DESIGN OF TALL BUILDINGS:

TRENDS AND ADVANCEMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL PEFORMANCE

November 10, 2016
Pathumthani, Thailand

Seismic Design of Cast-in-Place Concrete

Diaphragms, Chords and Collectors

Pramin Norachan
Manager, Structural Engineering Unit
AIT Solutions
Presentation Outline

1. Introduction

2. Overview of Structure

3. Analysis and Design Criteria

4. Force Scaling

5. Section Cuts

6. Forces from Section Cuts

7. Diaphragm Design
 • Estimating the inelastic properties for a real
component is not a simple task.

• If there is substantial inelastic behavior in an

actual structure, the results of an elastic
analysis may be of uncertain value for making
design decisions, and may even be
misleading.

• As a tool for obtaining information for design,

even a crude inelastic model can be more
PERFORM-3D is an ideal tool
for nonlinear performance- useful than an elaborate elastic model.
based analysis and design,
created by • Please keep in mind that the goal is to get
Dr. Graham H. Powell,
University of California at
useful information for design, not to
Berkeley Professor Emeritus calculate "exact" response.
of Civil Engineering.

Pramin Norachan 4
 LATBSDC 2014 ACI 318-14 NEHRP
(NIST GCR 10-917-4)

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Pramin Norachan 6
 • Building structures generally
comprise structural elements to
support gravity and lateral loads.

• The seismic force-resisting system

is composed of vertical elements,
horizontal elements, and the
foundation.

• The vertical elements provide a

continuous load path to transmit
gravity and seismic forces from the
upper levels to the foundation.

• The horizontal elements typically

consist of diaphragms, including
collectors.

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 • Diaphragms transmit inertial forces
from the floor system to the vertical
elements of the seismic force-resisting
system.

• They also tie the vertical elements

together to stabilize and transmit
forces among these elements as may
be required during earthquake
shaking.

• Diaphragms are thus an essential part

of the seismic force-resisting system
and require design attention by the
structural engineer to ensure the
structural system performs adequately
during earthquake shaking.

Pramin Norachan 8
 Diaphragm in-plane forces:
Diaphragms span between, and
transfer forces to, vertical elements
of the lateral-force resisting system.

Diaphragm transfer forces:

Force transfers between vertical
elements which have different
properties over their height, or their
planes of resistance may change
from one story to another.

A common location where planes of

resistance change is at the grade
level of a building with an enlarged
subterranean plan (podium
diaphragm).

Pramin Norachan 9
 Large diaphragm transfer
forces should be
anticipated at offsets or
discontinuities of the
vertical elements of the
seismic-force-resisting
system.

(a) Setback in the building

profile

(b) Podium level at grade.

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 • In general, low-rise buildings and buildings
with very stiff vertical elements such as
shear walls are more susceptible to floor
diaphragm flexibility problems than taller
structures.

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Pramin Norachan 12
 • Different parts of a diaphragm
include:
- Diaphragm slab
- Chords
- Collectors (Drag struts or
Distributors)
- Connections to the vertical
elements.

• These different parts can be

identified by considering the load
path in a simple diaphragm.

• We can idealize the diaphragm as

a simply supported beam
spanning between two supports,
with reactions and shear and
moment diagrams
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 40@3.2
= 128 m.

40-Story RC Building

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 A B C D E F G H I J K M
8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

4
8.0
3 19
3.0
2 m.
8.0
1
88.0 m.

Floor Framing Plan

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 Material Properties
Expected Modulus of
Materials Strength Elasticity
(MPa) (MPa)
Concrete (fc’) - Shear Walls & Columns 80.6 38,642
Concrete (fc’) – Girders, Coupling Beams & Slabs 53.8 30,649
Reinforcement Steel (fy) 484 200,000
Sections Properties
Members Dimension
Shear Walls b x h = 400 x 700 mm
Columns b x h = 800 x 800 mm
Girders b x h = 400 x 700 mm
Coupling Beams b x h = 800 x 800 mm
Slabs Thickness = 200 mm
Pramin Norachan 17
 2014 LATBSDC

** Nonlinear fiber elements automatically account for cracking of concrete because the
concrete fibers have zero tension stiffness.

• Stiffness modifiers for RC diaphragms commonly fall in the range of 0.15 to

0.50 when analyzing the building for design-level earthquake demands
(Nakaki, 2000).

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Pramin Norachan 20
Pramin Norachan 21
 Comparison of Base Shear
100,000
89,604 Rx = 1.4
90,000
80,000
71,465 Ry = 1.8
70,000 64,639

Base Shear (KN)

60,000
50,000
38,983
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
y x 0
H1 H2
u g (t )
LRHA NLRHA

Pramin Norachan 22
 Office Tower (Story Acceleration in X-dir.)
100
90
80
70

Elevation (m)
60
50
NLX (g)
40
MCEX/R (g)
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3
Story Acceleration (g)

Pramin Norachan 23
 PERFORM 3D
(NLTHA) ETABS (RSA)

Before carrying out design checks at MCE, the linear analysis results of
ETABS were scaled to match with the nonlinear time-history analysis results
(NLTHA) from PERFORM-3D.

Pramin Norachan 24
 Before scaling - load combinations for MCE level earthquakes

U1 = 1.0 DL + 1.0 SDL + 0.25 LL + 1.0 MCEX + 0.3 MCEY

U2 = 1.0 DL + 1.0 SDL + 0.25 LL + 0.3 MCEX + 1.0 MCEY

After scaling - load combinations multiplied with scaling factors for MCE level
earthquakes

U1 = 1.0 DL + 1.0 SDL + 0.25 LL + 0.71 MCEX + 0.21 MCEY

U2 = 1.0 DL + 1.0 SDL + 0.25 LL + 0.17 MCEX + 0.57 MCEY

Pramin Norachan 25
 • Define the response spectrum
function (MCE) that will be used
for analysis.

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 • Define load cases of response
spectrum (MCE) in X and Y directions.

Pramin Norachan 28
 9.81/ 2  4.905

• Scale force based on factor

obtained from floor acceleration
or base shear.

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• Define load combinations for
diaphragm design at MCE level.

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 • Floor diaphragm at Story 20 will
be used as an example for
diaphragm design.

Pramin Norachan 32
 • The force resultants in F11 direction on the floor diaphragm at Story 20
are shown below.
SC-1

F22 SC-1

F11
F11

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 • Before obtaining forces, section cuts need to be defined.

SC-1

SC-1

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 SC-1

• Select elements and nodes at the cut line.

Then, assign these objects in a group.

SC-1

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 • Define the section cut (SC-1) by
selecting the group (SC-1).

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 • However, for this presentation, the section cuts of
this floor diaphragm are already defined as
follows:

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 • Section cuts for diaphragm chords and shear.
DP-L20-01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Moment

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 F22 F22
• Locations of the
section cut for
collectors at the
core walls. CL-L20-01 CL-L20-02

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 • Locations of the section cut for shear friction at
the core walls.

SF-L20-01 SF-L20-02

F22 F22

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 F22

F11

• For a given load case, display any stress of shell force.

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 Y

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 • Use the option “Draw Section Cut” to see the force distribution.

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• Display the results of section cut forces.

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Pramin Norachan 46
 • Select the considered load cases and force directions.

V M

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 • Rearrange all information for design.

V M

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L01

L20

L39

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Story
L01

-25,000 -21749
-20,000
-15,000
Moment (KN-m)

-6295 -7593 -7628 -6423

-10,000 -5038 -4446 -4518 -4957
-5,000 -1284 -1339
0
5,000 1318 1373
4624 3415 3487 4544
10,000 6200 6328
7388 7423
15,000
12719
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m)

1,500
932 933
1,000 753 694 681
603
420
Shear (KN)

181 194 258 292

500
0
-500 -163 -194
-405 -276 -307
-1,000 -572 -700
-734 -725
-865 -1000
-1,500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pramin Norachan Distance (m) 50
Story
L20

-20,000 -15627 -15660

-12924 -13252 -13250 -13008
-15,000
-8142 -8145
-10,000 -6165
Moment (KN-m)

-2797 -2923
-5,000
0
5,000
2911 3036
10,000
8612
15,000 10423 10426
13634 15022 15020 13718
20,000 16853 16887
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m)
2,000 1486
1312 1282 1263
1,500
915
1,000 691 698 611
224 343
500 177
Shear (KN)

0
-500 -177
-292 -275
-1,000 -548
-753 -771 -842
-1,500 -1206
-1369 -1354 -1414
-2,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pramin Norachan Distance (m) 51
 Story
L39

-30,000 -25412 -27429 -26998 -27242 -26998 -27440 -25452

-18565 -18639
-20,000

-10,000 -2852 -2958

Moment (KN-m)

10,000 2498 2604

12188 10448 12189

20,000 14598 14672
18327 17048 17059 18366
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m)
2,500 2092
2,000 1655 1569
1280 1437
1,500 958
748 715 726
1,000
196 285
500
Shear (KN)

0
-500
-354 -196
-1,000 -571 -680
-1,500 -896
-1267 -1103 -1110
-2,000
-1713 -1825
-2,500 -1948
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pramin Norachan Distance (m) 52
 -30,000

-20,000

-10,000
Moment (KN-m)

10,000

20,000

30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m) L01 L20 L39

2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Shear (KN)

0
-500
-1,000
-1,500
-2,000
-2,500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m) L01 L20 L39

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 Inertia Force = m × a

Chord (Diaphragm)
Shear Friction
Shear Wall (Support)
Diaphragm

Shear (Diaphragm)
Collector
(Support)
Chord (Diaphragm)

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 Materials Nominal Strength Expected Strength
Concrete f c' f c'  1.3 f c'
Reinforcing Steel fy f y  1.17 f y

Action Demand (D) Capacity (C)

Force Controlled Mu  M Tension & Flexure
(Non-Critical)
Tu  T   1.0
Force Controlled Vu  1.5V Shear:   1.0
(Critical)
Cu  1.5C Compression:   1.0

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 M u  Analysis ( Section Cut )

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Tension Chord
M u  16,869 KN  m
d  17 m

M u 16,869
Tu  Cu    992.29 KN
d 17

Tu 992.29 103
Tu   As f y As    2, 050 mm 2
 fy (1)(484)


7  DB 20 ( As  7   2.02  2,119 mm 2 )
4

Pramin Norachan 58
Compression chord

Use perimeter beam (400x700 mm)

992.29 103
u   3.54 MPa
(400  700)

Allowable stress

 all  0.5  f c'  0.5  53.8  10.76 MPa

D u 3.54
   0.34
C  all 10.76

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Pramin Norachan 60
Shear V  1, 485 KN Vu  1.5  V  1.5 1, 485  2, 228 KN
Vu 2, 228
  131 KN / m
L 17
Vn,limit
L

Acv
L
 
0.66 f c'  (1.0)
(200 17, 000)
(17 1, 000)
0.66 53.8 
 968.2 KN / m
Vn
L

Acv
L
 
0.17 f c  (1.0)
' (200 17, 000)
(17 1, 000)

0.17 53.8 
 249.4 KN / m
Vu Vn
 131 KN / m   249.4 KN / m (Okay)
L L
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Pramin Norachan 62
Demand Forces

Tu  992 KN
Cu  1.5  845  1, 268 KN

Tu 992 103
Tu   As f y As    2, 050 mm 2
 f y (1)(484)


5  DB 25 ( As  5   252  2, 454 mm 2 )
4

Pramin Norachan 63
Compression Demand 2tw

Cu  1.5  845  1, 268 KN

A  2  tw  tslab  2(800)(200) mm 2
tw

Allowable compression

(1.0)(0.85)(53.8)(2  200  800)

Call   (0.85) f c' A   14, 634 KN
1, 000

D Cu 1, 268
   0.09
C Call 14, 634

Pramin Norachan 64
Pramin Norachan 65
Shear Demand
Vu  1.5 1,194  1, 791 KN
Vu  Vn   Avf f y 

1, 791  (1.0) Avf (484)(1.0)

1, 791 Avf 3, 700

Avf   3, 700 mm 2   0.4625 mm 2 / mm
(1.0)(484)(1.0) L 8, 000

1  DB12@ 200
As

  12 4  1
2

 0.565 mm 2 / mm
s 200

Pramin Norachan 66
 Allowable shear friction

 (1.0)(0.2)(53.8)(200  8, 000)
  (0.2) f '
c cA   17, 216 KN
1, 000
Vall  min 
 (1.0)(5.5)(200  8, 000)
 (5.5) Ac   8,800 KN
 1, 000
 8,800 KN

Vu  1, 791 KN  Vall  8,800 KN

Pramin Norachan 67
 7-DB20 (Chords)
5-DB25 (Collectors)

(2) (6) (7) (6) (2) (4) (2) (6) (7) (6) (2)

(2) (6) (7) (6) (2) (2) (2) (6) (7) (6) (2)

1-DB12@200 (Shear Friction)

7-DB20 (Chords)

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 Collectors Collector Connection to Shear Wall

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 A long collector with confinement Shear Friction Rebar
reinforcement

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