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Lecture 4 - CE 433
Lecture 4 - CE 433
CE 433
dLt Lo
= -kL t
dt
Lt t BODt
dLt
ò = -k ò dt
BOD
L0 Lt 0 Lt
Lt =L0 e-kt t
-kt
L0 = BODt +Lt BODt = L0 (1- e )
BOD rate equation
Modeling BOD as a first order Reaction
K = f (nature of waste, ability of bacteria, temperature)
Effect of temperature on K:
Commonly used expression:
= 4.57 mg O2/ mg N
Temp. Correction:
Kd = Kt = K20 (θ)T-20 ; θ = 1.047
So, rD = Kd L0 e (-kdt) …………………………(1)
Model Equations: Reaeration
From Atmosphere
Rate of Reaeration, rR α (Dosat – DO)
=> rR = kr.D ---------------------(2)
(Note: for shallow, fast moving stream kr higher; for sluggish stream kr lower)
Kr (20°C) = 3.9 u1/2/ H3/2. where u = avg stream velocity; H = avg stream depth
…………………………..(4)
----------------------------(5)
--------------------(6)
From eq (3),
dD
At critical point, = 0 = kd .Loe-kdtc - kr Dc
dt
k
Dc = d Loe-kd tc
kr --------------------------------------(7)
Where,
Kn = the nitrogenous deoxygenation rate constant (/day)
Ln = ultimate NBOD after waste and river have mixed (mg/L)
Other Factors affecting DO Sag Curve:
Multiple point source
Curve A is the present predicted dry flow profile with observed river sampling
results. Curve B is the expected dry flow DO profile after implementation of
pollution control measures (Ahmed and Mohammed, 1988).
Limitations of Oxygen Sag Equation
Effect of Sediment Oxygen Demand (SOD) not
considered. This is important, especially when sludge is
accumulated along the bottom of a stream.
Effect of photosynthesis and respiration not considered.
Algae add DO during daytime hours while
photosynthesis is occurring, but at night its respiration
removes DO.
Nitrification (effect of NBOD) not considered. This can
cause a second dip in the DO sag curve as its effects
are felt.
Variation in stream characteristics and rate constants
are not considered.
Estimation of Parameters of DO Sag Equation
1) L0 = ultimate BOD
BOD5 = L0(1-e-kt)
If BOD5 and k are known, L0 can be estimated from the above rate equation
Kd = Kt = K20.(θ)T-20 ; θ = 1.047
Kr (20°C) = 3.9 u1/2/ H3/2. where u = avg stream velocity; H = avg stream depth
River water
T = 22ᵒC
QT = 0.5 m3/s Given:
BOD5 = 3 mg/L Laboratory determined K value for mixture of
DO = 8 mg/L wastewater and river water = 0.23/d
Estimate:
DOmin, xc, tc, and
Sketch DO profile for a 100 km reach