Lower Saxony

Lower Saxony (German: Niedersachsen [ˈniːdɐzaksn̩ ] ( listen); Low German: Neddersassen) is a German
state (Land) situated in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with 47,624 km2 Lower Saxony
(18,388 sq mi), and fourth-largest in population (7.9 million) among the 16 Länder federated as the Federal
Niedersachsen
Republic of Germany. In rural areas, Northern Low Saxon (a dialect of Low German) and Saterland Frisian State
(a variety of the Frisian language) are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.

Lower Saxony borders on (from north and clockwise) the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein,
Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-
Westphalia, and the Netherlands (Drenthe, Groningen and Overijssel). Furthermore, the state of Bremen
forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its seaport city of Flag Coat of arms
Bremerhaven. In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single Bundesland. The state's
principal cities include the state capital Hanover, Braunschweig (Brunswick), Lüneburg, Osnabrück,
Oldenburg, Hildesheim, Wolfenbüttel, Wolfsburg, and Göttingen.

The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia and
the seven East Frisian Islands offshore are popular with tourists. In the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the
Emsland, a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The
northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for
the gentle hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the
German Central Uplands: the Weser Uplands and the Harz mountains. Between these two lie the Lower
Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges. Thus, Lower Saxony is the only Bundesland that encompasses both
maritime and mountainous areas.

Lower Saxony's major cities and economic centres are mainly situated in its central and southern parts,
namely Hanover, Braunschweig, Osnabrück, Wolfsburg, Salzgitter, Hildesheim, and Göttingen. Oldenburg,
near the northwestern coastline, is another economic centre. The region in the northeast is called the
Lüneburg Heath (Lüneburger Heide), the largest heathland area of Germany and in medieval times wealthy
due to salt mining and salt trade, as well as to a lesser degree the exploitation of its peat bogs until about the Coordinates: 52°45′22″N 9°23′35″E
1960s. To the north, the Elbe River separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg. The banks just south of the Elbe are known as Altes Land Country Germany
(Old Country). Due to its gentle local climate and fertile soil, it is the state's largest area of fruit farming, its Capital Hanover
chief produce being apples. Government
• Body Landtag of Lower
Most of the state's territory was part of the historic Kingdom of Hanover; the state of Lower Saxony has Saxony
adopted the coat of arms and other symbols of the former kingdom. It was created by the merger of the State • Minister- Stephan Weil
of Hanover with three smaller states on 1 November 1946. President (SPD)
• Governing SPD / CDU
parties
• Bundesrat 6 (of 69)
Contents votes
Geography Area
Location • Total 47,614.07 km2
Regions (18,383.90 sq mi)
General Population (2017-12-31)[1]
List of regions • Total 7,962,775
Climate • Density 170/km2
(430/sq mi)
Administration
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
History • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Regional history prior to foundation of Lower Saxony
ISO 3166 code DE-NI
Period to the Congress of Vienna (1814/1815)
GDP (nominal) €247 billion
To the end of the Second World War
(2013)[2]
Post–Second World War GDP per capita €31,100 (2013)
History of Lower Saxony as a state
NUTS Region DE9
Administrative subdivisions
HDI (2017) 0.920[3]
Archaeology very high · 11th of
16
Demographics
Vital statistics Website www
.niedersachsen.de
Religion
(https://www.nieder
Economy sachsen.de/)
World Heritage Sites
Politics
Constitution
Minister-President of Lower Saxony
Coat of arms
See also
References
External links

Geography

Location

Lower Saxony has a natural boundary in the north in the North Sea and the lower and middle reaches of the River Elbe, although parts of the city of
Hamburg lie south of the Elbe. The state and city of Bremen is an enclave entirely surrounded by Lower Saxony. The Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan
Region is a cooperative body for the enclave area. To the southeast, the state border runs through the Harz, low mountains that are part of the German
Central Uplands. The northeast and west of the state, which form roughly three-quarters of its land area, belong to the North German Plain, while the
south is in the Lower Saxon Hills, including the Weser Uplands, Leine Uplands, Schaumburg Land, Brunswick Land, Untereichsfeld, Elm, and
Lappwald. In northeast, Lower Saxony is Lüneburg Heath. The heath is dominated by the poor, sandy soils of the geest, whilst in the central east and
southeast in the loess börde zone, productive soils with high natural fertility occur. Under these conditions—with loam and sand-containing soils—the
land is well-developed agriculturally. In the west lie the County of Bentheim, Osnabrück Land, Emsland, Oldenburg Land, Ammerland, Oldenburg
Münsterland, and on the coast East Frisia.

The state is dominated by several large rivers running northwards through the state: the Ems, Weser, Aller, and
Elbe.

The highest mountain in Lower Saxony is the Wurmberg (971 m) in the Harz. For other significant elevations
see: List of mountains and hills in Lower Saxony. Most of the mountains and hills are found in the southeastern
part of the state. The lowest point in the state, at about 2.5 m below sea level, is a depression near Freepsum in
East Frisia.

The state's economy, population, and infrastructure are centred on the cities and towns of Hanover, Stadthagen,
Celle, Braunschweig, Wolfsburg, Hildesheim, and Salzgitter. Together with Göttingen in southern Lower East Frisian Islands
Saxony, they form the core of the Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region.

Regions

General

Lower Saxony has clear regional divisions that manifest themselves geographically, as well as historically and culturally. In the regions that used to be
independent, especially the heartlands of the former states of Brunswick, Hanover, Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe, a marked local regional
awareness exists. By contrast, the areas surrounding the Hanseatic cities of Bremen and Hamburg are much more oriented towards those centres.

List of regions

Sometimes, overlaps and transition areas happen between the various regions of Lower Saxony. Several of the regions listed here are part of other, larger
regions, that are also included in the list.

Altes Land Grönegau Oldenburg Münsterland

Ammerland Land Hadeln Osnabrück Land
Artland Land Wursten Schaumburg Land
County of Bentheim Hannover Solling
Bramgau Harz Mountains South Lower Saxony
Brunswick Land Hildesheim Börde Stade Geest
Calenberg Land Hümmling Wendland
Eastphalia Kehdingen Weser Uplands
East Frisia Leine Uplands Wesermarsch
Eichsfeld Lüneburg Heath Wümme Depression
Elbe-Weser Triangle Middle Weser Region
Emsland Oldenburg Land

Just under 20% of the land area of Lower Saxony is designated as nature parks, i.e.: Dümmer, Elbhöhen-Wendland, Elm-Lappwald, Harz, Lüneburger
Heide, Münden, Terra.vita, Solling-Vogler, Lake Steinhude, Südheide, Weser Uplands, Wildeshausen Geest, Bourtanger Moor-Bargerveen.[4]

Climate

Lower Saxony falls climatically into the north temperate zone of central Europe that is affected by prevailing Westerlies and is located in a transition
zone between the maritime climate of Western Europe and the continental climate of Eastern Europe. This transition is clearly noticeable within the
state: whilst the northwest experiences an Atlantic (North Sea coastal) to Sub-Atlantic climate, with comparatively low variations in temperature during
the course of the year and a surplus water budget, the climate towards the southeast is increasingly affected by the Continent. This is clearly shown by
greater temperature variations between the summer and winter halves of the year and in lower and more variable amounts of precipitation across the
year. This sub-continental effect is most sharply seen in the Wendland, in the Weser Uplands (Hamelin to Göttingen) and in the area of Helmstedt. The
highest levels of precipitation are experienced in the Harz because the Lower Saxon part forms the windward side of this mountain range against which
orographic rain falls. The average annual temperature is 8 °C (7.5 °C in the Altes Land and 8.5 °C in the district of Cloppenburg).

Administration
Lower Saxony is divided into 37 districts (Landkreise or simply Kreise):

Hannover

Braunschweig
1. Ammerland
2. Aurich (includes Juist, Norderney and Baltrum)
3. County of Bentheim (Grafschaft Bentheim)
4. Celle
5. Cloppenburg
6. Cuxhaven
7. Diepholz
8. Emsland
9. Friesland (includes Wangerooge)
Hildesheim
10. Gifhorn
11. Goslar
12. Göttingen ¹
13. Hamelin-Pyrmont (Hameln-Pyrmont)
14. Hanover Region (Hannover) ²
15. Harburg
16. Heidekreis
17. Helmstedt
18. Hildesheim
19. Holzminden Lüneburg
20. Leer (includes Borkum)
21. Lüchow-Dannenberg
22. Lüneburg
23. Nienburg
24. Northeim
25. Oldenburg
26. Osnabrück
27. Osterholz Cuxhaven
28. Peine
29. Rotenburg (Wümme)
30. Schaumburg
31. Stade
32. Uelzen
33. Vechta
34. Verden
35. Wesermarsch
Göttingen
36. Wittmund (includes Langeoog and Spiekeroog)
37. Wolfenbüttel
Furthermore, there are eight urban districts and two cities with special status:

1. Braunschweig
2. Delmenhorst
3. Emden
4. Göttingen ¹
5. Hanover ²
6. Oldenburg
Oldenburg
7. Osnabrück
8. Salzgitter
9. Wilhelmshaven
10. Wolfsburg

¹ following the "Göttingen Law" of 1 January 1964, the town of Göttingen is incorporated into the rural district
(Landkreis) of Göttingen, but is treated as an urban district unless other rules apply. On 1 November 2016 the
districts of Osterode and Göttingen were merged under the name Göttingen, not influencing the city's special
status.
² following the "Law on the region of Hanover", Hanover merged with the district of Hanover to form the
Hanover Region, which has been treated mostly as a rural district, but Hanover is treated as an urban district Wilhelmshaven
since 1 November 2001 unless other rules apply.

History

Regional history prior to foundation of Lower Saxony

The name of Saxony derives from that of the Germanic tribe of the Saxons. Before the late medieval period,
there was a single Duchy of Saxony. The term "Lower Saxony" was used after the dissolution of the stem duchy
in the late 13th century to disambiguate the parts of the former duchy ruled by the House of Welf from the
Osnabrück
Electorate of Saxony on one hand, and from the Duchy of Westphalia on the other.

Period to the Congress of Vienna (1814/1815)

The name and coat of arms of the present state go back to the Germanic tribe of Saxons. During the Migration
Period some of the Saxon peoples left their homeland in Holstein about the 3rd century and pushed southwards
over the Elbe, where they expanded into the sparsely populated regions in the rest of the lowlands, in the present-
day Northwest Germany and the northeastern part of what is now the Netherlands. From about the 7th century
the Saxons had occupied a settlement area that roughly corresponds to the present state of Lower Saxony, of
Westphalia and a number of areas to the east, for example, in what is now west and north Saxony-Anhalt. The
land of the Saxons was divided into about 60 Gaue. The Frisians had not moved into this region; for centuries
they preserved their independence in the most northwesterly region of the present-day Lower Saxon territory. Salzgitter
The original language of the folk in the area of Old Saxony was West Low German, one of the varieties of
language in the Low German dialect group.

The establishment of permanent boundaries between what later became Lower Saxony and Westphalia began in
the 12th century. In 1260, in a treaty between the Archbishopric of Cologne and the Duchy of Brunswick-
Lüneburg the lands claimed by the two territories were separated from each other.[5] The border ran along the
Weser to a point north of Nienburg. The northern part of the Weser-Ems region was placed under the rule of
Brunswick-Lüneburg.

The word Niedersachsen was first used before 1300 in a Dutch rhyming chronicle (Reimchronik). From the 14th
century it referred to the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (as opposed to Saxe-Wittenberg).[6] On the creation of the
imperial circles in 1500, a Lower Saxon Circle was distinguished from a Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle.
The latter included the following territories that, in whole or in part, belong today to the state of Lower Saxony:
the Bishopric of Osnabrück, the Bishopric of Münster, the County of Bentheim, the County of Hoya, the
The Duchy of Saxony around 1000
Principality of East Frisia, the Principality of Verden, the County of Diepholz, the County of Oldenburg, the
County of Schaumburg and the County of Spiegelberg. At the same time a distinction was made with the eastern
part of the old Saxon lands from the central German principalities later called Upper Saxony for dynastic
reasons. (see also → Electorate of Saxony, History of Saxony).

The close historical links between the domains of the Lower Saxon Circle now in modern Lower Saxony survived for centuries especially from a
dynastic point of view. The majority of historic territories whose land now lies within Lower Saxony were sub-principalities of the medieval, Welf
estates of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. All the Welf princes called themselves dukes "of Brunswick and Lüneburg" despite often ruling parts of a
duchy that was forever being divided and reunited as various Welf lines multiplied or died out.

To the end of the Second World War

Over the course of time two great principalities survived east of the Weser: the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick (after 1866 Hanover
became a Prussian province; after 1919 Brunswick became a free state). Historically a close tie exists between the royal house of Hanover (Electorate of
Hanover) to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as a result of their personal union in the 18th century.
West of the River Hunte a "de-Westphalianising process" began in 1815:[7] After the Congress of Vienna the
territories of the later administrative regions (Regierungsbezirke) of Osnabrück and Aurich transferred to the
Kingdom of Hanover. Until 1946, the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg and the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
retained their stately authority. Nevertheless, the entire Weser-Ems region (including the city of Bremen) were
grouped in 1920 into a Lower Saxon Constituency Association (Wahlkreisverband IX (Niedersachsen)). This
indicates that at that time the western administrations of the Prussian Province of Hanover and the state of
Oldenburg were perceived as being "Lower Saxon".

The forerunners of today's state of Lower Saxony were lands that were geographically and, to some extent,
institutionally interrelated from very early on. The County of Schaumburg (not to be confused with the
Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe) around the towns of Rinteln and Hessisch Oldendorf did indeed belong to the
Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau until 1932, a province that also included large parts of the present state of
Hesse, including the cities of Kassel, Wiesbaden and Frankfurt am Main; but in 1932, however, the County of Imperial circles at the start of the
Schaumburg became part of the Prussian Province of Hanover. Also before 1945, namely 1937, the city of 16th century. Red: the Lower Saxon
Cuxhaven has been fully integrated into the Prussian Province of Hanover by the Greater Hamburg Act, so that Circle, light brown: the Lower
in 1946, when the state of Lower Saxony was founded, only four states needed to be merged. With the exception Rhenish-Westphalian Circle
of Bremen and the areas that were ceded to the Soviet Occupation Zone in 1945, all those areas allocated to the
new state of Lower Saxony in 1946, had already been merged into the "Constituency Association of Lower
Saxony" in 1920.

In a lecture on 14 September 2007, Dietmar von Reeken described the emergence of a "Lower Saxony
consciousness" in the 19th century, the geographical basis of which was used to invent a territorial construct: the
resulting local heritage societies (Heimatvereine) and their associated magazines routinely used the terms
"Lower Saxony" or "Lower Saxon" in their names. At the end of the 1920s in the context of discussions about a
reform of the Reich, and promoted by the expanding local heritage movement (Heimatbewegung), a 25-year
conflict started between "Lower Saxony" and "Westphalia". The supporters of this dispute were administrative
officials and politicians, but regionally focussed scientists of various disciplines were supposed to have fuelled
the arguments. In the 1930s, a real Lower Saxony did not yet exist, but there was a plethora of institutions that
would have called themselves "Lower Saxon". The motives and arguments in the disputes between "Lower
Saxony" and "Westphalia" were very similar on both sides: economic interests, political aims, cultural interests
and historical aspects.[8]
The Kingdom of Hanover, the Duchy
of Brunswick, the Grand Duchy of
Post–Second World War Oldenburg and the Principality of
Schaumburg-Lippe in the
After the Second World War most of Northwest Germany lay within the British Zone of Occupation. On 23 19th century
August 1946, the British Military Government issued Ordinance No. 46 "Concerning the dissolution of the
provinces of the former state of Prussia in the British Zone and their reconstitution as independent states", which
initially established the State of Hanover on the territory of the former Prussian Province of Hanover. Its minister president, Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf, had
already suggested in June 1945 the formation of a state of Lower Saxony, that was to include the largest possible region in the middle of the British
Zone. In addition to the regions that actually became Lower Saxony subsequently, Kopf asked, in a memorandum dated April 1946, for the inclusion of
the former Prussian district of Minden-Ravensberg (i.e. the Westphalian city of Bielefeld as well as the Westphalian districts of Minden, Lübbecke,
Bielefeld, Herford and Halle), the district of Tecklenburg and the state of Lippe.[9] Kopf's plan was ultimately based on a draft for the reform of the
German Empire from the late 1920s by Georg Schnath and Kurt Brüning. The strong Welf connotations of this draft, according to Thomas Vogtherr, did
not simplify the development of a Lower Saxon identity after 1946.[10]

An alternative model, proposed by politicians in Oldenburg and Brunswick, envisaged the foundation of the independent state of "Weser-Ems", that
would be formed from the state of Oldenburg, the Hanseatic City of Bremen and the administrative regions of Aurich and Osnabrück. Several
representatives of the state of Oldenburg even demanded the inclusion of the Hanoverian districts of Diepholz, Syke, Osterholz-Scharmbeck and
Wesermünde in the proposed state of "Weser-Ems". Likewise an enlarged State of Brunswick was proposed in the southeast to include the
Regierungsbezirk of Hildesheim and the district of Gifhorn. Had this plan come to fruition, the territory of the present Lower Saxony would have
consisted of three states of roughly equal size.

The district council of Vechta protested on 12 June 1946 against being incorporated into the metropolitan area of Hanover (Großraum Hannover). If the
State of Oldenburg was to be dissolved, Vechta District would much rather be included in the Westphalian region.[11] Particularly in the districts where
there was a political Catholicism the notion was widespread, that Oldenburg Münsterland and the Regierungsbezirk of Osnabrück should be part of a
newly formed State of Westphalia.[12]

Since the foundation of the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Hanover on 23 August 1946 the northern and eastern border of North Rhine-
Westphalia has largely been identical with that of the Prussian Province of Westphalia. Only the Free State of Lippe was not incorporated into North
Rhine-Westphalia until January 1947. With that the majority of the regions left of the Upper Weser became North Rhine-Westphalian.

In the end, at the meeting of the Zone Advisory Board on 20 September 1946, Kopf's proposal with regard to the division of the British occupation zone
into three large states proved to be capable of gaining a majority.[13] Because this division of their occupation zone into relatively large states also met
the interests of the British, on 8 November 1946 Regulation No. 55 of the British military government was issued, by which the State of Lower Saxony
with its capital Hanover were founded, backdated to 1 November 1946. The state was formed by a merger of the Free States of Brunswick, of Oldenburg
and of Schaumburg-Lippe with the previously formed State of Hanover. But there were exceptions:

In the Free State of Brunswick, the eastern part of the district of Blankenburg and the exclave of Calvörde, which belonged to the
district of Helmstedt fell into the Soviet Zone of Occupation and were later integrated into the state of Saxony-Anhalt.
In the State of Hanover, Amt Neuhaus and the villages of Neu Bleckede and Neu Wendischthun were allotted to the Soviet Zone and
thus the subsequent East Germany. They were not returned to Lower Saxony until 1993.
The city of Wesermünde that then lay in the Regierungsbezirk Stade was renamed in 1947 to Bremerhaven and incorporated into the
new city state of Bremen, which became one of the federated German states.
The demands of Dutch politicians that the Netherlands should be given the German regions east of the Dutch-German border as war reparations, were
roundly rejected at the London Conference of 26 March 1949. In fact only about 1.3 km² of West Lower Saxony was transferred to the Netherlands, in
1949.

→ see main article Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II

History of Lower Saxony as a state

The first Lower Saxon parliament or Landtag met on 9 December 1946. It was not elected; rather it was
established by the British Occupation Administration (a so-called "appointed parliament"). That same day the
parliament elected the Social Democrat, Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf, the former Hanoverian president
(Regierungspräsident) as their first minister president. Kopf led a five-party coalition, whose basic task was to
rebuild a state afflicted by the war's rigours. Kopf's cabinet had to organise an improvement of food supplies and
the reconstruction of the cities and towns destroyed by Allied air raids during the war years. Hinrich Wilhelm
Kopf remained – interrupted by the time in office of Heinrich Hellwege (1955–1959) – as the head of
government in Lower Saxony until 1961.

The greatest problem facing the first state government in the immediate post-war years was the challenge of
integrating hundreds of thousands of refugees from Germany's former territories in the east (such as Silesia and
East Prussia), which had been annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union. Lower Saxony was at the western end of
the direct escape route from East Prussia and had the longest border with the Soviet Zone. On 3 October 1950
Lower Saxony took over the sponsorship of the very large number of refugees from Silesia. In 1950 there was
still a shortage of 730,000 homes according to official figures.

During the period when Germany was divided, the Lower Saxon border crossing at Helmstedt found itself on the Ordinance No. 55, with which on 22
main transport artery to West Berlin and, from 1945 to 1990 was the busiest European border crossing point. November 1946 the British military
government founded the state Lower
Of economic significance for the state was the Volkswagen concern, that restarted the production of civilian Saxony retroactively to 1 November
vehicles in 1945, initially under British management, and in 1949 transferred into the ownership of the newly 1946
founded country of West Germany and state of Lower Saxony. Overall, Lower Saxony, with its large tracts of
rural countryside and few urban centres, was one of the industrially weaker regions of the federal republic for a
long time. In 1960, 20% of the working population worked on the land. In the rest of the federal territory the figure was just 14%. Even in economically
prosperous times the jobless totals in Lower Saxony are constantly higher than the federal average.

In 1961 Georg Diederichs took office as the minister president of Lower Saxony as the successor to Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf. He was replaced in 1970 by
Alfred Kubel. The arguments about the Gorleben Nuclear Waste Repository, that began during the time in office of minister president Ernst Albrecht
(1976–1990), have played an important role in state and federal politics since the end of the 1970s.

In 1990 Gerhard Schröder entered the office of minister president. On 1 June 1993 the new Lower Saxon constitution entered force, replacing the
"Provisional Lower Saxon Constitution" of 1951. It enables referenda and plebiscites and establishes environmental protection as a fundamental state
principle.

The former Hanoverian Amt Neuhaus with its parishes of Dellien, Haar, Kaarßen, Neuhaus (Elbe), Stapel, Sückau, Sumte and Tripkau as well as the
villages of Neu Bleckede, Neu Wendischthun and Stiepelse in the parish of Teldau and the historic Hanoverian region in the forest district of Bohldamm
in the parish of Garlitz transferred with effect from 30 June 1993 from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern to Lower Saxony (Lüneburg district). From these
parishes the new municipality of Amt Neuhaus was created on 1 October 1993.

In 1998 Gerhard Glogowski succeeded Gerhard Schröder who became Federal Chancellor. Because he had been linked with various scandals in his
home city of Brunswick, he resigned in 1999 and was replaced by Sigmar Gabriel.

From 2003 to his election as Federal President in 2010 Christian Wulff was minister president in Lower Saxony. The Osnabrücker headed a CDU-led
coalition with the FDP as does his successor, David McAllister. After the elections on 20 January 2013 McAllister was deselected.[14]

Administrative subdivisions

Between 1946 and 2004, the state's districts and independent towns were grouped into eight regions, with different status for the two regions
(Verwaltungsbezirke) comprising the formerly free states of Brunswick and Oldenburg. In 1978 the regions were merged into four governorates
(Regierungsbezirke): Since 2004 the Bezirksregierungen (regional governments) have been broken up again.

1946–1978:

Governorate of Aurich
Administrative Region of Brunswick (Braunschweig)
Governorate of Hanover (Hannover)
Governorate of Hildesheim
Governorate of Lunenburg (Lüneburg)
Administrative Region of Oldenburg
Administrative Region of Osnabrück
Governorate of Stade

1978–2004:

Governorate of Brunswick (Braunschweig)

 Governorate of Hanover (Hannover)
Governorate of Lunenburg (Lüneburg)
Governorate of Weser-Ems

On 1 January 2005 the four administrative regions or governorates (Regierungsbezirke), into which Lower Saxony had been hitherto divided, were
dissolved.[15] These were the governorates of Braunschweig, Hanover, Lüneburg and Weser-Ems.

Archaeology

The 300.000 year-old nearly entire remains of a female straight-tusked elephant were revealed by University of Tübingen researchers and the
Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution in May in 2020. According to the archaeozoologist Ivo Verheijen, 6.8 tones older skeleton with battered teeth
had a shoulder height of about 3.2 metres. Researchers also uncovered two long bones and 30 small flint flakes that were used as tools for knapping
among the elephant bones.[16][17]

“We found both 2.3-m-long tusks, the complete lower jaw, numerous vertebrae and ribs as well as large bones belonging to three of the legs and even all
five delicate hyoid bones” said archaeologist Dr. Jordi Serangeli.[18]

Demographics
At the end of 2014, there were almost 571.000 non-German citizens in Lower Saxony.[20] The following table Historical population
illustrates the largest minority groups in Lower Saxony:
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
Rank Nationality Population estimate (31.12 2019)
1950 6,796,500 —
1960 6,576,137 −0.33%
1 Poland 98,015 1970 7,121,824 +0.80%
2 Turkey 88,735 1980 7,256,386 +0.19%
1990 7,387,245 +0.18%
3 Syria 84,805
2000 7,926,193 +0.71%
4 Romania 58,980 2010 7,918,293 −0.01%
Iraq
2018 7,982,448 +0.10%
5 41,035
source:[19]
6 Netherlands 29,865

7 Italy 28,825

8 Bulgaria 28,360

9 Russia 22,260

10 Afghanistan 21,190

Vital statistics
[21]

Births from January–October 2016 = 62,761

Births from January–October 2017 = 61,314
Deaths from January–October 2016 = 75,733
Deaths from January–October 2017 = 75,804
Natural growth from January–October 2016 = -12,972
Natural growth from January–October 2017 = -14,490

Religion

The 2011 census stated that a majority of the population were Christians (71.93%); 51.48% of the total population were member of the Evangelical
Church in Germany, 18.34% were Catholics, 2.11% were member of other Christian denominations, 2.27% were member of other religions. 25.8% have
no denomination.[22] Even there is a high level of official belonging to a Christian denomination, the people - especially in the cities - are highly secular
in faith and behavior.

As of 2018, the Evangelical Church in Germany was the faith of 43.0% of the population.[23] It is organised in the five Landeskirchen named
Evangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick (comprising the former Free State of Brunswick), Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover
(comprising the former Province of Hanover), Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg (comprising the former Free State of Oldenburg), Evangelical
Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe (comprising the former Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe), and Evangelical Reformed Church (covering all the
state).

Together, these member churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany gather a substantial part of the Protestant population in Germany.

The Catholic Church was the faith of 16.8% of the population in 2018.[23] It is organised in the three dioceses of Osnabrück (western part of the state),
Münster (comprising the former Free State of Oldenburg) and Hildesheim (northern and eastern part of the state). The Catholic faith is mainly
concentrated to the regions of Oldenburger Münsterland, region of Osnabrück, region of Hildesheim and in the Western Eichsfeld. 40.2% of the Low
Saxons were irreligious or adhere to other religions.[23] Judaism, Islam and Buddhism are minority faiths.
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 229.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 8.7% of German
economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in
the same year. The GDP per employee was 100% of the EU average.[24]

Agriculture, strongly weighted towards the livestock sector, has always been a very important economic factor in
the state. The north and northwest of Lower Saxony are mainly made up of coarse sandy soil that makes crop
farming difficult and therefore grassland and cattle farming are more prevalent in those areas. Lower Saxony is
home, in 2017, to one in five of Germany's cattle, one in three of the country's pigs, and 50% of its hens.[25] Wheat,
potatoes, rye, and oats are among the state's present-day arable crops. Towards the south and southeast, extensive
loess layers in the soil left behind by the last ice age allow high-yield crop farming. One of the principal crops there
is sugar beet. Consequently, the Land has a big food industry, mainly organized in small and medium-sized Religion in Lower Saxony
enterprises (SME). Big players are Deutsches Milchkontor and PHW Group (biggest German poultry farmer and (Census 2011):[22]
producer).
Evangelical Church (51.48%)
Mining has also been an important source of income in Lower Saxony for centuries. Silver ore became a foundation Roman Catholicism (18.34%)
of notable economic prosperity in the Harz Mountains as early as the 12th century, while iron mining in the Evangelical Free Churches
Salzgitter area and salt mining in various areas of the state became another important economic backbone. Although
(1.26%)
overall yields are comparatively low, Lower Saxony is also an important supplier of crude oil in the European
Orthodox Church (0.85%)
Union. Mineral products still mined today include iron and lignite.
Jewish (0.07%)
Radioactive waste is frequently transported in the area to the city of Salzgitter, for the deep geological repository Other religions (2.20%)
Schacht Konrad and between Schacht Asse II in the Wolfenbüttel district and Lindwedel and Höfer.
Not religious (25.80%)
Manufacturing is another large part of the regional economy. Despite decades of gradual downsizing and
restructuring, the car maker Volkswagen with its five production plants within the state's borders still remains the
single biggest private-sector employer, its world headquarters in Wolfsburg. Due to the Volkswagen Law, which has
recently been ruled illegal by the European Union's high court, the state of Lower Saxony is still the second largest
shareholder, owning 20.3% of the company.[26] Thanks to the importance of car manufacturing in Lower Saxony, a
thriving supply industry is centred around its regional focal points. Other mainstays of the Lower Saxon industrial
sector include aviation (the region of Stade is called CFK-Valley), shipbuilding (e.g. Meyer Werft), biotechnology,
and steel. Medicine plays a major role: Hanover and Göttingen have two large University Medical Schools and
hospitals and Otto Bock in Duderstadt is the word leader in prosthetics.

The service sector has gained importance following the demise of manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s. Important
branches today are the tourism industry with TUI AG in Hanover, one of Europe's largest travel companies, as well
as trade and telecommunication. Hanover is one of Germany's main location of insurance companies e. g. Talanx,
Hannover Re, VHV Group, Mecklenburgische. St. Andreas, Hildesheim

In October 2018 the unemployment rate stood at 5.0% and was marginally higher than the national average.[27]

Year[28] 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Unemployment
9.3 9.1 9.2 9.6 9.6 11.6 10.5 8.8 7.6 7.7 7.5 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.3
rate in %

World Heritage Sites

Lower Saxony has four World Heritage Sites.

Hildesheim St. Michael's Church Mines of Historic Town of Upper Harz Water Lower Saxony
Cathedral in Hildesheim Rammelsberg Goslar Regale Wadden Sea

Fagus Factory in
Alfeld
Politics
Cabinets of Lower Saxony

Since 1948, politics in the state has been dominated by the rightist Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the leftist Social Democratic Party. Lower
Saxony was one of the origins of the German environmentalist movement in reaction to the state government's support for underground nuclear waste
disposal. This led to the formation of the German Green Party in 1980.

The former Minister-President, Christian Wulff, led a coalition of his CDU with the Free Democratic Party between 2003 and 2010. In the 2008
election, the ruling CDU held on to its position as the leading party in the state, despite losing votes and seats. The CDU's coalition with the Free
Democratic Party retained its majority although it was cut from 29 to 10. The election also saw the entry into the state parliament for the first time of the
leftist The Left party. On 1 July 2010 David McAllister was elected Minister-President.

After the state election on 20 January 2013, Stephan Weil of the Social Democrats was elected as the new Minister-President.[29] He governed in
coalition with the Greens.

After the state election in September 2017, Stephan Weil of the Social Democrats was again elected as the new Minister-President. He governs in
coalition with the CDU.

Constitution

The state of Lower Saxony was formed after World War II by merging the former states of Hanover, Oldenburg, Brunswick and Schaumburg-Lippe.
Hanover, a former kingdom, is by far the largest of these contributors by area and population and has been a province of Prussia since 1866. The city of
Hanover is the largest and capital city of Lower Saxony.

The constitution states that Lower Saxony be a free, republican, democratic,[30] social and environmentally sustainable state inside the Federal Republic
of Germany; universal human rights, peace and justice are preassigned guidelines of society, and the human rights and civil liberties proclaimed by the
constitution of the Federal Republic are genuine constituents of the constitution of Lower Saxony. Each citizen is entitled to education and there is
universal compulsory school attendance.

All government authority is to be sanctioned by the will of the people, which expresses itself via elections and plebiscites. The legislative assembly is a
unicameral parliament elected for terms of five years. The composition of the parliament obeys to the principle of proportional representation of the
participating political parties, but it is also ensured that each constituency delegates one directly elected representative. If a party wins more constituency
delegates than their statewide share among the parties would determine, it can keep all these constituency delegates.

The governor of the state (prime minister) and his ministers are elected by the parliament. As there is a system of five political parties in Germany and
so also in Lower Saxony, it is usually the case that two or more parties negotiate for a common political agenda and a commonly determined
composition of government where the party with the biggest share of the electorate fills the seat of the governor.

The states of the Federal Republic of Germany, and so Lower Saxony, have legislative responsibility and power mainly reduced to the policy fields of
the school system, higher education, culture and media and police, whereas the more important policy fields like economic and social policies, foreign
policy etc. are a prerogative of the federal government. Hence the probably most important function of the federal states is their representation in the
Federal Council (Bundesrat), where their approval on many crucial federal policy fields, including the tax system, is required for laws to become
enacted.

Minister-President of Lower Saxony

The Minister-President heads the state government, acting as a head of state (even if the federated states have the status of a state, they don't established
the office of a head of state but merged the functions with the head of the executive branch) as well as the government leader. They are elected by the
Landtag of Lower Saxony.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows a white horse (Saxon Steed) on red ground, which is an old symbol of the Saxon people. Legend has it that the horse was a
symbol of the Saxon leader Widukind. But this one should have been black. The colour has been changed by Christian baptism of Widukind into white.
White and red are the other colours (despite to Gold and black) of the Holy Roman Empire symbolizing Christ as the Saviour, who is still shown with a
white flag with a red cross.

See also
List of places in Lower Saxony
Straße der Megalithkultur - tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 Megalithic sites.
Niedersächsische Spargelstraße - tourist route around the Asparagus growing areas.
Straße der Weserrenaissance - tourist route that passes through Lower Saxony
Outline of Germany

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External links
Official governmental portal (https://web.archive.org/web/20050308213456/http://www.international.niedersachsen.de/en/home.html)
Official website for tourism, holiday and leisure in Lower Saxony (http://www.niedersachsen-tourism.com/)
map with tourist highlights, notepad and personal guide (http://www.niedersachsen-karte.de/)
Geographic data related to Lower Saxony (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62771) at OpenStreetMap

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