Coordinates: 23.36°N 92.

8°E

Mizoram
Mizoram (English: /mɪˈzɔːrəm/ ( listen)) is a state in northeastern India, with Aizawl as its capital
city. The name is derived from "Mizo", the name of the native inhabitants, and "Ram", which
Mizoram
means land, and thus Mizoram means "land of the Mizos".[4] Within the northeast region, it is the State
southernmost landlocked state, sharing borders with three of the Seven Sister States, namely
Tripura, Assam and Manipur. The state also shares a 722 kilometre border with the neighbouring
countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar.[5]

Like several other northeastern states of India, Mizoram was previously part of Assam until 1972,
when it was carved out as a Union Territory. It became the 23rd state of India, a step above Union
Territory, on 20 February 1987, with the Fifty-Third Amendment of the Indian Constitution,
1986.[6]

Mizoram's population was 1,091,014, according to a 2011 census. It is the 2nd least populous state
in the country.[7] Mizoram covers an area of approximately 21,087 square kilometres.[8] About Mizoram has the highest concentration
91% of the state is forested.[9] of tribal people among all states in India

About 95% of the current population is of diverse tribal origins who settled in the state, mostly
from Southeast Asia, over waves of migration starting about the 16th century but mainly in the
18th century.[10] This is the highest concentration of tribal people among all states of India, and
they are currently protected under Indian constitution as a Scheduled Tribe.[11] Mizoram is one of
three states of India with a Christian majority (87%).[12] Its people belong to various Seal
denominations, mostly Presbyterian in the north and Baptists in the south.

Mizoram is a highly literate agrarian economy, but suffers from slash-and-burn jhum, or shifting
cultivation, and poor crop yields.[13] In recent years, the jhum farming practices are steadily being
replaced with a significant horticulture and bamboo products industry.[14][15] The state's gross state
domestic product for 2012 was estimated at ₹6,991 crore (US$1.0 billion).[8] About 20% of
Mizoram's population lives below poverty line, with 35% rural poverty.[16] The state has about 871
kilometres of national highways, with NH-54 and NH-150 connecting it to Assam and Manipur
respectively. It is also a growing transit point for trade with Myanmar and Bangladesh.[17]

Contents
Etymology
History
British era (1840s to 1940s) Coordinates (Aizawl): 23.36°N 92.8°E
Post 1947 Country India
Geography Formation 20 February 1987†
Climate
Biodiversity Capital Aizawl
Largest city Aizawl
Demographics
Districts 8
Ethnic groups
Protected demographic category Government
Languages • Governor Jagdish Mukhi[1]
Religion • Chief Minister Zoramthanga (MNF)
Politics
• Deputy Chief Tawnluia
Administration
Minister
• Legislature Unicameral (40
Economy seats)
Agriculture • Parliamentary Rajya Sabha 1
Forestry, fisheries and sericulture constituency Lok Sabha 1
Industry
Area
Education infrastructure
 Energy infrastructure • Total 21,087 km2
Transport infrastructure (8,142 sq mi)
Area rank 25th
Education
Culture Population (2011)
Traditional festivals • Total 1,091,014
Dance • Rank 28th
Music • Density 52/km2 (130/sq mi)
Sports Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
Tourism ISO 3166 code IN-MZ
Issues Literacy 91.58%[2](2)2011
Alcohol prohibition Census
Rat problems
Official Mizo, English and
Media and communication language Hindi[3]
Notable people Website mizoram.gov.in (htt
See also p://mizoram.gov.in)
†
References It was elevated to the status of a full State by
the State of Mizoram Act, 1986
Further reading
External links

Etymology
The term Mizoram is derived from two Mizo words-Mizo and ram. 'Mizo' is the name used to call the native inhabitants and 'Ram' means 'land'. There is
dispute on the term 'zo'. According to one view, 'zo' means 'highland' (or hill) and Mizoram means 'land of the Mizos'. B. Lalthangliana says 'zo' may also
mean 'cold region' and therefore, Mizo may also signify people of the cold region.[18]

History
The origin of the Mizos, like those of many other tribes in the northeastern India, is shrouded in
mystery. The people living in the Mizo Hills were generally referred to as the Cucis or Kukis by their
neighbouring ethnic groups which was also a term adopted by the British writers. The claim that 'The
Kukis are the earliest known residents of the Mizo hills area,' must be read in this light.[20] The
majority of the tribes classified as "Mizo" today most likely migrated to their present territories from
the neighbouring countries in several waves, starting around 1500 CE.[21]

Before the British Raj, the various Mizo clans lived in autonomous villages. The tribal chiefs enjoyed
an eminent position in the gerontocratic Mizo society. The various clans and subclans practised slash-
and-burn, locally called jhum cultivation - a form of subsistence agriculture.[22] The chiefs were the
absolute rulers of their respective clans' territories (ram), although they remained under the nominal
political jurisdictions of the Rajas of Manipur, Tripura and Burma.[23] There were many instances of
tribal raids and head-hunting led by the village chieftains. Head-hunting was a practice which involved
ambushing, taking slaves and cutting off the heads of fighters from the enemy tribe, bringing it back,
and displaying it at the entrance of the tribal village.[24]

One of the many battles between

British era (1840s to 1940s)
British troops and British-aligned tribes
Some of the earliest records of raids and intertribal conflicts are from the early 19th century.[19] In the of Mizoram against a Lusei clan in
1840s, Captain Blackwood of Britain marched into the Mizo Hills with his troops to punish a Palian Mizoram.[19] This sketch is by
tribal chief for raiding British interests in India. A few years later, Captain Lester was wounded in a Lieutenant Cole in 1889 titled "Looshai
battle with the Lusei tribe in the region that is now Mizoram. In 1849, a Lusei tribal raid killed 29 expedition".

members of the Thadou tribe and added 42 captives to their clan. Colonel Lister retaliated in 1850,
with the co-operation of the Thadou tribe, an event historically called the First British invasion,
burning down a Lusei village of 800 tribal houses and freeing 400 Thadou captives.[19][25] British historical records on the Mizo Hills state similar inter-
ethnic tribal raids for loot, slaves and retaliatory battles continued for decades.[26]
The Mizo Hills formally became part of British India in 1895, and practices such as head-hunting were banned in Mizoram as well as neighbouring
regions.[27] The northern and southern Mizo Hills became the Lushai Hills, with Aizawl as their headquarters by declaring the whole area as Excluded
Area till India got independence from the British.[28] At the time of the British conquest, there were around 60 chiefs.[23] After Christian missionaries
arrived with the gospel, the majority of the population became Christians in the first half of the 20th century.

Post 1947
By the time India gained independence from the British Empire, the number of tribal chiefs had increased to over 200. The educated elites among the
Mizos campaigned against the tribal chiefdoms under the banner of the Mizo Union. As a result of their campaign, the hereditary rights of the 259 chiefs
were abolished under the Assam-Lushai District ("Acquisition of Chief's Rights") Act, 1954.[23][26] Village courts were re-implemented in the Mizo
region along with other parts of Assam. All of these regions were frustrated by these arrangements and by centralised Assam governance. The Mizos
were particularly dissatisfied with the government's inadequate response to the 1959–60 mautam famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body
formed for famine relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation, the Mizo National Front (MNF) in 1961.[29] A period of protests and
armed insurgency followed in the 1960s, with the MNF seeking independence from India.[30]

In 1971, the government agreed to convert the Mizo Hills into a Union Territory, which came into being as Mizoram in 1972. Following the Mizoram
Peace Accord (1986) between the Government and the MNF, Mizoram was declared a full-fledged state of India in 1987.[31] Mizoram was given two
seats in the Parliament, one each in the Lok Sabha and in the Rajya Sabha.[32] The region has been peaceful in recent decades. Between 2006 and 2013,
no more than two civilians have died each year from protest-related violence (or less than 0.2 people per 1,00,000).[33] The world's average annual death
rate from intentional violence, in recent years, has been 7.9 per 1,00,000 people.[34] [35]

Geography
Mizoram is a landlocked state in North East India whose southern part shares 722[8] kilometres long international borders with Myanmar and
Bangladesh, and northern part share domestic borders with Manipur, Assam and Tripura. It is the fifth smallest state of India with 21,087 km2
(8,142 sq mi). It extends from 21°56'N to 24°31'N, and 92°16'E to 93°26'E.[36] The tropic of cancer runs through the state nearly at its middle. The
maximum north-south distance is 285 km, while maximum east-west stretch is 115 km.[36]

Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hill ranges or
peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered
here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1,000 metres
(3,300 ft). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) to the east. Some areas, however,
have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). Phawngpui Tlang
also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the south-eastern part of the state, is the highest
peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,250 ft).[37] About 76% of the state is covered by forests,
8% is fallows land, 3% is barren and considered uncultivable area, while cultivable and sown
area constitutes the rest.[38] Slash-and-burn or jhum cultivation, though discouraged, remains
in practice in Mizoram and affects its topography.[39][40] The State of Forest Report 2017
Mizoram landscape is mostly rolling hills with
states that Mizoram has the highest forest cover as a percentage of its geographical area of any major valleys. Most villages and town are
Indian state, being 86.27% forest.[41] located on hillsides.

Mizoram terrain is, according to the

Geological Survey of India, an immature topography, and the physiographic expression consists
of several almost North-South longitudinal valleys containing series of small and flat
hummocks, mostly anticlinal, parallel to sub-parallel hill ranges and narrow adjoining synclinal
valleys with series of topographic highs. The general geology of western Mizoram consists of
repetitive succession of Neogene sedimentary rocks of the Surma Group and Tipam Formation
such as sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and rare pockets of shell limestone. The eastern part is
Chhimtuipui (top) and Tuipui river of Mizoram
the Barail Group.[42] Mizoram lies in seismic zone V, according to the India Meteorological
Department; as with other northeastern states of India, this means the state has the highest risk
of earthquakes relative to other parts of India.[43]

The biggest river in Mizoram is Chhimtuipui, also known as Kaladan(or Kolodyne). It originates in Chin state in Burma and passes through Saiha and
Lawngtlai districts in the southern tip of Mizoram, goes back to Burma's Rakhine state. Although many more rivers and streams drain the hill ranges, the
most important and useful rivers are the Tlawng, Tut, Tuirial and Tuivawl which flow through the northern territory and eventually join the Barak River
in Cachar District. The rivers have a gentle drainage gradient particularly in the south.[42]
Palak lake is the biggest in Mizoram and covers 30 hectares (74 acres). The lake is situated in Saiha district of southern Mizoram. It is believed that the
lake was created as a result of an earthquake or a flood. The local people believe that a submerged village remains intact deep under the waters. The Tam
Dil lake is a natural lake situated 85 kilometres (53 mi) from Aizawl. Legend has it that a huge mustard plant once stood in this place. When the plant was
cut down, jets of water sprayed from the plant and created a pool of water, thus the lake was named Ţam Dil which means of 'lake of mustard plant'.
Today the lake is an important tourist attraction and a holiday resort. The most significant lake in Mizo history, Rih Dil, is ironically located in Burma, a
few kilometres from the Indo-Burma border. It was believed that departed souls pass through this lake before making their way to Pialral or heaven.
Mizoram is also called a "peninsula state" as it is surrounded by international borders on three sides.

Climate
Mizoram has a mild climate, being relatively cool in summer 20 to 29 °C (68 to 84 °F) but progressively warmer, most probably due to climate change,
with summer temperatures crossing 30 degrees Celsius and winter temperatures ranging from 7 to 22 °C (45 to 72 °F). The region is influenced by
monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The climate pattern is moist tropical to moist sub-tropical,
with average state rainfall 254 centimetres (100 in) per annum. In the capital Aizawl, rainfall is about 215 centimetres (85 in) and in Lunglei, another
major centre, about 350 centimetres (140 in).[42] The state is in a region where cyclones and landslides can cause weather-related emergencies.[44]

Climate data for Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average 20.4 21.7 25.2 26.8 26.3 25.5 25.3 25.5 25.7 24.7 23.0 21.0 24.3
high °C (°F) (68.7) (71.1) (77.4) (80.2) (79.3) (77.9) (77.5) (77.9) (78.3) (76.5) (73.4) (69.8) (75.7)

Average low 11.4 12.8 15.6 17.5 18.1 18.9 19.1 19.1 19.2 18.0 15.1 12.2 16.4
°C (°F) (52.5) (55.0) (60.1) (63.5) (64.6) (66.0) (66.4) (66.4) (66.6) (64.4) (59.2) (54.0) (61.6)

Average
13.4 23.4 73.4 167.7 289.0 406.1 320.4 320.6 305.2 183.7 43.2 15.3 2,161.4
precipitation
(0.53) (0.92) (2.89) (6.60) (11.38) (15.99) (12.61) (12.62) (12.02) (7.23) (1.70) (0.60) (85.09)
mm (inches)

Source: [45]

Biodiversity
Mizoram has the third highest total forest cover with 15,94,000 hectares (39,40,000 acres), and highest
State symbols of
percentage area (90.68%) covered by forests, among the states of India, according to 2011 Forest Survey of
Mizoram[46]
India.[9] Tropical semi-evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, subtropical broadleaved hill and subtropical pine
Serow
forests are the most common vegetation types found in Mizoram. Bamboo is common in the state, typically Animal
(Saza)
intermixed with other forest vegetation; about 9,245 km2 (44%) of the state's area is bamboo bearing. The
Mrs.
state and central governments of India have cooperated to reserve and protect 67% of the land covered by Hume's
Bird
forests, and additional 15% by management. Only 17% of the land is non-forested area for cultivation, pheasant
industry, mining, housing and other commercial human activity. Satellite data suggests 91% of state's (Vavu)
geographical area is covered by forests.[9] Indian rose
Tree chestnut
Jhum cultivation, or slash-and-burn practice, was a historic tradition in Mizoram and a threat to its forest (Herhse)
cover. This practice has reduced in recent decades, due to a government-supported initiative to support
horticultural crops such as pineapple and banana plantations.[9] Red Vanda
Flower
(Senhri)

Vavu (Mrs. Hume's pheasant) is the state bird[47] (top) and Senhri (Renanthera imschootiana) the state flower of Mizoram.[48]
Mizoram is host to numerous species of birds, wildlife and flora. About 640 species of birds have been
identified in the state, many of which are endemic to the Himalayan foothills and southeast Asia. Of the
birds found in Mizoram forests, 27 are on the worldwide threatened species lists and 8 are on the
critically endangered list.[49] Prominent birds spotted in Mizoram include those from the families of
Phasianidae, Anatidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Ardeidae, Pelecanidae, Phalacrocoracidae,
Falconidae, Accipitridae, Otididae, Rallidae, Heliornithidae, Turnicidae, Burhinidae, Charadriidae,
Scolopacidae, Jacanidae, Laridae, Columbidae, Psittacidae, Cuculidae, Strigidae, Caprimulgidae,
Apodidae, Alcedinidae, Meropidae, Bucerotidae, Ramphastidae, Picidae, Pittidae, Laniidae,
Campephagidae, Dicruridae, Corvidae, Paridae, Hirundinidae, Cisticolidae, Pycnonotidae, Sylviidae,
Timaliidae, Sittidae, Sturnidae, Turdidae, Dicaedae, Chloropseidae, Ploceidae, Motacillidae, Fringillidae,
Nectariniidae and Muscicapidae.[49] Each of these families have many species.
Neptunia oleracea
The state is also host to a variety of fauna, just like its sister northeastern Indian states. Mammal species
observed in the Mizoram forests include slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), red serow (Capricornis
rubidus), which is the state animal, goral (Nemorhaedus goral), tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), clouded leopard ("Neofelis nebulosi"),
leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), and Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus). Primates seen include stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides),
hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), Phayre's leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei) and capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus). The state is also home
to many reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates.[50][51]

The state has two national parks and six wildlife sanctuaries - Blue Mountain (Phawngpui) National Park, Dampa Tiger Reserve (largest), Lengteng
Wildlife Sanctuary, Murlen National Park, Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary, Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary, Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary, and Thorangtlang
Wildlife Sanctuary.[52]

Demographics
Mizoram has a population of 1,091,014 with 552,339 males and 538,675 females.[7] This reflects a
Population growth
22.8% growth since 2001 census; still, Mizoram is second least populated state of India. The sex ratio of
the state is 976 females per thousand males, higher than the national ratio 940. The density of population Census Pop. %±

is 52 persons per square kilometre.[53] 1951 196,202 —

1961 266,063 35.6%
The literacy rate of Mizoram in 2011 was 91.33 per cent,[53] higher than the national average 74.04 per
cent, and second best among all the states of India. About 52% of Mizoram population lives in urban 1971 332,390 24.9%
areas, much higher than India's average. Over one third of the population of Mizoram lives in Aizawl 1981 493,757 48.5%
district, which hosts the capital.[7][54][55] 1991 689,573 39.7%
2001 888,573 28.9%
Ethnic groups 2011 1,091,014 22.8%
The great majority of Mizoram's population consists of several ethnic tribes who are either culturally or [7]
Source:Census of India
linguistically linked. These ethnic groups are collectively known as Mizos (Mi means People, Zo means
Hill; Mizo thus is hillmen[26]). Mizo people are spread throughout the northeastern states of India, Burma, and Bangladesh. They belong to numerous
tribes; however, to name a particular tribe as the largest is difficult as no concrete census has ever been undertaken.

Sometime in the 16th century CE, the first batch of Mizo crossed Tiau river and settled in Mizoram and they were called as Kukis by Bengalis.[56] The
term Kuki mean the inhabitants of the interior and inaccessible mountain tracts. Sometimes grouped as Kuki-Chin tribes, The First batch were called Old
Kukis which are the Biate and the Hrangkhol and the second batch that followed include Lushei (or Lusei), Paite, Lai, Mara, Ralte, Hmar, Thadou,
Shendus, and several other.[56] These tribes are subdivided into numerous clans, and these clans are further sub-divided into sub-clans, for example the
Hmars are divided into Thiek, Faihriem, Lungtau, Darngawn, Khawbung, Zote and others. These clans sometimes have slight linguistic differences. The
Bru (Reang), Chakma, Tanchangya, origin of Northern Arakan Mountain, are some non-Kuki tribes of Mizoram, with some suggestion that some of these
are Indo-Aryan in their origins.[56] The Bnei Menashe tribe claim Jewish descent.[57]

The diversity of tribal groups reflects the historical immigration patterns. Different tribes and sub-tribes arrived in the present Mizoram, in successive
waves and settled down in different parts of the state. Further, as they arrived, there were raids, fear of raids and intertribal feuds. The resulting isolation
and separation created numerous tribes and sub-tribes.[56] The Mizo people usually suffix their descriptive given names with their tribe.

Other than tribal groups, other ethnic groups inhabit Mizoram. For example, Nepali Gorkhas were encouraged to settle in Aizawl area and other parts of
Mizoram during the British colonial times. Thousands of their descendants are now residents of Mizoram.[58]

Protected demographic category

According to 2011 census, Mizoram had 1,036,115 people (95% of total) classified as Scheduled Tribe, the highest concentration of protected tribal
people in all states of India.[11][59] This demographic classification, given to Mizoram tribes since the 1950s, has provided reservations and extra
resources in education and government job opportunities, a preferential treatment as a means to accelerate their integration with mainstream society.[60]

Languages
Mizo, English and Hindi are the official languages of the state. Mizo is the most widely used language for
verbal interactions, but English, being important for education, administration, formalities and governance,
is widely used. The Duhlian dialect, also known as the Lusei, was the first language of Mizoram and has
come to be known as the Mizo language. The language is mixed with other dialects like the Hmar, Mara,
Lai, Thadou-Kuki, Paite, Gangte, etc. Christian missionaries developed the Mizo script. Writing is a
combination of the Roman script and Hunterian transliteration methodology with prominent traces of a
phonetics-based spelling system. There are 25 letters in the alphabet: A, AW, B, CH, D, E, F, G, NG, H, I, J,
K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, Ṭ (with a dot under), U, V, Z. Mizo is one of the languages with official status in
India (at the state level). Nepali is also spoken by Nepali immigrants to the state.

The major languages spoken as per census 2011 are Mizo (7,34,910), Chakma (96,972), Pawi (51,406),
Kuki(45,754), Lakher (42,754), Hmar (29,587), Paite (23,183), etc. Languages of Mizoram in
2011[61]

Religion Mizo (73.16%)

Chakma (8.46%)
The majority (87%) of Mizos are Christians in various denominations, predominantly Presbyterian. Mizoram
has a Chakma Theravada Buddhist population of 8.5%, making them the largest minority, followed by Mara (3.82%)
Hindus at 2.7% according to the 2011 census.[62] There are several thousand people, mostly ethnic Mizo, Kokborok (2.97%)
who have converted to Judaism claiming to be one of the lost Judaic tribe group Bnei Menashe, with descent Pawi (2.61%)
from the biblical Menasseh.[57] Muslims make up about 1.3% of the state population. The remaining 3,000 Paite (2.02%)
people are Sikhs, Jains and other religions.
Hmar (1.64%)

Christianity Bengali (1.37%)

Hindi (0.97%)
The major Christian denomination is Mizoram Presbyterian Church which was established by a Welsh
Other (2.98%)
Missionary Rev. D.E. Jones starting in 1894.[64] By the time India gained independence from British
Empire, some 80% of Lushei tribe people had converted to Christianity.[65] The Mizoram Presbyterian
Church is one of the constituted bodies of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of India at
Shillong in Meghalaya; it became the dominant sect of Christianity in north Mizoram hills; In the southern
hills of Mizoram, the Baptist Church had the dominant following.[65] Other Christian churches present in
Mizoram include the United Pentecostal Church, the Salvation Army, the Seventh-day Adventist Church,
Kohhran Thianghlim, Roman Catholic, Lairam Isua Krista Baptist Kohhran (LIKBK), Congregational
Church of India (Maraland), Evangelical Church of Maraland, Independent Church of India (ICI) and
Evangelical Free Church of India (EFCI).

Buddhism

According to 2001 census report there are more than 70,494 people who follow Buddhism in Mizoram. The
Chakmas and Tongchangya or Tanchangya have been Buddhist since historical times and there are Religion in Mizoram (2011)[62][63]
approximately one hundred monasteries (known as vihara in Pali) in Mizoram. Of the many schools of
Buddhism that are exist recent time Theravada Buddhism in Mizoram. Christianity (87.16%)
Buddhism (8.51%)
Hinduism Hinduism (2.75%)

According to the 2001 census, there were 31,562 Hindus in Mizoram, or about 3.55%. Out of this, 26,448 Islam (1.35%)
were non-indigenous and 5,114 were indigenous tribal. Earlier there were significant Hindu population Jainism (0.03%)
among the Reang (Bru) communities, but after the communal clash, many of them migrated to Tripura and Sikhism (0.03%)
Assam. In 1961, the Hindu population was about 6%.[65] Other or not religious
(0.16%)
Others
There are also a few Mizos who practice Judaism (866 according to the 2001 census) and a modernised
traditional Mizo religion called Hnam sakhua, which puts a particular emphasis on Mizo culture and
seeks to revive traditional Mizo values, while at the same time attacking the influence brought about by
Christianity on Mizo people.

A total of 1,367 people practised the Mizo religion according to the 2001 census. This number included,
in addition to the original Mizo religion (755 people), adherents of other tribal religions such as
Lalchhungkua (279), Lalhnam (122), and Nunna Lalchhungkua (211).[66]
Solomon's Temple

Politics
Originally village land, locally called ram, was the property of the tribal chief. The institution of
chieftainship began in the 16th century. Each village behaved like a small state, and the chief was called
Lal. The rule was hereditary, and there were no written laws (the first script for Mizo language was
developed by Christian missionaries Lorraine and Savidge about 1895).[26]

After annexation by the British in the 1890s, northern part of Mizoram was administered as the Lushai
Hills district of Assam, while southern Mizoram was part of Bengal. In 1898, the southern part was
transferred from Bengal to Assam. The colonial power retained the chiefs and Mizo customs, including
the socially stratified hereditary transfer of political power. In 1937, under Section 6 of the Scheduled
District Act, the British administration[26] consolidated executive and legislative political power to the Mizoram Assembly House
Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrates, with village chiefs in advisory role. The political and
judiciary powers of chiefs were neither final nor exclusive, thereafter. Rulings could be appealed to
courts staffed with British officials. After India gained independence from the colonial rule, the region was granted autonomous status in 1952, where
Mizo people formulated their own laws and delivered judicial decisions. The region was renamed as Mizo District within Assam State in April 1954 and
in that year, the institution of hereditary chieftainship was abolished, and instead village courts/council were set up.[26] In the same year the Young Mizo
Association was formed which is still an important institution in Mizoram.

The representatives of the Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council and the Mizo Union pleaded with the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) to
integrate the Mizo-dominated areas of Tripura and Manipur with the District Council in Assam. The tribal leaders in the northeast were unhappy with the
final SRC recommendations and met in Aizawl in 1955 to form a new political party, Eastern India Tribal Union (EITU).[30] This group raised their
demand for a separate state comprising all the hill districts of Assam. However, the demand was not accepted by the Government.

In the 1950s, the fears of Assamese hegemony and perceived lack of government concern led to growing
discontent among the Mizos. The Mizos were particularly dissatisfied with the government's inadequate
response to the 1959–60 mautam famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body formed for famine
relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation, the Mizo National Front (MNF) in
1961.[29] The Front sought sovereign independence for the Mizo territory, staging an armed insurrection
with the 28 February 1966 uprising against the government.[30] The revolt was suppressed by the
Government of India, which carried out airstrikes in Aizawl and surrounding areas.[68][69] The
secessionist Mizo National Front was outlawed in 1967, as the Mizo Union and other organisations Mizoram Peace Accord was signed
continued the demand for a separate Mizo state within the Republic of India. in June 1986. The Accord granted
political freedoms by making
Assam state was split, re-organised into multiple political regions, Mizo hills area was declared Mizoram Mizoram a full state of India, and
after the insurgency, and it received status as a Union Territory in 1972.[26] A Peace Accord was signed included infrastructure provisions
such as a High Court and
between central government and insurgent groups of Mizoram on 30 June 1986. Per the accord,
establishment of Mizoram University
insurgents surrendered their arms and Mizoram became the 23rd state of India in 1986, formalised the
(shown).[67]
following year. The first election of Mizoram Legislative Assembly was held on 16 February 1987.[26]
Elections have been held at 5 year intervals since then. The most recent Mizoram elections were held for
40 seats of legislative assembly on 28 November 2018. The voter turnout was 80%. The Mizo National Front led by Zoramthanga was elected to
power.[70]

Shri Jagdish Mukhi is the present Governor of Mizoram.

Administration
The Mizoram State Legislative Assembly has 40 seats and the Village Councils are the grassroots of democracy and leadership in Mizoram. The state has
a chief minister, council of ministers with a portfolio of ministries responsible for different priorities and role of the government.[72]
 Population Population Density There are three Autonomous District
District[71]
(2011) per km2 Councils (ADCs) for ethnic tribes in
Aizawl 400,309 117 Mizoram, namely Chakma Autonomous
District Council (in the southern part of state,
Lunglei 161,428 35
bordering Bangladesh), Lai Autonomous
Champhai 125,745 37
District Council (LADC) for Lai people in
Lawngtlai 117,894 39 the southern part of the state, and Mara
Mamit 86,364 29 Autonomous District Council (MADC) for
Mara people in the southern-eastern corner.
Kolasib 83,955 56
Serchhip 64,937 47 There are eight districts in Mizoram. A
Saiha 56,574 52 district of Mizoram is headed by a Deputy
Commissioner who is in charge of the
administration in that particular district. The Deputy Commissioner is the executive head of the district,
responsible for implementing government regulations, the law and order situation in the district, as well
as being responsible for tax collection for the government.[73]

A Superintendent of Police is responsible for the police administration of each district.[73] These
officials work with the village councils in each district. Districts of Mizoram

Economy
Mizoram gross state domestic product (GSDP) in 2011-2012 was about ₹6,991 crore (US$1.0 billion).[8]
The state's gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was nearly 10% annually over 2001-2013
period. With international borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar, it is an important port state for
southeast Asian imports to India, as well as exports from India.[17]

The biggest contributors to state's GSDP growth are Agriculture, Public Administration and
Construction work.[74] Tertiary sector of service sector continued to have the contribution to the GSDP
with its share hovering between 58 per cent and 60 per cent during the past decade.[17][75]
The capital city of Aizawl.
As of 2013, according to the Reserve Bank of India, 20.4% of total state population is below poverty
line, about same as the 21.9% average for India. Rural poverty is significantly higher in Mizoram, with
35.4% below the poverty line compared to India's rural poverty average of 25.7; while in urban areas of Mizoram, 6.4% are below the poverty line.[16]

Mizoram has a highly literate work force, with literacy rate of nearly 90% and widespread use of English. The state has a total of 4,300 kilometres of
roads of which 927 kilometres are high quality national highways and 700 kilometres of state highways. The state is developing its Kolodyne river for
navigation and international trade. Mizoram's airport is at the capital city of Aizawl. The state is a power deficit state, with plans to develop its
hydroelectric potential. After agriculture, the major employer of its people include handloom and horticulture industries. Tourism is a growth industry. In
2008, the state had nearly 7,000 registered companies. The state government has been implementing Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to encourage
economic growth.[15]

Agriculture
Between 55% to 60% of the working population of the state is annually deployed on agriculture.[13][14]
The sector's contribution to the gross state domestic product was 30% in 1994, just 14% in 2009 due to
economic growth of other sectors.[76]

Agriculture has traditionally been a subsistence profession in Mizoram. It is seen as a means for generate
food for one's family, ignoring its potential for commerce, growth and prosperity. Rice remains the
largest crop grown in Mizoram by gross value of output.[77] Fruits have grown to become the second
largest category, followed by condiments and spices.[76]

Jhum practice A paddy field in Zawlpui, Serchhip

Before 1947, agriculture in Mizoram predominantly used to be slash-and-burn driven Jhum cultivation.
This was discouraged by the state government, and the practice has been slowly declining.[78] A 2012 report[79] estimates the proportion of shifting
cultivation area in Mizoram to be about 30% - predominant part of which was for rice production (56% to 63% depending on the year). Despite
dedicating largest amount of labour, jhum cultivated and non-jhum crop area to rice, the yields are low; Mizoram average rice yields per acre is about
70% of India's average rice yield per acre and 32% of India's best yield. Mizoram produces about 26% of rice it consumes every year, and it buys the
deficit from other states of India.[14]

The crop area used for jhum cultivation rotates in Mizoram; that is, the area slashed and burnt for a crop is abandoned for a few years and then jhumias
return to slash and burn the same plot after a few years of non-use. The primary reasons for cyclical jhum cultivation includes, according to Goswami et
al.,[79] personal, economic, social and physical. Jhum cultivation practice offers low crop yields and is a threat to the biome of Mizoram; they suggest
increased government institutional support, shift to higher income horticultural crops, assured supply of affordable food staples for survival as means to
further reduce jhum cultivation.

Horticulture

In horticulture and floriculture, Mizoram is a significant producer and global exporter of Anthurium
(over 7 million a year) and roses. It is also a significant producer and domestic supplier of banana,
ginger, turmeric, passion fruit, orange and chowchow.[15] Mizoram has accomplished this horticulture
success and exports in 2009, with just 6% of its cultivated land dedicated to horticulture and floriculture,
indicating a large potential for further growth and economic integration with other Indian states as well
export driven economy.[80] In 2013, the area dedicated to horticulture and floriculture increased to 9.4%
of 1.2 million hectares potential.[8]

The agricultural productivity is very low in Mizoram.[81] The state gets a lot of rain, but its soil is porous
and irrigation infrastructure very inadequate; this has affected it crop yield and reliability.[13] The yield
issue that can be addressed by building irrigation infrastructure and adoption of better crop technologies.
The state also has very low consumption of fertiliser and pesticides, which scholars[81] suggest offers an
opportunity for organic farming particularly of vegetables and fruits.

Forestry, fisheries and sericulture

Mizoram is one of the leading producers of bamboo in India, has 27 species of bamboo, and supplies
14% of India's commercial bamboo.[8][17] Forest products contribute about 5% to the state's gross Oil palm in Mamit
product. The state produces about 5200 metric tonnes of fish a year, about 12% of potential that can be
sustainably achieved.[8] Sericulture is an important handicraft industry engaged by nearly 8,000 families
in over 300 Mizo villages.[17]

Industry
Mizoram faces difficulties in the advancement of industries. Lack of transport infrastructure is one of the
major drawbacks. Other problems faced by the state includes shortage of electricity, capital,
telecommunication and export market access.

Mizoram has two industrial estates at Zuagtui and Kolasib.[17] Another software technology park is
being established in Mizoram University campus.[83] The state government has acquired 127 acres of
land in Khawnuam for development of the Indo-Myanmar border trade township.[17] Mizoram produces over 7 million
tonnes of Anthurium (shown),
supplying the domestic market as
Education infrastructure well as exporting it to UAE, UK and
Japan. The majority of producers and
The first primary school was set up in 1898 at Aizawl by Christian missionaries. The state has long income earners from this business
enjoyed higher literacy rates than average literacy rates for India. In 1961, the literacy was 51%.[84] By are Mizoram women.[15][82]
2011 census, it had reached 92%, compared to 74% average for India.[8] Mizoram is second only to
Kerala.[85]

There were 3,894 schools in Mizoram as of 2012. Of these, 42% are publicly owned and managed by Central/State governments, 28% are private without
government subsidies, 21% are private with government subsidies, and the rest are primary and middle schools that are government financed by run by
three Autonomous District Councils of Mizoram. The teacher-pupil ratio is about 1:20 for primary, 1:9 for middle School, 1:13 for high, and 1:15 for
higher secondary schools.[8]
There are several educational establishments under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, including
universities, colleges and other institutions. Within Mizoram University, there are 29 undergraduate
departments including 2 professional institutions affiliated with the university. The state had 22 other
colleges, and the total college enrolment was approximately 10,600 students in 2012.[8] Other well
known institutes are National Institute of Technology Mizoram, ICFAI University, Mizoram, College of
Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram and Regional Institute of
Paramedical and Nursing Aizawl.

Energy infrastructure
Mizoram is not self-sufficient in power. In 2012, the state had a demand for 107 MW of power, but had A school campus in Mizoram

an effective installed capacity of only 29.35 MW. To bridge the gap, it purchased electricity from the
national grid.[86]

Of the total installed power generation capacity, all 29.35 MW came from hydel. The state also has 22.92 MW of thermal power and 0.50 MW of Diesel
generating set as of March 2012. The thermal and diesel generating stations were kept on standby mode owing to their high cost of operation, and
because it was cheaper to buy the power from the national grid than to operate these standby units.[86]

The hydroelectric power potential of Mizoram was assessed to be about 3600 MW in 2010,[87] and about 4500 MW in 2012.[88] If even half of this is
realised, the state could supply all its citizens and industry with 24/7 electricity, as well as earn income by selling surplus power to the national grid. The
topography of Mizoram hydroelectric resources is ideal for power projects. The following rivers are suited for hydel projects with minimal impact on its
biosphere - Tuivai, Tuivawl, Tlawng, Tut, Serlui, Tuirial, Kolodyne, Tuichang, Tuipui, Tiau and Mat. Beyond the major rivers, Mizoram has many small
but perennial streams and rivulets with ideal condition for developing micro/mini and small hydroelectric projects.[87] The state has proposed projects to
attract private investments on Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis with financial assistance in rehabilitating its citizens were they to be
affected by the project. The largest proposed project is expected to be on Kolodyne (460 MW), and there are dozens of small to micro projects that have
been identified.[87]

By 2014, the state had signed memorandums to build and add 835 MW of electricity generation projects - Tuivai SHP with VGF (210 MW) in Champhai
district, Kolodyne-II SHP with NHPC (460 MW) in Siaha district, Bairabi with Sikaria Power (80 MW) in Kolasib district, Tuirini with SPNL (38 MW)
in Aizawl district, and Tuivawl with SPML as well (42 MW) in Aizawl district.[88][89]

Transport infrastructure
The state is the southern most in India's far northeast, placing Mizoram in a disadvantageous position in terms of logistical ease, response time during
emergencies, and its transport infrastructure. Prior to 1947, the distance to Kolkata from Mizoram was shorter; but ever since, travel through Bangladesh
has been avoided, and traffic loops through Assam an extra 1,400 kilometres to access the economic market of West Bengal. This remoteness from access
to economic markets of India is balanced by the state's closeness to southeast Asian market and its over 700 kilometres of international boundary.

Road Network: In 2012, Mizoram had a road network of around 8,500 kilometres (5,300 mi) including unsurfaced village roads to
surfaced national highways; and there were 106,000 registered motor vehicles.[8] The village roads are primarily single lane or
unmetalled tracks that are typically lightly trafficked. Mizoram had 871 kilometres of national highways, 1,663 kilometres of state
highways and 2,320 kilometres of surfaced district roads. All of Mizoram's 23 urban centres and 59% of its 764 villages are connected
by all weather roads. However, landslide and weather damage to these roads is significant in parts.[90] The State is connected to the
Indian network through Silchar in Assam through the National Highway 54. Another highway, NH-150 connects the state's Seling
Mizoram to Imphal Manipur and NH-40A links the State with Tripura. A road between Champhai and Tiddim in Burma has been
proposed and is awaiting co-operation from the Burmese authorities.

Airport: Mizoram has an airport, Lengpui Airport (IATA: AJL), near Aizawl and its runway
is 3,130 feet long at an elevation of 1,000 feet.[91] Aizawl airport is linked from Kolkata – a
60-minute flight. Inclement weather conditions mean that at certain times the flights are
unreliable. Mizoram can also be reached via Assam's Silchar Airport, which is about 200
kilometres (120 mi) (around 6 hours) by road to Aizawl.
Railway: There is a rail link at Bairabi railway station but it is primarily for goods traffic.
The nearest practical station to Mizoram is at Silchar in Assam. Bairabi is about 110
kilometres (68 mi) and Silchar is about 180 kilometres (110 mi) from the state capital. The Lengpui Airport Building
Government is now planning to start a broad gauge Bairabi Sairang Railway connection
for better connectivity in the state.
Helicopter: A Helicopter service by Pawan Hans has been started which connects the Aizawl with Lunglei, Lawngtlai, Saiha,
Chawngte, Serchhip, Champhai, Kolasib, Khawzawl, Mamit and Hnahthial.[92][93]
Water Ways: Mizoram is in the process of developing water ways with the port of Akyab Sittwe in Burma along its biggest river,
Chhimtuipui. It drains into Burma's Rakhine state, and finally enters the Bay of Bengal at Akyab, which is a popular port in Sittwe,
Burma. The Indian government considers it a priority to set up inland water ways along this river to trade with Burma. The project is
known as the Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project.[94] India is investing $103 million to develop the Sittwe port on Burma's
northern coast, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) from Mizoram. State Peace and Development Council of Burma has committed $10
 million for the venture.[95] The project is expected to be complete in 2015, and consists of two parts.[96] First, river Kaladan (or
Kolodyne, Chhimtuipui) is being dredged and widened from the port at Sittwe to Paletwa, in Chin province, adjacent to Mizoram. This
160 km inland waterway will enable cargo ships to enter, upload and offload freight in Paletwa, Myanmar; this is expected to be
complete in 2014. As second part of the project, being constructed in parallel, includes a 62 km two-lane highway from Paletwa (also
known as Kaletwa or Setpyitpyin) to Lomasu, Mizoram. Additionally, an all weather multilane 100 km road from Lomasu to Lawngtlai in
Mizoram is being built to connect it with the Indian National Highway 54. This part of the project is slated to be complete by 2015. Once
complete, this project is expected to economically benefit trade and horticulture exports of Mizoram, as well as improve economic
access to 60 million people of landlocked northeast India and Myanmar.[96]

Education
Mizoram schools are run by the state and central government or by private organisation. Instruction is
mainly in English and Mizo. Under the 10+2+3 plan, students may enroll in general or professional
degree programs after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination). Mizoram
has one Central University (Mizoram University), one engineering college (National Institute of
Technology Mizoram) and one private university (a branch of the Institute of Chartered Financial
Analysts of India). A medical college, Mizoram Institute of Medical Education and Research (MIMER)
was also inaugurated on 2018 and offer 100 seats for MBBS course .

Aizawl Theological College (ATC),

Culture Mizoram

The culture of the Mizo tribes and its social structure has undergone tremendous change over 100 years,
since the arrival of Christianity in the late 1890s. Contemporary people of Mizoram celebrate Christmas, Easter and other Christian celebrations replacing
many of old tribal customs and practices.

The growth of Christianity, scholars state,[97] was shaped from a foundation of cultural, religious and socio-political structure. One such foundation
cultural element of Mizo people was Hnatlang, states Hlawndo, which literally means social work, united labour or community labour (the word hna‘
means job or work in the Mizo language; and tlang‘ means together and mutual). The tribal members who were absent from such social work (for reasons
other than illness and disability) were penalised — a form of strong peer pressure. Jhum cultivation and raids on neighbouring tribes required Hnatlang,
the spirit of united labour and equal sharing of the end result.

A consequence of Hnatlang was the culture of Tlawmngaihna, which does not have a direct English translation. Tlawmngaihna as cultural concept
incorporates behaviour that is self-sacrificing, self-denying, doing what an occasion demands unselfishly and without concern for inconvenience caused,
persevering, stoical, stout-hearted, plucky, brave, firm, independent, loath to lose one's good reputation.[98][99][100] Thus, after a fire or landslide or flood
damage, the Mizo culture is one of spontaneous humble social work without demands or expectations.

Several other cultural elements of ancient Mizo tribes, some of which became less prevalent after arrival of Christianity, included:[99][101]

Zawlbuk: a place near the chief's home, which served as defence camp in times of war, as well as "bachelor house" where the youth
gathered and centre of village life.[99][101]
Pathian: the term for god, to whom prayers and hymns were recited. The evil spirits were called ramhuai.[101]
Nula-rim: the method of courtship in ancient culture. Courtship, pre-marital sex and polygamy were accepted. The man and the woman
could have many partners. If the woman got pregnant, the man was required either marry or pay a substantial sum called Sawnman. If
the woman's parents discover the relationship, they had a right to demand a payment called Khumpuikaiman. While pre-marital sex
was accepted, a woman who was virgin at marriage was more highly esteemed than one who wasn't.[99]
Pathlawi: a young married man who engaged in extra-marital relationships, something that was acceptable in traditional Mizo
society.[99]
Ramri lehkha: a boundary drawing that identified a chief's tenured land called ram. Only the chief owned the land, and this ownership
was hereditary. The tribe and village worked and harvested the land.[99][101]
In modern Mizoram, much of the social life often revolves around church. Community establishments exist in urban centres that arrange social events,
sports event, musical concerts, comedy shows and other activities.

Traditional festivals
Traditional festivals in Mizoram often revolved around stages of jhum cultivation or the seasons.[103] Community festivals were called kut in the local
language, and there were major and minor kuts such as Chapchar Kut, Thalfavang Kut, Mim Kut and Pawl Kut. Chapchar Kut was the festival of spring
(February/March), just before jhum started and land was cut-and-burnt for a new crop. Chapchar Kut was most anticipated by youth, a major festival and
involved dancing and feasts. Thalfavang Kut celebrated completion of weeding of the jhum crop fields.[104] Mim Kut was the festival dedicated to
ancestors after first maize crop was collected, while Pawl Kut celebrated the end of harvest and the start of new year. These festivals slowly disappeared
as Christianity became established in Mizoram.
Chapchar Kut was reintroduced and revived in 1973 by Mizo people to celebrate their heritage. Before
Christianity arrived in Mizoram, home-brewed alcohol and many meat delicacies were part of the
Chapchar celebrations. Now, with Mizoram's state law as a dry state, the youth busy themselves with
music and community dancing.[105] Along with reviving traditional festivals, the community has been
reviving traditional dances at these festivals, for example, dances such as Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheihlam
and Chai.[106]

Dance
Mizoram has many traditional dances,
such as:
Darkhuang, Zamluang or jamluang
— a traditional musical instrument
Cheraw — a dance that involves
men holding bamboo close to the found in Mizoram.Other instruments
floor. They tap the sticks open and include khuang (drum), dar
close with the rhythm of music. (cymbals), as well as bamboo-based
Women in colourful dresses dance phenglawng, tuium and
on top, stepping in between and out
of the bamboo with the music. It tawtawrawt.[102]
requires co-ordination and skill.[99]
Play media Khuallam — a mixed-gender dance
Chapchar Kut cheraw dance in Mizoram. Chapchar that traditionally celebrated successfully hunting with swaying cloth with singing
Kut festival is celebrated during March after and music.[107]
completion of their most arduous task of Jhum
operation i.e., jungle-clearing (clearing of the Chheihlam — typically performed
over cool evenings with rice beer,
remnants of burning). people sit in a circle with two or more
dancers in the centre; they sing with
impromptu often humorous
compositions about recent events or guests between them with music and dancers
keeping up. The song was called Chheih Hla. Mizo people have tried to introduce
Chheihlam dance during church sermons with controversy.[108]
Chai — an important dance at the Chapchar Kut, this places the musicians in the centre
while men and women in colourful dresses alternate and form a circle; the women held the
men at their waist, while men held the women at their shoulders; they step forward to
move in circles while swaying left and right with the music. A song may be sung which is Dance of Mizoram
also called Chai.[99]

Music
Mizo traditional tunes are very soft and gentle, with locals claiming that they can be sung the whole night without the slightest fatigue. The guitar is a
popular instrument and Mizos enjoy country style music. Within the church services are drums, commonly used and known locally as "khuang". The
"khuang" is made from wood and animal hide and are often beaten enough to instigate a trance-like state with worshipers as they dance in a circular
fashion.

Mizos enjoy singing and, even without musical instruments, they enthusiastically sing together, clapping hands or by using other rhythmic methods.
Informal instruments are called chhepchher.

Sports
Mizoram's first football league debuted in October 2012. The Mizoram Premiere League had eight teams
during the 2012-2013 season and is the highest level league in Mizoram. The eight clubs include Aizawl,
Chanmari, Dinthar, FC Kulikawn, Luangmual, Mizoram, RS Annexe, and Reitlang. The season starts
each year in October and wraps up with the finals in March.[109]

Lammual Stadium
Tourism
Visitors to Mizoram are required to obtain an 'inner line permit' under the special permit before visiting. Domestic and international visitors face different
requirements.

Domestic tourists
The state requires Inner Line Pass. This is available from the Liaison Officer, Government of Mizoram
in Kolkata, Silchar, Shillong, Guwahati and New Delhi. Those arriving by air can obtain a 15-day visit
pass at Lengpui airport, Aizawl by submitting photographs and paying the fee of ₹120 (US$1.70).[110]

International tourists

Almost all foreign nationals can also get visitor pass on arrival, and face the same requirements as
domestic tourists. However, they additionally have to register themselves with state police within 24 Waterfall Tuirihiau
hours of arrival, a formality that most resorts can provide. Citizens of Afghanistan, China and Pakistan
and foreign nationals having their origin in these countries are required to get the pass through the Indian
consulate or from the Ministry of Home Affairs in New Delhi, before they arrive in Mizoram.[110]

Mizoram is a place with flora and fauna rich landscape and pleasant climate.[111] The tourism ministry regulates the maintenance and upgrade of tourist
lodges throughout the state.

The state is a bird watcher's destination. For Mrs. Hume's pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae), Mizoram is a stronghold.[112] Wild water buffalo, Sumatran
rhinoceros, elephants and other mammals have been spotted in the past.[113][114][115]

Issues

Alcohol prohibition
In 1996 the government of Mizoram banned liquor. The church leaders (Mizoram Kohhran Hruaitute Committee) argue that state government should
keep the ban and not seek to amend the law, while others argue prohibition should be lifted.[116] However, it has been difficult to enforce the ban due to
the high demand for alcohol.[117]

In 2008, the Mizoram Excise and Narcotics (Wine) Rules amended the ban of 1996 to allow the manufacture, export, sale, possession and consumption of
wine in Mizoram made from grapes and guava[118] which would help the economy of the state, reduce fruit waste from farms, and encourage large scale
commercialisation. In 2011 the bill was amended to include apple, ginger, passion fruit, peach and pear wine.[119]

In 2013, the state assembly unanimously passed a resolution to study the impact of liquor prohibition.[120] In 2014, the state's narcotics minister noted
that the liquor ban had produced some serious problems in Mizo society due to the drinking of spurious and unhealthy (locally made) liquor, known as zu.
The government suggested it would introduce an amended liquor bill allowing retail shops to operate in Aizawl and other district headquarters to sell
liquor — but not in bars. Furthermore, they would not consult the powerful church on the issue.[117] The amended bill was proposed to be tabled for state
legislative assembly discussion after May 2014.

The Mizoram Liquor (Prohibition and Control) Act, 2014 (Act No. 8 of 2014) was enacted on 10 July 2014 which received the assent of the governor of
Mizoram on 11 July 2014 repealed the Mizoram Liquor Total Prohibition Act, 1995, except the Mizoram Excise and Narcotics (Wine) Rules, 2008.

The Mizoram Liquor Prohibition and Control bill of 2014 was repealed on 20 March 2019 with Mizoram Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019 [121], it was a
legislation promised by the Mizo National Front[122].

Rat problems
Every 50 years, the Mautam bamboo blooms and its high-protein seeds lead to an explosion in the black rat population in the jungle, also referred to as
the rat flood, which has historically destroyed entire villages' food supplies after rats move on to farm fields and devour crops. The 1958–59 plague
provoked a rural uprising during which the indigenous Mizo people launched a violent 20-year rebellion against the federal government. The dispute only
saw final resolution in 1986.[123] The 48 year rat problem re-occurred in Mizoram over 2006-08.[124] The crops suffered massive damage, with yields at
30 year lows; the crop yields recovered sharply to pre-mautam levels in 2009 after the mautam passed.[125]

Media and communication

See also Newspapers in Mizoram.

Mizoram's media is growing quickly. Internet access is average, and private television cable channels are popular.[126] Doordarshan, the national
television service of India provides terrestrial broadcasting services and All India Radio broadcast programmes related to the indigenous culture and local
news. Broadband access is available. In addition to these, there are several websites in local dialects. Print journalism remains a popular news medium in
Mizoram; local newspapers include Vanglaini and The Zozam Times.
Notable people
Lalsangzuali Sailo - A singer, songwriter, poet and Radio 'A' Grade artiste.
Brig. T. Sailo (d.2015) - Former Chief Minister of Mizoram. Former party leader of the Mizoram People's Conference (MPC)
Laldenga (d.1990) - Freedom Fighter of Mizoram. Former Party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF) and the first Chief Minister of
Mizoram.
Zoramthanga - Present Chief Minister of Mizoram and current party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF).
Lal Thanhawla - Former Chief Minister of Mizoram and party leader of the Mizoram Congress Party.
Lalrindika Ralte - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League. Currently the captain of East Bengal
F.C.
Jeje Lalpekhlua - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League. Former Captain of the Indian National
Football Team.
Shylo Malsawmtluanga - Mizo Footballer. Former player at the Hero I-League. Current player of the Mizoram Premier League (MPL).
Robert Lalthlamuana - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League.
Lalduhoma - Politician and party president of the Zoram Nationalist Party (ZNP). Former Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for
Mizoram.
Ziona - The polygamous man with 38 wives and numerous children and grandchildren.

See also
Tourism in North East India
Outline of India
Bibliography of India
India – Wikipedia book
Aizawl
Champhai
Kolasib
Lunglei
Khawbung
Mizo Hlakungpui Mual
Mizo language
Mizo music
Mizo National Front
Phawngpui Tlang
Mautam
Northeast India
Seven Sister States

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Further reading
 1. B. Hamlet, Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram, Volume 5, ISBN 8170997925
2. C. Nunthara, Mizoram: Society and Polity, ISBN 978-8173870590
3. T. Raatan, Encyclopaedia of North-east India: Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Mizoram, ISBN 978-8178350684
4. Zoramdinthara, Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development, ISBN 978-93-82395-16-4

External links
Government

Official website (http://mizoram.nic.in/)

Official Tourism Site of Mizoram (https://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/)
General information

Mizoram (https://www.britannica.com/place/Mizoram) Encyclopædia Britannica entry

Mizoram (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/Mizoram) at Curlie
Geographic data related to Mizoram (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2029046) at OpenStreetMap

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