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Rolled Bar, ASTM, 1994
34 ASTM B 170 - 93, Oxygen-Free Electrolytic Copper-Refinery Shapes, ASTM, 1993
35 ASTM B 176 - 95, Standard Specifications for Copper-Alloy Die Castings, ASTM, 1995
36 ASTM B 187 - 94, Copper Bar, Bus Bar, Rod and Shapes, ASTM, 1994
37 ASTM B 188 - 88, Seamless Copper Bus Pipe and Tube, ASTM, 1988
38 ASTM B 272 - 93, Copper Flat Products with Finished (Rolled or Drawn) Edges (Flat Wire and
Strip), ASTM, 1993
39 ASTM B 301- 93, Free-Cutting Copper Rod and Bar, ASTM, 1993
40 ASTM B 372 - 93, Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Rectangular Waveguide Tube, ASTM, 1993
41 ASTM B 379 - 94, Phosphorized Coppers-Refinery Shapes, ASTM, 1994
42 ASTM B 411 - 92, Copper-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Rod and Bar, ASTM, 1992
43 ASTM B 412 - 95, Copper-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Wire, ASTM, 1995
44 ASTM B 422 - 95, Copper-Aluminum-Silicon-Cobalt Alloy, Copper-Nickel-Silicon-Magnesium

Alloy, and Copper-Nickel-Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy Sheet and Strip, ASTM, 1995
45 ASTM B 441 - 93, Copper-Cobalt Beryllium (UNS No. C17500), and Copper-Nickel-Beryllium
(UNS No. C17510) Rod and Bar, ASTM, 1995
46 ASTM B 447 - 93, Welded Copper Tube, ASTM, 1993
47 ASTM B 451 - 93, Copper Foil, Strip, and Sheet for Printed Circuits and Carrier Tapes, ASTM,
1993
48 ASTM B 465 - 93, Copper-Iron Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar, ASTM, 1993
49 ASTM B 434 - 95, Copper-Cobalt Beryllium Alloy, and Copper-Nickel-Beryllium Alloy Plate,
Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar, ASTM, 1995
50 ASTM B 623 - 93, Tough-Pitch Fire-Refined High Conductivity Copper-Refinery Shapes, ASTM,
1993
Appendix / 283

REFERENCE
51 ASTM B 694 - 95, Copper, Copper-Alloy, and Copper-Clad Stainless Steel (CCS), and Copper-
Clad Alloy Steel (CAS) Sheet and Strip for Electrical Cable Shielding, ASTM, 1995
52 ASTM B 747 - 89, Copper-Zirconium Alloy Sheet and Strip, ASTM, 1989
53 ASTM F 68 - 93, Oxygen-Free Copper in Wrought Forms for Electron Devices, ASTM, 1993
54 SAE J454, Society of Automotive Engineers, Feb 1991
55 SAE J469 JAN89, Zinc Die Casting Alloys, Society of Automotive Engineers, Information Report,
1989
56 SAE J467b, Special Purpose Alloys ("Superalloys"), SAE Information Report, Society of
Automotive Engineers, 1968
57 Carpenter Magnetic Alloys, Carpenter Specialty Alloys, Dec 1997
58 CMW Inc. Product Literature, May 2000
59 Technical Materials Inc., Web site, www.technicalmaterials.com, April 2000
60 Indium Corporation of America, Web site, www.indium.com, April 2000
61 H.Sizek, Special Metals Corp., private communication, June 2000
62 Waterbury Rolling Mills, Inc., Product Literature, Nov 1998
63 R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Materials Properties Handbook Titanium Alloys, ASM
International, 1994
64 J. Holt, H. Mindlin, C. Y. Ho, Structural Alloys Handbook, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994
65 M. Bauccio, Metals Reference Book, 3rd ed., ASM International, 1993
66 Alloy Digest, ASM International
67 ASTM A 677-98a, Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types, ASTM, 1998
68 ASTM A 677M-98a, Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types (Metric), ASTM, 1998
69 United States Steel Group, USX, Product Literature
70 ASTM A 683-91, Nonoriented Electrical Steel Semiprocessed Types, ASTM, 1991
71 ASTM A 683M-91, Nonoriented Electrical Steel Semiprocessed Types (Metric), ASTM, 1991
72 ASTM A 726/A 726M-98, Cold-Rolled Magnetic Lamination Quality Steel, Semiprocessed Types,
ASTM, 1998
73 ASTM A 753-97, Wrought Nickel-Iron Soft Magnetic Alloys (UNS K94490, K94840, N14076,
N14080), ASTM, 1997
74 ASTM A 801/A 801M, Iron-Cobalt High Magnetic Saturation Alloys, ASTM, 1992
75 ASTM B 1-85, Hard-Drawn Copper Wire, ASTM, 1985

284 / Appendix

REFERENCE
76 ASTM B 2-88, Medium-Hard Drawn Copper Wire, ASTM, 1988
77 ASTM B 3-74 (Reapproved 85), Soft or Annealed Copper Wire, ASTM, 1985
78 ASTM B 9-76 (Reapproved 84), Bronze Trolly Wire, ASTM, 1984
79 ASTM B 33-81 (Reapproved 85), Tinned Soft or Annealed Copper Wire for Electrical Purposes,
ASTM, 1985
80 ASTM B 47-64 (Reapproved 84), Copper Trolly Wire, ASTM, 1984
81 R.F. Schmidt and D.G. Schmidt, Selection and Application of Copper Alloy Castings, Properties
and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM
International, 1990
82 W. Mankins and S. Lamb, Nickel and Nickel Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys
and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
83 P. Crook, Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
84 S. Housh, B. Mikucki, and A. Stevenson, Properties of Magnesium Alloys, Properties and
Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM
International, 1990
85 D.W. Dietrich, Magnetically Soft Materials, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and
86 ASTM A 876/A 876M-98, Flat-Rolled, Grain-Oriented, Silicon-Iron Electrical Steel, Full Processed
Types c), ASTM, 1991
87 ASTM A 838/A 838M-97, Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar for Relay
Applications, ASTM, 1997
88 J.W. Fiepke, Permanent Magnet Materials, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
89 F. Emley, High-performance Nickel Containing Connector Alloys, Nickel Development Institute
Web site, www.nidi.org, 2000
90 J.B. Lambert, Refractory Metals and Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and
91 R.A. Watson, et al, Electrical Resistance Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and
92 Y.S. Shou, et al., Electrical Contact Materials, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and
93 M. Nowak, Properties of Pure Metals, Mercury, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and
94 Properties of Pure Metals, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose
Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990
95 Stanford Magnets Web site, www.stanfordmagnets.com, 2000
96 Haynes Web site, www.haynesintl.com, 2000
97 W.H. Warnes, Principles of Superconductivity, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and
98 L. Solymar and D. Walsh, Electrical Properties of Materials, 6th ed., Oxford University Press, 1998
99 D.B. Smathers, A15 Superconductors, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
100 J.K. Stanley, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals, American Society of Metals, 1963
Appendix / 285
Table A.4 Sizes of round wire in the American Gauge (AWG) system and the properties of solid annealed copper wire (ASTM B 3)

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© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.

ASM Ready Reference

Electrical and Magnetic

Prepared under the direction of the

Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor

First printing, December 2000

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Printed in the United States of America

Contributors and Reviewers

Stephen R. Crosby Howard W. Sizek

ASM International Materials Properties

Bruce E. Boardman, Chair Barry Hindin

Paul J. Sikorsky, Vice Chair Gorden Lippa

J. Gilbert Kaufman, Past Chair Guiri L. Nash

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Table 6.2 Critical Temperature for Superconductors . . . . . . . . 186

Gil Kaufman, committee member, stated that the lack of

Materials Groups in Tables

Table 2.3a Weight Conductivity at Ambient Temperature of High Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Table 6.3 Critical Fields of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, USA

To order products from ASM International:

Telephone 1-800-336-5152 (US) or 1-440-338-5151 (Outside US)

Introduction to Electrical Properties

Fig. 1.1 Periodic table of the elements

High Conductivity Materials

Aluminum, Cast, 1xx.x Commercially Pure Aluminum

Aluminum, Cast, 3xx.x Aluminum Silicon plus Copper or Magnesium

Aluminum, Cast, 3xx.x Aluminum Silicon plus Copper or Magnesium

Aluminum, Cast, 4xx.x Aluminum Silicon

Aluminum, Cast, 7xx.x Aluminum Zinc

Aluminum, Wrought, 1xxx Commercially Pure Aluminum

Aluminum, Wrought, 2xxx Aluminum Copper

Aluminum, Wrought, 3xxx Aluminum Manganese

Aluminum, Wrought, 5xxx Aluminum Magnesium

Aluminum, Wrought, 6xxx Aluminum Magnesium Silicon

Aluminum, Wrought, 6xxx Aluminum Magnesium Silicon

Aluminum, Wrought, 7xxx Aluminum Zinc

Aluminum, Wrought, 8xxx Aluminum-Other Elements

Copper, Cast, Beryllium Copper

Copper, Cast, Leaded Manganese Bronze

Copper, Cast, Nickel Tin Bronze

Copper, Miscellaneous, Instrument and Control

Copper, Wrought, Beryllium Copper

Copper, Wrought, Beryllium Copper

Copper, Wrought, Beryllium Copper

Copper, Wrought, Beryllium Copper

Copper, Wrought, Commercially Pure Copper

Copper, Wrought, Commercially Pure Copper

Copper, Wrought, Commercially Pure Copper

Copper, Wrought, Commercially Pure Copper

Copper, Wrought, Commercially Pure Copper

Copper, Wrought, Commercially Pure Copper

Copper, Wrought, Commercially Pure Copper

Copper, Wrought, Copper Nickel

Copper, Wrought, High Copper

Copper, Wrought, High Copper

Copper, Wrought, Sintered Powder Metal

Noble, Palladium, Electrical Contact

Noble, Silver, Silver Cadmium

Thermostat Metals, Unclassified, Unclassified