EXPERIMENT NO.

– 3

Running Object Snaps (OSNAP command) :-

An object snap mode specifies a snap point at an exact location on an object. OSNAP specifies running
object snap modes, which remain active until you turn them off.
1. Choose Tools, Drafting Settings...

or
2. Type DDOSNAP at the command prompt

Command: DDOSNAP

or
3. Click OSNAP on the Status Bar.

4. Right Click the Object Snap TAB.

5. Choose an object snap to turn ON/OFF
from the dialog box.

Case by Case (Temporary Mode) :-

1. Press SHIFT + the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON.

or
2. Click one of the object snaps located Object Snap toolbar icon.

or
3. Type The object snap at the prompt line.
 Command: Line

From pt: ENDP

To pt: MID
To pt: CEN
# TIP:-
Case by Case objects snaps will override running mode object snaps.

Osnap Settings :-

When you use any of the object snap settings,

AutoSnap displays a marker and a Snap tip
when you move the cursor over a snap point.

1. Choose Tools, Options...

2. Select the Drafting tab in the Options
dialog box.
3. Change settings and choose OK.

The following are object snap modes:

CENter Center of Arc or Circle

ENDpoint Closest endpoint of Line/Arc
INSertion Insertion point of Text/Block/Shape/ Attribute
INTersection Intersection of Lines/Arcs/Circles
MIDpoint Midpoint of a line/Arc or midpoint
NEAerst Nearest point on a Line/Arc/Circle/Point
APParent Int Finds where two entities would intersect
NODe Nearest point entity (or Dimension defini
tion point)
 NONe None (off)
PERpendicular Perpendicular to a Line/Arc/Circle
QUAdrant Quadrant point on an Arc/Circle
QUIck Quick mode (first find, not closest)
TANgent Tangent to Arc or Circle

LINE THICKNESS(WIEGHT) :-

Lineweight or line thickness is a property assigned to graphical objects, hatches, leader lines, and dimension
geometry that results in thicker, darker lines.

The current lineweight is assigned to all new objects until you make another lineweight current. In addition to
setting an explicit value for the lineweight, you can set lineweight to ByLayer or ByBlock.
 If the current lineweight is set to ByLayer, objects are created with the lineweight assigned to the current layer.

 If the current lineweight is set to ByBlock, objects are created using the default lineweight setting until the
objects are grouped into a block. When the block is inserted into the drawing, it acquires the current lineweight
setting.
Change the line color or line weight of a CAD layer in Visio:-

1. Right-click an AutoCAD drawing that you have added to Visio, point to CAD Drawing Object, and
then click Properties.
2. Click the Layer tab.
o To change a layer's line color, select the layer, click Set Color, and then select a new color from
the Colors dialog box. Click OK.
o To change a layer's line weight (thickness), select the layer, click Set Line Weight, and then type a line
weight in the Custom Lineweight dialog box. Click OK.
 MIRROR COMMAND :-

Command Keystroke Icon Menu Result

Creates a mirror image of an object or selection set

Mirror Mirror / MI Modify > Mirror

The MIrror command creates a reverse copy of an object in AutoCAD. After you select some
objects, AutoCAD prompts you to select two points that define a line about which the objects will
be mirrored.

# Mirrtext :-

Mirror reflects (mirrors) text if 1, retains text direction if 0.

1. Type MIRRTEXT at the command prompt.

Command: MIRRTEXT

2. Type 1 to reflect the text and 0 to retain the text.

Current value <0> New value: 1 or 0

MIRRTEXT=ON
 OFFSET COMMANDS:-

Command Keystroke Icon Menu Result

Offsets an object (parallel) by a set distance.

Offset OFFSET/O Modify > Offset

ARRAY COMMAND:-
This command will help you create objects, and create a sort of network made by copies of the
original object arranged into a combination. The ARRAYRECT will help distribute identical objects in
rows and column, The ARRAYPOLAR will help distribute objects in a circular pattern around a
center point and the ARRAYPATH will help distribute objects along a path.

You can find all these commands under the Modify section of the ribbon Panel.

Arrays in AutoCAD
Polar Array:-
The Polar Array is the most used of these and the command corresponding to it
is ARRAYPOLAR (If you type ARRAYPOLAR and hit ENTER it will activate this command)

How would this help you?

This command will help you get the following done.

Notice how nicely, we copied the reference object and displaced copies around the circle, this
is what the Polar array will help you do.

We got the Fig 2 and Fig 3 from Fig 1.

 How do you use
the ARRAYPOLAR?
Before the use of this command, you will need
you reference object, it could be anything.

To use the Polar Array command

1. Click on its icon (Shown above) or

type ARRAYPOLAR and hit Enter
2. Select the reference object(s) and hit
Enter
3. Specify the center point of the array
You will then have access to the following
tools
Where the most interesting for now are the following.

As you can see on the image of the polar array we created above, we have 6 elements. You
can Enter the number of items you need in the provided box shown on the image below.The
maximum fill angle is 360. You can decide to rotate items on the circle or not to rotate them.
(Fig 2 shows rotated items and Fig 3 shows item not rotated), The Direction features helps you
rotate items clockwise of counterclockwise, this makes more sense when the fill angle is less
than 360 degrees. The Associative feature unites all items in one block.
The following image shows a polar array with 6 items bull fill
on 180 degrees.

Path Array
The Path Array corresponds to the command line ARRAYPATH.It works just like the polar Array
but will distribute objects along a path like on the image below.

Rectangular Array
Last but not the least, the rectangular array will help place objects in rows and columns like
shown below.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-7
To Create a Boundary Polyline:-

1. Click Home tab Draw panel Boundary. Find

2. In the Boundary Creation dialog box, in the Object Type list, select Polyline.
3. Under Boundary Set, do one of the following:
 To create a boundary set from all objects visible in the current viewport, select Current Viewport.
 To specify which objects to include in the boundary set, click New. Select the objects that you want to use to
create the boundary.
4. Click Pick Points.
5. Specify points within each area to form a boundary polyline.
Note: This area must be totally enclosed: there can be no gaps between enclosing objects.
6. Press Enter to create the boundary polyline and end the command.

Note: The polyline may not be visible as it overlaps the objects used to create it.

REGION COMMAND
Regions are 2 dimensional shapes created from closed shapes or loops. Regions are helpful when calculating areas,
perimeters, centroids and other mass properties. Regions may be created using the REGION command or the
BOUNDARY command.

The Region Command

To create a Region from a closed shape, like the Spline comprising the POND in the illustration below,

select the REGION command from the Draw menu or toolbar.

The prompt,

Select objects: is displayed. Pick the objects or group of objects comprising the closed shape and press ENTER. The
selected objects must be coplanar, end-connected curves and lines.
The original Spline object is deleted unless the DELOBJ system variable is set to 0.

To determine the mass properties of the newly created Region, select the MASS PROPERTIES command from the
Inquiry menu or toolbar. The prompt, Select objects: is displayed. Pick the Region and press ENTER.

Answering Yes to the final prompt will create a file of the Mass Property data for the Region.

The Boundary Command:-

Another method of creating regions is to use the BOUNDARY command, which is very similar to the BOUNDARY
HATCH command, except that it creates only a boundary and does not fill the closed area.

The areas shown below are not end-connected curves and lines; therefore the BOUNDARY command should be used
create the three regions.

The POND will also be a Region, because it is wholly contained in the larger surrounding region.

To create Polylines or Regions, select the BOUNDARY command from the Draw menu.

The Object type drop down (circled above) determines whether Polylines or Regions are created with the
BOUNDARY command.

The Pick Points button allows you to select points within a closed shape.

After selecting internal points 1 and 2 and pressing ENTER, the dotted boundaries shown above will be turned int
Regions (in red, below).

The Regions created by the BOUNDARY command are separate regions. However, they can be combined with the
Subtraction, Union or Intersection commands. For instance, to determine the area of the property not occupied by
water or buildings, the two larger Regions need to be joined and the POND Region subtracted.

Select the SUBTRACT command from the Modify, Solids Editing menu.

Select Regions 1 and 2 as the Regions to Subtract from. Press ENTER to select Region 3 to be subracted. Press
ENTER to complete the command.

To determine the mass properties of the newly created Region, select the Mass Properties command from the
Inquiry menu or toolbar. The prompt, Select Objects: is displayed. Pick the Region and press ENTER.

The BOUNDARY command is also useful in creating polylines used as profiles in 3D Solids commmands.
 HATCH COMMAND:-

Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or gradient fill.

Find
When the ribbon is active, the Hatch Creation contextual tab is displayed. When the ribbon is off, the Hatch and
Gradient dialog box is displayed. If you prefer using the Hatch and Gradient dialog box, set the HPDLGMODE
system variable to 1.

If you enter -HATCH at the Command prompt, options are displayed.

Note:-
 To prevent memory and performance problems, the maximum number of hatch lines created in a single hatch
operation is limited. However, you can change the maximum number of hatch lines with the HPMAXLINES
system variable.
 To maintain performance for hatches with non-continuous hatch lines,
choose a predefined hatch pattern rather than loading and setting a non-
continuous linetype. Beginning with AutoCAD 2015-based products, the
HPLINETYPE system variable suppresses the display of non-continuous
linetypes in hatches by default.
 To control whether object snaps ignore hatch objects, add or subtract 1
from the OSOPTIONS system variable.
Choose from several methods to specify the boundaries of a hatch.

 Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects.

 Select objects that enclose an area.
 Specify boundary points using the -HATCH Draw option.
 Drag a hatch pattern into an enclosed area from a tool palette or DesignCenter.

The following prompts are displayed.

Pick internal point

Determines a boundary from existing objects
that form an enclosed area around the specified
point
Select objects
Determines a boundary from selected
objects that form an enclosed area.

Remove boundaries
(Available only when adding hatches from within the Hatch and Gradient dialog box)
Removes the hatch patterns added during the currently active HATCH command. Click the pattern you want to
remove.

Add boundaries
(Available only when adding hatches from within the Hatch and Gradient dialog box)
Switches from the Remove Boundaries mode so you can add hatch patterns again.

Undo
Removes the last hatch pattern you inserted with the currently active HATCH command.
Settings
Opens the Hatch and Gradient dialog box, where you can change settings

GRADIENT COMMAND:-

AutoDesk's venerable AutoCAD drafting software features a wide range of tools for designing and drafting architectural and
engineering designs. Fleshing out a drawing on AutoCAD can give it additional impact during presentations, and the addition
of color gradients to surfaces to produce a more "realistic" appearance is a great way to do so. Applying a
gradient is a simple effect, but to the uninitiated it can be difficult to find in AutoCAD's labyrinthine interface.

1. Click the "Properties" panel from the ribbon menu on AutoCAD, then click the "Hatch Type"
button.

2. Select "Gradient" from the drop-down menu to open the Gradient tool.
3. Click the "Gradient Colors" button to toggle between one or two colors. One color mode creates a gradient that
brightens or darkens, while the two color mode transitions one color into the other.

4. Click the "..." button to select a color for the gradient. In single color mode, you are also presented with a slider
which allows you to chose the brightness or darkness of the gradient. In the two color mode, you see another "..."
button that allows you to select the second color.

5. Select a gradient pattern from the "Pattern" panel on the ribbon menu. There are nine preset patterns.
6. Uncheck the "Centered" check box if you don't want the gradient to be centered. Otherwise, leave this check
box checked. The nine preset patterns shift in the preview, allowing you to gauge the results of centered versus
uncentered.

7. Fine-tune the angle of the gradient using the "Angle" drop-down menu. The preset samples allow you to gauge
the results of changing the angles

8. Click the "Pick Point" button to allow AutoCAD to calculate a closed are, or click the "Add Select Objects" or
"Select" button to manually select a closed object.

9. Click inside the closed area if using the "Pick Point" option, or select an object if using the "Select" option.
10. Inspect the preview, which should appear immediately. Press "Enter" to end the command and apply the
gradient, or continue to tweak the gradient until you are satisfied.
 EXPERIMENT NO. – 8

2-D DRAWING USING DRAW TOOLBAR :-

Toolbars DRAW main strip to draw lines, 2D characters, but also we can use this command to draw in 3D. The same
commands can be used via the draw. Locate the tape can be anywhere on the working window in the system of Drag
and Drop.
Line, Ray, Construction line, Multiline, Polyline, 3D Polyline, Polygon, Rectangle, Helix, Arc, Circle, Donut, Spline,
Ellipse, Block, Table, Point, Point, Hatch, Boundary, Region, Text.

Lines using the line command can be drawn

with the mouse, as well as absolute, relative,
polar coordinates and the other.

Similarly, we can draw lines directly over the

command line prompt by entering the line
command and then by giving certain
coordinates.