Agents of Socialization and Enculturation

Agents of Socialization and Enculturation - motivated by the desire to be right, with the authority figure or
1. Family person of influence being deemed trustworthy, credible, and of

- primary agent of socialization of an individual upon birth, good judgment.
throughout infancy, and up to childhood. - usually results to the integration of the group’s set of beliefs and
- primary network for the transmission of values, attitudes, and behaviour into the individual’s own framework.
behavior. Deviance
2. Schools - defined as a behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from
- teach students important values like competitiveness, group members and involves actions that violate commonly held
cooperation, conformity, innovation, punctuality, orderliness, and social norms.
respect for authority. - it varies depending on the context of a group or society.
- students learn the value of self-improvement and hard work
through classroom activities and learning tasks SOCIAL CONTROL and SANCTIONS
- classifications (public, private, technical-vocational, and Social Control - defined as any systematic means and practices
alternative school) used to maintain norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict;
- venues for political socialization discourage deviant behavior.
- (putting pictures, required to sing) Sanction - most common means of social control, and are often
3. Peer Groups employed to address conflicts and violations of social norms.
- reinforce acceptable behaviours introduced by the family and Types of Sanctions
school, allow a certain degree of independence from family and 1. Formal Sanctions - those provided for by laws and other
certain figures of authority. regulations in society. Laws formally designate certain deviant
- refers to people who share the same interests or characteristics behavior as crimes, and prescribe sanctions for such acts.
such as age and social background. 2. Informal Sanctions - most commonly imposed by smaller
- (most parts) formed by informal, spontaneous, and voluntary societies, communities, or groups. there are no set laws or
means. regulations that define the nature of these sanctions, and these
4. Mass Media are often arbitrarily agreed upon by members of the group or
- includes forms of communication such as books, magazines, society.
newspapers, other print materials, radio, TV, and movies. example of informal Sanction
- powerful agent of socialization which is widely used by many * Ostracism - forcibly isolated from the rest of society for a certain
institutions and organisations involved in the use of print and time.
electronic communication. *Stigma - still remains within society but is subject to isolation and
Mass Media rejection by other members of society.
- it is a source of information regarding events in the society *Gossip - informal means of monitoring and censuring the
- it presents various viewpoint regarding events and behavior of a certain individuals!
developments within society
- provides entertainment by showcasing other people’s HUMAN DIGNITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
experiences. HD - refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be
*Pluralist Model- portrays media as an ideological marketplace valued, respected, and treated well.
that enhances debate and electoral choices. (ex. talk show) HR - are legal, social and ethical principles that consider the
*Market Model - suggest that media reflects the views of the human person as deserving of liberties and protections by virtue
general public, and the media presents what they think the people of his/her human dignity.
want. (ex. telenovelas, reality shows) HR are founded on natural rights, which are universal and
*Dominant-Ideology - traces bias to link between media and the inalienable, and are not contingent on laws, customs, beliefs, or
political and social elite. values of a particular culture.
*Elite-Values Model - recognises media bias as a product of the Human Rights Characteristics
personal views of media professionals such as journalists, 1. Universal - because they belong to all human beings
broadcasters,and editors. regardless of race, religion, gender, and other
5. Religion and State characteristics.
- the ultimate sources of authority 2. Fundamental - since they cannot be taken away from
- the state defines and limits the influence of religion on society any human being
through laws, regulations, and other means. 3. Indivisible - as various rights are interrelated and given
equal importance
CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND SOCIAL CONTROL 4. Absolute - since they cannot be qualified and are
Conformity considered basic necessity for living a genuine life.
- refers to the process of alter ing one’s thought and actions to Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
adapt to the accepted behaviour within the his/her group or - a major legal instrument that upholds the recognition of human
society. rights.
Types of Conformity (Herbert Kelman) - drafted by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in
1. Compliance - refers to the outward conformity to social 1948.
pressure but privately disagreeing with it. - one of the major results of the end of the WW II.
- motivated by the desire to gain rewards or avoid punishment.
2. Identification - refers to the individual adopting a certain
behavior because it enables him/her to have a satisfying
relationship with the members of his or her group.
- the individual adopt the opinions and values of the group, and
may strive to emulate an authority figure —- usually a parent or
leader that he/she respects or admires.
3. Internalization or Acceptance - involves both public
compliance and internal acceptance of the norms and standards
imposed by the group.

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Agents of Socialization and Enculturation - motivated by the desire to be right, with the authority figure or

1. Family person of influence being deemed trustworthy, credible, and of

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