1.1 General Introduction: Experimental Behaviour On Engineered Cementitious Composites

EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR ON ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Engineered cementitious composites abbreviated as ECC is characterized by high ductility and tight
crack width control. An ECC has a strain capacity of more than 3% compared to conventional
concrete. It is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short
random fibers, usually polymer fibers.
1.1 General introduction
Bendable concrete is also known as engineered cementitious composites. This kind of material
provide more flexibility. bendable concrete is reinforced with smart materials such as glass
fibers. The materials or ingredients used is same as the normal concrete in addition with water
reducing agent which is required to provide good workability.
Bendable concrete is different from normal concrete in bendable concrete coarse aggregate is
not used so it is mortar rather than concrete. Cementitious materials, such as silica, fly ash, blast
furnace slag etc. is used in addition with cement to increase the content of paste.
1.2 Application of bendable concrete
 Bendable concrete is used for earthquake resistant structures.

 It also holds good in construction of jointless bridges.
 It is used for patch work where the roads are cracked.
 Bendable concrete can be used over cracked concrete surfaces.
1.3 Merits of using bendable concrete
 Bendable concrete is stronger then normal concrete, and more durable and life span is
more then the normal concrete.
Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 1

 Bendable concrete is crack resistant.

 Bendable concrete does not emit harmful gases.
 The bendable concrete is more flexible and lighter then normal concrete because coarse
aggregate is not used.
 The use of reinforcement can be reduced and also eliminated.
 The total cost of the project can be reduced.
 It can also be used as precast concrete
1.4 Demerits of using bendable concrete
 The initial cost of the bendable concrete is more than normal concrete.
 It requires more skilled labours.
 For the production of bendable concrete, we need special materials which is not
found in some places.
 The quality of bendable concrete depends on the type of material used and under
what condition it is made.
1.5 Properties of bendable concrete
 ECC has special and unique properties which includes the tensile properties which is
better than the other
 ECC use 2% fibers which tight crack width.
 In ECC the crack width is small when compared to other ordinary concrete.
 This microcracking behavior leads to superior corrosion resistance. and it is also self-
healing in the presence of water.

CHAPTER 2
LITREATURE REVIEW
Mohamed Maalej and Victor C, et al (1994) studied the flexural behavior of a strain-hardening
engineered cementitious composite (ECC) and is compared with that observed in a regular fiber-
reinforced cementious composite(FRC). Further they observed that ECC materials are highly
sustainable compared to regular FRC. This strain hardening behavior gives ECCs a significant
advantage under flexural loading whereas in quasi-brittle material such as regular FRC , the ratio
of flexural strength to tensile strength is to vary between 1 and 3, depending on the geometry of
the specimen and the details of reinforcement.
Hakan nuri atahan, et al(2012) studied the effects of fiber volume fraction and matrix
properties on the mechanical performance of 15 mm thick short cut PVA fiber reinforced
cementitious composites were investigated experimentally. Two different water to cement
ratios(0.25 and 0.35) were used for matrix production and the results have showed that both
matrix strength and fiber content have significant effects on flexural behavior and impact
resistance of these composites. They also observed that under the effects of impact loads, higher
value of w/can increased PVA fiber content significantly improved the energy of absorption
capacity of these composites.
Cleopatra Panganayi,et al studied about the hydration process in a cementitious material by

external agents on it mix components. The effect of D-galac turonic acid on the hydration of
fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composites and ordinary mortar was investigated and
the final setting time was monitored as well as the flexural or compressive strength during and
after 28 days of curing. Therefore , the hydration and resulting modification of ECC by D-
galacturonic acid was more tenacious than that of ordinary mortar.

Jinlong Pan, et al say that ECC have attracted increasing attention in the recent years owing to
its unique properties of tensile strain hardening behavior and tight multiple cracks. A new kind of
multiscale ECC that contains PVA fibers and calcium carbonate whiskers was designed based on
the design models of ECC. nine series of MS-ECC proportions were prepared and the
mechanical properties including compressive strength, uniaxial strength, flexural behavior and
the proper addition of the mixtures were studied. Overall the experiment demonstrated that the
CaCo3 whiskers and PVA fibers could effectively interact with different scales.
Mustafa Sahmaran, et al(2012) studied the durability properties of ECC that are designed with
micromechanical principles , under various environmental and mechanical loads. They have also
discussed various durability subjects such as(a)corrosion resistance, (b) ECC cracking and
transport properties (permeability, absorption and diffusion), (c) performance under hot and
humid environment. This research results indicate high tensile strain capacity, many durability
challenges confronting concrete can bee overcome by using ECC.
Jiajia Zhou, et al (2014) studied the mechanical behaviour of fiber-reinforced engineered

cementitious composites in uniaxial compression. Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) is a class of high
performance cementitious composite with strain hardening behaviour and excellent crack control
when subjected to uniaxial tension . They have discussed about the uniaxial compression tests
that had been carried out with five different mix proportions and compressive strength ranging
from 35 to 60MPa. The test also studied about the elastic modulus, engineering strain at the peak
stress, the Poisson’s ratio and the toughness index were studied.
Yazan Alrefaei, et al show the results of an experimental investigation of the shear behavior of
beams made using hybrid fiber-engineered cementitious composites. They have also talked about
the shear behavior of beams using strain hardening engineered cementitious composites that
incorporate relatively low volume ratios of discontinued random fibers and they were tested

using a three point load at a shear span to depth ratio of 3. The results showed that when used in
HFBCC, the PE fibers were nearly as effective as steel fibers in increasing the shear strength
Jinlong Pan, et al studied that an ECC is characterized by a high tensile strain capacity in the
range of 2-7%, which is 200-700 times that of conventional concrete. When the volume fraction
of CaCo3 whiskers was controlled at 6%, the addition of CaCo3 whiskers improved the
compressive strength of ECC’s, which is due to the filler and bridge effect pf thr CaCo3
whiskers. The addition of CaCo3 whiskers decreases the variation in ECC tensile behavior,
especially when the PVA fiber content is relatively low. It is feasible to increase the robustness
of ECC’s with the addition of CaCo3 whiskers. With the analysis CaCo3 whislers and PVA
effectively intersct with different scales in the designed ECC’s.
Jeff L. Brown, et al studied that bendable concrete repairs its own cracks. The study has
revealed that ordinary concrete when subjected to tensile load tends to fracture and break into
pieces whereas the ECC material performs well bearing its load under tensile strains as high as 5
percent and remaining intact. Conventional concrete in contrast has been known to fracture and
fail under a tensile strain of just 0.01 percent. The crack width of ECC is less than 60um in width
and its got self healing capacity in which the cracks in the concrete expose these residual cement
grains to the air and water in the surrounding environment and the unhydrated grains react
chemically with water and the CO2 in the air to form string compounds known as calcium
carbonates.
Pedram zohreand,at al discussed that in ultra high performance concrete the material
microstructure is optimized to a significant improvement. In this study c-4 specimen has the
highest conferment ratio and model provided but fir UHPC has proved that as compound to
convention concrete it provides higher strength and ductility. By the experiment studies the

specimen with any one fiber has higher tensile strength and tensile modulus compound to glass
fiber specimen.

CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES OF INVESTIGATION
3.1 OBJECTIVES
 The objective of bendable concrete is to develop a flexible and robust material that can
be utilized in various purpose where fiber reinforced concrete can’t be used.
 To check the ductile behavior of the concrete.
 To check the behavior of bendable concrete under compression, split tensile and
flexure test.
 To check the effect of sand, super plasticizer and PVA fibers on the behavior of
bendable concrete.
 To investigate the wet properties of bendable concrete.
 To improve mechanical performance of cementitious composite materials and
structures by optimizing the integrated fiber textile
CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS USED
GENERAL
This chapter gives the information about the materials used for the preparations of concrete
composite. The various materials used in the investigation are given below:
 Cement- ordinary portland cement-53 grade

 Natural river sand
 Super plasticizer- Talrakplast pb250
 GGBS
 Polypropolyne-Recron PS
 Water
4.1 CEMENT
Concrete is a vital element for the development of a nation. The key element that is required
for the concrete is cement, Cement used to carry out the investigation was ordinary Portland
cement of grade 53 (Birla super) was used. Cement of high grade is of more importance for
making concrete stronger. Concrete is the most important element that is required for the
development of infrastructure, which is in turn responsible for the development.
Fig 4.2 sample of cement used in the investigation
Sl no. Test Physical properties

Table 1 Standard consistency 30

4.1
prope 2 Initial setting time 45 minutes
rties
of 3 Final setting time 500 minutes
ceme
nt 4 Specific gravity 3.14
5 Fineness 7.557%
4.2 NATURAL RIVER SAND
River sand is a product of natural weathering of rocks over a period of millions of years. It
is mined from the river beds. River sand is far superior for construction purposes than any
othersand used in construction. Sand is used as fine aggregate as mortars and concrete. Natural
river sand is the most preferred choice as a fine aggregate material.
.4.3 SUPER PLASTICIZER-TALRAKPLAST PB250

It is a concrete admixture for manufacturing paver blocks, kerb stones and concrete blocks. It
reduces the edge cracking in the paver blocks, curbed stones and concrete blocks. It also
reduces water content in the concrete mix and improves ultimate strength.
4.4 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
GGBS is a cementitious material whose main use is in concrete and is a by-product from the
blast-furnaces used to make iron. GGBS contributes to the production of superior cement.
GGBS significant attribute of providing ultimate strength when added to Portland cements.
4.5 POLYPROPYLENE FIBRES
Polypropylene fibres are designed to provide reinforcement and crack control in construction
materials such as concrete and asphalt. The fibres are manufactured from polypropylene
materials. The length of 12mm polypropylene fibres are used in this project.
Fig 4.2 polypropylene fiber

4.6 WATER
The hydration process of cement starts only after adding water to it. Thus water becomes the
important constituent of concrete. The water used for the investigation was clean and was free
from organic materials, acids, silt and debris. The same water was used for curing. The water in
the curing tank was changed every week as per the instruction given in IS: 516 – 1959.
CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
5.1GENERAL
Initially, the basic tests for various components of concrete were performed. Sieve analysis,
specific gravity, water absorption, bulk density tests were performed for fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate. Fineness, initial and final setting time tests were performed for cement. After
performing all the basic tests, the trial mixes were done for choosing the appropriate water to
binder ratio. The water to binder ratio was kept constant throughout the investigation.
5.2 BATCHING OF MATERIALS

All the aggregates were fully dried and they were filled empty cement bags, then they were
stored in the lab itself. Fine aggregates and GGBS were kept separately without mixing. The
proportion of the mix design or components of concrete is 1: 0.8: 1.2. The ingredients were
weighed in a weighing machine having 5 gram accuracy.
5.2.1 Mixing of ingredients

Blending of ingredients was done by machine mixing. Initially half of the GGBS were added to
the drum. Then full amount of fine aggregates were added, followed by the remaining amount of
water. Immediately after turning on the mixing machine the water was added. The mixing

machine was kept rotating for at least 5 minutes or more, until all the ingredients were blended
properly to give uniform colour.
Fig 5.1 mixing of ingredients
5.2.2 Mix proportions

The investigation involved totally 3 combination of mix proportions including the control mix,
varying the content of cement and volume of fibres. The water to binder ratio was kept constant
throughout the investigation. The water to binder used in my investigation was 0.6. The content
of glass fibres were varied from 1 to 2% of cement content. The following table gives the exact
idea of proportions varied in the investigation.
5.3 CASTING OF SPECIMENS

The size of specimens for cubes for carrying out compression test were 15* 15 * 15cms, for
beams to carry out the flexural test were 10 * 10 * 50 cms and for cylinder to carry out split

tensile strength was having the diameter 10cms and height of 20 cms. Before pouring concrete to
the specimens to the moulds, the moulds were properly oiled. The concrete was filled to the
moulds immediately after mixing was completed. Concrete was filled in mould by five layer
each layer was compacted. The compaction of concrete was done by vibration table. After filling
the moulds, the fifth layer, the top surface of the concrete was smoothened by means of trowel.
Fig 5.2 casting of specimen
5.4 CURING
After filling, compacting, and finishing was done, the moulds were left for 24 hours. The next
day the demoulding of specimens were done and appropriate naming of specimens were written
on specimens. Naming of specimens was done by a permanent marker. Immediately after
naming was done, the specimens were transferred to curing tank. As we know all exothermic
process produce heat, in the same manner the hydration of cement also does the same. The
purpose of curing is mainly to reduce the heat produced during the hydration process. The water
in the curing tank was free from organic compounds, acids, silt etc and water in the tank was
emptied and filled fresh every week.

5.5TEST ON BENDABLE CONCRETE
 Workablity test of fresh concrete

 Slump test
 Crushing test
 Flexure test
 Split tensile test
5.5.1 Flexural test
 The flexural test should be conducted on the specimen immediately after taken out
of the curing condition so as to prevent surface drying.
 Place the specimen on loading point.
 Center the loading system in relation to the applied force.
 Applying load between 2 to 6 percent of computed ultimate load.
 Employing 0.10mm to 0.38mm leaf type feeler gases, specify whether any space
between the specimen and loading or support blocks is greater or less then each
of the gases over a length of 25mm or more.
 Grinding should be considered to remove gaps in excess of 0.38mm.
 Load the specimen continuously without shock till the point of failure at a constant
rate.

Fig 5.3 conduction of flexural test
5.5.2 Slump test
 Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

 Place the mould on the smooth horizontal non porous plate.
 Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers
 Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the c/s of the mould.
 Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with the trowel.
 Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
 Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
 Measure the slump as the difference between the heights of the mould and that of
heights point of the specimen being tested.

5.5.3 Compressive strength test
 The concrete is poured in the mould and tampered properly so as to not have any
voids.
 After 24 hrs the mould are removed from the test specimen and are put into the
water for curing.
 This specimen are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28
days curing.
 Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140kg/cm2 per minute till the
specimen fails.
 Load at the failure divided by area of the specimen gives the compressive strength
of the concrete.
Fig 5.4 conduction of compression test

5.5.4 Split tensile test
 Initial take specimen from the water after 7,28 days of curing.
 Then wipe the surface of the specimen
 Draw the diametrical lines on the specimen to ensure that they are on the same
axial plane.
 Record the weight and dimension of the specimen.
 Set the compression testing machine for the required range.
 Place the plywood sheet on the lower plate and place the specimen.
 Place plywood strip above the specimen.
 Apply the load continuously without shack at the rate within the range 0.7 to
1.4 mpa/min.
 Finally note down the breaking load.

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 COMPRESSION TEST
CUBE-NORMAL CONCRETE
SL.NO WEIGHT (Kg) LOAD(kN) COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH
1 8.23kg 530Kn 23.55N/mm2
2 8.14kg 800Kn 35.5N/mm2
3 7.86kg 520Kn 23.11N/mm2
AVERAGE TOTAL 27.3N/mm2
Compressive strength = 530*103= 23.55N/mm2

150*150

a) CUBE – 1% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS
SL. NO. WEIGHT (kg) LOAD (KN) COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.12kg 220Kn 22 N/mm2
2 2.17kg 230Kn 23N/mm2
3 2.16kg 220Kn 22N/mm2
Compressive strength = 230*103 = 23N/mm2

100*100
C) CUBE – 1% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.22kg 260Kn 26 N/mm2
2 2.25kg 270Kn 27N/mm2
3 2.13kg 280Kn 28N/mm2
AVERAGE TOTAL 27N/mm2

Compressive strength = 280*103 = 28 N/mm2

100*100
d) CUBE – 1% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.21kg 320Kn 32 N/mm2
2 2.27kg 320Kn 32 N/mm2
3 2.26kg 330Kn 33 N/mm2
Compressive strength = 330*103 = 33N/mm2

100*100

e) CUBE – 1.5% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.12kg 250Kn 25 N/mm2
2 2.27kg 260Kn 26 N/mm2
3 2.26kg 270Kn 27 N/mm2
AVERAGE TOTAL 26 N/mm2

100*100
f) CUBE – 1.5% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.21kg 300Kn 30 N/mm2
2 2.28kg 330Kn 33 N/mm2
3 2.26kg 310Kn 31 N/mm2
AVERAGE TOTAL 32.33 N/mm2


100*100
g) CUBE – 1.5% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.21kg 350Kn 35 N/mm2
2 2.27kg 370Kn 37 N/mm2
3 2.26kg 350Kn 35 N/mm2

100*100

h) CUBE – 2% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.21kg 300Kn 30 N/mm2
2 5.27kg 330Kn 33 N/mm2
3 2.31kg 330Kn 33 N/mm2

100*100

i) CUBE – 2% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.31kg 360Kn 36 N/mm2
2 2.22kg 370Kn 37 N/mm2
3 2.21kg 380Kn 38 N/mm2

100*100

j) CUBE – 2% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS
STRENGTH
(N/mm2)
1 2.21kg 390Kn 39 N/mm2
2 2.32kg 4100Kn 41 N/mm2
3 2.31kg 4200Kn 42 N/mm2
Compressive strength = 420*103=42 N/mm2

100*100
45
compressive strength (N/mm^2)
40
35
30
25
7 DAYS
20
14 DAYS
15
28 DAYS
10
5
0
1% 1.50% 2%
percentage of polypropylene
Fig 6.1 compressive strength at different percentage of fiber

6.1 FLEXURAL TEST

a) BEAM – NORMAL CONCRETE
SL.NO. LOAD (KN) FLEXRUAL STRENGTH(N/mm2)
1 30KN 15 N/mm2
2 20KN 10 N/mm2
3 21KN 10 N/mm2
Flexural test = PL/bd2
= 30*103 *500 =11.83 N/mm2

(100*30*30)
a) BEAM – 1% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS
1 2.3KN 12.77 N/mm2
2 2.5KN 13.89 N/mm2
3 2.3KN 12.77 N/mm2
= 2.5*102 =13.13 N/mm2

100*30*30

BEAM – 1% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS
1 3KN 16.17 N/mm2
2 2.9KN 16.11 N/mm2
3 3KN 16.17 N/mm2
= 3*103*500 =16.17 N/mm2

(100*30*30)
b) BEAM – 1% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS
1 3.8KN 21.67 N/mm2
2 3.9KN 21.67 N/mm2
3 3.9KN 21.11 N/mm2
Flexural test= PL/bd2
= 3.9*103*500 =21.48 N/mm2

(100*30*30)

c) BEAM – 1.5% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS
1 2.7KN 15 N/mm2
2 2.7KN 15 N/mm2
3 2.9KN 16.11 N/mm2
= 2.9*103*500 =15.37 N/mm2

(100*30*30)
d) BEAM – 1.5% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS
1 3.4KN 18.89 N/mm2
2 3.6KN 20 N/mm2
3 3.5KN 19.44 N/mm2
= 3.6*103 =19.44 N/mm2

100*30*30

e) BEAM – 1.5% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS
1 4.2KN 23.33 N/mm2
2 4.2KN 23.33 N/mm2
3 4.3KN 23.89 N/mm2
= 4.3*103*500 =23.89 N/mm2

(100*30*30)
f) BEAM – 2% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS
1 3KN 16.67 N/mm2
2 3KN 16.67 N/mm2
3 3KN 16.67 N/mm2
= 3*103*500 =16.67 N/mm2

100*30*30

g) BEAM – 2% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS
1 3.9KN 21.67 N/mm2
2 3.9KN 21.67 N/mm2
3 4KN 22.22N/mm2
= 4*103*500 =21.48 N/mm2

(100*30*30)
h) BEAM – 2% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS

1 4.6KN 25.55 N/mm2
2 4.7Kn 26.11 N/mm2
3 4.7Kn 26.11 N/mm2
= 3.9*103*500 =25.92 N/mm2

100*30*30
30
25
flexural strength (N/mm^2)
20
15 7 DAYS
14 DAYS
10
28 DAYS
0
1% 1.50% 2%
Fig 6.2 Flexural strength at different percentage of fiber

6.2 SPLITE TENSILE STRENTH
a) CYLINDER-NORMAL CONCRETE

1 100KN 3.18 N/mm2
2 90KN 2.86 N/mm2
3 100Kn 3.18N/mm2
Split Tensile test=2PL/πDL
= (2*100*103)/π*100*200
= 3.18 N/mm2
b) CYLINDER-1% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS
1 90KN 2.86 N/mm2
2 90KN 2.86 N/mm2
3 100KN 3.18 N/mm2
= (2*90*103)/π*100*200

= 2.86 N/mm2
(C)CYLINDER-1% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS
1 100KN 3.18 N/mm2
2 110KN 3.5 N/mm2
3 90KN 2.86 N/mm2
= (2*110*103)/π*100*200
= 3.5 N/mm2
c) CYLINDER-1% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS

1 110KN 3.5 N/mm2
2 100KN 3.18 N/mm2
3 110KN 3.5 N/mm2
= (2*110*103)/π*100*200
= 3.5 N/mm2
d)CYLINDER-1.5% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS
1 90KN 2.86 N/mm2
2 100KN 3.18 N/mm2
3 100KN 3.18 N/mm2
= (2*100*103)/π*100*200
= 3.18 N/mm2
d) CYLINDER-1.5% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS

1 110KN 3.5 N/mm2
2 110KN 3.5 N/mm2
3 100KN 3.18 N/mm2
= (2*110*103)/π*100*200
= 3.5 N/mm2
e) CYLINDER-1.5% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS
1 120KN 3.81N/mm2
2 120KN 3.81N/mm2
3 120KN 3.81 N/mm2
= (2*120*103)/π*100*200
= 3.81 N/mm2
f) CYLINDER-2% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS

1 100KN 3.18N/mm2
2 110KN 3.5N/mm2
3 100KN 3.18N/mm2
= (2*110*103)/π*100*200
= 3.5 N/mm2
g) CYLINDER-2% FIBRE ADDING 14-DAYS
1 120 KN 3.8 N/mm2
2 120 KN 3.8 N/mm2
3 110 KN 3.5 N/mm2
= (2*120*103)/π*100*200
=3.8 N/mm2
h) CYLINDER-2% FIBRE ADDING 28-DAYS

1 130 KN 4.14 N/mm2
2 140 KN 4.45 N/mm2
3 120 KN 3.8 N/mm2
= (2*140*103)/π*100*200
= 4.45 N/mm2
4.5
4
split tensile strength (N/mm^2)
3.5
3
2.5
7 DAYS
2
14 DAYS
1.5
28 DAYS
1
0.5
0
1% 1.50% 2%
Fig 6.3 split tensile strength at different percentage of fiber
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS

In this investigation, the strength of polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete composites is

studied. The volume of fibres is varied in different proportions to evaluate the strength
parameter of the composites. On adding admixtures to the concrete the variation of volume of
fibres is studied, in turn which gives the optimum dosage of fibres with the variation of
admixture content. The compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength are the
test conducted to evaluate the different concrete composites. All the above mentioned test is
conducted for 28 days. The test result of different concrete composites is compared to control
mix and conclusions were made. The various conclusions drawn are given below,
 In this project, we made a attempt to an experimental study on the strength aspects of

polypropylene fibres reinforced concrete with addition of GGBS and without coarse
aggregate.
 The maximum compression strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength values for
7, 14, 28 days is obtained when the 2% of polypropylene fibers are added.
 The compression strength of 2% of polypropylene fibers concrete mix is more than the
40grade concrete mix of 28days.
 Flexural strength of 2% polypropylene fibers concrete mix is very much greater than the
noramal concrete mix.
 Split tensile strength does not show much difference as compared to normal concrete.
 Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength decreases as the
percentage of fibers increases more than 2%.
Hence 2% of polypropylene fibers concret mix is the optimum dosage.
FUTURE SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION
 The fibre content is varied from 1 to 2 percent, for future work more fibre content can be
incorporated and the strength can be evaluated for increased volume of fibre content.
 Durability of concrete can be studied for various combinations investigated in this project.
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES

 [1] A Avinash Gornale, B S. Ibrahim Quadri and C Syed Hussaini (2012), Strength aspect
of Glass fiber reinforced concrete, International journal of Scientific and Engineering
research, vol,3, issue 7.
 [2] A Dr. Srinivasa Rao, B Chandra Mouli K. and C Dr. T. Seshadri Sekhar (2012),
Durability studies on Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, International Journal of civil
engineering science, vol.1, no-1-2.
 [3] A G. Jyothi Kumari, B P. Jagannadha Rao and C M. V. Seshagiri Rao (2013), Behavior
of concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer flats, international
journal of research in engineering and technology, Vol.2, Issue 09.
 [4] A Kavita S. Kene, B Vikrant S. Vairagade and C Satish Sathawane (2012),

Experimental study on behavior of steel and glass fiber Reinforced concrete composite,
Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management studies, Vol. 2,
No-4.
 [5] Komal chawla, Bharti tekwani (2013), Studies of glass fiber reinforced concrete
composites, International journal of structural and civil engineering research
REFERENCES CODE OF PRACTICES:
 IS 383:1970 (Reaffirmed 2002) - Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural
sources for concrete.
 IS 456:2000 - Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth edition).
 IS 516:1959 (Reaffirmed in 2004) – Methods of tests for strength of concrete, Test For
Flexural Strength Foe Moulded Flexure Test Specimen, Determination of Modulus of
Elasticity by Means of Extensometer.
 IS 1727:1967 – (Reaffirmed in 2004) - Methods of test for pozzolanic materials.

 IS 2386:1963 - Methods of test for aggregates for concrete.

a. Part I (Reaffirmed in 2002) - Particle size and shape.
 b.Part III (Reaffirmed in 2002) - Specific gravity, density, voids.


1.1 General Introduction: Experimental Behaviour On Engineered Cementitious Composites

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1.1 General Introduction: Experimental Behaviour On Engineered Cementitious Composites

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR ON ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES

1.1 General introduction

1.2 Application of bendable concrete

 Bendable concrete is used for earthquake resistant structures.

1.3 Merits of using bendable concrete

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 1

 Bendable concrete is crack resistant.

1.4 Demerits of using bendable concrete

1.5 Properties of bendable concrete

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 2

Cleopatra Panganayi,et al studied about the hydration process in a cementitious material by

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 3

Jiajia Zhou, et al (2014) studied the mechanical behaviour of fiber-reinforced engineered

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 4

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 5

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 6

 Cement- ordinary portland cement-53 grade

Fig 4.2 sample of cement used in the investigation

Sl no. Test Physical properties

Table 1 Standard consistency 30

4.2 NATURAL RIVER SAND

.4.3 SUPER PLASTICIZER-TALRAKPLAST PB250

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 9

4.4 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG

4.5 POLYPROPYLENE FIBRES

Fig 4.2 polypropylene fiber

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 10

5.2 BATCHING OF MATERIALS

5.2.1 Mixing of ingredients

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 11

Fig 5.1 mixing of ingredients

5.2.2 Mix proportions

5.3 CASTING OF SPECIMENS

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 12

Fig 5.2 casting of specimen

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 13

5.5TEST ON BENDABLE CONCRETE

 Workablity test of fresh concrete

5.5.1 Flexural test

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 14

Fig 5.3 conduction of flexural test

5.5.2 Slump test

 Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 15

5.5.3 Compressive strength test

Fig 5.4 conduction of compression test

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 16

5.5.4 Split tensile test

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 17

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1 COMPRESSION TEST

SL.NO WEIGHT (Kg) LOAD(kN) COMPRESSIVE

1 8.23kg 530Kn 23.55N/mm2

2 8.14kg 800Kn 35.5N/mm2

3 7.86kg 520Kn 23.11N/mm2

AVERAGE TOTAL 27.3N/mm2

Compressive strength = 530*103= 23.55N/mm2

Department Of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore Page 18

a) CUBE – 1% FIBRE ADDING 7-DAYS

SL. NO. WEIGHT (kg) LOAD (KN) COMPRESSIVE

1 2.12kg 220Kn 22 N/mm2

2 2.17kg 230Kn 23N/mm2