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Analog Signal

This document discusses logic gates, which are digital circuits that allow signals to pass through or stop depending on certain logic conditions. It defines logic gates and their basic terminology. The main types of logic gates are then described in detail: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XNOR gates. Their circuit symbols and truth tables are provided. It also discusses how logic gates with more than two inputs can be constructed by combining simpler gates.

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Saumya
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58 views

Analog Signal

This document discusses logic gates, which are digital circuits that allow signals to pass through or stop depending on certain logic conditions. It defines logic gates and their basic terminology. The main types of logic gates are then described in detail: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XNOR gates. Their circuit symbols and truth tables are provided. It also discusses how logic gates with more than two inputs can be constructed by combining simpler gates.

Uploaded by

Saumya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

A logic gate can be defined as digital circuit which either allows a


signal to pass through or stops it. These gates are related to
Boolean Algebra. These gates allow signals to pass through them
only when some logic is satisfied. A semiconductor diode (P‐N
junction) acts as a closed switch when it
Is forward biased, i.e. it allows current to pass through it. It acts as
an open circuit when it is reversed biased, i.e. it allows very little or
no current to pass through it. This unique property of diode is
employed in the design of logic gates and the circuits.

BASIC TERMINOLOGY

Signal Information converted in electrical form and suitable for


transmission is called a signal.
There are two types of signals:‐
i) Analog signal
ii) Digital signal

Analog signal
Analog signals are continuous variation of voltage or current. They
are essentially single‐valued function of time. Sine wave is
fundamental analog signal.
Digital signal
Digital signal are those which can take only discrete step wise
values. Binary system that is extensively used in digital electronics
employs just two levels of a signal. ‘O’ corresponds to low level and
‘1’ corresponds to high level of voltage or current.

THEORY
A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit.
Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given
moment, every terminal is in one of the
two binaryconditions low (0) or high (1), represented by
different voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and
generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data. In most
logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while
the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).

There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and
XNOR.

AND GATE

The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is


called "true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and"
operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit
symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol,
the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.)
The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the
output is "false."

AND gate
Input 1 Input 2 Output

1
1
1 1 1

OR GATE

The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the
fashion of the logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or
both of the inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the
output is "false."

OR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1
1 1
1 1 1

XOR GATE

The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical
"either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs
are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if both
inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this circuit is to
observe that the output is 1 if the inputs are different, but 0 if the
inputs are the same.

XOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1
1 1
1 1

NOT GATE

A logical inverter , sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it


from other types of electronic inverter devices, has only one input.
It reverses the logic state.

Inverter or NOT gate


Input Output
1
1

NAND GATE

The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate.


It acts in the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by
negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise,
the output is "true."

NAND gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output


1
1 1
1 1
1 1

NOR GATE

The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its


output is "true" if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is
"false."
NOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output


1
1
1
1 1

XNOR GATE

The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate


followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the
same, and"false" if the inputs are different.

XNOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output


1
1
1
1 1

Logic gates with more than 2 inputs

We can separate and make a group of 2 and work on it. for


eg:
Y=A+B+C then Y is also equal to X+C where X=A+B
The output state of a digital logic AND gate only returns
“LOW” again when ANY of its inputs are at a logic level “0”. In
other words for a logic AND gate, any LOW input will give a
LOW output.
The logic or Boolean expression given for a digital logic AND
gate is that for Logical Multiplication which is denoted by a
single dot or full stop symbol, ( . ) giving us the Boolean
expression of: A.B = Q.
Then we can define the operation of a digital 2-input
logic AND gate as being:

“If both A and B are true, then Q is true”

Digital Logic “AND” Gate Types

The 2-input Logic AND Gate

Symbol Truth Table

B A Q

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0
2-input AND Gate
1 1 1

Boolean Expression Q = A.B Read as A AND B gives Q

The 3-input Logic AND Gate


Symbol Truth Table

C B A Q

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0
3-input AND Gate
1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1

Boolean Expression Q = A.B.C Read as A AND B AND C gives Q

Because the Boolean expression for the logic AND function is


defined as (.), which is a binary operation, AND gates can be
cascaded together to form any number of individual inputs.
However, commercial available AND gate IC’s are only
available in standard 2, 3, or 4-input packages. If additional
inputs are required, then standard AND gates will need to be
cascaded together to obtain the required input value, for
example.

Multi-input AND Gate


CONSTRUCTION

2-input Transistor AND Gate


A simple 2-input logic AND gate can be constructed using
RTL Resistor-transistor switches connected together as
shown below with the inputs connected directly to the
transistor bases. Both transistors must be saturated “ON” for
an output at Q.

Logic AND Gates are available using digital circuits to


produce the desired logical function and is given a symbol
whose shape represents the logical operation of the AND
gate.
Aim :
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) and resistance R.
Theory and Constructions:
An AND gate can be realized by the electronic circuit
,making use of two diodes D1 and D2.The resistance R
is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery
permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded


and corresponds to the 0 level ,and the positive
terminal of the battery corresponds to the level 1.The
output Y is the voltage at C with respect to earth.

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