Chapter 2

Reviews of related literature and studies

This chapter includes the idea, finished thesis, generalization or conclusions,
methodologies and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing
information that are relevant and similar to the present study. Review of the related literature,
helps the researcher to accustom himself with current knowledge in the field or area in which
he is going to conduct his research and to review all related literature enables the researcher
to identify the limits of his/her field. It helps the researcher to define his problem, avoid
unprofitable and ineffective problem area, avoid accidental duplication of well-established
findings, and gain knowledge to choose the problem given in the previous research, as
suggestions for further studies.

Related Literature

According to Karim (2008), interoperability concerning a specific task is said to exist

between two applications, when one application can accept data from the other and perform
the task in an appropriate and satisfactory manner without need of extra operator
intervention. One of the main challenges in introducing patient healthcare records is the
development and use of systems that advance communication and information sharing.
Sharing information is an essential aspect of communicating with colleagues and patients
about delivery of care. The absence of instant access to patient healthcare information is the
cause of one-fifth of medical errors. According to Hanseth et al (1996), many healthcare
professionals work autonomously, the deficiency of accessing vital healthcare information
segments and shared knowledge can produce duplicate clinical tests to be arranged and leads
to additional cost, pain and danger. Hence, connected and unconnected electronic systems
should be coordinated and interoperable i.e. healthcare information is accumulated and stored
into an electronic holding place called as Data repository. All relevant data would be shared
between healthcare professionals in the same or different organizations.

According to Abdul (2008) indicates that one of the important issues in paper-based
records are, all the clinical information is written in free style, and chances are high to miss or
forget some important information, as this will lead to serious effect on patient’s treatment
and care. The case sheet is a hard copy that can be accessed by one person at a time and
needs physical transfer for other physicians to access. Retrieving a record will be a hard task
given number of medical records present and missing a record won’t be a surprise in a huge
pile of paper based medical records. Moreover, with time, information in paper records gets
diminished of ageing paper and ink, even fire accidents or natural disasters can ruin the
archive of paper records. Karim (2008) explains that all the above discussed issues can be
over-come by implementing EMR/EPR systems, it can not only solve the problems but also
improves the efficiency of healthcare by increasing accessibility, and needs less resources to
maintain records. EPR system can be used as a resource of researchers, it will be a tool for
disease surveillance, which can be used for public health initiatives and for practicing
Evidence based medicine.
Related Studies
The invention of the computers has brought about the revolution of Information
Technology (IT). In the past few decades, offices, factories, and business have increasingly
adopted the use of computers to enhance their performances and outputs. Along with that,
today, computers can be found in every household as well.
There are significant advantages of using computers in medical institutions. In recent
times, their importance has grown manifold, due to the fact that the procedures have to be
speedy for catering to a larger population, and the medical services have to be more precise.
According to Apter (2007), in the committee of nations, Nigeria often denotes fraud
and corruption. The extent of involvement of fraud perpetuators in Nigeria and those
operating outside the shores of the country is unquantifiable. Apter stated that fraudulent
practices range from online identity theft, marketing of non-existent goods, prosperity
churches, false non-governmental organizations soliciting funds from foreign donors, to
outright imposition by persons as government officials awarding bogus contracts. The
activities of corrupt elements in society have tarnished the social and corporate image of the
nation, causing a drought of foreign investment in the country (Arikpo et al., 2007).
Corruption exists in every facet of life in Nigeria, and has negatively affected the willingness
of international investors to do business in Nigeria. The engagement of the larger society in
corruption occurs by ambivalent complicity (Apter, 2007). Sustained aiding and abetting of
corruption in the Nigerian society makes it Nigerian impossible for the nation to rise above
mediocrity in almost every area of socioeconomic endeavour including health care (Apter,
2007; Arikpo et al., 2007).

According to Ayo(2008), in a study of the framework for implementation of

ecommerce in Nigeria decried the abysmally law internet-access in the country. Internet
connection enables affected data management system, picture archival, and communication
system and specifically important for running radiological information system and
teleradiology. Other requirement include well-trained health care workers and information
system administrator
According to Benham-Hutchins (2009) because of challenges involved in integrating
new hospital information systems with old paper documentation and record systems,
clinicians, and other health care practitioners may become encumbered with multiple and
conflicting sources of patient information.
Multiples of paper and electronic documentation may disrupt a seamless workflow and
influence the quality and efficiency of service delivery. These circumstances also have the
potential to cause new types of medical errors resulting from poor harmonization of patient
information. Understanding these concerns requires examination of human factors in the
design of technology that is able to adapt to the way health care providers do their job. The
delivery of patient-friendly services demands that health care providers continue to work
toward improvement in the method of care pathways and processes.
According to Ford, Menachemi, and Phillips (2012) in 2006 the Institute of Medicine
(IOM) issued a report calling for paperless health record system within 10 years. This
visionary call fell short media attention. Scholarly and government was support also deficient
compared to other by the IOM. The consequences is that integrating electronic health record
system into the workplace health care, critical care, and the ambulatory setting does not
equate other areas of medical care. Davies (2006 ), report that the America is ranked 66th
among 100 countries with top class health care infrastructure and system recent studies
indicate that whereas 4% to 6% of United States hospital and health care organization have
achieved full implementation of hospital information system, 1-6% have partial adoption of
some forms of hospital information system Moore, 2009, Simon et al., 2008: Ward et al.,
(2006). The high cost of implementation of electronic health systems of Lowa Hospitals,
found an 80% adoption rate for urban financial capabilities of urban hospital as the reason for
the disparity Furukuwa, et al, (2006), in their analysis of disparity in adoption Nigerian
Hospital Information System.
According to Garets and Horowits (2008), clinicians should engage in evaluation of
hospital information system technologies because information system will become
repositories of clinical data. Electronic medical records system and other information system
will attain commonplace application in hospitals and other health care centers in the
incoming decade. President Bush set a target of developing electronic health care records for
all Americans by 2014.
According to Jantz (2001) the emergence of computers based information system has
change the world a great deal, both large and small system have adopted the new
methodology by used of personal computers, to fulfil the several roles of productions of
information therefore computerizing the documentation of patients record to enable easier
manipulation of input process and output will bring us to this existing new world of
information system. Patient’s records and disease pattern documentation from patients and
their particular health system in order to function properly. If this information is not
documented perfectly causing some data to get misplaced, the health system will not be
efficient.
According Priyanka Pandey (). Online Eye Center Management System helps to
maintain the patients’ record, doctors’ record, time scheduling management of an eye care
clinic. At the same time it can handle the accounts of the daily transaction. This software is
very useful and it makes all the manual works replaced with the use of the computerized
system. It saves a lot of time and money. Manual data recordings become a cumbersome job
and it can also lead to errors even after repeated cross checks. But the use of this system will
able to avoid all these and it can give 100 % accurate results. Moreover this software
application will organize the data in such a way that it can help the user while searching a
specified document or details.
The idea of Online Eye Care System project is to develop which focuses on some
modules of management of the Eye care clinic. It allows users to maintain the records of the
patients and also it allows doing the manual operations in an automated form. It provides
details on treatment, facilities, eye care products and customers record.
According to Sarals Solution Foresight(Foresight Eye Clinic management software)
is a completely integrated practice management system for ophthalmologists that allow you
to take command of practice development, management control, and patient care. Friendly
and intuitive, Foresight has been carefully designed to put your practice information at your
fingertips in a logical, predictable, and easy-to-understand manner in a single or multi-user
environment. The system is flexible and designed to grow with you as your practice grows.
Its features include: Patient Demographics Ocular and Medical History Daily activity register
Patient Bills and payments Operation theatre scheduling Appointment management
Procedure tracking IPD Patients LASIK Details Patient Visit Details - Fundus examination,
findings, refraction, complaints, diagnosis, slit Lamp exam, Glaucoma exam, User defined
Custom Screens, Contact Lens, Lasik Details, A-scan, Prescriptions, Treatment, Advice
Digital Imaging - Direct image and video capture, Send documents as email attachment,
Creates ready-to-print photo albums , Import images from digital camera, Compare before
and after treatment images Reports - Check-up printout Patient, Receipt printing. Referral
letters, Appointments, Visit listings, Practice analysis, New Patients, Customized Reports
Address Book, and Reminders Correspondence and email Show-me-how video tutorials for
quick staff training. Foresight allows you to reduce administrative time, streamline
communications, improve the quality of your clinical documentation and ensure nothing is
ever lost or forgotten.
Having Eye clinic management system can help the clinic to manage their daily
activity. System help reduce the problems occur when using the manual system, enables
doctors and clinic assistant to manage patient records, medicine stock, and appointment and
produce reports, in order for companies and organisations to carry out their daily tasks
successfully, they follow certain processes. Eye Clinic Management systems are responsible
for maintaining those processes (British standards institution, 2012). They are present in
almost every aspect of our daily lives like banks, movie theatres and shopping centres.
 Reference

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http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2982

Apter, A. (2007). A culture of corruption: Everyday deception and popular discontent in

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Ayo C, Ayodele A., Tolulope, F., & Ekong, U. (2008). A Frameworks for e-commerce
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Benham-Hutchins, M. (2009). Frustrated with HIT? Get involve! Journal of Nursing

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