B. Sc.

(HONS) MATHEMATICS
Department of Mathematics, Banaras Hindu University
Semester –I
Course Code Title Credits
MTB 101 Algebra 3
MTB 102 Calculus 3
Total 6
Semester –II
MTB 201 Statics & Dynamics 3
MTB 202 Multivariable Calculus 3
Total 6
Semester –III
MTB 301 Differential Equations 3
MTB 302 Tensor & Geometry 3
Total 6
Semester –IV
MTB 401 Partial Differential Equations 3
MTB 402 Mathematical Methods 3
Total 6
Semester -V
MTB 501 Analysis-I 3
MTB 502 Abstract Algebra 3
MTB 503 Programming in C 3
MTB 504 Differential Geometry 3
MTB 505 Discrete Mathematics 3
ELECITIVE – I 3
( Any one of the following courses, each of 3 credits )
MTB 506 Combinatorial Mathematics
MTB 507 Business Mathematics
MTB 508 Special Theory of Relativity-I
MTB 509 Computational Mathematics Lab-I
Total 18
Semester -VI
MTB 601 Analysis-II 3
MTB 602 Linear Algebra 3
MTB 603 Numerical Analysis 3
MTB 604 Mechanics 3
MTB 605 Operations Research 3
ELECITIVE – II 3
( Any one of the following courses, each of 3 credits )
MTB 606 Number Theory
MTB 607 Probability
MTB 608 Advanced Differential Geometry
MTB 609 Special Theory of Relativity-II
MTB 610 Computational Mathematics Lab-II.
MTB 611 Project 4
Total 22
 Grand Total 64
*More Elective papers can be added subject to the availability of subject experts.

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 Syllabi for B.Sc. (Hons) Mathematics Courses

Semester –I

MTB 101 Algebra Credits : 3

Matrix algebra: Introduction, Elementary operations of matrices. Inverse of a matrix.
Rank of a matrix. Application of matrices to the system of linear equations,
Consistency of the system.
Algebra: Definition of a group with examples and simple properties, Subgroups,
Generation of groups, Cyclic groups, Coset decomposition, Lagrange’s theorem and its
consequences. Homomorphism and Isomorphism. Permutation groups and Cayley’s
theorem. Normal subgroups, Quotient group, Fundamental theorem of Homomorphism.
The Isomorphism theorems for groups.

Recommended Books:
1. I. N. Herstein , Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 1975.
2. D.T. Finkbeiner, Introduction to Matrices and Linear transformations, CBS
Publishers, New Delhi, 1986.
3. K.B. Datta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, PHI Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2000.
4. P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K.Jain , S.R. Nagpal, First Course in Linear Algebra,
Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 1983.
5. S. Singh, Modern Algebra, Vikas Publ. House, India.

MTB 102 Calculus Credits : 3

Differential Calculus: Successive differentiation and Leibnitz theorem. Limit (ε-δ
definition), Continuity, Discontinuity, properties of continuous functions.
Differentiability, Chain rule of differentiation, Mean value theorems, Taylor’s and
Maclaurin theorems. Application of differential calculus in curve sketching.
Integral Calculus: Definite Integral as the limit of sum.

Recommended Books:
1. Gorakh Prasad, Differential Calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad, 2000.
2. Gorakh Prasad, Integral Calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad, 2000.
3. Gabriel Klambauer, Mathematical Analysis, Marcel Dekkar Inc. New York
1975.
4. Shanti Narayan, Elements of Real Analysis, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.

Semester –II

MTB 201 Statics & Dynamics Credits : 3

Statics: Analytic condition of equilibrium for coplanar forces. Equation of the resultant
force. Virtual work.
Dynamics: Rotation of a vector in a plane. Velocity and acceleration components in
Cartesian, polar and intrinsic systems. Central orbit, Kepler’s laws of motion,
rectilinear simple harmonic motion. Vertical motion on circular and cycloidal curves.
Motion with respect to linearly moving and rotating plane. Coriolis force and
centrifugal force.
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Recommended Books:
1. R.S. Verma - A Text Book on Statics., Pothishala Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad
2. S.L. Loney - An Elementary Treatise on the Dynamics of a Particle and of Rigid
Bodies, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
3. J.L. Synge & B.A. Griffith - Principles of Mechanics, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1959.

MTB 202 Multivariable Calculus Credits : 3

Functions of Two Variables: Limit, Continuity, Differentiability. Partial differentiation,
Change of variables, Euler’s, Taylor’s theorem. Maxima and minima. Double and triple
integrals, Change of order in double integrals. Beta and Gamma functions
Vector Calculus: Gradient, Divergence and Curl. Greens, Stokes and Gauss Theorems
with applications.

Recommended Books:
1. Shanti Narayan, A Text Book of Vector Calculus, S. Chand & Company, New
Delhi.
2. S. C. Mallik, Mathematical Analysis, Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Gabriel Klaumber, Mathematical Analysis, Marcel Dekkar, New York 1975.
4. G.B. Thomas, R. L. Finney, M. D. Weir, Calculus and Analytic Geometry,
Pearson Education Ltd, 2003.
5. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons,
1999.

Semester –III

MTB 301 Differential Equations Credits : 3

Ordinary differential equations of first order: initial and boundary conditions,
homogeneous equations, linear equations, Exact differential Equation. First order
higher degree equations solvable for x, y, p. Singular solution and envelopes.
Linear differential equations with constant coefficients, homogeneous linear differential
equations, linear differential equations of second order with variable coefficients.
Series solutions of differential equations. Bessel and Legendre equations. Bessel and
Legendre functions.

Recommended Books:
1. Gorakh Prasad, Integral Calculus, Pothishala Private Ltd. Allahabad.
2. S. Balachandra Rao & H.R. Anuradha, Differential Equations with Applications
and Programmes, University Press, Hyderabad, 1996.
3. R.S. Senger, Ordinary Differential Equations with Integration, Prayal Publ.
2000.
4. D.A. Murray, Introductory Course in Differential Equations, Orient Longman
(India), 1967.
5. E.A. Codington, An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, Prentice
Hall of India, 1961.
6. B.Rai, D.P.Choudhary,Ordinary Differential Equations, Narosa Publ. 2004.

MTB 302 Tensor &Geometry Credits : 3

Contravariant and Covariant vectors, Transformation formulae, Symmetric and Skew
symmetric properties, Contraction of tensors, Quetient law.
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Polar equation of a conic, Sphere, Cone, Cylinder, Paraboloids, Central Conicoids.

Recommended Books:
1 Barry Spain, Tensor Calculus, Radha Publ. House Calcutta,1988.
2 R.S. Mishra, A Course in Tensors with Applications to Reimannian Geometry.
Pothishala Pvt. Ltd, Allahabad.
3 R.J.T. Bell, Elementary Treatise on Co-ordinate geometry of three
dimensions, Macmillan India Ltd., 1994.
4 Shanti Narayan, Analytical Solid Geometry, S. Chand & Company, New
Delhi.

Semester –IV

MTB 401 Partial Differential Equations Credits : 3

Linear partial differential equations of first order. Non linear PDE of first order:
Charpit’s method.
Linear partial differential equation of second and higher order of homogeneous and non
homogeneous forms with constant coefficients. Second order PDE with variable
coefficients. Monge’s method. Solution of heat and wave equations in one and two
dimensions by method of separation of variables.

Recommended Books:
1. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Son Inc., New
York, 1999.
2. Ian N. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1988.
3. S.B. Rao and H.R. Anuradha, Differential Equations, University Press, 1996.
4. W.T.H. Piaggio, Elementary Treatise on Differential Equations and their applications,
CBS Publishers N.Delhi,1985.

MTB 402 Mathematical Methods Credits : 3

Integral Transforms: Laplace Transformation, Laplace Transforms of derivatives and
integrals, shifting theorems, differentiation and integration of transforms, convolution
theorem. Application of Laplace transform in solution of ordinary differential
equations. Fourier series expansion.
Calculus of Variations: Functionals, Deduction of Euler’s equations for functionals of
first order and higher order for fixed boundaries. Shortest distance between two non-
intersecting curves. Isoperimetric problems. Jacobi and Legendre conditions
(applications only).
Recommended Books:
1. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Son Inc., New
York, 1999.
2. N. Kumar, An Elementary Course on Variational Problems in Calculus, Narosa
Publications , New Delhi.
3. A.S. Gupta, Text Book on Calculus of Variation, Prentice-Hall of India.
4. S.G. Deo, V Lakshmikanthna & V. Raghavendra, Text Book of Ordinary Differential
Equations, Tata McGraw-Hill.
5. F.B. Hilderbrand, Advanced Calculus for Applications, PHI, New Delhi, 1997.
6. B. Rai, D.P. Choudhary, H.I. Freedman, Ordinary Differential Equations, Narosa Publ,

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 2002.

Semester –V

MTB 501 Analysis-I Credits : 3

Riemann Integral, Integrability of continuous and monotonic functions, Fundamental
theorems of integral calculus, Mean Value theorems of integral calculus.
Improper integrals and their convergence. Comparison test, Abel’s and Dirichlet’s test,
Integral as a function of a parameter and its applications.
Sequences, Theorems on limits of sequences, Monotone convergence theorem,
Cauchy’s convergence criterion. Infinite series, series of non-negative terms.
Comparison test, Ratio test, Rabbe’s, logarithmic, De Morgan and Bertrand’s tests.
Alternating series, Leibnitz’s theorem.

Recommended Books:
1. Shanti Narayan, A Course of Mathematical Analysis. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.
2. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Anslysis, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi,
1985.
3. R.R. Goldberg, Real Analysis, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1970.
4. S. Lang, Undergraduate Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983.
5. P.K. Jain and S.K. Kaushik, An Introduction to Real Analysis, S. Chand & Co.,
New Delhi, 2000.

MTB 502 Abstract Algebra Credits : 3

Automorphism and inner automorphism, Automorphism groups and their
computations. Normalizer and centre, Group actions, stabilizers and orbits. Finite
groups, Commutator subgroups. Rings, Integral Domains and Fields. Ideal and quotient
Rings. Ring Homomorphism and basic isomorphism theorems. Prime and maximal
ideals. Fields of quotients of an integral domain. Principal ideal domains. Polynomial
Rings, Division algorithm. Euclidean Rings, The ring Z[i].
Recommended Books:
1. P.B. Bhatacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpal, Basic Abstract Algebra (2 nd Edition)
Cambridge University Press, Indian Edition, 1977.
2. N. Herstain, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1975.
3. N. Jacobson, Basic Algebra, Vol I & II, W.H. Freeman, 1980 (also published by
Hindustan Publishing Company).

MTB 503 Programming in C Credits: 3

C fundamentals. Constants, Variables and Data types, Operators and expression,
formatted input and output. Decision makings, Branching and Looping. Arrays. User
defined functions. Structures. Pointers. File handling. Programming based on above.
Recommended Books:
1. B.W. Kernighan and D.M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language 2 nd Edition, (ANSI
features) Prentice Hall, 1989.
2. V. Rajaraman, Programming in C, Prentice Hall of India, 1994.
3. Byron S. Gotfried, Theory and Problems of Programming with C, Tata McGraw-Hill,
1998.
4. Henry Mullish & Herbert L. Cooper, Spirit of C: An introduction to Modern
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 Programming, Jaico Publishers, Bombay.
5. E. Balagurusamy, Programming in ANSI C, Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi.

MTB 504 Differential Geometry Credits : 3

Theory of space curves: Space curves, Planer curves, Serret-Frenet formulae.
Osculating circles and spheres. Existence of space curves and evolutes and involutes.
Theory of surfaces: Parametric curves on surfaces. Direction coefficients. First and
second Fundamental forms. Principal and Gaussian curvatures. Lines of curvature,
Euler’s theorem. Rodrigue’s formula, Conjugate and Asymptotic lines. Developables,
Developable associated with space curves, Developable associated with curves on
surfaces. Minimal surfaces.
Recommended Books:
1. T.J. Willmore - An Introduction to Differential Geometry. Oxford University
Press.1965.
2. B. B. Sinha, Differential Geometry, An Introduction. Shyam Prakashan Mandir
Allahabad, 1978.
3. J.A. Thorpe, Introduction to Differential Geometry, Springer-Verlog.
4. M. Docarmo, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Prentice-Hall, 1976.
5. C.E. Weatherburn, Differential Geometry of Three Dimensions, Cambridge Univ.
Press, 1955.

MTB 505 Discrete Mathematics Credits : 3

Lattices and Boolean algebra: Logic: propositional and predicate. lattices as partially
ordered sets and as algebraic systems. Duality, Distributive, complemented and
complete lattices. Lattices and Boolean Algebra. Boolean functions and expressions.
Application of Boolean algebra to switching circuits( using AND, OR and NOT gates)
Graphs and Planar Graphs: Graph, Multigraph, Weighted Graphs, Directed graphs.
Paths and circuits. Matrix representation of graphs. Eulerian Paths and Circuits. Planar
graphs.

Recommended Books:
1. C.L. Liu, Elements of Discrete Mathematics, (Second Edition), McGraw Hill,
International Edition, 1986.
2. J.P. Tremblay and R. Manohar, Discrete Mathematical Structures with
Applications to Computer Science, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 199
3. S. Wiitala, Discrete Mathematics: A Unified Approach, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
4. N. Deo, Graph Theory with Applications to Computer Science, Prentice-Hall of
India,

ELECTIVE -I Credits : 3
( Any one of the following 3 credit courses: MTB 506 - MTB 509 )

MTB 506 Combinatorial Mathematics

Introduction to Basic ideas. Selection and Binomial Coefficients: Permutations,
Ordered selections, Unordered selections, Remarks on Binomial theorem.
Pairing problems: Pairing within a set, Pairing between sets, an optimal assignment
problem, Gale’s optimal assignment problem.
Recurrence: Fibonacci type relations, using generating functions, Miscellaneous

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methods.
Inclusion-Exclusion principle: The Principle, Rook polynomials.
Block Diagram and Error- correction Codes: Block designs, Square block designs,
Hadanard Configurations, Error Correcting Codes. Steiner Systems. Golay’s Perfect
code.
Recommended Books:
1. Ian Anderson, A First course in Combinatorial Mathematics, Springer, 1989.

MTB 507 Business Mathematics

Financial Management: Financial Management. Goals of Financial Management and
main decisions of financial management. Time Value of Money: Interest rate and
discount rate. Present value and future value-discrete case as well as continuous
compounding case. Annuities and its kinds.
Meaning of return. Return as Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Numerical Methods like
Newton Raphson Method to calculate IRR. Measurement of returns under uncertainty
situations. Meaning of risk. Difference between risk and uncertainty. Types of risks.
Measurements of risk. Calculation of security and Portfolio Risk and Return-
Markowitz Model. Sharpe’s Single Index Model Systematic Risk and Unsystematic
Risk.Taylor series and Bond Valuation. Calculation of Duration and Convexity of
bonds.
Mathematics in Insurance: Insurance Fundamentals - Insurance defined. Meaning of
loss. Chances of loss, peril, hazard, and proximate cause in insurance. Costs and
benefits of insurance to the society and branches of insurance-life insurance and
various types of general insurance. Insurable loss exposures-feature of a loss that is
ideal for insurance. Life Insurance Mathematics. Construction of Mortality Tables.
Computation of Premium of Life Insurance for a fixed duration and for the whole life.

Recommended Books:
1 Aswath Damodaran, Corporate Finance - Theory and Practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Inc.
2. John C. Hull, Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, Prentice-Hall of India Private
Limited.
3. Sheldon M. Ross, An Introduction to Mathematical Finance, Cambridge University
Press.
4. Mark S. Dorfman, Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance, Prentice Hall,
Englwood Cliffs, New Jersey.
5. C.D. Daykin, T. Pentikäinen and M Pesonen, Practical Risk Theory for Actuaries,
Chapman & Hall.

MTB 508 Special Theory of Relativity-I

Review of Newtonian mechanics: Inertial frames. Speed of light and Gallilean
relativity. Michelson-Morley experiment. Lorentz-Fitzgerold contraction hypothesis.
Relative character of space and time. Postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz
transformation equations and its geometrical interpretation. Group properties of
Lorentz transformations.
Relativistic kinematics: Composition of parallel velocities. Length contraction. Time
dilation. Transformation equations for components of velocity and acceleration of a
particle and Lorentz contraction factor.
Geometrical representation of space-time: Four dimensional Minkowskian space-time
of special relativity. Time-like, light-like and space-like intervals. Null cone, Proper
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time. World line of a particle. Four vectors and tensors in Minkowiskian space-time.

Recommended Books:
1. C. Moller, The Theory of Relativity, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1952.
2. P.G. Bergmann, Introduction to the Theory of Relativity, Prentice Hall of India, 1969.
3. J.L. Anderson, Principles of Relativity Physics, Academic Press, 1967.
4. W. Rindler, Essential Relativity, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969.
5. V. A. Ugarov, Special Theory of Relativity, Mir Publishers, 1979.
6. R. Resnick, Introduction to Special Relativity, Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd. 1972.
7. J.L. Synge, Relativity : The Special Theory, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1956.
8. W.G. Dixon, Special Relativity : The Foundation of Macroscopic Physics, Cambridge
University Press, 1982.

MTB 509 Computational Mathematics Lab-I

The student is expected to familiarize with popular software’s for numerical
computation. Real life problems requiring knowledge of numerical algorithms for
linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, Eigen value problems/ writing computer
program in a programming language. To this end software’s like MATLAB,
MATHEMATICA, MAPLE can be adopted with following course outline.
1. Plotting of functions.
2. Matrix operations, vector and matrix manipulations, Matrix Computation and its
applications.
3. Data analysis and curve fitting.
4. Solution of equations.
5. 2-D Graphics and 3-D Graphics - general purpose graphics functions, colour maps
and colour controls.
6. Examples : Number theory,
References :
1. MATLAB - High performance numeric computation and visualization software : User’s
Guide.
2. MATHEMATICA - Stephen Wolfram, Cambridge.

Semester –VI

MTB 601 Analysis-II Credits : 3

Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Harmonic functions, Elementary functions.
Mapping by elementary functions, Mobius transformations, Conformal mappings.
Metric spaces: Introduction. Neighbourhood, limit points, interior points, open and
closed set, closure and interior, boundary points. Subspace of a metric space,
Completeness. Cantor’s intersection theorem. Construction of real numbers as the
completion of the incomplete metric space of rationals.
Dense subsets. Separable metric spaces. Continuous functions. Uniform continuity,
Isometry and homeomorphism. Equivalent metrics.

Recommended Books:
1. Shanti Narayan, Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, S. Chand & Co. New
Delhi.
2. E. T. Copson, Metric Spaces, Cambridge University Press, 1968.
3. R.V. Churchil & J.W. Brown, Complex Variables and Applications, 5 th Edition,
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 McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.
4. Mark J., Ablowitz & A.S. Fokas, Complex Variables: Introduction and Applications,
Cambridge University Press. South Asian Edition, 1998.
5. P.K. Jain and K. Ahmad, Metric Spaces, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1996

MTB 602 Linear Algebra Credits : 3

Vector spaces, subspaces and linear spans, linear dependence and independence. Finite
dimensional vector spaces. Linear transformations and their matrix representations.
Algebra of linear transformations, the rank and nullity theorem. Change of basis. Dual
spaces, bi dual space and natural isomorphism. Eigen values and eigen vectors of LT.
Diagonalization, Cayley Hamilton theorem.
Inner product spaces, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, orthogonal vectors. Orthonormal
basis, Bessel’s inequality, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process.

Recommended Books:
1. N. Herstain, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1975.
2. K. Hoffman and R. Kunze, Linear Algebra, 2 nd edition, Prentice-Hall of India, New
Delhi, 1971.
3. N. Jacobson, Basic Algebra, Vols I & II, W.H. Freeman, 1980 (also published by
Hindustan Publishing Company).
4. K.B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi,
2000.
5. I.S. Luther and I.B.S. Passi, Algebra, Vol. I - Groups, Narosa Publishing House, Vol. I
1996.

MTB 603 Numerical Analysis Credits : 3

Numerical solutions of algebraic equations, Interpolation, Numerical differentiation.
Numerical Quadrature. System of linear equations. Eigen value computation.
Numerical solution to ordinary differential equations of first order.

Recommended Books:
1. M.K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar, R.K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and
Engineering Computation, New Age International, 1999.
2. C.F. Gerald, P.O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, Addison-Wesley, 1998.
3. S. D. Conte, C de Boor, Elementary Numerical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1980.
4. C.E. Froberg, Introduction to Numerical Analysis, (Second Edition), Addition-Wesley,
1979.
5. Melvin J. Maron, Numerical Analysis A Practical Approach, Macmillan Publishing Co.
Inc. New York, 1982.

MTB 604 Mechanics Credits : 3

Satatics: Analytic conditions of equilibrium in 3-dimension. Poinsot’s central axis.
Stable and unstable equilibrium.
Dynamics: Moment of inertia, Equimomental systems, Principle axes. D’Alemdert’s
principle for motion of rigid body-linear and rotation for finite and impulsive forces.
Conservation of momentum and energy. Compound pendulum. Reaction of axis of
rotation. Kinetic energy and angular momentum for motion in two dimensions.

Recommended Books:
1. S.L. Loney, An Elementary Treatise on Statics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
2. S.L. Loney, An Elementray Treatise on the Dynamics of a Particle and of Rigid Bodies,
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 Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
3. J.L. Synge, B.A. Griffith, Principles of Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1959.
4. N.C. Rana and P.S. Joag, Classical Mechanics, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1991.

MTB 605 Operations Research Credits : 3

Linear Programming problem, Convexity, Simplex and Revised Simplex algorithm,
Duality theory, Dual simplex. Transportation, Assignment and Traveling Salesman
problems. Portfolio Theory, Principle of Optimality and its applications.

Recommended Books:
1. G. Hadley, Linear Programming, Narosa Publishing House, 1995.
2. S.I. Gass, Linear Programming: Methods and Applications (4 th edition) McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1975.
3. Kanti Swaroop, P.K. Gupta and Man Mohan, Operations Research, Sultan Chand &
Sons, New Delhi, 1998.
4. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research, Prentice-Hall of India, 1997.

ELECTIVE -II Credits : 3

( Any one of the following 3 credit courses: MTB 606 - MTB 610 )

MTB 606 Number Theory

Primes and factorization. Division algorithm. Congruence and modular arithmetic.
Chinese remainder theorem. Euler phi function. Primtive roots of unity. Quardratic law
of reciprocity, application. Arithmetical functions. Mobius inversion formula. The
Diophantine equations x2 + y2 = z2, x4 + y4 = z4. Farey sequences.

Recommended Books:
1 David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque,
Iowa 1989.
2 K. Ireland, and M. Rosen, A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory, GTM
Vol. 84, Springer-Verlag, 1972.
3 G.A. Jones, and J.M. Jones, Elementary Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1998.
4 W. Sierpinski, Elementary Theory of Numbers, North-Holland, Ireland, 1988.
5 Niven, S.H. Zuckerman, and L.H. Montgomery, An Introduction to the Theory of
Numbers, John Wiley, 1991.
6 H.B. Mann, Addition Theorems, Krieger, 1976.
7 Melvyn B. Nathanson, Additive Number Theory: Inverse Problems and the Geometry
of Sumsets, Springer-Verlag, 1996.

MTB 607 Probability

Notion of probability: Random experiment, sample space, axiom of probability,
elementary properties of probability, equally likely outcome problems.
Random Variables: Concept, cumulative distribution function, discrete and continuous
random variables, expectations, mean, variance, moment generating function.
Discrete random variables: Bernoulli random variable, binomial random variable,
geometric random variable, Poisson random variable.
Continuous random variables: Uniform random variable, exponential random variable,
Gamma random variable, normal random variable.
Conditional probability and conditional expectations, Baye’s theorem, independence,
computing expectation by conditioning; some applications - a list model, a random
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graph, Polya’s urn model.
Bivariate random variables: Joint distribution, joint and conditional distributions, the
correlation coefficient.
Functions of random variables: Sum of random variables, the law of large numbers and
central limit theorem, the approximation of distributions.
Uncertainty, information and entropy, conditional entropy, solution of certain logical
problems by calculating information.

Recommended Books:
1 S.M. Ross, Introduction to Probability Models (Sixth edition) Academic Press, 1997.
2. I. Blake, An Introduction to Applied Probability, John Wiley & Sons, 1979.
3. J. Pitman, Probability, Narosa, 1993.
4. A.M. Yagolam and I.M. Yagolam, Probability and Information, Hindustan Publishing
Corporation, Delhi, 1983.

MTB 608 Advanced Differential Geometry

Geodesics. Canonical geodesic equations. Nature of geodesics on a surface of
revolution. Clairaut’s theorem. Normal property of geodesics. Torsion of a geodesic.
Geodesic curvature. Gauss-Bonnet theorem. Surfaces of constant curvature. Conformal
mapping. Geodesic mapping. Tissot’s theorem.
Elements of general Riemannian Geometry: Reimannian metric, Tensor fields.
Covariant differentiation. Symmetric properties of curvature tensor. Concept of affine
connection. Christoffel symbols. Curvature and torsion tensors. Riemannian metric and
affine connection. Geodesic and normal coordinates. Fundamental theorem of
Riemannian geometry. Divergence, Curl and gradient.

Recommended Books:
1. J.A. Thorpe, Introduction to Differential Geometry, Springer-Verlog.
2. M. Docarmo, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Prentice-Hall, 1976.
3. C.W. Weatherburn, Differential Geometry of Three Dimensions. Cambridge Univ.
.Press, 1955.
4. T.J. Willmore - An Introduction to Differential Geometry. Oxford University Press.
5. R.S. Mishra, A Course in Tensors with Application to Riemannian Geometry,
Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
6. B. B. Sinha, Differential Geometry, An Introduction, Shyam Prakashan Mandir,
Allahabad, 1978.

MTB 609 Special Theory of Relativity-II

Relativistic mechanics - Variation of mass with velocity. Equivalence of mass and
energy. Transformation equations for mass momentum and energy. Energy-momentum
four vector. Relativistic force and Transformation equations for its components.
Relativistic Lagrangian and Hamiltonian. Relativistic equations of motion of a particle.
Energy momentum tensor of a continuous material distribution.
Electromagnetism - Maxwell’s equations in vacuo. Transformation equations for the
densities of electric charge and current. Propagation of electric and magnetic field
strengths. Transformation equations for electromagnetic four potential vector.
Transformation equations for electric and magnetic field strengths. Gauge
transformation. Lorentz invariance of Maxwell’s equations. Maxwell’s equations in
tensor form. Lorentz force on a charged particle. Energy momentum tensor of an
electromagnetic field.
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Recommended Books:
1. C. Moller, The Theory of Relativity, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1952.
2. P.G. Bergmann, Introduction to the Theory of Relativity, Prentice Hall of India, 1969.
3. J.L. Anderson, Principles of Relativity Physics, Academic Press, 1967.
4. W. Rindler, Essential Relativity, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1969.
5. V. A. Ugarov, Special Theory of Relativity, Mir Publishers, 1979.
6. R. Resnick, Introduction to Special Relativity, Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd. 1972.
7. J.L. Synge, Relativity : The Special Theory, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1956.
8. W.G. Dixon, Special Relativity : The Foundation of Macroscopic Physics, Cambridge
University Press, 1982.

MTB 610 Computational Mathematics Lab-II

The student is expected to familiarize with popular software’s for numerical
computation and optimization. Numerical algorithms for linear and nonlinear algebraic
equations, Eigen value problems, Finite difference methods. Differentiation; Integration
Ordinary differential equations etc. should be attempted.. The objective of such a
laboratory is to equip students to model and simulate systems using optimization
modelling languages/programming languages. To this end software’s like MATLAB,
LINDO, MATHEMATICA, MAPLE can be adopted with following course outline.
1. Numerical integration.
2. Nonlinear Equations and Optimization functions.
3. Differential equations.
4. Sparse Matrices - Iterative methods for sparse linear equations, Eigen values of
sparse matrices, Game of life.
5. Linear Programming, Integer Programming and Quadratic Programming -
Modelling and Simulation Techniques.
References
1. MATLAB - High performance numeric computation and visualization software : User’s
Guide.
2. MATHEMATICA - Stephen Wolfram, Cambridge.
3. Optimization Modelling with LINDO : Linus Scharge.

MTB 611 Project Credits: 4

Some innovation in form of the written project, in Mathematics/application of
Mathematics, based on the knowledge gained during the under graduate course of
studies in view of the developments in Mathematics.

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