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Solution of Assignment 4
1. Ans: (B) Sudden removal of force from a dynamical system provides

initial conditions to consequent vibration. Here, the bar is under longitudinal
force T at string-end. So, it can be written as,
EAu,x (x, 0) = T
Integrating it, we get initial shape of deflection of bar.

Tx
u(x, 0) =
EA
Also, taking zero initial velocity condition, u̇(x, 0) = 0. General solution of

free vibration response of the bar u(x, t) can be written as linear superposi-
tion of all natural modes un (x, t). So, we can write,
∞
X ∞
X
u(x, t) = un (x, t) = Un (x)Sn (t)
n=1 n=1
where, Un (x) is nth eigenfunction. For fixed-free bar, nth eigenfunction can
be found out using appropriate BCs.
(2n − 1)πx
Un (x) = Cn sin , n = 1, 2, 3... (1)
2l
Also nth natural frequency will be,
(2n − 1)πc
ωn = (2)
2l
General free vibration response is then,
∞
X (2n − 1)πx
u(x, t) = sin An cos ωn t + Bn sin ωn t (3)
n=1
2l
Using initial velocity condition, we get, Bn = 0. Now using initial deflection
condition, we can write,
∞
Tx X (2n − 1)πx
= An sin
EA n=1 2l
(2m − 1)πx
Multiplying both sides by sin and integrating over the domain
2l
1
0 < x < l. We get,
Zl ∞ Zl
Tx (2m − 1)πx X (2n − 1)πx (2m − 1)πx
sin dx = An sin sin dx
EA 2l n=1
2l 2l
0 0
Integrand on right hand side will be non-zero only for m = n. so we can

write,
Zl
02T (2m − 1)πx 8T l
Am = x sin dx = (−1)m+1 (4)
EAl 2l (2m − 1)2 EAπ 2
0
Using eq. (3) and (4), we get free vibration response of given dynamic system.
∞
8T L X (−1)n+1 (2n − 1)πx (2n − 1)πct
u(x, t) = 2 2
sin cos
π EA n=1 (2n − 1) 2l 2l
8T L h πx πct 1 3πx 3πct 1 5πx 5πct i

u(x, t) = sin cos − sin cos + sin cos −. . .
π 2 EA 2l 2l 9 2l 2l 25 2l 2l
2. Ans: (C) Equation of motion for forced vibration of string can be

written as,
ρAw,tt − T w,xx = q(x, t) (5)
where ρ be volume density. Boundary conditions for given system is,
w(l, t) = 0, T w,x (0, t) = 0 (6)
Equation (5) can be written as,
q(x, t)
µ(x)w,tt + K[w] = (7)
ρA
For harmonic forcing function, q(x, t) = Q0 cos Ωt, equation (7) becomes,
µ(x)w,tt + K[w] = R[Q(x)eiΩt ] (8)
Q0
where, R[Q(x)eiΩt ] denotes real part of forcing function and Q(x) = .
ρA
Comparing equation (8) with (5), we get,
∂2 2
p
µ(x) = 1 and K = −c with c = T /ρA
∂x2
2
Consider the solution of equation (8) is of form,
w(x, t) = wH (x, t) + wP (x, t)

X∞
= [Ck cos ωk t + Sk sin ωk t]Wk (x) + R[X(x)eiΩt ]
k=1
where, wH (x, t) is homogeneous solution and wP (x, t) is particular solution

of problem. X(x) is steady state amplitude which we need to find out in this
problem. We substitute solution form in equation (8) and simplify it. Then
∞
P
assuming X(x) = αk Wk (x), we simplify it further with assumed solution
k=1
using orthogonality property. Finally we get,
Rl
Q(x)Wj (x)dx
0
αj = , j = 1, 2, .....∞ (9)
Rl
(ωj2 − Ω2 )µ(x)Wj2 (x)dx
0
For free-fixed string, k th eigenfunction is,
(2k − 1)πx
Wk (x) = Ak cos
2l
Putting all the values required for αj , we get,
4(−1)j+1 Q0
Aj (2j − 1)(ωj2 − Ω2 )πρA
and ∞
4Q0 X (−1)k+1 (2k − 1)πx
X(x) = 2 2
cos
πρA k=1 (2k − 1)(ωj − Ω ) 2l
Hence, steady state response (particular solution part only) can be written as,
∞
4Q0 X (−1)k+1 (2k − 1)πx
w(x, t) = 2 2
cos cos Ωt
πρA k=1 (2k − 1)(ωj − Ω ) 2l
4Q0 h 1 πx 1 3πx 1 5πx i

w(x, t) = cos − cos + cos −...... cos Ωt
πρA ω12 − Ω2 2l 3(ω22 − Ω2 ) 2l 5(ω22 − Ω2 ) 2l
3
3. Ans: (A) Eigenfunction for free-free shaft undergoing torsional vibra-
tion is,
nπx nπc
Sn (x) = An cos with ωn = , n = 1, 2, 3.... (10)
l l
Initial conditions for given system can be written as,
θ(0, 0) = a0
θ(l, 0) = −a0
Assuming initial shape of angular displacement as θ(x, 0) = ax + b. Using

2x
above initial conditions, we get θ(x, 0) = a0 (1 − ). Also, we take zero ini-
l
tial velocity conditions i.e., θ̇(x, 0) = 0. Similar to solution of Q1, we proceed
further with free vibration general solution form,
∞
X nπx
θ(x, t) = cos Cn cos ωn t + Dn sin ωn t
n=1
2l
Note: An gets absorbed in constant coefficients of time function Cn and Dn .

8a0
Proceeding further in similar manner, we get Dn = 0 and Cn = 2 2 for
nπ
n=1, 3, 5,....
Hence, free vibration response to given initial conditions is,
∞
8a0 X 1 nπx nπct
θ(x, t) = 2 2
cos cos (11)
π n=1,3,5,..
n 2l l

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Solution of Assignment 4

1. Ans: (B) Sudden removal of force from a dynamical system provides

Integrating it, we get initial shape of deflection of bar.

Also, taking zero initial velocity condition, u̇(x, 0) = 0. General solution of

Integrand on right hand side will be non-zero only for m = n. so we can

8T L h πx πct 1 3πx 3πct 1 5πx 5πct i

2. Ans: (C) Equation of motion for forced vibration of string can be

w(x, t) = wH (x, t) + wP (x, t)

where, wH (x, t) is homogeneous solution and wP (x, t) is particular solution

For free-fixed string, k th eigenfunction is,

Putting all the values required for αj , we get,

4Q0 h 1 πx 1 3πx 1 5πx i

Assuming initial shape of angular displacement as θ(x, 0) = ax + b. Using

Note: An gets absorbed in constant coefficients of time function Cn and Dn .

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